660:, in all probability under Userkare. The tomb exhibits distinct building phases, the latest one corresponding to Merefnebef's vizierate during which Merefnebef had his title inscribed repeatedly at the exterior of his tomb. Work on the tomb was then abruptly stopped, either with Merefnebef's death or with his political downfall following the death of Userkare. Later on, one of Merefnebef's son intervened in the mastaba chiseling out the figures of his brothers, altering his father's titles in particular those of "Honoured by the king" by erasing the word "king" or even replacing it with the word "desert". Finally the mastaba, left unfinished, was deliberately walled off so as to be hidden from sight. For Karol Myśliwiec who excavated the tomb, this shows that "the infamy of the most shameful moment in career, that of being (probably) promoted to the function of vizier by the usurper Userkare, was visibly remembered for generations". This opinion is shared by the Egyptologist
649:
biographies of the many
Egyptian officials who served under both Teti and Pepi I. The viziers Inumin and Khentika, who served both Teti and Pepi I, are completely silent about Userkare and none of their activities during Userkare's time on the throne are reported in their tomb. Furthermore, the tomb of Mehi, a guard who lived under Teti, Userkare and Pepi, yielded an inscription showing that the name of Teti was first erased to be replaced by that of another king, whose name was itself erased and replaced again by that of Teti. Kanawati argues that the intervening name was that of Userkare to whom Mehi may have transferred his allegiance. Mehi's attempt to switch back to Teti was seemingly unsuccessful, as there is evidence that work on his tomb stopped abruptly and that he was never buried there.
582:—has put forth another theory in which Userkare was a legitimate son of Teti born while his father was king, but not his first-born son. In this hypothesis, Userkare's claim to the throne would rely on his being born after Teti had assumed power, while Pepi I would be the eldest son of Teti yet born before Teti's elevation to power. In particular Teti's eight to 12 years of reign would imply that Userkare would have been around 10 at the time of his coronation and facing a resenting older brother, possibly explaining the paucity of attestations of his rule. Proceeding by elimination Callender has conjectured that a queen "Khentet" mentioned in a south Saqqara relief could be Userkare's mother.
487:. The inscription, dated to the first year of reign of Ity, mentions a band of 200 sailors and 200 masons under the direction of the overseers Ihyemsaf and Irenakhet sent to the Wadi Hammamat to collect stones for the construction of Ity's pyramid called "Bau Ity", meaning "Glory of Ity". Petrie's identification of Userkare with Ity relies solely on his estimation of the inscription to the Sixth Dynasty and the fact that Userkare is the only king of this period whose full titulary is not known. This identification is nowadays deemed conjectural and several First Intermediate Period dates have been proposed for Ity.
528:
681:
556:. Indeed, Teti's son Pepi I reigned for circa 50 years, indicating that he was likely very young at the death of his father, likely too young to immediately assume the throne. The theory that Userkare was merely a regent is rejected by Naguib Kanawati, on the basis that Userkare might have been mentioned on the Turin canon, is present Abydos king list and holds full royal titulary, something reserved exclusively to reigning pharaohs.
519:(c. 2055–1650 BC). The presence of Userkare on the annal can nonetheless be inferred from a large space between the sections concerning the reigns of Teti and Pepi I as well as from traces of a royal titulary in this space. Although the text reporting Userkare's activities is lost, its length suggests that Userkare ruled Egypt from two to four years, with the former seen as less likely than the latter.
280:
227:
45:
591:
667:
Michel Baud also sees difficulties with the idea that
Userkare was fully legitimate: he points in particular to the "disturbing" silence of contemporaneous private biographies, with no official of the time period mentioning serving under Userkare. Furthermore, Michel Baud and Vassil Dobrev do not see
535:
For Michel Baud, the absence of monuments as well as the scarcity of artefacts and documents pertaining to
Userkare all point to the short duration of Userkare's reign. For the same reasons, his relations to his predecessor and successor are largely uncertain and Egyptologists have proposed a number
438:
Few artefacts dating to
Userkare's lifetime have survived to this day, the only secure attestions contemporaneous with his reign being two cylinder seals inscribed with his name and titles, and a copper mallet from the Michaelides collection. The mallet bears a small inscription giving the name of a
475:
bore this name and either one of them may be the owner of the axe, Baud and Dobrev note that Teti's and Pepi's golden horus names are "Golden Falcon who Unites" and "Three Golden
Falcons", respectively. Given the role of the golden Horus name as a symbol of the tramission of royal powers in the Old
379:
who wrote an history of Egypt in the 3rd century BC states that
Userkare's predecessor Teti was murdered but is otherwise silent concerning Userkare. Consequently, Userkare is often considered to have been a short-lived usurper to the throne, possibly a descendant of a cadet branch of the preceding
1570:
Allen, James; Allen, Susan; Anderson, Julie; Arnold, Arnold; Arnold, Dorothea; Cherpion, Nadine; David, Élisabeth; Grimal, Nicolas; Grzymski, Krzysztof; Hawass, Zahi; Hill, Marsha; Jánosi, Peter; Labée-Toutée, Sophie; Labrousse, Audran; Lauer, Jean-Phillippe; Leclant, Jean; Der
Manuelian, Peter;
688:
The location of the tomb of
Userkare has not yet been identified. The brevity of his reign implies that the tomb was probably unfinished at his death, making modern identification difficult. Since Userkare was a Sixth Dynasty pharaoh, his tomb was presumably planned to be a pyramid. A possible
368:
Although he is attested in some historical sources, Userkare is completely absent from the tomb of the
Egyptian officials who lived during his reign and usually report the names of the kings whom they served. Furthermore the figures of some high officials of the period have been deliberately
648:
also finds the hypothesis that
Userkare was a short-lived legitimate ruler or regent "unconvincing". Indeed, archeological evidence lends credence to the idea that Userkare was illegitimate in the eyes of his successor Pepi I. In particular, there is no mention of Userkare in the tombs and
559:
In support of the hypothesis that Userkare was a legitimate stopgap ruler, Grimal stresses that he is well attested by historical and contemporaneous sources, in particular the South Saqqara Stone. This seems in contradiction with the idea that, being illegitimate, he was victim of a
536:
of hypotheses regarding his identity and rule. These fall broadly into two contradictory scenarios: one that sees Userkare as a legitimate ruler or regent, while the other perceives Userkare as an usurper, possibly responsible for the murder of his predecessor Teti.
476:
Kingdom period, Dobrev proposes that the missing link between Teti's and Pepi's names is the name "Two Golden Falcons" and that it would logically correspond to Userkare's brief intervening reign. Consequently the axe would be an attestation of his rule.
574:
targeting Userkare. For example his funerary complex may have been planned yet never erected, which they find would provide a better explanation for its absence than a "speculative" attempt on Pepi I's behalf to erase traces of his predecessor's rule.
