Pepi I Meryre - Knowledge

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the coregency and once more at the death of his father), Baud and Dobrev deem it likely that the feast happened only once at Pepi's death (as would be normal) and hence everything written on the annals after the mention of the feast must have recorded Merenre's sole reign, had there been a coregency prior to that point or not. While almost all the inscriptions pertaining to Merenre's sole reign are now illegible, the space available for them on the royal annals shows that he may have been sole king for 11 to 14 years. This can be known because every occasion of a cattle count was written in a devoted and well-delimited case in the annals, and these cases are of roughly consistent sizes, allowing a good estimation of the maximum number of illegible cases. That Merenre reigned over a decade as sole king cannot easily be reconciled with Manetho's claim that he reigned only seven years by invoking seven years of sole reign plus an additional number of years as coregent as proponents of the coregency, including Goedicke, had done.

2326:"—the enemies of Egypt—a stylized representation of Egypt's conquered foreign subjects. While the identity of the larger adult figure as Pepi I is revealed by the inscription, the identity of the smaller statue showing a younger person remains unresolved. The most common hypothesis among Egyptologists is that the young man shown is Merenre. As Alessandro Bongioanni and Maria Croce write: " was publicly associated as his father's successor on the occasion of the Jubilee . The placement of his copper effigy inside that of his father would therefore reflect the continuity of the royal succession and the passage of the royal sceptre from father to son before the death of the pharaoh could cause a dynastic split." Alternatively, Bongioanni and Croce have also proposed the smaller statue may represent "a more youthful Pepy I, reinvigorated by the celebration of the Jubilee ceremonies". 1589:-chapels throughout Egypt to strengthen the royal presence in the provinces. These expensive policies suggest Egypt was prosperous during Pepi's reign. Small provincial centres in areas historically associated with the crown became more important, suggesting that pharaohs of the Sixth Dynasty tried to diminish the power of regional dynasties by recruiting senior officials who did not belong to them and were loyal to the pharaoh. Some of these new officials have no known background, indicating they were not of noble extraction. The circulation of high officials, who were moved from key positions of power to other duties, occurred at an "astonishing" pace under Teti and Pepi I according to the Egyptologist Juan Carlos Moreno García, in what might have been a deliberate attempt to curtail the concentration of power in the hands of a few officials. 1693: 2613: 1484: 1614: 1585:

administration and having a strong influence at the court, while also consolidating their hold over regional power bases by creating local dynasties. These processes, well under way during Pepi I's reign, progressively weakened the king's primacy and ascendancy over his own administration and would ultimately result in the princedoms of the First Intermediate Period. Teti and Pepi I seem to have developed several policies to counteract this. They both changed the organisation of the territorial administration during their reigns: many provincial governors were nominated, especially in Upper Egypt, while Lower Egypt was possibly under direct royal administration. In addition, Pepi instigated the construction of royal

1359: 1439: 2370:, destined either to house the goddess's statue, or a statue of Pepi I himself, which would mean the naos was yet another Ka-chapel. Pepi I's cartouche and the epithet "beloved of Satet" is inscribed on the naos, which stands 1.32 m (4.3 ft) high. Pepi seems to have undertaken wider works in the temple, possibly reorganising its layout by adding walls and an altar. In this context, the faience tablets bearing his cartouche may be foundation offerings made at the start of the works, although this has been contested. For the Egyptologist David Warburton, the reigns of Pepi I and II mark the first period during which small stone temples dedicated to local deities were built in Egypt. 1425: 2484: 2565:

now stands 3 m (9.8 ft) tall. Entry into the substructure is gained on the north face. The burial chamber is located under the vertical axis of the pyramid. The location of the serdab is unusual, being to the south of the burial chamber instead of east. Substantial remains of funerary equipment were found inside including wooden weights, ostrich feathers, copper fish hooks, and fired-clay vessels, but none bore their owner's name. It has a hastily built mortuary temple, with an offering hall and a room with two statue niches. Relief fragments discovered depict scenes of processions and estates, along with an incomplete cartouche of Pepi I's name.

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untouchable. If the conspiracy happened early in Pepi's reign as proposed by Wilfried Seipel and Vivienne Callender, the queen concerned could have been Userkare's mother and Teti's consort rather than Pepi's. Most scholars, however, agree with Hans Goedicke's thesis that the conspiracy occurred after more than two decades into Pepi's reign. For Goedicke, the queen could have been Merenre's mother. Nicolas Grimal and Baud see this as highly unlikely and outright outlandish respectively, as this queen's son would have been punished along with her. Rather, the queen might have attempted unsuccessfully to secure the throne for her son, whose name is now lost.

1555:, as witnessed by blocks from this queen's complex which were found reused as construction material in Pepi's own mortuary temple. On the other hand, Wilfried Seipel disagrees with this interpretation of the blocks being reused by Pepi, instead, he thinks the blocks bear witness to Pepi's foundation of a pious memorial to his grandmother. At the same time as he apparently distanced himself from his father's line, Pepi transformed his mother's tomb into a pyramid and posthumously bestowed a new title on her, "Daughter of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt", thereby emphasising his royal lineage as a descendant of Unas, last ruler of the Fifth Dynasty. 2582:

also the largest in the necropolis except for that of Pepi himself, covering an area of 3,500 m (38,000 sq ft). It comprised a mortuary temple to the north of the pyramid and 20 storage rooms for offerings. The queen's funerary complex had a monumental entrance with a granite frame, its lintel bearing the queen's name and titles being more than 3.6 m (12 ft) wide and weighing over 17 tons. A small chapel stood on the pyramid northern face, at the entrance of the substructures. Painted reliefs of which only scant remains have been found including a small scene depicting the queen and a princess on a boat among

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ordered nomarchs in Upper Egypt and the Nile Delta region to "call up the levies of their own subordinates, and these in turn summoned their subordinates down through every level of the local administration". Meanwhile, Nubian mercenaries were also recruited and endowed with the power to enroll men and seize goods, so that in total tens of thousands of men were at Weni's disposal. This is the only text relating the raising of an Egyptian army during the Old Kingdom, and it indirectly reveals the absence of a permanent, standing army at the time. The goal of this army was either to repulse rebelling

2682: 2665:, when the state-sponsored funerary cult of Pepi was renewed, albeit in a more limited form than earlier. At this time, private cultic activities seem to cease in the wider necropolis of Pepi, rather concentrating in Pepi's own mortuary temple, mainly around his statues, then accessible to important officials participating in the pharaoh's cult. Meanwhile, the abandonment of certain parts of the mortuary temple and the queens' necropolis led to the installation of novel tombs. The most prominent of these was that of the high official Reheryshefnakht, who had 1198:, whose name is recorded on blocks excavated in the necropolis adjacent to Pepi's pyramid. The identification of Nedjeftet as Pepi's consort remains uncertain owing to the lack of inscriptions explicitly naming her husband. Given the location of Nedjeftet's blocks in the necropolis, she may be the owner of a pyramid west of Pepi's. The second is another consort, named Behenu, who was buried in the second largest queen pyramid of Pepi's necropolis, north of his. She could either be one of his consorts or a consort of Pepi II. 1153: 2499:

The temple had an entrance hall some 6.29 m (20.6 ft) high, now almost completely destroyed, leading into an open columned courtyard. Storage rooms to the north and south flanked the hall. The inner temple contained a chapel with five statue niches, an offering hall and other core chambers. Either the mortuary temple or the causeway might have been lined with statues of kneeling bound captives representing Egypt's traditional enemies. Both the temple and the causeway are now heavily damaged due the activity of

1221:, who was probably born at the very end of Pepi I's reign given he was only six upon ascending the throne after Merenre's rule. While a majority of Egyptologists favor this hypothesis, an alternative one holds that Pepi II could be a son of Merenre. Another of Pepi I's sons was Teti-ankh, meaning "Teti lives", whose mother has yet to be identified. Teti-ankh is known only from an ink inscription bearing his name discovered in Pepi's pyramid. Buried nearby is Prince Hornetjerkhet, a son of Pepi with Mehaa. 2962:

power". The emphasis on a single individual holder follows from the Ancient Egyptians' perception of the king as a divine being, offspring of Ra, who upholds Egypt's unity and prosperity as well as the cosmic order preordained by the gods and playing the crucial role of mediator between the people and the gods, with the capacity of conveying the gods' messages and will. The king not only had these unique roles but the institution of kingship was perceived as a divinely established order guarding Egypt against chaos.

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southern face with a cult pyramid on its south-east corner. The entrance of the temple, flanked with two granite obelisks, led to several rooms, which once housed statues and offering altars, while a further 10 rooms served for storage. The burial chamber measured 6.24 m × 2.88 m (20.5 ft × 9.4 ft), and its walls were inscribed with numerous spells of the pyramid texts. The head of a wooden statue of the queen as well as her opened basalt sarcophagus were unearthed there.

2299: 1254: 2450:, a colour symbolising renewal. His sarcophagus is also inscribed on its east side with the king's titles and names, as part of a larger set of spells that includes texts at the bottom of the north and south walls opposite the sarcophagus, and in a line running across the top of the north, west, and south walls of the chamber. The writing comprises 2,263 columns and lines of text from 651 spells, of which 82 are unique to Pepi's pyramid. This is the most extensive corpus of 1572: 7082:; Allen, Susan; Anderson, Julie; Arnold, Dieter; Arnold, Dorothea; Cherpion, Nadine; David, Élisabeth; Grimal, Nicolas; Grzymski, Krzysztof; Hawass, Zahi; Hill, Marsha; Jánosi, Peter; Labée-Toutée, Sophie; Labrousse, Audran; Lauer, Jean-Phillippe; Leclant, Jean; Der Manuelian, Peter; Millet, N. B.; Oppenheim, Adela; Craig Patch, Diana; Pischikova, Elena; Rigault, Patricia; Roehrig, Catharine H.; Wildung, Dietrich; Ziegler, Christiane (1999). 1634:

Ra. Around this time, Pepi married two daughters of Khui, the provincial governor of Abydos. This may also have served to counteract the weakening of the king's authority over Middle and Upper Egypt by securing the allegiance of a powerful family. For Baud and Christopher Eyre, this also demonstrates that at the time of the Sixth Dynasty, government and power was still largely determined by family relationships rather than by bureaucracy.

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greywacke sarcophagus and pieces of stone vessels were uncovered there. Unlike Ankhesenpepi II's burial chamber, that of Inenek-Inti had no inscriptions on its walls. Inenek's mortuary temple was much larger than Nebwenet's, surrounding her pyramid on its eastern, northern and southern sides. Inenek's complex also comprised a small cult pyramid, 6.3 m (21 ft) at the base, on the south-east corner of the mortuary temple.

1404:, which was meant to rejuvenate the king and was first celebrated on the 30th year of a king's rule. For example, numerous alabaster ointment vessels celebrating Pepi's first Sed festival have been discovered. They bear a standard inscriptions reading, "The king of Upper and Lower Egypt Meryre, may he be given life for ever. The first occasion of the Sed festival." Examples can now be found in museums throughout the world: 722: 670: 247: 1540:

Teti was first erased to be replaced by that of another king, whose name was itself erased and replaced again by that of Teti. Kanawati argues the intervening name was that of Userkare to whom Mehi may have transferred his allegiance. Mehi's attempt to switch back to Teti was seemingly unsuccessful, as there is evidence that work on his tomb stopped abruptly and that he was never buried there.

2322:, a golden mask representing Horus and two copper statues. Originally fashioned by hammering plates of copper over a wooden base, these statues had been disassembled, placed inside one another and then sealed with a thin layer of engraved copper bearing the titles and names of Pepi I "on the first day of the Heb Sed" feast. The two statues were symbolically "trampling underfoot the 2854:

appears "at the beginning of register D. Fortuitously or not, this compartment corresponds perfectly to year 30/31, if a strictly biennial system of numbering is presumed" for Pepi I's reign. (i.e. his 15th count) Therefore, the count was most probably biennial during Pepi I's reign and the reference to his final year—the 25 count—implies that he reigned for 49 full years.

2720:. Pepi's pyramid complex was among those restored, as shown by inscriptions left on-site by Khaemweset, even though it was actively being used for private burials. Pepi I's necropolis was, therefore, probably in a ruined state at this point, with the area with the queens' pyramids serving as a stone quarry. Khaemweset stated he had found the pyramid "abandoned" and "recalled his 2513:

were all located outside the complex' enclosure wall but inside an area delimited by a street to the west. Three of the main queens' pyramids were built in a row on an east–west axis, each with a base side dimension of about 20 m (66 ft). The Ancient Egyptians referred to the owners of these pyramids as the "Queen of the East", "Queen of the Centre" and "Queen of the West".

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have hosted the pharaoh's Ka, or a miniature statue of the king, and could have been used for ritual performances centring around the burial and resurrection of the Ka spirit during the Sed festival. Excavations of the small cult pyramid yielded statue fragments, pieces of stelae and offering tables which indicate the continuation of Pepi's funerary cult into the Middle Kingdom.