413:(1290–1279 BC) over 1000 years after the early Sixth Dynasty. Userkare's cartouche occupies the 35th entry of the list, between those of Teti and Pepi I, making him the second pharaoh of the dynasty. Userkare was possibly also listed on the
387:
The tomb of Userkare has not yet been identified, either because it was never finished or because Pepi I erased traces of his predecessor's rule. If the tomb was indeed started, Egyptologists conjecture that it should be located in South
620:
name of Teti—was murdered by his bodyguards or attendants. Based on this statement, Egyptologists have found it plausible that Userkare participated in or at least benefited from Teti's assassination, despite Userkare's absence from the
692:
Two hypotheses for the location of Userkare's pyramid have been put forth. The Egyptologist Vassil Dobrev proposed that Userkare's pyramid is located in the area of Saqqara South known today as Tabbet al-Guesh, north-west of the
741:
Proposed dates for Userkare's reign: 2408–2404 BC, 2358–2354 BC, 2337–2335 BC, 2323–2321 BC, 2312–2310 BC, 2306–2302BC, 2291–2289 BC, 2281–2277 BC, 2279–2276 BC, 2270–2265
689:
vindication of this hypothesis is the copper mallet mentioning a team of paid workers from the nome of Wadjet. These workers were likely involved in an important building project, likely to be Userkare's pyramid.
566:
by his successor Pepi. In addition, there is no direct evidence of difficulties associated with Pepi I's rise on throne in the archeological record, which one could expect had Userkare been a usurper.
1624:
697:. Indeed, a large necropolis of Sixth Dynasty administration officials is found there, which according to Dobrev, hints at the nearby presence of a royal pyramid. The astrophysicist
668:
Userkare's presence on the South Saqqara Stone royal annals as evidence that he was legitimate in the eyes of his successors: it could be that royal annals were not affected by
1943:
The Scepter of Egypt: A Background for the Study of the Egyptian Antiquities in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 1, From the Earliest Times to the End of the Middle Kingdom
1941:
641:, some Egyptologists have proposed that Userkare could have been a descendant of a lateral branch of the Fifth Dynasty royal family who briefly seized power in a coup.
664:
who sees here an instance of a wider pattern of promotion of low-ranking officials to the highest offices under Userkare, followed by their demotions under Pepi I.
672:
measures, even those targeting usurpers, because their purpose was precisely to systematically record all royal activities, regardless of their political context.
463:
could belong to Userkare. The axe bears the name of another crew of workmen called the "Beloved ones of the Two Golden Falcons", where "Two Golden Falcons" is the
1571:
Millet, N. B.; Oppenheim, Adela; Craig Patch, Diana; Pischikova, Elena; Rigault, Patricia; Roehrig, Catharine H.; Wildung, Dietrich; Ziegler, Christiane (1999).
384:. Alternatively, he may have been a legitimate short-lived ruler or a regent who ruled during Teti's son Pepi I's childhood before his accession to the throne.
369:
chiselled out in their tombs and their titles altered, for instance the word "king" being replaced by that of "desert". Egyptologists thus suspect a possible
2204:
5846:
425:
affects the second line of the fourth column of the papyrus on which the list was written, the place were Userkare's name might have been located.
5930:
180:
2195:
1835:
Dobrev, Vassil (2006). "Old Kingdom Tombs at Tabbet al-Guesh (South Saqqara)". In Bárta, Miroslav; Coppens, Filip; Krejci, Jaromir (eds.).
1692:
5861:
5856:
495:
In addition to historical and contemporaneous sources, details about Userkare's reign were once given on the nearly contemporaneous
5836:
5831:
1665:
251:
257:
204:
144:
44:
5841:
464:
254:
110:
759:. In addition, a number of seals bering the name "Userkare" have been attributed to him but are now believed to belong to the
5821:
2300:
2278:
2259:
2236:
2214:
2157:
2112:
2003:
1974:
1927:
1908:
1886:
1863:
1844:
1654:
1613:
1582:
248:
207:
142:
141:
2152:. Annales du Services des Antiquités de l'Égypte. Vol. cahier n°36. Cairo: Conseil Suprême des Antiquités de l'Égypte.
1572:
5851:
5826:
5816:
3596:
3384:
656:, a "lowly" official and courtier who started his career under Teti then was elevated to the highest position, becoming
5805:
4566:
4282:
3150:
2410:
2384:
503:. Unfortunately, an estimated 92% of the original text was lost when the stone was roughly polished to be reused as a
5925:
5920:
357:, reigning briefly, 1 to 5 years, in the late 24th to early 23rd century BC. Userkare's relation to his predecessor
5871:
2227:(1994). "König Teti und der Beginn der 6. Dynastie". In Berger, Catherine; Clerc, Gisèle; Grimal, Nicolas (eds.).
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Hayes, William (1970). "The Old Kingdom in Egypt". In Edwards, I. E. S.; Gadd, C. J.; Hammond, N. G. L. (eds.).
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crew of workmen "Beloved ones of Userkare" who hailed from Wadjet, the 10th nome of Upper Egypt, located around
5108:
4835:
4691:
5404:
5194:
5126:
4991:
4858:
4768:
4581:
2699:
2247:
2123:
2086:(2010). "Archaeoastronomy and the archaeo=topography as tools in the search for a missing Egyptian pyramid".
1993:
483:
has tentatively identified Userkare with a king named Ity attested by a single rock inscription found in the
4976:
4913:
4196:
2311:
1839:. Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague. pp. 229–235.
705:, at a place that would make the three pyramids form a line parallel to the one formed by the pyramids of
5337:
4446:
4358:
3843:
3620:
3611:
2316:. Loeb classical library, 350. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: Harvard University Press; W. Heinemann.
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Brand, Peter J. (2002). "Review: Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000 by Miroslav Bárta, Jaromír Krejčí".
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believe that Userkare briefly ruled Egypt either as a legitimate stopgap ruler or as a regent with queen
20:
5166:
4499:
4236:
4063:
3995:
2577:
1947:
1629:
978:
694:
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attributes three seals to Userkare but one of these seals reads "Userka" and could instead belong to
508:
3532:
3303:
3165:
2144:
192:
5372:
5287:
5264:
3581:
3443:
3380:
3169:
2969:
2785:
516:
2288:
1700:
1666:"De nouvelles annales de l'Ancien Empire Egyptien. Une "Pierre de Palerme" pour la VIe dynastie"
701:
believes instead that the pyramid of Userkare is to be found midway between those of Pepi I and
5876:
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5414:
5393:
5312:
4226:
4086:
3696:
3330:
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The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I - Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC
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2033:. Monumenta Aegyptiaca, 3B (in German). Bruxelles: Fondation Egyptologique Reine Élisabeth.
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The Archaeology and Art of Ancient Egypt. Essays in Honor of David B. O'Connor. Volume II
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and Vassil Dobrev have also proposed that a copper axe head discovered in
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5433:
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5302:
5174:
5066:
5048:
5006:
4917:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4752:
4736:
4709:
4674:
4664:
4599:
4552:
4542:
4527:
4517:
4464:
4426:
4401:
4381:
4371:
4137:
4121:
4096:
4091:
3891:
3818:
3728:
3711:
3666:
3641:
3575:
3555:
3540:
3522:
3252:
3247:
3054:
2881:
2861:
2675:
2609:
2600:
2484:
2140:
2059:
504:
456:
418:
2067:
1758:
1729:
951:
5754:
5708:
5661:
5616:
5588:
5409:
5292:
5217:
5144:
5033:
4848:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4758:
4746:
4726:
4699:
4669:
4649:
4594:
4547:
4522:
4454:
4416:
4386:
4376:
4116:
3916:
3906:
3676:
3671:
3636:
3545:
3517:
3338:
3242:
3237:
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on Pepi I's behalf against Userkare. In addition, the Egyptian priest
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5609:
5572:
5498:
5492:
5419:
5399:
5116:
5098:
5043:
5023:
4886:
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4843:
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3963:
3921:
3753:
3723:
3686:
3631:
3476:
3353:
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and Michel Baud underline that there is no clear evidence for a
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5155:
5038:
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4484:
4459:
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963:
1969:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Leiden, Boston: Brill.
1828:
Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale
1673:
Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale
1450:
1448:
1433:
1421:
1346:
1319:
1295:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1101:
1062:
939:
852:
850:
811:
630:
346:
184:
2273:(annotated ed.). Society of Biblical Literature.
2229:
Hommages à Jean Leclant. Volume 1. Études pharaoniques
1397:
1385:
1194:
1511:
1373:
886:
652:
A similar situation is encountered in the mastaba of
2088:
PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology
1445:
1283:
1266:
1225:
1026:
847:
1995:
Conspiracies in the Egyptian Palace: Unis to Pepy I
1050:
987:, II.A pp. 361–362, no 1 and 2; II.B, pl. 98.
823:
2100:
1606:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2
1547:
1535:
784:
862:
5912:
1879:Lexikon der Ägyptologie: Band VI. Stele-Zypresse
1710:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
1690:
1490:
2245:
1802:
1248:
1020:
633:, a naming fashion common during the preceding
409:, a list of kings written during the reign of
2378:
2287:
1920:The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 1, Part 1
1608:. Oxford University Press. pp. 601–605.
957:
841:
616:(283–246 BC), mentions that Othoês—the
585:
421:(1279–1213 BC). Unfortunately, a large
365:is unknown and his reign remains enigmatic.
49:Userkare's cartouche on the Abydos king list.
1856:The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt
1853:
1577:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
1569:
933:
904:
880:
612:, in the 3rd century BC during the reign of
1881:(in German). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
1599:
805:
544:The Egyptologists William Stevenson Smith,
417:, a king list composed during the reign of
2385:
2371:
2223:
2194:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2176:(6th ed.). London: Methuen & co.
2048:Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant
1663:
1625:"Old Kingdom Chronology and List of Kings"
1529:
1313:
1219:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1152:
1140:
1008:
996:
972:
921:
428:
43:
2268:
2138:
2121:
1804:"Cylinder Seal Bearing the Name Userkere"
1765:
1744:
1517:
1505:
1478:
1466:
1352:
1340:
1325:
1095:
817:
629:and incorporates the name of the sun god
5795:
1991:
1872:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1403:
1391:
1379:
1301:
945:
679:
589:
539:
526:
450:
2309:
2028:
2012:
1962:
1574:Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids
1367:
1207:
1044:
984:
892:
5931:Pharaohs of the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt
5913:
4942:
4307:
3409:
2435:
2166:
2045:
1895:
1834:
1821:
1622:
1541:
1289:
1277:
1110:
1083:
1047:, p. 36, 38–39 and fig. 90.
868:
856:
490:
433:
5794:
4911:
4276:
3378:
2404:
2366:
2098:
2082:
1936:
1917:
1707:
1664:Baud, Michel; Dobrev, Vassil (1995).
1644:
1553:
1454:
1260:
1236:
1125:
1032:
829:
790:
400:
5447:
2293:Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen
2202:
1854:Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004).
1691:Benderitter, Thierry; Hirst, Jon J.
1068:
1056:
2103:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt
1858:. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd.
1837:Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2005
345:, meaning "Powerful is the soul of
13:
2124:"Meref-nebef: Berater des Pharaos"
1623:Arnold, Dorothea (July 19, 1999).
606:who wrote a history of Egypt, the
14:
5942:
2246:Stevenson Smith, William (1971).
1747:Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur
349:") was the second pharaoh of the
2310:Waddell, William Gillan (1971).
2168:Petrie, William Matthew Flinders
278:
225:
1998:. London; New York: Routledge.
1768:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
1562:
745:
735:
395:
1:
5405:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
960:, pp. 62–63, king no. 2.
778:
594:Pepi I may have instituted a
515:2160–2055 BC) to early
512:
168:
117:
2392:
1491:Benderitter & Hirst 2023
467:of a pharaoh. Although both
7:
5338:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
2107:. Oxford University Press.
1966:Ancient Egyptian Chronology
1086:, p. 190, footnote 41.
405:Userkare is present on the
21:Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt
10:
5947:
4237:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef
3621:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep
3385:Second Intermediate Period
2271:Texts from the Pyramid Age
2248:"The Old Kingdom in Egypt"
2143:; Richards, Janet (eds.).
1948:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1901:A History of Ancient Egypt
1630:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1011:, p. 59, footnote 93.
999:, p. 59, footnote 94.
924:, p. 59, footnote 92.
695:mortuary complex of Pepi I
586:As a usurper to the throne
507:lid, possibly in the late
269:
240:
235:
196:
133:
18:
5899:
5801:
5790:
5688:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus
5432:
5378:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
5273:
5245:
5230:
5193:
5165:
5125:
5107:
5057:
4990:
4975:
4933:
4929:
4907:
4857:
4834:
4767:
4690:
4628:
4580:
4565:
4498:
4445:
4357:
4342:
4298:
4294:
4283:Third Intermediate Period
4272:
4195:
4154:
4062:
3994:
3842:
3610:
3595:
3531:
3505:
3457:
3442:
3400:
3396:
3374:
3329:
3289:
3164:
3149:
3083:
3025:
2968:
2909:
2894:
2784:
2713:
2698:
2599:
2483:
2468:
2426:
2422:
2411:First Intermediate Period
2400:
2351:
2340:
2332:
2269:Strudwick, Nigel (2005).
2128:Spektrum der Wissenschaft
2122:Myśliwiec, Karol (1999).
1992:Kanawati, Naguib (2003).
767:, one of which is in the
479:The English Egyptologist
455:The French Egyptologists
326:
315:
304:
239:
167:
160:
116:
109:
98:
88:
78:
67:1 to 5 years in the late
61:
54:
42:
37:
32:
5926:23rd-century BC pharaohs
5921:24th-century BC pharaohs
5400:Cleopatra VII Philopator
3657:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI
2415: (<3150–2040 BC)
1649:. Stacey International.