2347:. He seems particularly to have desired to be associated with her, using the epithet "son of Hathor of Dendera" on numerous vessels found throughout Egypt and abroad. In Abydos, he built a small rock cut chapel dedicated to the local god Khenti-Amentiu, where he is again referred to as "Pepi, son of Hathor of Dendera". Pepi also referred to himself as the son of 1667:

aimed at having someone else designated heir to the throne at the expense of Merenre. Because of this failed conspiracy, Pepi I may have taken the drastic step of crowning Merenre during his own reign, thereby creating the earliest documented coregency in the history of Egypt. That such a coregency took place was first proposed by

1675:, discussed below, indirectly support this. Goedicke has suggested further that an inscription mentioning King Merenre's tenth year of reign in Hatnub, contradicting Manetho's figure of seven years, is evidence that Merenre dated the start of his reign before the end of his father's reign, as a coregency would permit. 1010:

extraction to curtail the influence of powerful local families. Continuing Teti's policy, Pepi expanded a network of warehouses accessible to royal envoys and from which taxes and labor could easily be collected. Finally, he buttressed his power after the harem conspiracy by forming alliances with Khui, the provincial

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For example, an alabaster lid of a precious vessel is inscribed with, "Beloved of the two lands, king of Upper and Lower Egypt, the son of Hathor, lady of Dendera, Pepi." As Hathor was the chief deity of Byblos, it is probable that this vessel was destined to this city and was only later exchanged or

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The drastic nature of Pepi's decision—if there was a coregency—is apparent on noting the Ancient Egyptians conception of the kingship as "rulership by a single individual holding a supreme office in a lifelong tenure, most often succeeding on a hereditary principle and wielding great personal

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The Turin King List gives only 20 years on the throne to Pepi I while his successor Merenre I is said to have reigned 44 years. This latter figure contradicts both contemporaneous and archaeological evidence. For example, the royal annals mention no further cattle count under Merenre I

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Between the mention of count 18 and the next memorial formula which belongs to count 19, end of register D, the available space for count 18+ is the expected half of the average size of a theoretical compartment. It is hard to believe that such a narrow space corresponds to the jubilee celebration,

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chapel, which hosted a limestone altar, now broken. The pyramid's substructures were accessed from a descending passageway leading first to an antechamber and, from there, to the burial chamber slightly to the south of the pyramid's apex. This chamber yielded fragments of pink granite sarcophagus and

2366:. These may suggest royal interest in the local cult. An alabaster statue of an ape with its offspring bearing Pepi I's cartouche was uncovered in the same location, but it was probably a gift of the king to a high official who then dedicated it to Satet. In this temple, Pepi built a red granite 1666:

may have been involved. To support his theory, Kanawati observes that Rawer's image in his tomb has been desecrated, with his name, hands and feet chiselled off, while this same tomb is dated to the second half of Pepi's reign on stylistic grounds. Kanawati further posits that the conspiracy may have

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of Horus". Bárta adds that Pepi's writing of his own name "Mery-tawy" is also highly unusual: he chose to invert the order of the hieroglyphic signs composing it, placing the sign for "Beloved" before that for "Two Lands". For Bárta and Yannis Gourdon, this deliberate choice shows Pepi's deference to

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points to a similar inscription dated to "Year after the 18th Count, 4th Month of Shemu day 5" in Sinai graffito No. 106. This could imply that the cattle count during the Sixth Dynasty was not regularly biennial, or that it was referenced continuously in the years following it. Michel Baud stresses

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Pepi's consort Mehaa was buried in a pyramid on the south-west corner of Pepi's enclosure wall. Directly adjacent to Mehaa's pyramid's eastern face was her mortuary temple, where a relief bearing the name and image of Prince Hornetjerykhet, her son, was uncovered. Mehaa's pyramid is intruded upon by

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A valley temple by the Nile and a causeway leading from this temple up to the pyramid on the desert plateau completed the overall construction. The high temple, next to the pyramid, was laid out according to a standard plan, making it nearly the same as the temples of Djedkare Isesi, Unas, and Teti.

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in Greek, a name which is still in use for this ancient city. Pepi I's mortuary complex is neighboured on its south-west corner by a necropolis built during his own reign and the reigns of Merenre and Pepi II. The necropolis housed the pyramids of Pepi I's consorts and their dedicated

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My majesty has commanded that these two pyramid towns be exempt for him throughout the course of eternity from doing any work of the palace, from doing any forced labor for any part of the royal residence throughout the course of eternity, or from doing any forced labor at the word of anybody in the

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At some point in his reign, Pepi faced a conspiracy hatched by one of his harem consorts, only known by her title "Weret-Yamtes". Although Weni, who served as a judge during the subsequent trial, does not report the precise nature of her crime, this at least shows that the person of the king was not

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which incorporates the name of Ra, a naming fashion common during the preceding Fifth Dynasty that had fallen out of use since Unas's reign. Further archeological evidence of Userkare's illegitimacy in the eyes of his successor is the absence of any mention of him in the tombs and biographies of the

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succeeded him instead, but Userkare's identity and relationship to the royal family remain uncertain. It is possible Userkare served only as a regent with Pepi's mother Iput as Pepi reached adulthood, occupying the throne in the interregnum until Pepi's coming of age. The apparent lack of resistance

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Several difficulties accumulated during Pepi's reign, beginning with the possible murder of his father and the ensuing reign of Userkare. Later, probably after his twentieth year of reign, Pepi faced a harem conspiracy hatched by one of his consorts who may have tried to have her son designated heir

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In an alternative hypothesis, Hans Goedicke has proposed that Merenre's mother was the consort known only from her title "Weret-Yamtes", responsible for the harem conspiracy against Pepi I. In this widely rejected hypothesis, Ankhesenpepi I was falsely claimed by the Ancient Egyptians to

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on either side of the gateway to the mortuary temple, establishing that Inenek-Inti was buried there. With a base of 22.53 m (73.9 ft), the pyramid size and layout is similar to that of Nebwenet, except that the burial chamber is located precisely beneath the pyramid apex. Fragments of a

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Pepi's mortuary complex was the centre of a wider necropolis which comprised the tombs of the royal family and further afield those of the high officials of the state administration including a tomb for Weni. Pepi had pyramids built for his consorts to the south and south-west of his pyramid. These

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that is sunk into the floor at the foot of the sarcophagus has remained undisturbed. Discovered alongside it was a bundle of viscera presumed to belong to the pharaoh. The provenance of a mummy fragment and fine linen wrappings discovered in the burial chamber are unknown, but they are hypothesized

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The Egyptologist David Warburton sees such perpetual tax exemptions as capitulations by a king confronted with rampant corruption. Whether they were the result of religious or political motives, exemptions created precedents that encouraged other institutions to request similar treatment, weakening

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The political importance of these marriages is furthered by the fact that for the first and last time until the 26th Dynasty some 1800 years later, a woman, Khui's wife Nebet, bore the title of vizier of Upper Egypt. Egyptologists debate whether this title was purely honorific or whether she really

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both record the 25th cattle count under Pepi I, his highest known date. Accepting a biennial count, this indicates that Pepi reigned for 49 years. That a 50th year of reign could have also been recorded on the royal annal cannot be discounted, however, because of the damaged state of the South

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2200 BC: ein Klimasturz als Ursache für den Zerfall der Alten Welt? 7. Mitteldeutscher Archäologentag, vom 23. bis 26. Oktober 2014 in Halle (Saale); 2200 BC: a climatic breakdown as a cause for the collapse of the old world? 7th Archaeological Conference of Central Germany, October 23-26, 2014 in

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The royal annals mention the feast of the union of the two lands concerning Merenre, a feast normally celebrated once, shortly after the death of a king with the start of his successor's reign. Since it is very unlikely that this feast was celebrated twice for Merenre (that is once at the start of

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There has been some doubt whether the cattle count dating system was strictly biennial or slightly more irregular early in the Sixth Dynasty. That the latter situation appeared to be the case was suggested by the "Year after the 18th Count, 3rd Month of Shemu day 27" inscription from Wadi Hammamat

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As members of the royal family and high officials had continued to be buried in the necropolis next to Pepi's pyramid during the reigns of Merenre and Pepi II, including Ankhesenpepi II and III and Pepi's daughter Meritites, Pepi's necropolis had grown and had attracted burials from

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The pyramid of Ankhesenpepi II occupies the south-western extremity of the necropolis of Pepi I. With a base of 31.4 m (103 ft), the pyramid once reached 30 m (98 ft) high, making it the largest of the queens' pyramids. The funerary complex of Ankhesenpepi II was

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West of Inenek's pyramid is that of the queen of the west. The identity of this pyramid's owner is preserved on an obelisk in front of her pyramid only as "the eldest daughter of the king". The pyramid had a base length of around 20 m (66 ft), similar to those of Inenek and Nebwenet, and

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The substructure of the pyramid was accessed from the north chapel which has since disappeared. From the entrance, a descending corridor gives way to a vestibule leading into the horizontal passage. Halfway along the passage, three granite portcullises guard the chambers. As in preceding pyramids,

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The close association between Ka-chapels and temples to deities might have spurred building activities for the latter. For example, the Bubastis ensemble of Pepi I comprised a 95 m × 60 m (312 ft × 197 ft) enclosure wall with a small rectangular Ka-chapel housing

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Perhaps in response to these events, Pepi changed his prenomen Nefersahor to Meryre, meaning "Beloved of Ra", even updating the inscriptions inside his pyramid. This late change with Pepi incorporating the sun god Ra's name into his own may reflect some agreement with the influential priesthood of

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Pepi's pyramid was part of a wider funerary complex comprising a small cult pyramid and mortuary temple surrounded by an enclosure wall. The purpose of the cult pyramid remains unclear. While it had a burial chamber, it was never used as such and must have been a purely symbolic structure. It may

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reached a similar conclusion in 1999. He sees Pepi's rule as marking the apogee of the Old Kingdom owing to the flurry of building activities, administrative reforms, trade and military campaigns at the time. Pepi devoted most of his building efforts to local cults and royal Ka-chapels, seemingly

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Inumin and Khentika, who served both Teti and Pepi I, are completely silent about Userkare and none of their activities during his time on the throne are reported in their tomb. The tomb of Mehi, a guard who lived under Teti, Userkare and Pepi, yielded an inscription showing that the name of

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With a base of 26.2 m (86 ft), Queen Behenu's pyramid was of similar size and layout to the other queens' pyramids of the necropolis. Located on the western end of the necropolis, immediately north-west of Mehaa's tomb on which it intrudes, Behenu's mortuary temple was on the pyramid's

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some 80 years earlier: a core built six steps high from small roughly dressed blocks of limestone bound together using clay mortar encased with fine limestone blocks. The pyramid, now destroyed, had a base length of 78.75 m (258 ft; 150 cu) converging to the apex at ~ 53° and once

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To the north-east of Egypt, Pepi launched at least five military expeditions against the "sand dwellers" of Sinai and southern Canaan. These campaigns are recounted on the walls of the tomb of Weni, then officially a palace superintendent but given tasks befitting a general. Weni states that he

1346:. This list places Pepi's birth name immediately after that of Teti in the seventh entry of the second row. Unlike other sources such as the Turin canon, the purpose of the Karnak king list was not to be exhaustive, but rather to list a selection of royal ancestors to be honoured. Similarly the 2853:

Therefore, the references to Pepi I's first jubilee being celebrated in his 18th cattle count are probably just part of this royal tendency to emphasize the king's first jubilee years after it was first celebrated and Baud notes that the longest year compartment in the South Saqqara Stone

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The Sixth Dynasty royal annals, only a small part of which are still legible, record further activities during Pepi's reign, including the offering of milk and young cows for a feast of Ra, the building of a "south chapel" on the occasion of the new year and the arrival of messengers at court.

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has argued in support of Manetho's claim, noting for example that Teti's reign saw a significant increase in the number of guards at the Egyptian court, who became responsible for the everyday care of the king. At the same time, the figures and names of several contemporary palace officials as

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from the Old Kingdom cover the walls of Pepi I's burial chamber, antechamber and much of the corridor leading to it. For the first time, these texts also appear in some of the consorts' pyramids. Excavations revealed a bundle of viscera and a mummy fragment, both presumed to belong to the

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The coregency remains uncertain. The Sixth Dynasty Royal annals bear no trace either for or against it, but the shape and size of the stone on which the annals are inscribed makes it more probable that Merenre did not start to count his years of reign until soon after the death of his father.

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The corridor texts in Pepi I's pyramid are the most extensive, covering the whole horizontal passage, the vestibule, and even a section of the descending corridor. Unas' pyramid constrained the texts to the south section of the corridor, as did Teti's. The texts in Merenre I's and

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witnessed renewed private burials in the necropolis of Pepi, including in several rooms of his mortuary temple which were used as a catacomb at the time, although no such tomb was found in the main room hosting the royal funerary cult, suggesting continued use. The individuals buried in the

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and numerous chapels for his own cult throughout Egypt, reinforcing his presence in the provinces. Egypt's prosperity allowed Pepi to become the most prolific builder of the Old Kingdom. At the same time, Pepi favored the rise of small provincial centres and recruited officials of non-noble

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and inscriptions in Tumas report this. The Sixth Dynasty royal annals also recount at least one campaign into Nubia. Although the campaign narrative is now largely illegible, according to the Egyptologists Baud and Dobrev, it comprised three phases: first, messengers were sent to Nubia for

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associated with the ruler during the Old Kingdom, whether the king had actually celebrated it or not. As further evidence of the importance of this event in Pepi's case, the state administration seems to have had a tendency to mention his first jubilee repeatedly in the years following its

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In a long trend that began earlier in the Fifth Dynasty, the Old Kingdom Egyptian state was the subject of increasing decentralisation and regionalisation. Provincial families played an increasingly important role, marrying into the royal family, accessing the highest offices of the state

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For the Ancient Egyptians, the Ka was the vital essence which, when it inhabited the body, made the person alive. At the death of the person, the Ka simply departed the body but continued to exist and had to be sustained through offerings, performed in the Ka-chapel associated with the

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No. 74–75 which mentions the "first occurrence of the Heb Sed" in that year for Pepi. Normally, the Sed festival is first celebrated in a king's 30th year of reign while the 18th cattle count would have taken place in his 36th year, had it been strictly biennial. The Egyptologist

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The consequences of the long-lasting cults of Old Kingdom pharaohs during the New Kingdom are apparent in the Karnak king list. It was composed during the reign of Thutmosis III to honour a selection of royal ancestors. Several pharaohs of the Fifth and Sixth Dynasty including

1069:, next to which he built at least a further six pyramids for his consorts. Pepi's pyramid, which originally stood 52.5 m (172 ft) tall, and an accompanying high temple, followed the standard layout inherited from the late Fifth Dynasty. The most extensive corpus of 2649:

the highest officials such as vizier Weni. Starting with the reign of Pepi II, the necropolis also attracted burials from private individuals as well as popular devotion to him and his consorts. The deposit of numerous offering tables throughout the site confirms this.

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which had taken place since the reign's start. The cattle count was an important event aimed at evaluating the amount of taxes to be levied on the population. This involved counting cattle, oxen and small livestock. During the early Sixth Dynasty, this count was probably

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Ka-chapels were small cult buildings comprising one or more chambers to hold offerings dedicated to the cult of the Ka of a deceased or, in this case, the king. Such chapels dedicated to Pepi I were uncovered or are known from contemporary sources to have stood in

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of Mery-tawy, meaning "He who is loved by the two lands" or "Beloved of the Two Lands", which Nicolas Grimal sees as a clear indication that he desired political appeasement in times of troubles. Similarly, Pepi chose the throne name Nefersahor, meaning "Perfect is the

1144:, although this remains uncertain and debated. She seems to have died before Pepi's accession to the throne. The observation that Teti was most probably Pepi's father follows from the location of Iput's tomb, next to Teti's pyramid as was customary for a queen consort. 1470:

celebration until the end of his rule in connection with building activities. For example, Pepi's final 25th cattle count reported on the Sixth Dynasty royal annals is associated with his first Sed festival even though it probably had taken place some 19 years prior.

1683:

writes that the gold pendant's context is unknown, making its significance regarding the coregency difficult to appraise. The copper statues are similarly inconclusive as the identity of the smaller one, and whether they originally formed a group, remains uncertain.

1525:

as Userkare did, nor would he be included in king lists. Rather, Userkare could have been an usurper and a descendant of a lateral branch of the Fifth Dynasty royal family who seized power briefly in a coup, possibly with the support of the priesthood of the sun god

1568:

the powerful nobility of the country, on which he was dependent. Although there seems to be no direct relation between Userkare's brief reign and one or more later conspiracies against him, this evidence suggests some form of political instability at the time.

1264:

The relative chronology of Pepi I's reign is well established by historical records, contemporary artifacts and archeological evidence, which agree he succeeded Userkare and was succeeded by Merenre I Nemtyemsaf. For example, the near-contemporary

2503:

makers, who extracted and burned the construction stones to turn them into mortar and whitewash in later times. In particular, the original location of the statues remains uncertain as they had been displaced, ready to be thrown into a lime furnace.

2036:. The high official, Iny, served Pepi during several successful expeditions to Byblos for which the king rewarded him with the name "Inydjefaw", meaning, "He who brings back provisions". Through Byblos, Egypt, had indirect contacts with the city of 3116:

Pepi might have built more than one chapel there, as he seems to have been particularly interested in the cult of Hathor of Dendera, presenting himself as the son of Hathor of Dendera in numerous inscriptions including on vessels traded

2176:

represented a network of warehouses accessible to royal envoys and from which taxes and labor could easily be collected. This territorial mode of organisation disappeared nearly 300 years after Pepi I's reign, at the dawn of the

2586:, adorned the accompanying funerary temple. The burial chamber walls were inscribed with spells from the pyramid texts, a privilege that had been the preserve of kings. Fragments from a black basalt sarcophagus were uncovered onsite. 1269:, a royal annal inscribed during the reign of Pepi II, gives the succession "Teti → Userkare → Pepi I → Merenre I", making Pepi the third king of the Sixth Dynasty. Two more historical sources agree with this chronology: the 2550:

Immediately west of the pyramid of the queen of the east was the pyramid of the queen of the centre, Inenek-Inti. The name, image and titles of this queen are inscribed on jambs and two 2.2 m (7.2 ft) high red-painted

9222: 2628:

Pepi I was the object of a funerary cult after his death. For the remainder of the Old Kingdom period, the funerary cult of Pepi had active priests even outside of his Saqqara mortuary complex, for example inscriptions in

2291:, where rock inscriptions refer to his funerary cult. All these buildings were probably peripheral to or inside larger temples hosting extensive cult activities. For example, the chapel at Abydos was next to the temple of 3062:

More precisely, the expedition is dated to Pepi's 18th cattle count, fifth day of the fourth month of Shemu, which might correspond to his 36th year of reign, some time between the July 26 and August 4 of that

1732:

or to seize their properties and conquer their land in southern Canaan, an action possibly motivated by the intense commercial activities between Egypt and this region. The Egyptians campaigned up to what was probably

2454:

from the Old Kingdom. The tradition of inscribing texts inside the pyramid was begun by Unas at the end of the Fifth Dynasty, but originally discovered in Pepi I's pyramid in 1880. Their function, like that of all

2067:

Expeditions and mining activities that were already taking place in the Fifth and early Sixth Dynasty continued unabated. These include at least one expedition of workmen and their military escort to the mines of

1494:

Pepi's accession to the throne may have occurred in times of discord. Manetho, writing nearly 2000 years after Pepi's reign, claims that Pepi's father Teti was assassinated by his own bodyguards. The Egyptologist

1127:

that mentions Iput as Pepi's mother, by inscriptions in her mortuary temple mentioning her titles as mother of a king and as mother of Pepi, by the architecture of her tomb which had been changed from an original

1654:, which record successive pharaohs granting tax exemptions to the temple, as well as official honours bestowed by the kings on the local ruling family while the Old Kingdom society was collapsing, manifest this. 1000:

at the end of his reign. Confronted with the protracted decline of pharaonic power and the emergence of dynasties of local officials, Pepi reacted with a vast architectural program involving the construction of

1551:), further troubles might have arisen directly between Pepi and relatives of his father Teti. Bárta and Baud point to Pepi's apparent decision to dismantle the funerary complex of his paternal grandmother 8978:

Morales, Antonio J. (2006). "Traces of official and popular veneration to Nyuserra Iny at Abusir. Late Fifth Dynasty to the Middle Kingdom". In Bárta, Miroslav; Coppens, Filip; Krejčí, Jaromír (eds.).

9056:. Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle (Saale). Vol. 13. Halle (Saale): Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt, Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte. pp. 1–16. 2295:. For the Egyptologist Juan Moreno García, this proximity demonstrates the direct power that the king still held over the temples' economic activities and internal affairs during the Sixth Dynasty. 2533:

uncovered in the attached mortuary temple. The pyramid had a base of 26.2 m (86 ft), making it similar in size to the other pyramids of the necropolis. On its northern face was a small

3003:

The Dashur decree of Pepi I shows that such mercenaries were already "pacified", integrated into Egyptian society, for example in pyramid towns, where they served as policemen and soldiers.

2442:

The walls of Pepi I's antechamber, burial chamber, and much of the corridor are covered with vertical columns of inscribed hieroglyphic text. The hieroglyphs are painted green with ground

3094:

and all craftsmen needed to sustain the construction effort including bakers, carpenters, water carriers and more. These towns continued to be used after the end of the pyramid construction.

2924:

The precise date when Pepi faced the harem conspiracy is debated. Darrell Baker proposed that this happened early in his rule, while Hans Goedicke proposes Pepi's 21st year of reign as the

1369:

The length of Pepi I's reign remains somewhat uncertain, although as of 2021, the consensus is that he ruled over Egypt for over 40 years, possibly 49 or 50 years and possibly longer.

1191:, and Mehaa (also called Haaheru). All were buried in pyramids adjacent to that of Pepi. Relief fragments from the necropolis surrounding Pepi's pyramid mention another consort, Sebwetet. 2724:

for posterity". The progressive accumulation of burials in the passages leading up to the temple cult rooms blocked all access to it, demonstrating that Pepi's funerary cult had ceased.

2713:. The Egyptologist Antonio Morales believes this is because the popular cults for these kings, which existed well into the New Kingdom, referred to these kings using their birth name. 2390:

variously translated as "Pepi's splendour is enduring", "The perfection of Pepi is established", "The beauty of Pepi endures", or "The perfection of Pepi endures". The shortened name

7808: 7347: 2736:, with intermittent burials continuing nonetheless. Both the stone robbing and funerary activities stopped at some point during the period, and the necropolis was abandoned until the 2032:, where dozens of inscriptions on stone vessels showing Pepi's cartouches have been found, and a large alabaster vessel bearing Pepi's titulary and commemorating his jubilee from the 7310: 2378: 2426:

stood 52.5 m (172 ft; 100 cu) tall. Its remains now form a meager mound of 12 m (39 ft; 23 cu), containing a pit in its centre dug by stone thieves.

2213:

Further domestic activities related to agriculture and the economy may be inferred from the inscriptions found in the tomb of Nekhebu, a high official belonging to the family of

2697:

necropolis belonged to the lower ranks of Egyptian society, as shown by the simplicity, if not the absence, of funerary equipment, while those using the catacombs were richer.

8323:

The Scepter of Egypt: A Background for the Study of the Egyptian Antiquities in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 1, From the Earliest Times to the End of the Middle Kingdom

8699:

Leclant, Jean; Berger-El Naggar, Catherine (1996). "Des confréries religieuses à Saqqara, à la fin de la XIIe dynastie ?". In Der Manuelian, Peter; Freed, R. E. (eds.).

2184:

Pepi decreed tax-exemptions to various institutions. He gave an exemption to a chapel dedicated to the cult of his mother located in Coptos. Another decree has survived on a

2016:

The reign of Pepi I marks the apogee of the Sixth Dynasty foreign policy, with flourishing trade, several mining and quarrying expeditions and major military campaigns.

1521:

Against this view, however, Kanawati has argued that Userkare's short reign—lasting perhaps only one year—cannot be a regency as a regent would not have assumed a full royal

1724:

negotiation and surveillance purposes; then the military campaign took place and finally a booty of men and goods was brought back to Egypt for presentation to the pharaoh.

1205:, an official serving Pepi. This consort, whose name is purposefully left unmentioned by Weni, conspired against Pepi and was prosecuted when the conspiracy was discovered. 1741:, landing troops on the coast using transport boats. Weni reports that walled towns were destroyed, fig trees and grape vines were cut down, and local shrines were burned. 1662:

The end of Pepi's rule may have been no less troubled than his early reign, as Kanawati conjectures that Pepi faced yet another conspiracy against him, in which his vizier

3139:

The tombs of Meritites and Ankhesenpepi III, both built after Pepi's reign, and tombs from later periods of Egyptian history in the necropolis are not discussed here.

8234:

Gundacker, Roman (2018). "The names of the kings of the Fifth Dynasty according to Manetho's Aegyptiaca". In Kuraszkiewicz, Kamil O.; Kopp, Edyta; Takács, Dániel (eds.).

2645:, a period during which the Egyptian state seems to have collapsed, with only brief interruptions of the cultic activities at times of important political instability. 9526:

Tallet, Pierre (2015). Argémi, Bruno; Tallet, Pierre (eds.). "Les "ports intermittents" de la mer Rouge à l'époque pharaonique : caractéristiques et chronologie".

8321: 8343:

Heinz, Guido (2002). "Pharoh Pepi I: Documentation of the oldest known life-size metal sculpture using laser scanning and photogrammetry". In Böhler, Wolfgang (ed.).

3072:

The geographical destination of this expedition, mentioned on the funerary texts of an Egyptian official, is uncertain. It may instead have taken place in the Levant.

2044:. The contact with Ebla is established by alabaster vessels bearing Pepi's name found near its royal palace G, destroyed in the 23rd century BC, possibly by the 1400:

Archaeological evidence in favor of a long reign for Pepi I includes his numerous building projects and many surviving objects made in celebration of his first

9848:

Wright, Mary; Pardee, Dennis (1988). "Literary Sources for the History of Palestine and Syria: Contacts between Egypt and Syro-Palestine during the Old Kingdom".

2755:

Dates proposed for Pepi I's reign: 2390–2361 BC, 2354–2310 BC, 2338–2298 BC, 2335–2285 BC, 2332–2283 BC, 2321–2287 BC, 2289–2255 BC, 2285–2235 BC, 2276–2228 BC.

2732:

The stone quarrying activities, which were limited to Pepi's necropolis during the New Kingdom and had spared his mortuary temple, became widespread during the

2716:

Later, during the reign of Ramses II, limited restoration works on the Old Kingdom monuments took place in the Memphite area under the direction of Prince

2669:

complex built for himself in the midst of the tombs of the Sixth Dynasty royal family. The royal cult of Pepi I seems to have ended with the onset of the

2896:

Pepi's claim to the throne, as the son of Iput and thus a male descendant of Unas was the strongest in Kanawati's view, implying that Userkare was an usurper.

1372:

During the Old Kingdom period, the Egyptians counted years from the beginning of the reign of the current king. These years were referred to by the number of

9601: 2808:

queen buried here to indicate her filiation to Pepi I. Both views were proved wrong following excavations in Saqqara indicating she was Pepi's daughter.

2785:

Their names are also rendered as Ankhnespepy I and II. In addition, the Ancient Egyptians also used the variants Ankhesenmeryre I and II.

1506:

targeting three men in particular: the vizier Hezi, the overseer of weapons Mereri and chief physician Seankhuiptah. These men could therefore be behind the

2939:

Hans Goedicke and Nicolas Grimal both use "Weret-Yamtes" as a proper name rather than a title, but this is strongly opposed by others including Michel Baud.

7610: 13390: 7775:

Collombert, Philippe (2018). "Recent discoveries of the Mission archéologique franco-suisse de Saqqâra in the funerary complex of queen Ankhnespepy II".