905:Dodson & Hilton 2004
728:
522:
16:Ancient Egyptian pharaoh
5373:Ptolemy XI Alexander II
5288:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
3582:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra
2203:Roth, Ann Macy (1991).
2029:Kaplony, Peter (1981).
1873:Goedicke, Hans (1986).
1822:Dobrev, Vassil (1993).
1679:: 23–92. Archived from
1645:Baker, Darrell (2008).
1098:, p. 140, num. 63.
751:The Swiss Egyptologist
675:
429:Contemporaneous sources
19:For the pharaoh of the
5415:Ptolemy XIV Philopator
5394:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
5388:Berenice IV Epiphaneia
5343:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes
5313:Arsinoe III Philopator
4227:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
3697:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw
3637:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V
3228:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb
1530:Baud & Dobrev 1995
1220:Baud & Dobrev 1995
1189:Baud & Dobrev 1995
1177:Baud & Dobrev 1995
1165:Baud & Dobrev 1995
1153:Baud & Dobrev 1995
1141:Baud & Dobrev 1995
1009:Baud & Dobrev 1995
997:Baud & Dobrev 1995
973:Baud & Dobrev 1995
922:Baud & Dobrev 1995
685:
599:
532:
130:The Two Golden Falcons
5363:Ptolemy X Alexander I
5328:Ptolemy VI Philometor
5308:Ptolemy IV Philopator
5303:Berenice II Euergetes
5298:Ptolemy III Euergetes
5260:Philip III Arrhidaeus
3769:Khahotepre Sobekhotep
3764:Merhotepre Sobekhotep
3118:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
2289:von Beckerath, Jürgen
683:
625:. Userkare's name is
593:
540:As a legitimate ruler
530:
517:Middle Kingdom period
451:Possible attestations
5796:Dynastic genealogies
5420:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
4716:Tutkheperre Shoshenq
4630:High Priests of Amun
4132:Merankhre Mentuhotep
3834:Seheqenre Sankhptahi
3829:Sewadjare Mentuhotep
3682:Khaankhre Sobekhotep
3389: (2040–1550 BC)
3108:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
2060:10.1553/AEundL31s293
1249:Stevenson Smith 1971
1021:Brooklyn Museum 2023
703:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
684:Map of South Saqqara
602:The Egyptian priest
319:uncertain, possibly
308:uncertain, possibly
38:Woserkare, Weserkare
5318:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
5255:Alexander the Great
4287: (1550–664 BC)
3809:Mershepsesre Ini II
3804:Merkawre Sobekhotep
3198:Neferkare IV Khendu
1697:Osirisnet 2008-2023
1263:, pp. 178–179.
1128:, pp. 157–158.
1071:, pp. 122–123.
497:South Saqqara Stone
491:South Saqqara Stone
434:Secure attestations
5655:Trebonianus Gallus
4242:Senakhtenre Ahmose
3860:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre
3814:Sewahenre Senebmiu
3789:Sankhenre Sewadjtu
3218:Neferkare V Tereru
3188:Neferkare III Neby
2856:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
2225:Stadelmann, Rainer
1602:Redford, Donald B.
958:von Beckerath 1999
842:von Beckerath 1999
686:
600:
533:
509:First Intermediate
401:Historical sources
5908:
5907:
5895:
5894:
5786:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5702:Claudius Gothicus
5596:Severus Alexander
5563:Septimius Severus
5428:
5427:
5226:
5225:
4971:
4970:
4903:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4610:Osorkon the Elder
4561:
4560:
4338:
4337:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4232:Nubkheperre Intef
4112:Sekhemre Shedwast
3734:Sehetepkare Intef
3662:Semenkare Nebnuni
3591:
3590:
3438:
3437:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3145:
3144:
3123:Netjerkare Siptah
3045:Neferirkare Kakai
2890:
2889:
2694:
2693:
2464:
2463:
2361:
2360:
2352:Succeeded by
2302:978-3-8053-2591-2
2280:978-1-58983-138-4
2261:978-0-52-107791-0
2238:978-2-72-470137-1
2216:978-0-91-898668-9
2159:978-9-77-437241-4
2114:978-0-19-815034-3
2005:978-0-20-316673-4
1976:978-90-04-11385-5
1929:978-0-52-107051-5
1910:978-0-63-119396-8
1888:978-3-44-702663-5
1865:978-0-50-005128-3
1846:978-8-07-308116-4
1656:978-1-905299-37-9
1615:978-0-19-510234-5
1584:978-0-81-096543-0
1418:, pp. 94–95.
1370:, pp. 51–53.
1179:, pp. 54–55.
1113:, pp. 88–89.
934:Allen et al. 1999
881:Allen et al. 1999
765:Userkare Khendjer
670:damnatio memoriae
644:The Egyptologist
596:damnatio memoriae
580:damnatio memoriae
572:damnatio memoriae
568:Rainer Stadelmann
563:Damnatio memoriae
465:golden Horus name
372:Damnatio memoriae
336:
335:
298:
297:
294:
293:
290:
289:
286:
285:
273:
272:
265:
264:
261:
260:
216:
215:
212:
211:
156:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:
25:Userkare Khendjer
5938:
5902:List of pharaohs
5792:
5791:
5557:Pescennius Niger
5445:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5353:Ptolemy IX Soter
5323:Cleopatra I Syra
5243:
5242:
5239:
5238:
4988:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4940:
4939:
4931:
4930:
4924:
4923:
4909:
4908:
4660:Djedkhonsuefankh
4578:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4325:
4320:
4305:
4304:
4296:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4274:
4273:
3867:Qareh Khawoserre
3853:Yakbim Sekhaenre
3794:Mersekhemre Ined
3608:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3407:
3406:
3398:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3376:
3375:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3157:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2433:
2432:
2424:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2402:
2401:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2364:
2363:
2343:Pharaoh of Egypt
2333:Preceded by
2330:
2329:
2325:
2306:
2284:
2265:
2242:
2220:
2199:
2193:
2185:
2163:
2151:
2135:
2118:
2106:
2095:
2079:
2042:
2025:
2009:
1988:
1959:
1933:
1914:
1892:
1869:
1850:
1831:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1799:
1762:
1741:
1722:10.2307/40001162
1704:
1699:. Archived from
1687:
1685:
1670:
1660:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1619:
1596:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1129:
1123:
1114:
1108:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
976:
970:
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
908:
902:
896:
890:
884:
878:
872:
866:
860:
854:
845:
839:
833:
827:
821:
815:
809:
806:Altenmüller 2001
803:
794:
788:
772:
749:
743:
739:
598:against Userkare
546:William C. Hayes
514:
407:Abydos King List
282:
281:
245:
244:
241:
233:
229:
228:
222:
201:
200:
197:
193:
179:Powerful is the
169:
138:
137:
134:
118:
107:
106:
47:
30:
29:
5946:
5945:
5941:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5911:
5910:
5909:
5904:
5891:
5797:
5774:
5674:Macrianus Minor
5603:Maximinus Thrax
5539:Marcus Aurelius
5438:
5437:
5436:
5424:
5283:Ptolemy I Soter
5269:
5236:
5235:
5234:
5222:
5189:
5161:
5121:
5103:
5083:Psammetichus IV
5053:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4967:
4945:
4936:
4925:
4922:(664 BC–313 AD)
4921:
4920:
4891:
4853:
4830:
4826:Menkheperre Ini
4763:
4686:
4624:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4557:
4494:
4441:
4422:Neferneferuaten
4348:
4347:
4346:
4334:
4333:
4323:
4318:
4317:Pharaohs
4310:
4301:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4256:
4191:
4150:
4077:Sobekhotep VIII
4058:
3990:
3838:
3799:Sewadjkare Hori
3601:
3600:
3599:
3587:
3527:
3501:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3434:
3412:
3403:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3358:
3325:
3285:
3193:Djedkare Shemai
3155:
3154:
3153:
3141:
3079:
3021:
2964:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2886:
2780:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2690:
2595:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2460:
2438:
2429:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2396:
2391:
2357:
2346:
2338:
2328:
2303:
2281:
2262:
2239:
2217:
2187:
2186:
2160:
2149:
2115:
2006:
1977:
1930:
1911:
1897:Grimal, Nicolas
1889:
1866:
1847:
1812:
1810:
1808:Brooklyn Museum
1683:
1668:
1657:
1635:
1633:
1616:
1585:
1565:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1314:Stadelmann 1994
1312:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1132:
1124:
1117:
1109:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1003:
995:
991:
983:
979:
971:
964:
956:
952:
944:
940:
932:
928:
920:
911:
903:
899:
891:
887:
879:
875:
867:
863:
855:
848:
840:
836:
828:
824:
816:
812:
804:
797:
789:
785:
781:
776:
775:
769:Brooklyn Museum
750:
746:
740:
736:
731:
678:
646:Naguib Kanawati
588:
542:
525:
493:
481:Flinders Petrie
453:
436:
431:
403:
398:
300:
299:
279:
226:
208:
177:
173:
143:
132:
128:
124:
122:
104:
73:23rd century BC
50:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5944:
5934:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5906:
5905:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5893:
5892:
5890:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5811:
5808:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5788:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5770:Maximinus Daza
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5745:
5738:
5731:
5726:
5719:
5712:
5705:
5698:
5691:
5684:
5677:
5670:
5665:
5658:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5634:
5627:
5620:
5613:
5606:
5599:
5592:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5553:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5529:Antoninus Pius
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5453:
5451:
5442:
5439:(30 BC–313 AD)
5430:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5279:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5251:
5249:
5240:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5203:Artaxerxes III
5199:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5171:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5131:
5129:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5113:
5111:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5079:
5074:
5072:Petubastis III
5069:
5063:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5009:
5004:
4996:
4994:
4985:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4955:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4937:
4934:
4927:
4926:
4905:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4863:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4840:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4773:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4696:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4640:
4634:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4586:
4584:
4575:
4567:3 Intermediate
4563:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4504:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4451:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4352:
4349:(1550–1070 BC)
4340:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4302:
4299:
4292:
4291:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4207:
4201:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4182:
4175:
4168:
4160:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4082:Neferhotep III
4079:
4074:
4068:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4008:
4000:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3912:Sewadjkare III
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3881:Maaibre Sheshi
3877:
3874:'Ammu Ahotepre
3870:
3863:
3856:
3848:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3784:Merhotepre Ini
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3744:Sobekhotep III
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3616:
3614:
3605:
3602:(1802–1550 BC)
3597:2 Intermediate
3593:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3537:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3492:Mentuhotep III
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3463:
3461:
3452:
3449:(2040–1802 BC)
3444:Middle Kingdom
3440:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3394:
3393:
3381:Middle Kingdom
3372:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3344:Neferkare VIII
3341:
3335:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3316:
3311:
3309:Nebkaure Khety
3306:
3301:
3299:Meryibre Khety
3295:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3233:Neferkamin Anu
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3159:
3156:(2181–2040 BC)
3151:1 Intermediate
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3070:Djedkare Isesi
3067:
3065:Menkauhor Kaiu
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2938:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2904:
2901:(2686–2181 BC)
2892:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2719:
2717:
2708:
2705:(3150–2686 BC)
2700:Early Dynastic
2696:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2679:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2605:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2586:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2489:
2487:
2478:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2420:
2419:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2350:
2339:
2334:
2327:
2326:
2307:
2301:
2285:
2279:
2266:
2260:
2243:
2237:
2221:
2215:
2200:
2164:
2158:
2136:
2119:
2113:
2096:
2080:
2043:
2026:
2014:Kaplony, Peter
2010:
2004:
1989:
1975:
1960:
1938:Hayes, William
1934:
1928:
1915:
1909:
1893:
1887:
1870:
1864:
1851:
1845:
1832:
1819:
1800:
1780:10.1086/469041
1774:(4): 267–274.
1763:
1742:
1705:
1703:on 2023-04-18.
1688:
1686:on 2015-04-02.
1661:
1655:
1642:
1620:
1614:
1597:
1583:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1546:
1534:
1522:
1518:Myśliwiec 1999
1510:
1508:, p. 195.
1506:Myśliwiec 2007
1495:
1483:
1481:, p. 193.
1479:Myśliwiec 2007
1471:
1469:, p. 192.
1467:Myśliwiec 2007
1459:
1457:, p. 256.
1444:
1442:, p. 164.
1432:
1430:, p. 163.
1420:
1408:
1396:
1384:
1372:
1357:
1353:Callender 1991
1345:
1343:, p. 273.
1341:Callender 2002
1330:
1326:Callender 1991
1318:
1316:, p. 335.
1306:
1304:, p. 184.
1294:
1282:
1265:
1253:
1251:, p. 191.
1241:
1239:, p. 487.
1224:
1212:
1210:, p. 146.
1193:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1145:
1130:
1115:
1100:
1096:Strudwick 2005
1088:
1073:
1061:
1059:, p. 122.
1049:
1037:
1035:, p. 125.
1025:
1013:
1001:
989:
977:
962:
950:
948:, p. 901.
938:
926:
909:
907:, p. 288.
897:
895:, p. 491.
885:
873:
861:
859:, p. 300.
846:
844:, p. 283.
834:
832:, p. 104.
822:
820:, p. xxx.
818:Strudwick 2005
810:
808:, p. 602.
795:
782:
780:
777:
774:
773:
744:
733:
732:
730:
727:
725:to the North.