7565: 1544: 1201:

A final unnamed consort, only referred to by her title "Weret-Yamtes" meaning "great of affection", is known from inscriptions uncovered in the tomb of

9397: 2028:, which had existed during the Fifth Dynasty, seems to have peaked under Pepi I and Pepi II. Their chief trade partner there might have been 266: 1586: 1575:

Turquoise cylinder seal of an official of Pepi I, "Sole companion, lector priest, who does what is ordered privy to the secret(s) of the king"

9279: 8793: 2460: 2052:. Trading parties departed Egypt for the Levant from a Nile Delta port called Ra-Hat, "the first mouth ". This trade benefited the nearby city of 13491: 3126:

The linguistic evolution from the name of Pepi's pyramid to the Greek word Memphis is well understood in modern Egyptology and reconstructed as "

2604:

the pyramid of Behenu, establishing that Mehaa was a consort of Pepi I early in his reign while Behenu lived in the later part of his rule.

2470: 2466: 2168:

Agricultural estates affiliated with the crown in the provinces during the preceding dynasty were replaced by novel administrative entities, the

9032:

Moreno García, Juan Carlos (2013). "The Territorial Administration of the Kingdom in the 3rd Millennium". In Moreno García, Juan Carlos (ed.).

2817:

Vivienne Callendar proposed her as Pepi's eldest daughter, but excavations have now established that Meritites was the king's eldest daughter.

1438: 8818: 2172:, which were agricultural centres controlling tracts of land, livestock and workers. Together with temples and royal domains, these numerous 8911:, a much-traveled official of the Sixth Dynasty: unpublished reliefs in Japan". In Bárta, Miroslav; Coppens, Filip; Krejčí, Jaromír (eds.). 7721: 7261:

Baines, John; Yoffee, Norman (1998). "Order, Legitimacy, and Wealth in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia". In Feinman, G.M.; Marcus, J. (eds.).

2382:

Calcite-alabaster jar mentioning the cartouches of Pepi I, the name of his pyramid complex and his first Sed festival, Neues Museum, Berlin.

2092:, which was active during Pepi's reign. The same port may also have been the origin of an expedition to the southern Red Sea, possibly to 432: 7399: 9783: 2434:

with three recesses to its east, and a burial chamber containing the king's sarcophagus to the west. Extraordinarily, the pink granite

8811:

Legros, Rémi (2017). "Inhumations privées dans la nécropole de Pépy Ier". In Bárta, Miroslav; Coppens, Filip; Krejčí, Jaromír (eds.).

13405: 13400: 7982:

Eyre, Christopher (1994). "Weni's Career and Old Kingdom Historiography". In Shore, A. F.; Eyre, C.; Leahy, A.; L. M., Leahy (eds.).

7559: 9051:

Moreno García, Juan Carlos (2015). "Climatic change or sociopolitical transformation? Reassessing late 3rd millennium BC in Egypt".

63: 7164: 3081:

The decree recording this, called a Coptos Decree in modern Egyptology, is now in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, catalog number 41890.

1465:

The Sed festival had a considerable importance for Old Kingdom kings. Representations of it were part of the typical decoration of

9107:

O'Connor, David (1992). "The Status of Early Egyptian Temples: An Alternative Theory". In Friedman, Renée; Adams, Barbara (eds.).

592: 553: 515: 479: 13380: 13375: 7305:

Bárta, Miroslav (2013). "Egyptian Kingship during the Old Kingdom". In Hill, Jane A.; Jones, Philip; Morales, Antonio J. (eds.).

7243: 1898: 1864: 414: 1976: 1973: 1901: 1424: 699: 696: 647: 577: 574: 543: 500: 497: 469: 308: 13385: 9445:

Spalinger, Anthony (2013). "The Organisation of the Pharaonic Army (Old to New Kingdom)". In Moreno García, Juan Carlos (ed.).

8576:

Kurth, Angela (1992). "Usurpation, Conquest and Ceremonial: From Babylon to Persia". In Cannadine, David; Price, Simon (eds.).

7609:

Callender, Vivienne Gae (1994). "Part III. A prosopographical register of the wives of the Egyptian Kings (Dynasties I–XVII)".

7238:

Astour, Michael C. (2002). "A Reconstruction of the History of Ebla (Part 2)". In Gordon, Cyrus H.; Rendsburg, Gary A. (eds.).

1936: 1933: 1823: 1820: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1777: 380: 339: 336: 224: 222: 219: 216: 9810: 7429:

Baud, Michel (2006). "The Relative Chronology of Dynasties 6 and 8". In Hornung, Erik; Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David (eds.).

2826:

In the case of Pepi I, the evolution of the name from Ancient Egyptian to Ancient Greek is understood to be as follows: "

1930: 1927: 1826: 1817: 1774: 342: 333: 213: 13365: 9896: 9838: 9800: 9728: 9709: 9687: 9662: 9614: 9587: 9516: 9454: 9386: 9336: 9267: 9248: 9171: 9152: 9133: 9080: 9061: 9041: 8987: 8968: 8920: 8897: 8868: 8845: 8826: 8801: 8753: 8537: 8492: 8436: 8415: 8262: 8243: 8224: 7972: 7915: 7685: 7657: 7468: 7412: 7385: 7318: 7295: 7251: 7228: 7173: 7145: 7122: 2144:, where some eighty graffiti mention Pepi I. At the same time, an extensive network of caravan routes traversed Egypt's 1970: 1968: 1895: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1828: 693: 691: 650: 571: 568: 548: 494: 474: 412: 411: 410: 345: 344: 184: 9312:. CNI publications. Vol. 20. Copenhagen: The Carsten Niebuhr Institute of Near Eastern Studies: Museum Tusculam Press. 9277:

Richards, Janet (2002). "Text and Context in late Old Kingdom Egypt: The Archaeology and Historiography of Weni the Elder".

7558:

Brovarski, Edward (1994). "Abydos in the Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period, Part II". In Silverman, David P. (ed.).

7083: 1224:

At least three of Pepi I's daughters have been tentatively identified, all future consorts of Pepi II. The first,

550: 545: 476: 471: 142: 13395: 13370: 8744:

Leclant, Jean (1999). "Saqqara, pyramids of the 5th and 6th Dynasties". In Bard, Kathryn A.; Blake Shubert, Steven (eds.).

9091: 8187: 2335:

eight pillars near its north corner. This ensemble was peripheral to the main Old Kingdom temple dedicated to the goddess

1692: 13360: 11140: 10928: 9702:

Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägypten : die Zeitbestimmung der ägyptischen Geschichte von der Vorzeit bis 332 v. Chr

7586:

Current Research in Egyptology 2005. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Symposium, University of Cambridge, 6-8 January 2005

7307:

Experiencing Power, Generating Authority. Cosmos, Politics, and the Ideology of Kingship in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia

2670: 1240:, whose identity as Pepi's daughter remains uncertain because her title of "daughter of the king" may only be honorary. 13349: 12110: 11826: 10694: 9954: 9928: 9564: 9414: 9022: 7584: 1642:

was made vizier as well. Pepi's marriages might be at the origin of a trend which continued during the later Sixth and

9124:

O'Connor, David (1999). "Abydos, North, ka chapels and cenotaphs". In Bard, Kathryn A.; Blake Shubert, Steven (eds.).

8043:. Studien zur Archäologie und Geschichte Altägyptens (in German). Vol. 9. Heidelberg: Heidelberger Orientverlag. 7583:

Bussmann, Richard (2007). "Pepi I and the Temple of Satet at Elephantine". In Mairs, Rachel; Stevenson, Alice (eds.).

2394:

for the pyramid complex progressively became the name of the nearby capital of Egypt—which had originally been called

13486: 13481: 9487: 9359: 9317: 8717: 8585: 8514: 8455: 8396: 8371: 8048: 7934: 7573: 7266: 2217:, a vizier during the late Fifth Dynasty. Nekhebu reports overseeing the excavations of canals in Lower Egypt and at 1671:. A gold pendant bearing the names of both Pepi I and Merenre I as living kings, and the copper statues of 9887:

Yurco, Frank J. (1999). "Cult temples prior to the New Kingdom". In Bard, Kathryn A.; Blake Shubert, Steven (eds.).

8160:

Goedicke, Hans (1963). "The alleged military campaign in southern Palestine in the reign of Pepi I (VIth Dynasty)".

1452: 13415: 9620: 2612: 2529:

The pyramid of the queen of the east belonged to Nebwenet, whose name, image and titles are preserved on a fallen

1228:, was the king's eldest daughter and was buried in the necropolis surrounding her father's pyramid. The second is 1163:

Egyptologists have identified six consorts of Pepi I with near certainty. Pepi's best-attested consorts were

13476: 13471: 12602: 8010: 2949: 2456: 1522: 613: 133: 9162:

Peck, William H. (1999). "Sculpture, production techniques". In Bard, Kathryn A.; Blake Shubert, Steven (eds.).

9111:. Oxbow Monograph; Egyptian Studies Association Publication. Vol. 20. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 83–98. 7624: 3091: 1132:

form into a pyramid on the accession of her son to the throne, and by her mention as being Pepi's mother on the

12652: 12379: 12235: 9858:(3). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The American Schools of Oriental Research: 143–161. 8860: 7998: 7137: 7089: 2196:, whereby in his 21st year of reign, Pepi grants exemptions to the people serving in the two pyramids towns of 12948: 12738: 12670: 12535: 12402: 12312: 12125: 10243: 8607:

Lange, Eva (2016). "Die Ka-Anlage Pepis I. in Bubastis im Kontext königlicher Ka-Anlagen des Alten Reiches".

1483: 1350:, written under Ramses II, omits Userkare, with Pepi's name given as the 25th entry after that of Teti. 1326:

mentioned the succession "Othoês → Phius → Methusuphis" at the start of the Sixth Dynasty. Othoês, Phius (in

968:, the founder of the dynasty, and ascended the throne only after the brief intervening reign of the shadowy 12520: 12457: 11740: 9347: 1358: 9739: 8913:

Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2005, Proceedings of the Conference held in Prague (June 27 – July 5, 2005)

7757:"Le mystérieux vizir Nefer-oun-Méryrê et la nécropole des hauts dignitaires de Pépy Ier à Saqqâra, Egypte" 7215:

Arnold, Dieter (2005). "Royal cult complexes of the Old and Middle Kingdoms". In Schafer, Byron E. (ed.).

1378: 12881: 11990: 11902: 11387: 11164: 11155: 9815: 9465: 9143:

Pantalacci, Laure (2013). "Balat, A Frontier Town and its Archive". In Moreno García, Juan Carlos (ed.).

8709: 8169: 1622: 8980:

Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2005, Proceedings of the Conference held in Prague (June 27–July 5, 2005)

12710: 12043: 11780: 11607: 11539: 10121: 9850: 8327: 7495: 7189: 3128:

Mn-nfr ~ *Mĭ́ n-năfăr > *Mĕ́ mfĕ ~ Μέμφις → Mn-nfrw~ *Mĭn-nắ frŭw > *Mĕn-nŏ́ frĕ ~ ( * ) Μένοφρις

2666: 2633:

attest to the presence of priests of his cult officiating in or in the vicinity of the local temple of

2352: 2339:. In Dendera, where a fragmentary statue of a seated Pepi I has been uncovered, Pepi restored the 1613: 1444: 1087: 9185: 9013:

Moreno García, Juan Carlos (2010). "War in Old Kingdom Egypt (2686–2125 BCE)". In Vidal, Jordi (ed.).

8727:

Leclant, Jean; Labrousse, Audran (1998). "La nécropole des reines de Pépy Ier à Saqqâra (1988–1998)".

1513:

Pepi may have been too young to be king. In any case, he did not immediately succeed his father. King

1277:

which places Pepi I's cartouche as the 36th entry between those of Userkare and Merenre, and the

1232:, whom he fathered with Ankhesenpepi I. She may have been the mother of Pepi II's successor 13231: 11002: 8107: 7990: 2642: 2084:, around Pepi's 36th year on the throne. In all likelihood, this expedition departed Egypt from the 9769: 8790:

Stratégies mémorielles. Les cultes funéraires privés en Égypte ancienne de la VIe à la XIIe dynastie

11076: 10847: 10709: 9749: 8366:. Ägyptologische Abhandlungen (in German). Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz. 6237: 2887:

Because of a typo in Hubschmann 2011, Hezi became also known as "Heri" in various subsequent works.

2737: 2710: 2242: 1594: 1095: 1006: 960:, who ruled for over 40 years at the turn of the 24th and 23rd centuries BC, toward the end of the 9632: 7963:(1999). "Dahshur, the Northern Stone Pyramid". In Bard, Kathryn A.; Blake Shubert, Steven (eds.). 635: 12916: 12831: 12808: 11125: 10987: 10924: 10713: 10513: 10329: 9704:. Münchner ägyptologische Studien (in German). Vol. 46. Mainz am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern. 7756: 7736: 7114: 2805: 2804:

Meritites has also been proposed to be one of Pepi I's consorts rather than daughter, or an

2661:

seems to have interrupted all activities in the necropolis. These resumed towards the end of the

2638: 2315: 2178: 1643: 1571: 1311: 1229: 1079: 847: 799:

One consort responsible for a conspiracy against Pepi known only through her title "Weret-Yamtes"

9697: 8931: 8764: 8700: 7696: 7343:"De nouvelles annales de l'Ancien Empire égyptien. Une "Pierre de Palerme" pour la VIe dynastie" 7284:

The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I - Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300 – 1069 BC

2516: 2306:

In an underground store beneath the floor of Hierakonpolis' Ka-chapel of Pepi, the Egyptologist

13466: 13420: 13410: 12958: 12937: 12856: 11770: 11630: 11240: 10874: 10834: 10628: 10570: 10454: 10258: 9921: 9745: 9640: 8812: 8346:

Proceedings of the CIPA WG 6 International Workshop on Scanning for Cultural Heritage Recording

8041:

Das Heiligtum des Heqaib auf Elephantine. Geschichte eines Provinzheiligtums im Mittleren Reich

7869: 2340: 2319: 2145: 2033: 1536: 1188: 1141: 1133: 1055: 997: 981: 957: 934: 17: 9017:. Collected Essays on Military History. Vol. 372. Münster: Ugarit Verlag. pp. 5–41. 8678:

Leclant, Jean; Clerc, Gisèle (1994). "Fouilles et travaux en Égypte et au Soudan, 1992–1993".

8657:

Leclant, Jean; Clerc, Gisèle (1986). "Fouilles et travaux en Égypte et au Soudan, 1984–1985".

7155: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 1058:

flourished, while Pepi launched mining and quarrying expeditions to Sinai and further afield.

1034:

viziers. The Egyptian state's external policy under Pepi comprised military campaigns against

13430: 12906: 12871: 12851: 12841: 12803: 11403: 11307: 10661: 8998: 8595: 7546: 7533: 7518: 7501: 7418: 7372: 2706: 2421:

Pepi's main pyramid was constructed in the same fashion as royal pyramids since the reign of

1696: 1233: 1202: 1194:

Two more consorts have been proposed for Pepi I based on partial evidence. The first is

9539: 8765:"Découvertes récentes de la Mission archéologique française à Saqqâra (campagnes 2001–2005)" 7697:"Découvertes récentes de la mission archéologique française à Saqqâra (campagnes 2007–2011)" 7407:. Bibliothèque d'étude 126/2 (in French). Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale. 7380:. Bibliothèque d'étude 126/1 (in French). Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale. 6406: 2930:

for this conspiracy, positing that the most probable date is Pepi's 44th year on the throne.

2241:

stated "this king has left more monuments, large and small, than any other ruler before the

13425: 12931: 12886: 12259: 11887: 11822: 11675: 11670: 11377: 11372: 11225: 10651: 10439: 10318: 9824: 9377:

Smith, Mark (1999). "Gebel el-Silsila". In Bard, Kathryn A.; Blake Shubert, Steven (eds.).

8982:. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute. pp. 311–341. 8915:. Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Oriental Institute. pp. 282–310. 8216: 7491: 7287: 3495: 2733: 2693: 2483: 1500:

represented in their tombs have been erased purposefully. This seems to be an attempt at a

1373: 1214: 1213:

Pepi fathered at least four sons. Ankhesenpepi I probably bore him the future pharaoh

1091: 985: 961: 810: 124: 7929:. Archäologische Veröffentlichungen (in German). Vol. 39. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern. 7184: 2430:

the substructure contains three chambers: an antechamber on the pyramids vertical axis, a

1548: 8: 12921: 12896: 12861: 12798: 12173: 12148: 11352: 11347: 10771: 10202: 8959:

Meyer, Carol (1999). "Wadi Hammamat". In Bard, Kathryn A.; Blake Shubert, Steven (eds.).

8948: 8889: 8883: 8483:

Kaiser, Werner (1999). "Elephantine". In Bard, Kathryn A.; Blake Shubert, Steven (eds.).

7788: 7483: 4992: 2845:

that the year of the 18th count is preserved in the South Saqqara Stone and writes that:

2637:. The ritual activities taking place in his main funerary complex continued up until the 2302:

The smaller copper statue from Hierakonpolis, representing Merenre or a young Pepi I

2237:

Pepi I built extensively throughout Egypt, so much so that in 1900 the Egyptologist

1266: 84: 9399:

Egypt in the Eastern Mediterranean During the Old Kingdom: An Archaeological Perspective

8426: 8238:. Warsaw: Department of Egyptology - Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Warsaw. 13211: 13198: 12775: 11785: 11357: 11332: 10399: 10174: 9875: 9867: 9765: 9493: 9433: 9310:

The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c. 1800–1550 B.C

9296: 8769:

Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 150ᵉ année

8729:

Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 142e année

8687: 8666: 8645: 8624: 8564: 8308: 8300: 8196: 8173: 8148: 8119: 8098:

Goedicke, Hans (1954). "An Approximate Date for the Harem Investigation under Pepy I".

8086: 8078: 8027: 7833: 7677: 7597: 2926: 2577:

View of the pyramids and temples of Ankhesenpepi II and III in the necropolis of Pepi I

1680: 1430: 29:

Egyptian pharaoh, third ruler of the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt in the late 24th century BC

9511:. Writings from the Ancient World (book 16). Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. 9071:

Muhly, James (1999). "Metallurgy". In Bard, Kathryn A.; Blake Shubert, Steven (eds.).

7944: 7701:

Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres Année 2011

1668: 1416: 13266: 13245: 13139: 13106: 12818: 12153: 11775: 11655: 11277: 11205: 10863: 10666: 10656: 10588: 9914: 9892: 9879: 9834: 9828: 9796: 9777: 9753: 9724: 9705: 9683: 9673: 9658: 9610: 9583: 9560: 9512: 9483: 9450: 9410: 9382: 9365: 9355: 9332: 9313: 9263: 9244: 9238: 9234: 9209: 9167: 9148: 9129: 9112: 9076: 9057: 9037: 9018: 8983: 8964: 8932:"Recherches archéologiques à Ébla, 1977: le quartier administratif du palais royal G" 8916: 8893: 8864: 8841: 8822: 8797: 8749: 8713: 8628: 8581: 8568: 8533: 8525: 8510: 8488: 8442: 8432: 8411: 8392: 8367: 8350: 8331: 8312: 8268: 8258: 8239: 8220: 8090: 8044: 7994: 7984:

The unbroken reed: studies in the culture and heritage of Ancient Egypt in honour of

7968: 7930: 7911: 7837: 7825: 7681: 7671: 7653: 7616: 7569: 7505: 7464: 7456: 7408: 7381: 7356: 7314: 7291: 7270: 7247: 7224: 7199: 7169: 7159: 7141: 7118: 7106: 7093: 7079: 2865:

beyond his fifth, which might correspond to his tenth year of rule. The Egyptologist

2681: 2416: 2386:

Pepi I had a pyramid complex built for himself in South Saqqara, which he named

1535:

many Egyptian officials who served under both Teti and Pepi I. For example, the

1502: 1218: 1062: 923: 908: 8406:

Hendrickx, Stan (1999). "Elkab". In Bard, Kathryn A.; Blake Shubert, Steven (eds.).

1389:

Saqqara Stone. Another historical source supporting such a long reign is Africanus'

1338:

omits Userkare. Manetho's reconstruction of the early Sixth Dynasty agrees with the

13445: 13272: 13100: 12866: 12620: 12203: 11500: 11396: 11337: 10761: 10741: 9859: 9475: 9288: 8776: 8732: 8616: 8556: 8292: 8280: 8140: 8111: 8070: 8019: 7960: 7817: 7708: 7667: 7434: 4175: 2662: 2109: 2108:

was extracted at least once in Pepi's 49th year of reign, as well as visits to the

1339: 1319: 1270: 1258: 1046:, landing troops on the Levantine coast using Egyptian transport boats. Trade with 950: 9327:

Schulman, Alan (1999). "Army". In Bard, Kathryn A.; Blake Shubert, Steven (eds.).

7927:

Elephantine, 8: Der Tempel der Satet. Die Funde der Frühzeit und des Alten Reiches

2869:

suggests that the two entries of the Turin king list might have been interchanged.

2487:

Fragments of the pyramid texts from Pepi I's pyramid in South Saqqara, now in the

2250:

with the objective of affirming the king's stature and presence in the provinces.

1298:), a history of Egypt written in the 3rd century BC during the reign of 988:, with whom he may have shared power in a coregency at the very end of his reign. 13217: 13187: 13146: 13082: 12826: 12756: 12626: 11965: 11620: 11342: 10736: 10374: 10342: 10181: 9793:

Architecture, power, and religion : Hatshepsut, Amun & Karnak in context

9597: 9506: 9352:

The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 1, Part 2. Early History of the Middle East

9201: 8502: 8388: 8344: 7854:"Le trône d'une statuette de Pépi Ier trouvé à Dendara [avec 3 planches]" 7799: 7641: 7523: 3715: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3034:

A stone vessel bearing Pepi's name has been dated precisely to Byblos' KIV phase.

2583: 2500: 2238: 2214: 2081: 2049: 2045: 1700: 1531: 1496: 1488: 1466: 1410: 1363: 1278: 1168: 1039: 1023: 1002: 760: 10923: 9354:(3rd ed.). London, New york: Cambridge University Press. pp. 145–207. 8879: 8620: 2721: 13313: 13111: 13072: 12790: 12746: 12615: 11699: 11625: 11455: 11327: 11287: 11035: 10887: 10852: 10842: 10776: 10731: 10613: 10608: 10188: 10167: 10133: 9538: 9406: 8636:

Leclant, Jean (1983). "Fouilles et travaux en Égypte et au Soudan, 1981–1982".

8594: 8382: 8296: 8208: 8074: 6412: 4898: 3514: 2422: 2403: 2355:, direct evidence for the strengthening of the Heliopolitan cults at the time. 2292: 2060:

may be inferred from a statue of Pepi, which is said to have been unearthed in

1729: 1663: 1651: 1458: 1347: 1164: 1157: 1083: 1019: 755: 9464:

Stevenson, Alice (2015). "Pyramids in the Petrie". In Stevenson, Alice (ed.).

9181: 9109:

The Followers of Horus: Studies Dedicated to Michael Allen Hoffman (1944-1990)

7274: 3377: 2056:, from which one of Pepi's viziers probably originated. Further contacts with 13460: 12992: 12891: 12723: 12693: 12369: 12224: 12081: 11950: 11790: 11765: 11715: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11302: 11109: 11040: 11030: 10892: 10394: 10337: 10290: 10127: 10086: 9348:"The Old Kingdom of Egypt and the Beginning of the First Intermediate Period" 9213: 9116: 8560: 8446: 8354: 8272: 8058: 7829: 7620: 7509: 7442:

Berger-El Naggar, Catherine (1990). "Le temple de Pépy Ier au Moyen Empire".

7360: 7020: 2658: 2488: 2451: 2435: 2307: 2264: 2141: 2077: 1672: 1617:

Weni shown on a lintel from his tomb with the name of Pepi I's pyramid,

1593:

Further offerings of lapis-lazuli, cattle, bread and beer are mentioned, for

1343: 1331: 1327: 1070: 1015: 9497: 9369: 8780: 8736: 7821: 7712: 7601: 7329: 7097: 4468: 13077: 12911: 12901: 12876: 12728: 12678: 12637: 12363: 12275: 12163: 12076: 12056: 11975: 11940: 11935: 11821: 11760: 11470: 11292: 11282: 11245: 11200: 11114: 11104: 11094: 11010: 10726: 10603: 10412: 10353: 10213: 10160: 10065: 9757: 9556: 8936:

Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres

8335: 7890: 7853: 7342: 7220: 6960: 4657: 4655: 3907: 2702: 2686: 2276: 2246: 2189: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2117: 2113: 2093: 1734: 1401: 1225: 837: 69: 9206:

A history of Egypt. Volume I: From the earliest times to the XVIth dynasty

8255:

The Organization of the Pyramid Texts: Typology and Disposition (Volume 1)

8236:'The perfection that endures...' Studies on Old Kingdom Art and Archeology 7947:(1947). "Notes diverses. 2, Une corégence de Pépi Ier et de Mérenrê (?)". 7803: 5810: 2619:

cylinder seal belonging to a land tenant serving in Pepi's pyramid complex

1650:

in Coptos—Khui's seat of power—was the focus of much royal patronage. The

664: 296: 172: 13181: 13126: 12977: 12926: 12846: 12718: 12610: 12592: 12550: 12461: 12352: 12347: 12342: 12296: 12280: 12253: 12218: 12208: 12143: 12096: 12086: 12071: 12061: 12008: 11970: 11945: 11925: 11915: 11681: 11665: 11640: 11635: 11435: 11362: 11272: 11255: 11210: 11185: 11119: 11099: 11084: 11066: 10796: 10791: 10598: 10425: 10405: 10219: 10153: 10144: 10028: 9723:. Münchner ägyptologische Studien (in German). Mainz: Philip von Zabern. 9679: 9675:

The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments

9479: 7985: 7593: 7395: 7368: 6826: 2841: 2311: 2002: 1738: 1716: 1184: 770: 9437: 9300: 8691: 8670: 8649: 8200: 8177: 4652: 2849:

which obviously had a considerable importance for this (and every) king.

2573: 1334:

forms for Teti, Pepi I and Merenre, respectively, meaning that the

13298: 13252: 13205: 13160: 13132: 12953: 12836: 12761: 12688: 12577: 12392: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12302: 12290: 12270: 12243: 12213: 12193: 12138: 12091: 12066: 11998: 11960: 11930: 11920: 11660: 11460: 11450: 11220: 11215: 11180: 11089: 11061: 10882: 10786: 10781: 10766: 10751: 10559: 10553: 10467: 10195: 10013: 9950: 9871: 8470:

Jánosi, Peter (1992). "The Queens of the Old Kingdom and their Tombs".

8364:

Die Beziehungen Ägyptens zu Vorderasien im 3. und 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr

8304: 8082: 4537: 3727: 2866: 2717: 2447: 2229: 2089: 1711:

marked Pepi I's reign. The walls of the tombs of the contemporary

1559: 1299: 984:. Pepi I, who had at least six consorts, was succeeded by his son 9653:

Verner, Miroslav (2001b). "Old Kingdom". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.).

8456:"Naguib Kanawati, Conspiracies in the Egyptian Palace: Unis to Pepy I" 8152: 8123: 8031: 8018:. Cairo: Institut Français d’Archeologie Orientale du Caire: 330–333. 3412: 3149:

Pepi II's pyramids covered the entire corridor and the vestibule.