677:
674:
662:Peter J. Brand
587:
584:
550:Nicolas Grimal
541:
538:
524:
521:
492:
489:
452:
449:
435:
432:
430:
427:
402:
399:
397:
394:
361:and successor
334:
333:
328:
324:
323:
317:
313:
312:
306:
302:
301:
296:
295:
292:
291:
288:
287:
284:
283:
276:
274:
271:
270:
267:
266:
263:
262:
259:
258:
255:
252:
249:
237:
236:
230:
219:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
205:
189:
188:
165:
164:
158:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:
146:
145:
114:
113:
105:
102:Royal titulary
100:
99:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
65:
59:
58:
52:
51:
48:
40:
39:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5943:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5903:
5898:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5800:
5793:
5789:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5750:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5724:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5706:
5704:
5703:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5692:
5690:
5689:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5678:
5676:
5675:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5639:
5635:
5633:
5632:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5614:
5612:
5611:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5593:
5591:
5590:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5435:
5431:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5348:Cleopatra III
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5276:
5272:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5233:
5229:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5192:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5153:
5151:
5150:Nepherites II
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5084:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4986:
4978:
4974:
4964:
4961:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4941:
4938:
4932:
4928:
4919:
4915:
4910:
4906:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4681:Psusennes III
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4572:(1069–664 BC)
4568:
4564:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4538:Ramesses VIII
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4407:Amenhotep III
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4345:
4341:
4330:
4327:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4312:
4306:
4303:
4297:
4293:
4284:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4247:Seqenenre Tao
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4222:Sobekemsaf II
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4172:Wepwawetemsaf
4169:
4167:
4166:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3779:Merneferre Ay
3777:
3775:
3774:Wahibre Ibiau
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3759:Sobekhotep IV
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3598:
3594:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3566:Amenemhat III
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3497:Mentuhotep IV
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3487:Mentuhotep II
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3445:
3441:
3431:
3428:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3399:
3395:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3349:Wahkare Khety
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3304:Neferkare VII
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3152:
3148:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2851:Seth-Peribsen
2849:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2794:Hotepsekhemwy
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2584:Double Falcon
2582:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2475:(pre-3150 BC)
2471:
2470:Protodynastic
2467:
2457:
2454:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2425:
2421:
2412:
2408:
2407:Protodynastic
2403:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2383:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2356:
2349:
2348:Sixth Dynasty
2345:
2344:
2337:
2331:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2130:(in German).
2129:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2084:Magli, Giulio
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2020:(in German).
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1682:
1678:
1675:(in French).
1674:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1567:
1555:
1550:
1543:
1538:
1532:, p. 62.
1531:
1526:
1519:
1514:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1492:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1463:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1441:
1440:Kanawati 2003
1436:
1429:
1428:Kanawati 2003
1424:
1417:
1416:Kanawati 2003
1412:
1406:, p. 89.
1405:
1404:Kanawati 2003
1400:
1394:, p. 95.
1393:
1392:Kanawati 2003
1388:
1381:
1380:Kanawati 2003
1376:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1355:, p. 99.
1354:
1349:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1328:, p. 98.
1327:
1322:
1315:
1310:
1303:
1302:Kanawati 2003
1298:
1292:, p. 82.
1291:
1286:
1280:, p. 81.
1279:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1262:
1257:
1250:
1245:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1222:, p. 53.
1221:
1216:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1191:, p. 28.
1190:
1185:
1178:
1173:
1167:, p. 25.
1166:
1161:
1155:, p. 54.
1154:
1149:
1143:, p. 60.
1142:
1137:
1135:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1097:
1092:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1070:
1065:
1058:
1053:
1046:
1041:
1034:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1010:
1005:
998:
993:
986:
981:
975:, p. 59.
974:
969:
967:
959:
954:
947:
946:Goedicke 1986
942:
936:, p. 10.
935:
930:
923:
918:
916:
914:
906:
901:
894:
889:
883:, p. xx.
882:
877:
870:
865:
858:
853:
851:
843:
838:
831:
826:
819:
814:
807:
802:
800:
793:, p. 58.
792:
787:
783:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
753:Peter Kaplony
748:
738:
734:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
690:
682:
673:
671:
665:
663:
659:
655:
650:
647:
642:
640:
636:
635:Fifth Dynasty
632:
628:
624:
619:
615:
611:
610:
605:
597:
592:
583:
581:
576:
573:
569:
565:
564:
557:
555:
551:
547:
537:
529:
520:
518:
510:
506:
502:
498:
488:
486:
485:Wadi Hammamat
482:
477:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
448:
446:
442:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
393:
391:
385:
383:
382:Fifth Dynasty
378:
374:
373:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:Sixth Dynasty
348:
344:
340:
332:
331:Sixth Dynasty
329:
325:
322:
318:
314:
311:
307:
303:
277:
275:
268:
256:
253:
250:
247:
246:
243:
242:
238:
234:
231:
224:
223:
220:
218:
206:
203:
202:
199:
198:
195:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
182:
176:
171:
170:
166:
163:
159:
140:
139:
136:
135:
131:
127:
120:
119:
115:
112:
108:
103:
97:
94:
93:Pepi I Meryre
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
66:
64:
60:
57:
53:
46:
41:
36:
31:
26:
22:
5747:
5740:
5733:
5721:
5714:
5707:
5700:
5693:
5686:
5679:
5672:
5660:
5653:
5636:
5629:
5622:
5615:
5608:
5601:
5594:
5587:
5555:
5548:
5534:Lucius Verus
5491:
5392:
5368:Berenice III
5358:Cleopatra IV
5333:Cleopatra II
5265:Alexander IV
5185:Nectanebo II
5154:
5135:Nepherites I
5094:Artaxerxes I
5081:
5011:
4999:
4982:(664–332 BC)
4962:
4918:Roman Period
4820:Shoshenq VII
4818:
4791:
4751:
4732:Shoshenq III
4714:
4679:
4642:
4620:Psusennes II
4533:Ramesses VII
4513:Ramesses III
4397:Amenhotep II
4392:Thutmose III
4328:
4217:Sobekemsaf I
4209:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4143:
4136:
4041:
4024:
4019:'Aper-'Anati
4017:
4010:
4003:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3927:Sekheperenre
3879:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3749:Neferhotep I
3739:Seth Meribre
3716:
3702:Djedkheperew
3619:
3580:
3571:Amenemhat IV
3561:Senusret III
3551:Amenemhat II
3467:Mentuhotep I
3429:
3318:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3183:Neferkare II
3134:
3127:
3097:
3060:Nyuserre Ini
3014:
2997:
2952:
2945:
2933:
2874:
2869:Neferkasokar
2867:
2860:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2773:
2766:
2674:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2617:Finger Snail
2615:
2608:
2588:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2455:
2341:
2312:
2292:
2270:
2251:
2228:
2205:
2172:
2145:
2141:Hawass, Zahi
2131:
2127:
2102:
2091:
2087:
2051:
2047:
2030:
2021:
2017:
1994:
1965:
1946:. New York:
1942:
1919:
1900:
1878:
1855:
1836:
1827:
1811:. Retrieved
1807:
1771:
1767:
1750:
1746:
1713:
1709:
1701:the original
1696:
1693:"Merefnebef"
1681:the original
1676:
1672:
1646:
1634:. Retrieved
1628:
1605:
1573:
1563:Bibliography
1556:, p. 5.