2362:

plaques bearing Pepi's cartouche have been uncovered in the temple of

2298: 2267:, and in the central Nile Delta region, in Memphis, Zawyet el-Meytin, 1253: 13238: 13153: 13116: 13042: 13036: 12963: 12943: 12660: 12642: 12587: 12567: 12430: 12265: 12248: 12198: 12051: 12018: 12013: 11955: 11754: 11575: 11528: 11480: 11440: 11417: 11190: 11056: 11025: 10679: 10593: 10419: 10300: 10037: 9471: 9292: 7649: 7615:. Macquarie University. School of History, Philosophy, and Politics. 6261: 5696: 2443: 2323: 2137: 2133: 2105: 2069: 1647: 1552: 1282: 1195: 786: 101: 9863: 9405:. Orbis Biblicus Et Orientalis. Vol. 237. Fribourg, Göttingen: 7444:

Saqqara Aux Origines de l'Égypte Pharaonique, Dossiers d'Archéologie

6737: 2705:, Djedkare Isesi, Teti and Pepi I are mentioned on the list by 2641:. This means that Pepi's cult continued to be celebrated during the 13308: 13303: 13292: 13259: 13174: 13167: 13121: 13093: 13087: 13052: 13015: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12632: 12572: 12415: 12387: 11980: 11910: 11722: 11708: 11688: 11650: 11562: 11507: 11465: 11297: 11267: 11230: 11175: 11020: 10897: 10802: 10746: 10641: 10548: 10542: 10531: 10497: 10381: 10367: 10360: 10347: 10311: 10051: 9795:. Beiträge zur Archäologie. Vol. 7. Münster: Lit Verlag GmbH. 8144: 8115: 8023: 7564:. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization. Vol. 55. Chicago: 7200:"Die Felseninschriften von Hatnub nach den Aufnahmen Georg Möllers" 6727: 6725: 6723: 5837: 5352: 4429: 3955: 2616: 2534: 2280: 2129: 2100:

discovered on the site. There were also one or more expeditions to

2097: 1712: 1514: 1507: 1315: 1180: 1152: 969: 765: 114: 6919: 6778: 4938: 4112: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3537: 1310:

have survived, and it is now known only through later writings by

13285: 13224: 13067: 12751: 12562: 12556: 12544: 12425: 12420: 12357: 12336: 12181: 12133: 12033: 12023: 11748: 11645: 11615: 11597: 11586: 11569: 11521: 11514: 11445: 11367: 11015: 10823: 10809: 10721: 10672: 10578: 10521: 10472: 10305: 10295: 10275: 10208: 10058: 9937: 9579: 9467:

Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology: Characters and Collections

8578:

Rituals of Royalty: Power and Ceremonial in Traditional Societies

8257:. Probleme der Ägyptologie. Vol. 31. Leiden, Boston: Brill. 7480:

The Treasures of Ancient Egypt: From the Egyptian Museum in Cairo

7311:

University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology

6595: 5944: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5393: 3967: 3175: 3173: 2828:

Pjpj ~ *Păyắpăyă > *Păyắpyă > *Pyŏ́ pyĕ > *Pyŏ́ p ~ Φίος

2634: 2552: 2359: 2284: 2197: 2085: 1390: 1303: 1237: 1172: 1156:

Ankhesenpepi II shown on a relief from her mortuary temple,

1129: 1066: 1011: 992:, who might also have been Pepi I's son, succeeded Merenre. 989: 953: 912: 870: 857: 77: 9949: 6931: 6720: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6658: 5608: 5606: 5530: 5528: 4527: 4525: 4497: 4495: 3624: 1288:

Historical sources against this order of succession include the

1090:. Pepi's monuments began to be quarried for their stone in the 926:, at least six pyramids for his consorts and numerous Ka-chapels 106:

uncertain, possibly with his son Merenre at the end of his reign

13192: 13062: 12699: 12582: 12187: 12158: 12028: 12003: 11795: 11729: 11555: 11548: 11475: 11430: 11424: 11250: 11170: 10756: 10583: 10536: 10490: 10462: 10388: 10266: 10225: 10107: 10072: 10044: 9350:. In Edwards, I. E. S.; Gadd, C. J.; Hammond, N. G. L. (eds.). 7901:. Le Caire: Institut français d’archéologie orientale: 149–156. 7401:

Famille Royale et pouvoir sous l'Ancien Empire égyptien. Tome 2

7374:

Famille Royale et pouvoir sous l'Ancien Empire égyptien. Tome 1

5371: 5369: 5367: 5150: 5148: 5087: 5085: 4220: 4218: 3822: 3612: 3104: 2539: 2431: 2367: 2344: 2336: 2268: 2260: 2193: 2101: 2073: 2057: 2053: 2029: 2025: 1602: 1385: 1274: 1120: 1047: 1043: 791: 9633:"Archaeological Remarks on the 4th and 5th Dynasty Chronology" 8061:(1945). "Regnal Years and Civil Calendar in Pharaonic Egypt". 7722:"Découvertes récentes dans la nécropole de Pépy Ier à Saqqâra" 6394: 6227: 6225: 6067: 5956: 5873: 5761: 5759: 5757: 5645: 5441: 4191: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3254: 3252: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3170: 1638:

assumed the duties of a vizier. Later, Khui's and Nebet's son

13278: 13057: 13047: 13025: 12683: 11592: 11580: 11493: 11410: 11261: 11195: 10857: 10526: 10484: 10478: 10270: 10229: 10100: 10093: 10079: 9424:

Spalinger, Anthony (1994). "Dated Texts of the Old Kingdom".

8547:

Kraemer, Bryan (2017). "A shrine of Pepi I in South Abydos".

6870: 6868: 6838: 6703: 6531: 6529: 5849: 5662: 5660: 5618: 5603: 5525: 4592: 4549: 4522: 4492: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3554: 3552: 3429: 3427: 2630: 2363: 2288: 2287:. Finally, yet another chapel is believed to have existed in 2218: 2185: 2061: 2041: 1720: 1708: 1598: 1176: 1082:

and ultimately gave its name to the nearby capital of Egypt,

1035: 1027: 996:

to the throne, and possibly another conspiracy involving his

51: 8425:

Hornung, Erik; Krauss, Rolf; Warburton, David, eds. (2012).

7787: 6832: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6612: 6610: 6016: 5827: 5825: 5364: 5307: 5283: 5247: 5172: 5145: 5082: 4914: 4847: 4696: 4694: 4616: 4604: 4215: 4163: 4035: 4033: 3991: 3686: 3684: 3636: 1362:

Alabaster statuette of Pepi I dressed for the Sed Festival,

13030: 13020: 12410: 12285: 11486: 10816: 10636: 10618: 10503: 10285: 10280: 10114: 9906: 9809: 7955:. Cairo: Conseil suprême des Antiquités égyptiennes: 53–92. 7804:"La Pierre de Palerme et la chronologie de l'Ancien Empire" 7240:

Eblaitica: Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language

6802: 6546: 6544: 6285: 6246:, pp. 159 & 160, see also footnotes 198 & 199. 6222: 6057: 6055: 5800: 5798: 5754: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5540: 5072: 5070: 4950: 4837: 4835: 4661: 4561: 4139: 4129: 4127: 3890: 3844: 3842: 3782: 3780: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3461: 3459: 3249: 3230: 2530: 2348: 2121: 2037: 1639: 1285:

which records Pepi I in the fourth column, third row.

1137: 1124: 1116: 1112: 1051: 1031: 977: 973: 965: 898: 888: 675: 319: 197: 8949:"Cylinder Seal with the Name of Pepi I ca. 2289–2255 B.C." 8859:. Writings from the ancient world. Vol. 33. Atlanta: 8283:(1946). "Royal decrees from the temple of Min at Coptus". 7789:"Cylinder Seal with the Name of Pepi I ca. 2289–2255 B.C." 7032: 6895: 6865: 6814: 6790: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6670: 6634: 6526: 6319: 6317: 6273: 6183: 6181: 6115: 6079: 5980: 5783: 5657: 5295: 4967: 4965: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4512: 4510: 4254: 4252: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4233: 3760: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3549: 3424: 3185: 1171:, who both bore future pharaohs and were daughters of the 11235: 8580:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 20–55. 8185:

Goedicke, Hans (1988). "The Death of Pepi II-Neferkare".

8131:

Goedicke, Hans (1955). "The Abydene Marriage of Pepi I".

8008:

Fischer, H. G. (1958). "Review of L.Habachi Tell Basta".

7204:

Untersuchungen zur Geschichte und Altertumskunde Ägyptens

6998: 6996: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6885: 6883: 6855: 6853: 6761: 6749: 6607: 6454: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6168: 6166: 5968: 5905: 5822: 5771: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5684: 5097: 5057: 5055: 5016: 4926: 4733: 4691: 4640: 4628: 4441: 4381: 4030: 3681: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3218: 3107:

attributed to a king "Pepi" might belong to Pepi II.

2795:

be Merenre's mother to safeguard his claim to the throne.

2764:

Among her titles, Iput bore the titles of king's mother (

2358:

At the southern border of Egypt, in Elephantine, several

2275:

and beyond the Nile Valley in Balat, a settlement of the

2272: 2125: 12456: 9534:. Paris-Sorbonne - Université Libre de Bruxelles: 31–72. 7891:"Nedjeftet. Une nouvelle reine identifiée à Saqqara-Sud" 7870:"Découverte de la chambre funéraire de la reine Béhénou" 6585: 6583: 6541: 6052: 5992: 5934: 5932: 5895: 5893: 5861: 5795: 5725: 5708: 5635: 5633: 5591: 5501: 5489: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5223: 5213: 5211: 5133: 5067: 5028: 4982: 4980: 4864: 4862: 4832: 4810: 4808: 4783: 4781: 4766: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4721: 4711: 4709: 4480: 4458: 4456: 4417: 4124: 4057: 4003: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3866: 3854: 3839: 3777: 3669: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3576: 3520: 3456: 3330: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 2475:, and to secure eternal life among the gods in the sky. 1530:. This hypothesis finds indirect evidence in Userkare's 1078:, remained the focus of his funerary cult well into the 9180: 8698: 8686:(4). Roma: GBPress- Gregorian Biblical Press: 345–473. 8431:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Leiden, Boston: Brill. 7895:

Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale

7858:

Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale

7809:

Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale

7348:

Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale

7136:. Writings from the Ancient World, Number 23. Atlanta: 7008: 6966: 6907: 6682: 6622: 6382: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6314: 6249: 6178: 6139: 5672: 5567: 4998: 4962: 4667: 4573: 4507: 4405: 4393: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4316: 4314: 4299: 4249: 4230: 4151: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3812: 3810: 3797: 3795: 3739: 3696: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3400: 3271: 3269: 3267: 1527: 1518:

to Pepi's eventual accession supports such hypotheses.

9227:

UCL Museums & Collections. Petrie Museum Catalogue

7056: 7044: 6993: 6972: 6943: 6880: 6850: 6646: 6556: 6502: 6358: 6297: 6193: 6163: 6103: 6091: 6028: 6004: 5737: 5579: 5557: 5555: 5513: 5405: 5340: 5271: 5184: 5121: 5109: 5052: 4886: 4820: 4369: 4357: 4287: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4203: 4100: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4020: 4018: 3979: 3600: 3354: 3342: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3301: 3299: 2210:

the power of the state as they accumulated over time.

2140:

for building projects originated from quarries of the

1719:, alabaster vessels bearing Pepi's cartouche found in 1397:, which credits Pepi I with a reign of 53 years. 9657:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 585–591. 8609:

Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde

8532:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 351–356. 8472:

The Bullentin of the Australian Center for Egyptology

7463:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 217–219. 7168:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 597–601. 6580: 6568: 6490: 6478: 6466: 6430: 6127: 6040: 5929: 5890: 5630: 5477: 5465: 5453: 5429: 5417: 5381: 5319: 5259: 5208: 5160: 5040: 5004: 4977: 4859: 4805: 4793: 4778: 4745: 4706: 4679: 4453: 4045: 3938: 3648: 3286: 3284: 3197: 3092:

areas of accommodation for workers who build pyramids

9553:

Egyptian Treasures from the Egyptian Museum in Cairo

9544:

MAFS, Mission Archéologique Franco-Suisse de Saqqâra

8600:

MAFS, Mission Archéologique Franco-Suisse de Saqqâra

8139:(3). Ann Arbor: American Oriental Society: 180–183. 7735:. Brétigny sur Orge: Nefer-IT: 10–18. Archived from 6442: 6418: 6413:

Mission Archéologique Franco-Suisse de Saqqâra 2020b

6370: 6346: 6329: 5917: 5235: 5196: 4874: 4345: 4326: 4311: 3919: 3878: 3807: 3792: 3588: 3564: 3515:

Mission Archéologique Franco-Suisse de Saqqâra 2020a

3483: 3471: 3439: 3264: 1281:, a list of kings on papyrus dating to the reign of 8507:

Conspiracies in the Egyptian Palace: Unis to Pepy I

7566:

The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago

7478:Bongioanni, Alessandro; Croce, Maria, eds. (2001). 6514: 5552: 4264: 4081: 4069: 4015: 3311: 3296: 89:Duration: over 40 years, in the second half of the 9764: 9655:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2 8665:(3). Roma: GBP-Gregorian Biblical Press: 236–319. 8644:(4). Roma: GBP-Gregorian Biblical Press: 461–542. 8530:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 3 7561:For His Ka: Essays Offered in Memory of Klaus Baer 7461:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2 7165:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2 7111:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 3 4197: 3281: 2772:) and king's mother of the pyramid Mennefer-Pepy ( 1330:, φιός), and Methusuphis are understood to be the 9550: 7874:La France en Égypte. Ambassade de France au Caire 7612:The wives of the Egyptian kings: dynasties I–XVII 7132:Allen, James (2005). Der Manuelian, Peter (ed.). 6151: 3179: 2538:pieces of inscribed alabaster. To the east was a 13458: 9280:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 8762: 8726: 7544: 7531: 7516: 7441: 6925: 6743: 6731: 6664: 4224: 3997: 3833: 3618: 3243: 3025:Or, much less likely, in the Eastern Nile Delta. 2768:), mother of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt ( 9889:Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt 9551:Tiradritti, Francesco; de Luca, Araldo (1999). 9379:Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt 9329:Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt 9164:Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt 9126:Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt 9073:Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt 8961:Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt 8857:The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary 8746:Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt 8485:Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt 8408:Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt 7965:Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt 7783:. Leiden: Friends of Saqqara Foundation: 66–75. 7646:Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt 7490: 7477: 5962: 5950: 5884: 5651: 1136:royal annals. Iput may have been a daughter of 9432:. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag GmbH: 275–319. 8195:. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag GmbH: 111–121. 7868: 7547:"Seated Statuette of Pepy I with Horus Falcon" 6808: 2542:and the scant remnants of funerary equipment. 1384:The South Saqqara Stone and an inscription in 9922: 9718: 9696: 9287:. American Research Center in Egypt: 75–102. 9220: 9050: 9031: 9012: 8996: 7949:Annales du service des antiquités de l'Égypte 7888: 6844: 6535: 5855: 5765: 5612: 5546: 5534: 5399: 5091: 4598: 4543: 4531: 4501: 3913: 3901: 3642: 3630: 3258: 2568: 1119:. Her parentage is directly attested to by a 9847: 9208:(Third ed.). London: Methuen & Co. 9123: 9106: 8946: 8677: 8656: 7908:The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt 7905: 7260: 7078: 7026: 6937: 6022: 5843: 5702: 5289: 5253: 5154: 4904: 4853: 4474: 4181: 3771: 3558: 3433: 3418: 3390: 3336: 3191: 3043:Pepi is concurrent with Ebla's IIIB.1 phase. 1579: 9449:. Leiden, Boston: Brill. pp. 393–478. 9147:. Leiden, Boston: Brill. pp. 197–214. 8963:. New York: Routledge. pp. 1062–1065. 7754: 7719: 7154: 6874: 6820: 6640: 6231: 5301: 3224: 2459:, was to enable the reunion of the ruler's 2128:may also have passed further south through 2019: 1621:, mentioned on the top row of hieroglyphs, 1293: 1257:Pepi I's cartouche reading "Meryre" on the 9929: 9915: 9240:Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times 9142: 9036:. Leiden, Boston: Brill. pp. 85–152. 8453: 7774: 7694: 7455:Bolshakov, Andrey (2001). "Ka-Chapel". In 7340: 6796: 6784: 6772: 6755: 5789: 5022: 4944: 4932: 4646: 4634: 4622: 4610: 4423: 4305: 4293: 4145: 4133: 4009: 3786: 3690: 3465: 1657: 62: 9891:. New York: Routledge. pp. 239–242. 9823: 9790: 9748:, 350. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London: 9603:Forgotten Pharaohs, Lost Pyramids: Abusir 9573: 9504: 9463: 9444: 9423: 9381:. New York: Routledge. pp. 394–397. 9331:. New York: Routledge. pp. 165–167. 9243:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 9166:. New York: Routledge. pp. 874–876. 9128:. New York: Routledge. pp. 110–113. 9075:. New York: Routledge. pp. 628–634. 8763:Leclant, Jean; Labrousse, Audran (2006). 8748:. New York: Routledge. pp. 865–868. 8702:Studies in Honor of William Kelly Simpson 8487:. New York: Routledge. pp. 335–342. 8410:. New York: Routledge. pp. 342–346. 8405: 8233: 7967:. New York: Routledge. pp. 252–254. 7608: 7557: 7486:, a division of Ruzzoli Publications Inc. 7454: 7242:. Vol. 4. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. 7158:(2001). "Old Kingdom: Fifth Dynasty". In 7105:Allen, James (2001). "Pyramid Texts". In 6616: 6550: 6243: 6061: 5974: 5867: 5831: 5804: 5777: 5731: 5719: 5690: 5624: 5597: 5103: 4700: 4555: 4486: 4447: 4169: 4063: 3961: 3872: 3860: 3733: 3721: 3582: 3543: 2545: 2279:. In addition, two chapels were built in 1217:. Ankhesenpepi II was the mother of 13339: 9326: 9276: 9096:Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization 8929: 8906: 8854: 8794:Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée 8501: 8349:. Thessaloniki: ZITI. pp. 127–131. 8184: 8159: 8133:Journal of the American Oriental Society 8130: 8100:Journal of the American Oriental Society 8097: 8057: 7639: 7582: 6145: 6121: 5998: 5678: 5666: 5507: 5495: 5375: 5358: 5313: 5229: 5178: 5139: 5115: 5076: 5034: 4971: 4920: 4841: 4727: 4673: 4586: 4516: 4411: 4399: 4387: 4375: 4363: 4258: 4243: 4039: 3754: 3724:, pp. 353 & footnote 25 p. 377. 3406: 3371: 2680: 2611: 2572: 2515: 2482: 2469:, leading to the transformation into an 2377: 2318:, a terracotta lion cub made during the 2297: 2228: 2001: 1691: 1612: 1570: 1482: 1357: 1252: 1151: 9737: 9671: 9652: 9630: 9233: 9089: 9015:Studies on War in the Ancient Near East 8977: 8743: 8635: 8546: 8424: 8007: 7959: 7943: 7798: 7666: 7640:Cauville, Sylvie (1999). "Dendera". In 7244:The Pennsylvania State University Press 7085:Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids 7014: 6913: 6697: 6628: 6601: 6562: 6460: 6388: 6323: 6291: 6267: 6255: 6187: 6046: 6034: 5748: 5585: 5573: 5346: 5127: 5061: 4956: 4892: 4567: 4209: 4106: 3985: 3973: 3949: 3606: 3348: 3275: 3212: 2507: 2233:Ruins of Pepi I's Ka-chapel in Bubastis 1478: 194: 14: 13492:Pharaohs of the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt 13459: 12486: 11851: 10953: 9979: 9782:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 9596: 9525: 9395: 9307: 9200: 8835: 8810: 8787: 8523: 8482: 8469: 8380: 8207: 8038: 7924: 7889:Dobrev, Vassil; Leclant, Jean (1997). 7851: 7237: 7214: 7197: 7062: 7050: 7038: 7002: 6987: 6954: 6901: 6889: 6859: 6714: 6676: 6652: 6589: 6574: 6508: 6496: 6484: 6364: 6308: 6279: 6216: 6172: 6133: 6109: 6097: 6085: 6073: 6010: 5986: 5938: 5816: 5483: 5459: 5447: 5435: 5423: 5411: 5387: 5277: 5241: 5190: 5166: 4462: 4320: 4157: 4118: 4051: 3709: 3663: 3450: 3324: 3012:Transliteration from Ancient Egyptian 2990:Transliteration from Ancient Egyptian 2740:when intense stone quarrying resumed. 2524: 2224: 1707:Militarily, aggressive expansion into 1248: 1098:they were almost entirely dismantled. 13338: 12455: 11820: 10922: 9948: 9910: 9886: 9830:The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt 9376: 9345: 9070: 8958: 8877: 8606: 8575: 8524:Katary, Sally (2001). "Taxation". In 8361: 8342: 8319: 8279: 7394: 7367: 7341:Baud, Michel; Dobrev, Vassil (1995). 7327: 7304: 7281: 7131: 7104: 6472: 6448: 6436: 6424: 6400: 6376: 6340: 5911: 5899: 5639: 5561: 5519: 5471: 5334: 5265: 5217: 5202: 5046: 5010: 4986: 4880: 4868: 4826: 4814: 4799: 4787: 4760: 4739: 4715: 4685: 4435: 4351: 4339: 4281: 4024: 3932: 3884: 3848: 3816: 3801: 3675: 3594: 3570: 3531: 3489: 3477: 3305: 2952:assumed its definitive standard form. 1915:"Perfect is the protection of Horus" 1687: 1318:. According to the Byzantine scholar 12991: 9721:Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen 9528:Nehet, revue numérique d'égyptologie 9257: 9161: 8888:. Oxford University Press. pp. 8880:"The Old Kingdom (c.2686 – 2160 BC)" 8252: 7981: 7906:Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004). 7428: 7183:Amin, Osama Shukir Muhammed (2020). 7182: 6520: 6352: 6157: 5923: 4772: 4094: 4075: 3290: 2589: 2559: 2283:and probably more than one stood in 2163: 458:Excellent is the protection of Horus 9262:. Routledge London & New York. 8997:Moreno García, Juan Carlos (2008). 8947:Metropolitan Museum of Art (2020). 8885:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt 8819:Faculty of Arts, Charles University 8814:Abusir and Saqqara in the year 2015 8063:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 6967:Leclant & Berger-El Naggar 1996 2598: 1842:"Beloved of the Two Ladies’ bodies" 1487:Kneeling statuette of Pepi I, 1086:. Pepi's cult stopped early in the 980:, the final ruler of the preceding 24: 9223:"Architectural fragments, UC14540" 9102:. Chicago: The Oriental Institute. 8708:(in French). Vol. 2. Boston: 8509:. Oxford and New York: Routledge. 8215:. Translated by Ian Shaw. Oxford: 7134:The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts 2520:Layout of the necropolis of Pepi I 2478: 2373: 2148:, for example, from Abydos to the 1353: 976:, who may have been a daughter of 454:Perfect is the protection of Horus 68:Lifesize copper statue of Pepi I, 25: 13503: 9833:. New York: Thames & Hudson. 9426:Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur 9346:Smith, William Stevenson (1971). 8840:. New York: Thames & Hudson. 8188:Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur 7497:Kings and Queens of Ancient Egypt 7267:School of American Research Press 7029:, p. 385, figs. 22 & 23. 6833:Cylinder seal of Pepi I, MET 2020 2652: 2024:Trade with settlements along the 1018:, marrying two of his daughters, 9738:Waddell, William Gillan (1971). 9609:. Prague: Academia Škodaexport. 7961:Edwards, Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen 7644:; Blake Shubert, Steven (eds.). 7433:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. 7330:"Radjedef to the Eighth Dynasty" 4662:Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum 2020 3916:, pp. 62–63, king number 3. 3152: 3142: 3133: 3120: 3110: 3097: 3084: 3075: 3066: 3056: 3046: 3037: 3028: 3019: 3006: 2997: 2984: 2975: 2965: 2955: 2942: 2933: 2918: 2909: 2899: 2116:. A trading expedition fetching 1451: 1437: 1423: 1409: 1111:Pepi was the son of the pharaoh 1074:pharaoh. Pepi's complex, called 720: 668: 245: 9447:Ancient Egyptian administration 9145:Ancient Egyptian administration 9034:Ancient Egyptian administration 9006:UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology 8549:Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 8465:. Melbourne: Monash University. 8285:Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 8011:American Journal of Archaeology 7910:. London: Thames & Hudson. 7450:. Dijon: Éditions Faton: 90–93. 7334:UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology 7071: 2950:Ancient Egyptian royal titulary 2890: 2881: 2872: 2858: 2833: 2820: 2811: 2798: 2788: 2779: 2758: 2749: 2569:Pyramid of Ankhesenpepi II 2410: 2006:Ebla's royal palace, destroyed 1065:built for his funerary cult in 285:Beloved of the Two Ladies' body 9719:von Beckerath, Jürgen (1999). 9409:, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 9092:"Ancient Egyptian Coregencies" 8861:Society of Biblical Literature 7755:Collombert, Philippe (2015b). 7720:Collombert, Philippe (2015a). 7534:"Kneeling Statuette of Pepy I" 7138:Society of Biblical Literature 7090:The Metropolitan Museum of Art 2727: 2676: 2623: 2398:. In particular, the Egyptian 1026:, and making both Khui's wife 861: 851: 841: 13: 1: 12949:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator 8454:Hubschmann, Caroline (2011). 8162:Rivista degli studi orientali 7695:Collombert, Philippe (2011). 6270:, pp. 325 & 352–353. 4438:, pp. 558 & 562–563. 4121:, p. 234, Inschrift III. 3180:Tiradritti & de Luca 1999 3164: 2253: 2007: 1608: 1381:, occurring every two years. 1243: 620: 439: 399:The triple falcons are golden 387: 273: 149: 9936: 9546:(in French). 18 August 2020. 9505:Strudwick, Nigel C. (2005). 9090:Murnane, William J. (1977). 8855:Leprohon, Ronald J. (2013). 8602:(in French). 18 August 2020. 