1549:
1537:
1525:
1513:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1435:
1423:
1411:
1399:
1387:
1382:, p. 4.
1375:
1368:Waddell 1971
1348:
1321:
1309:
1297:
1285:
1256:
1244:
1215:
1208:Hornung 2012
1184:
1172:
1160:
1148:
1091:
1064:
1052:
1045:Kaplony 1965
1040:
1028:
1016:
1004:
992:
985:Kaplony 1981
980:
953:
941:
929:
900:
893:Hornung 2012
888:
876:
864:
837:
825:
813:
786:
761:13th Dynasty
747:
737:
699:Giulio Magli
691:
687:
669:
666:
651:
643:
622:
607:
601:
595:
579:
577:
571:
561:
558:
543:
534:
494:
478:
454:
437:
404:
396:Attestations
386:
370:
367:
342:
338:
337:
178:
174:
129:
125:
121:Conjectural:
111:Golden Horus
5638:Gordian III
5583:Diadumenian
5383:Cleopatra V
5237:(332–30 BC)
5232:Hellenistic
5175:Nectanebo I
5067:Cambyses II
5049:Psamtik III
5007:Tefnakht II
4809:Takelot III
4804:Osorkon III
4799:Shoshenq VI
4753:Pedubast II
4737:Shoshenq IV
4710:Shoshenq II
4675:Pinedjem II
4665:Menkheperre
4600:Psusennes I
4553:Ramesses XI
4543:Ramesses IX
4528:Ramesses VI
4518:Ramesses IV
4465:Ramesses II
4427:Tutankhamun
4402:Thutmose IV
4382:Thutmose II
4372:Amenhotep I
4344:New Kingdom
4279:New Kingdom
4138:Senusret IV
4122:Dedumose II
4097:Nebiriau II
4092:Nebiryraw I
4087:Mentuhotepi
3892:Khakherewre
3819:Merkheperre
3729:Imyremeshaw
3712:Sedjefakare
3667:Sehetepibre
3642:Ameny Qemau
3576:Sobekneferu
3556:Senusret II
3541:Amenemhat I
3523:Iyibkhentre
3253:Neferirkare
3248:Neferkauhor
3055:Shepseskare
2896:Old Kingdom
2882:Khasekhemwy
2862:Neferkara I
2831:Weneg-Nebty
2676:Scorpion II
2054:: 293–300.
1716:: 254–256.
1542:Dobrev 2006
1290:Grimal 1992
1278:Grimal 1992
1111:Petrie 1907
1084:Dobrev 1993
869:Arnold 1999
857:Krauss 2021
505:sarcophagus
457:Michel Baud
443:, south of
419:Ramesses II
415:Turin canon
126:Bjk.wj-nb.w
79:Predecessor
5915:Categories
5755:Diocletian
5709:Quintillus
5662:Aemilianus
5617:Gordian II
5589:Elagabalus
5410:Arsinoe IV
5293:Arsinoe II
5218:Darius III
5145:Psammuthes
5034:Psamtik II
4849:Bakenranef
4787:Pedubast I
4782:Takelot II
4777:Harsiese A
4759:Osorkon IV
4747:Shoshenq V
4727:Osorkon II
4700:Shoshenq I
4670:Smendes II
4650:Pinedjem I
4595:Amenemnisu
4548:Ramesses X
4523:Ramesses V
4475:Amenmesses
4455:Ramesses I
4417:Smenkhkare
4387:Hatshepsut
4377:Thutmose I
4127:Montuemsaf
4117:Dedumose I
3917:Nebdjefare
3907:Merdjefare
3677:Nedjemibre
3672:Sewadjkare
3546:Senusret I
3518:Qakare Ini
3339:Meryhathor
3243:Neferkaure
3238:Qakare Iby
3223:Neferkahor
3208:Neferkamin
3016:Thamphthis
3010:Shepseskaf
2924:Sekhemkhet
2775:Horus Bird
2652:Scorpion I
1875:"Userkare"
1753:: 89–111.
1554:Magli 2010
1455:Brand 2002
1261:Hayes 1970
1237:Baker 2008
1126:Baker 2008
1033:Hayes 1978
830:Malek 2000
791:Hayes 1978
779:References
707:Sekhemkhet
654:Merefnebef
627:theophoric
623:Aegyptiaca
618:hellenized
614:Ptolemy II
609:Aegyptiaca
123:Bikwy-nub
5887:Ptolemaic
5695:Gallienus
5610:Gordian I
5573:Caracalla
5499:Vespasian
5493:Vitellius
5275:Ptolemaic
5117:Amyrtaeus
5099:Darius II
5044:Ahmose II
5024:Psamtik I
4963:uncertain
4951:Pharaohs
4887:Tanutamun
4722:Takelot I
4705:Osorkon I
4655:Masaharta
4605:Amenemope
4508:Setnakhte
4470:Merneptah
4412:Akhenaten
4329:uncertain
4211:Nebmaatre
4032:Sakir-Har
3985:Yaqub-Har
3897:Nebefawre
3647:Hotepibre
3513:Segerseni
3482:Intef III
3430:uncertain
3418:Pharaohs
3050:Neferefre
2876:Hudjefa I
2757:Semerkhet
2494:Hedju Hor
2456:uncertain
2444:Pharaohs
2190:cite book
2094:(5): 1–9.
2076:245590988
1985:0169-9423
1796:162296379
1738:191611152
1636:March 31,
1069:Roth 1991
1057:Roth 1991
343:Woserkare
175:Wsr-k3-Rˁ
172:Userkare
89:Successor
71:to early
5847:21 to 23
5765:Galerius
5760:Maximian
5749:Numerian
5716:Aurelian
5668:Valerian
5631:Balbinus
5624:Pupienus
5578:Macrinus
5550:Pertinax
5544:Commodus
5509:Domitian
5472:Claudius
5467:Caligula
5462:Tiberius
5457:Augustus
5077:Darius I
5029:Necho II
4872:Shebitku
4844:Tefnakht
4437:Horemheb
4367:Ahmose I
4179:Pantjeny
4165:Senebkay
4145:Pepi III
4107:Bebiankh
3964:Shenshek
3922:Nebsenre
3754:Sihathor
3724:Khendjer
3687:Renseneb
3632:Nerikare
3477:Intef II
3354:Merykare
3259:Wadjkare
3203:Merenhor
3098:Userkare
3005:Menkaure
2999:Bikheris
2988:Djedefre
2954:Qahedjet
2838:Wadjenes
2824:Horus Sa
2817:Nubnefer
2804:Nynetjer
2768:Sneferka
2508:Ni-Neith
2394:Pharaohs
2291:(1999).
2170:(1907).
2068:27153344
2039:58642039
1940:(1978).
1899:(1992).
1813:19 April
1759:44325756
1730:40001162
1593:41431623
763:pharaoh
339:Userkare
33:Userkare
5742:Carinus
5723:Tacitus
5681:Quietus
5524:Hadrian
5208:Khabash
5039:Wahibre
5019:Necho I
5013:Nekauba
5001:Ammeris
4944:Dynasty
4882:Taharqa
4877:Shabaka
4814:Rudamun
4793:Iuput I
4638:Herihor
4590:Smendes
4490:Twosret
4480:Seti II
4324:female)
4309:Dynasty
4205:Rahotep
4102:Semenre
4072:Djehuti
4054:Khamudi
4043:Yanassi
4026:Salitis
3978:Yakareb
3971:Khamure
3902:Sehebre
3824:Merkare
3472:Intef I
3411:Dynasty
3320:Imhotep
3280:Iytjenu
3266:Khuiqer
3178:Menkare
3129:Neferka
3113:Pepi II
3035:Userkaf
2929:Sanakht
2752:Anedjib
2732:Hor-Aha
2665:Iry-Hor
2659:Shendjw
2631:Pen-Abu
2515:Hat-Hor
2437:Dynasty
2322:6246102
2313:Manetho
2182:1524193
2024:: 1–46.
1956:7427345
1788:3128942
1604:(ed.).
757:Userkaf
719:Userkaf
604:Manetho
501:Pepi II
390:Saqqara
377:Manetho
327:Dynasty
56:Pharaoh
5882:Argead
5729:Probus
5649:Decius
5644:Philip
5519:Trajan
5247:Argead
5156:Muthis
5109:XXVIII
5089:Xerxes
4957:female
4935:Period
4644:Piankh
4615:Siamun
4485:Siptah
4460:Seti I
4300:Period
4252:Kamose
4186:Snaaib
4156:Abydos
4012:Semqen
4005:Sharek
3957:Sheneh
3937:'Apepi
3932:Bebnum
3887:Nehesy
3707:Sebkay
3627:Sonbef
3424:female
3402:Period
3213:Nikare
3103:Pepi I
3040:Sahure
2993:Khafre
2978:Snefru
2947:Sedjes
2919:Djoser
2845:Senedj
2723:Narmer
2682:Narmer
2564:Wazner
2529:Hsekiu
2501:Ny-Hor
2450:female
2428:Period
2355:Pepi I
2320:
2299:
2277:
2258:
2235:
2213:
2180:
2156:
2111:
2074:
2066:
2037:
2002:
1983:
1973:
1954:
1926:
1907:
1885:
1862:
1843:
1794:
1786:
1757:
1736:
1728:
1653:
1612:
1591:
1581:
715:Djoser
658:vizier
554:Iput I
473:Sahure
423:lacuna
411:Seti I
363:Pepi I
341:(also
316:Mother
305:Father
23:, see
5735:Carus
5514:Nerva
5504:Titus
5482:Galba
5449:XXXIV
5434:Roman
5213:Arses
5140:Hakor
5059:XXVII
4769:XXIII
4359:XVIII
4319:(male
4049:Apepi
4037:Khyan
3950:Wazad
3718:Wegaf
3652:Iufni
3506:Nubia
3314:Setut
3136:Nefer
2983:Khufu
2941:Khaba
2935:Nebka
2799:Nebra
2727:Menes
2686:Menes
2638:Stork
2601:Upper
2557:Neheb
2550:Thesh
2536:Khayu
2485:Lower
2150:(PDF)
2072:S2CID
2064:JSTOR
1792:S2CID
1784:JSTOR
1755:JSTOR
1734:S2CID
1726:JSTOR
1684:(PDF)
1669:(PDF)
729:Notes
523:Reign
469:Khufu
461:Syria
445:Asyut
441:Tjebu
355:Egypt
321:Khuit
162:Nomen
63:Reign
5568:Geta
5487:Otho
5477:Nero
5195:XXXI
5180:Teos
5127:XXIX
4992:XXVI
4977:Late
4954:male
4914:Late
4867:Piye
4836:XXIV
4742:Pami
4692:XXII
4281:and
4197:XVII
3943:Nuya
3612:XIII
3421:male
3383:and
3273:Khui
3170:VIII
3093:Teti
3075:Unas
2960:Huni
2762:Qa'a
2742:Djet
2737:Djer
2645:Bull
2624:Fish
2590:Wash
2571:Mekh
2447:male
2336:Teti
2318:OCLC
2297:ISBN
2275:ISBN
2256:ISBN
2233:ISBN
2211:ISBN
2196:link
2178:OCLC
2154:ISBN
2109:ISBN
2035:OCLC
2000:ISBN
1981:ISSN
1971:ISBN
1952:OCLC
1924:ISBN
1905:ISBN
1883:ISBN
1860:ISBN
1841:ISBN
1815:2023
1651:ISBN
1638:2015
1610:ISBN
1589:OCLC
1579:ISBN
723:Teti
721:and
711:Unas
676:Tomb
639:Unas
548:and
471:and
359:Teti
310:Teti
83:Teti
69:24th
5167:XXX
4916:to
4859:XXV
4582:XXI
4447:XIX
4064:XVI
3844:XIV
3692:Hor
3533:XII
3166:VII
2911:III
2747:Den
2543:Tiu
2409:to
2056:doi
1776:doi
1718:doi
742:BC.
353:of
183:of
5917::
5877:31
5872:30
5867:27
5862:26
5857:25
5852:24
5842:20
5837:19
5832:18
5827:12
5822:11
4500:XX
4432:Ay
3996:XV
3459:XI
3291:IX
3085:VI
2970:IV
2810:Ba
2786:II
2725:/
2684:/
2670:Ka
2522:Pu
2192:}}
2188:{{
2132:12
2126:.
2090:.
2070:.
2062:.
2052:31
2050:.
2022:20
1979:.
1950:.
1826:.
1806:.
1790:.
1782:.
1772:61
1770:.
1751:18
1749:.
1732:.
1724:.
1714:39
1712:.
1695:.
1677:95
1671:.
1627:.
1587:.
1498:^
1447:^
1360:^
1333:^
1268:^
1227:^
1196:^
1133:^
1118:^
1103:^
1076:^
965:^
912:^
849:^
798:^
717:,
713:,
709:,
631:Ra
513:c.
447:.
392:.
347:Ra
185:Ra
181:Ka
5817:4
5813:3
5810:2
5806:1
3331:X
3168:/
3027:V
2715:I
2610:A
2578:A
2386:e
2379:t
2372:v
2324:.
2305:.
2283:.
2264:.
2241:.
2219:.
2198:)
2184:.
2162:.
2117:.
2092:7
2078:.
2058::
2041:.
2008:.
1987:.
1958:.
1932:.
1913:.
1891:.
1868:.
1849:.
1817:.
1798:.
1778::
1761:.
1740:.
1720::
1659:.
1640:.
1618:.
1595:.
1544:.
1520:.
1493:.
1023:.
871:.
771:.
511:(
27:.
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