7494:; Brunton, Winifred (1924). 6744:Leclant & Labrousse 1998 6732:Leclant & Labrousse 1998 6665:Leclant & Labrousse 1998 5361:, pp. 230–231, fig. 20. 4999:Encyclopædia Britannica 2020 3834:Leclant & Labrousse 2006 3619:Leclant & Labrousse 2006 2657:The conquest of Egypt under 2096:, as witnessed by Ethiopian 1175:of Abydos Khui and his wife 874: 831: 824: 814: 7: 12882:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 9816:Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum 8907:Marcolin, Michele (2006). " 8682:. Nova Series (in French). 8661:. Nova Series (in French). 8640:. Nova Series (in French). 8621:10.1524/zaes.2006.133.2.121 8428:Ancient Egyptian Chronology 8170:Sapienza Universita di Roma 7431:Ancient Egyptian Chronology 5963:Bongioanni & Croce 2001 5951:Bongioanni & Croce 2001 5885:Bongioanni & Croce 2001 5652:Breasted & Brunton 1924 3976:, p. 320, footnote 30. 3964:, p. 139, footnote 66. 2310:uncovered a statue of King 1878:"The triple golden falcons" 1744: 1623:Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum 1473: 1322:, Africanus wrote that the 1208: 1187:, who became one of Pepi's 1147: 10: 13508: 11781:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef 11165:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep 10929:Second Intermediate Period 9851:The Biblical Archaeologist 9770:"Jubilee Vessel of Pepi I" 9672:Verner, Miroslav (2001c). 9631:Verner, Miroslav (2001a). 9508:Texts from the Pyramid Age 9260:Who's Who in Ancient Egypt 8952:Metropolitan Museum of Art 8731:(in French) (2): 481–491. 8596:"La nécropole de Pépy Ier" 8328:Metropolitan Museum of Art 8297:10.1177/030751334603200102 8213:A History of Ancient Egypt 8075:10.1177/030751334503100103 7792:Metropolitan Museum of Art 7210:. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs. 7190:World History Encyclopedia 5705:, pp. 91–92, fig. 5A. 3421:, pp. 64–65 & 76. 3016:often translated "Semite". 2671:Second Intermediate Period 2439:to belong to Pepi I. 2414: 2329: 1997: 1960: 1958: 1919: 1887: 1852: 1809: 1799:"Beloved of the Two Lands" 1766: 1445:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1234:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 1140:, the last pharaoh of the 1106: 1088:Second Intermediate Period 711: 683: 678: 639: 535: 461: 433:Prenomen (Praenomen) 402: 355: 325: 322: 300: 236: 205: 200: 176: 52: 13443: 13345: 13334: 13232:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus 12976: 12922:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos 12817: 12789: 12774: 12737: 12709: 12669: 12651: 12601: 12534: 12519: 12477: 12473: 12451: 12401: 12378: 12311: 12234: 12172: 12124: 12109: 12042: 11989: 11901: 11886: 11842: 11838: 11827:Third Intermediate Period 11816: 11739: 11698: 11606: 11538: 11386: 11154: 11139: 11075: 11049: 11001: 10986: 10944: 10940: 10918: 10873: 10833: 10708: 10693: 10627: 10569: 10512: 10453: 10438: 10328: 10257: 10242: 10143: 10027: 10012: 9970: 9966: 9955:First Intermediate Period 9944: 9791:Warburton, David (2012). 9574:Tyldesley, Joyce (2019). 9396:Sowada, Karin N. (2009). 8381:Hellum, Jennifer (2007). 8108:American Oriental Society 7991:Egypt Exploration Society 7852:Daumas, François (1952). 7673:Chronicle of the Pharaohs 7545:Brooklyn Museum (2020c). 7532:Brooklyn Museum (2020b). 7517:Brooklyn Museum (2020a). 6604:, pp. 344 & 355. 4546:, pp. 125 & 132. 3643:Dobrev & Leclant 1997 3631:Dobrev & Leclant 1997 3546:, pp. 153 & 160. 2643:First Intermediate Period 2607: 2064:but has since been lost. 1955: 1883: 1850: 1847: 1807: 1804: 1764: 1761: 1756: 1753: 1646:, in which the temple of 1580:Provincial administration 1294: 1215:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 1123:on a decree uncovered in 1101: 986:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 930: 918: 904: 894: 884: 803: 746: 682: 619: 612: 438: 431: 386: 379: 324: 272: 265: 204: 148: 141: 130: 125:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 120: 110: 100: 83: 76: 61: 39: 34: 13487:23rd-century BC pharaohs 13482:24th-century BC pharaohs 12944:Cleopatra VII Philopator 11201:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI 9959: (<3150–2040 BC) 9750:Harvard University Press 8930:Matthiae, Paolo (1978). 8561:10.1177/0307513317722450 8362:Helck, Wolfgang (1971). 8253:Hays, Harold M. (2012). 7328:Bárta, Miroslav (2017). 7217:Temples of Ancient Egypt 7027:Leclant & Clerc 1994 6938:Leclant & Clerc 1986 5290:Wright & Pardee 1988 5254:Wright & Pardee 1988 5155:Wright & Pardee 1988 5001:, Pepi I, king of Egypt. 4854:Baines & Yoffee 1998 3772:Dodson & Hilton 2004 3559:Dodson & Hilton 2004 3434:Dodson & Hilton 2004 3419:Dodson & Hilton 2004 3192:Wright & Pardee 1988 2743: 2020:Foreign trade and mining 161:Beloved of the Two Lands 12917:Ptolemy XI Alexander II 12832:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 11126:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra 9186:Encyclopædia Britannica 8999:"Estates (Old Kingdom)" 8878:Málek, Jaromir (2000). 8781:10.3406/crai.2006.86916 8737:10.3406/crai.1998.15882 8320:Hayes, William (1978). 8039:Franke, Detlef (1994). 7925:Dreyer, Günter (1986). 7822:10.3406/bifao.1916.1736 7713:10.3406/crai.2011.93230 7282:Baker, Darrell (2008). 7198:Anthes, Rudolf (1928). 7115:Oxford University Press 6787:, pp. 68 & 69. 6403:, p. 97 & 100. 5819:, p. 144, object . 5450:, pp. 41 & 60. 4947:, pp. 50 & 54. 4198:Walters Art Museum 2020 3158:Catalog number UC14540. 2981:Catalog number CGC 1435 2915:Catalog number RC-1771. 1658:End of reign: coregency 1312:Sextus Julius Africanus 1179:. Further consorts are 13477:23rd-century BC deaths 13472:24th-century BC births 12959:Ptolemy XIV Philopator 12938:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 12932:Berenice IV Epiphaneia 12887:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes 12857:Arsinoe III Philopator 11771:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef 11241:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw 11181:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V 10772:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb 9746:Loeb Classical Library 9540:"Textes des Pyramides" 9258:Rice, Michael (1999). 9221:Petrie Museum (2020). 9182:"Pepi I king of Egypt" 8882:. In Shaw, Ian (ed.). 8792:. Vol. 70. Lyon: 7707:(2). persée: 921–938. 7502:Hodder & Stoughton 5846:, pp. 84, 87, 96. 5023:Baud & Dobrev 1995 4945:Baud & Dobrev 1995 4933:Baud & Dobrev 1995 4647:Baud & Dobrev 1995 4635:Baud & Dobrev 1995 4623:Baud & Dobrev 1995 4611:Baud & Dobrev 1995 4477:, catalog number 17.5. 4424:Baud & Dobrev 1995 4146:Baud & Dobrev 1995 4134:Baud & Dobrev 1995 4010:Baud & Dobrev 1995 3466:Baud & Dobrev 1995 2878:Catalog number 39.121. 2851: 2689: 2620: 2578: 2546:Pyramid of Inenek-Inti 2521: 2491: 2383: 2303: 2234: 2207: 2152:and from there to the 2034:Temple of Baalat Gebal 2013: 1704: 1626: 1576: 1491: 1366: 1261: 1219:Pepi II Neferkare 1160: 990:Pepi II Neferkare 958:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt 12907:Ptolemy X Alexander I 12872:Ptolemy VI Philometor 12852:Ptolemy IV Philopator 12847:Berenice II Euergetes 12842:Ptolemy III Euergetes 12804:Philip III Arrhidaeus 11313:Khahotepre Sobekhotep 11308:Merhotepre Sobekhotep 10662:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 9825:Wilkinson, Richard H. 9698:von Beckerath, Jürgen 8838:The Complete Pyramids 8836:Lehner, Mark (1997). 8817:(in French). Prague: 8788:Legros, Rémi (2016). 7492:Breasted, James Henry 6926:Berger-El Naggar 1990 6717:, p. 212 fig. 1. 4225:Brooklyn Museum 2020b 3998:Brooklyn Museum 2020c 3736:, footnote 25 p. 377. 3244:Brooklyn Museum 2020a 2846: 2684: 2615: 2576: 2519: 2486: 2381: 2301: 2232: 2202: 2179:Middle Kingdom period 2005: 1697:Autobiography of Weni 1695: 1616: 1574: 1543:For the Egyptologist 1486: 1361: 1256: 1155: 1054:and the oases of the 13340:Dynastic genealogies 12964:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 12260:Tutkheperre Shoshenq 12174:High Priests of Amun 11676:Merankhre Mentuhotep 11378:Seheqenre Sankhptahi 11373:Sewadjare Mentuhotep 11226:Khaankhre Sobekhotep 10933: (2040–1550 BC) 10652:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 9480:10.2307/j.ctt1g69z2n 9308:Ryholt, Kim (1997). 8821:. pp. 211–218. 8712:. pp. 499–506. 8217:Blackwell Publishing 7993:. pp. 107–124. 7764:Afrique & Orient 7652:. pp. 298–301. 7313:. pp. 257–283. 7288:Stacey International 7269:. pp. 199–260. 7219:. London, New York: 7156:Altenmüller, Hartwig 2774:mwt-niswt-mn-nfr-ppy 2734:Late Period of Egypt 2685:Head of Khaemweset, 2508:Necropolis of Pepi I 2245:". The Egyptologist 2188:discovered near the 1479:Ascending the throne 1169:Ankhesenpepi II 1024:Ankhesenpepi II 964:. He was the son of 956:, third king of the 811:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 12862:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 12799:Alexander the Great 11831: (1550–664 BC) 11353:Mershepsesre Ini II 11348:Merkawre Sobekhotep 10742:Neferkare IV Khendu 9626:on 1 February 2011. 8775:. persée: 103–120. 8710:Museum of Fine Arts 7678:Thames & Hudson 7484:Universe Publishing 7041:, pp. 158–159. 6969:, pp. 499–506. 6940:, pp. 258–259. 6904:, pp. 235–253. 6809:Tomb of Behenu 2010 6746:, pp. 486–488. 6679:, pp. 159–160. 6294:, pp. 353–354. 6282:, pp. 157–158. 5989:, pp. 163–172. 5914:, pp. 127–131. 5627:, pp. 265–266. 5402:, pp. 132–133. 5378:, pp. 230–232. 5316:, pp. 230–231. 5181:, pp. 189–197. 4959:, pp. 111–112. 4923:, pp. 119–120. 4742:, pp. 104–105. 4570:, pp. 330–333. 4558:, pp. 217–219. 4188:, pp. 446–449. 4172:, pp. 130–131. 3851:, pp. 506–507. 3678:, pp. 625–626. 3633:, pp. 154–156. 3534:, pp. 426–429. 2948:At this point, the 2525:Pyramid of Nebwenet 2457:funerary literature 2225:Building activities 2205:course of eternity. 1306:. No copies of the 1267:South Saqqara Stone 1249:Relative chronology 1165:Ankhesenpepi I 1020:Ankhesenpepi I 1005:dedicated to local 13199:Trebonianus Gallus 11786:Senakhtenre Ahmose 11404:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre 11358:Sewahenre Senebmiu 11333:Sankhenre Sewadjtu 10762:Neferkare V Tereru 10732:Neferkare III Neby 10400:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 9766:Walters Art Museum 9474:. pp. 48–51. 8796:- Jean Pouilloux. 8526:Redford, Donald B. 7777:Saqqara Newsletter 7596:. pp. 16–21. 7568:. pp. 15–45. 7457:Redford, Donald B. 7223:. pp. 31–86. 7160:Redford, Donald B. 7117:. pp. 95–98. 7107:Redford, Donald B. 6845:Moreno García 2015 6536:Petrie Museum 2020 5856:Moreno García 2013 5766:Moreno García 2008 5613:Moreno García 2013 5547:Moreno García 2008 5535:Moreno García 2013 5400:Moreno García 2013 5092:Moreno García 2010 4775:, p. 117–118. 4599:Moreno García 2013 4544:Moreno García 2013 4532:Moreno García 2013 4502:Moreno García 2013 3914:von Beckerath 1999 3902:von Beckerath 1997 3259:von Beckerath 1997 3090:Pyramid towns are 2927:terminus post quem 2694:New Kingdom period 2690: 2659:Mentuhotep II 2621: 2579: 2522: 2492: 2407:funerary temples. 2384: 2304: 2235: 2014: 1848:Golden Horus name 1705: 1688:Military campaigns 1681:William J. Murnane 1627: 1577: 1492: 1431:Walters Art Museum 1367: 1344:Thutmosis III 1302:(283 – 246 BC) by 1262: 1161: 962:Old Kingdom period 13452: 13451: 13439: 13438: 13330: 13329: 13326: 13325: 13322: 13321: 13246:Claudius Gothicus 13140:Severus Alexander 13107:Septimius Severus 12972: 12971: 12770: 12769: 12515: 12514: 12447: 12446: 12443: 12442: 12439: 12438: 12154:Osorkon the Elder 12105: 12104: 11882: 11881: 11812: 11811: 11808: 11807: 11804: 11803: 11776:Nubkheperre Intef 11656:Sekhemre Shedwast 11278:Sehetepkare Intef 11206:Semenkare Nebnuni 11135: 11134: 10982: 10981: 10914: 10913: 10910: 10909: 10906: 10905: 10689: 10688: 10667:Netjerkare Siptah 10589:Neferirkare Kakai 10434: 10433: 10238: 10237: 10008: 10007: 9898:978-0-203-98283-9 9840:978-0-500-05100-9 9802:978-3-64-390235-1 9730:978-3-8053-2591-2 9711:978-3-8053-2310-9 9689:978-0-8021-1703-8 9664:978-0-19-510234-5 9641:Archiv Orientální 9616:978-80-200-0022-4 9589:978-1-52-940451-7 9518:978-1-58983-680-8 9456:978-90-04-24952-3 9388:978-0-203-98283-9 9338:978-0-203-98283-9 9269:978-0-203-44328-6 9250:978-0-691-03606-9 9173:978-0-203-98283-9 9154:978-90-04-24952-3 9135:978-0-203-98283-9 9082:978-0-203-98283-9 9063:978-8-44-905585-0 9043:978-90-04-24952-3 8989:978-80-7308-116-4 8970:978-0-203-98283-9 8922:978-80-7308-116-4 8899:978-0-19-815034-3 8870:978-1-589-83736-2 8847:978-0-500-28547-3 8828:978-80-7308-758-6 8803:978-2-35668-058-7 8755:978-0-203-98283-9 8539:978-0-19-510234-5 8494:978-0-203-98283-9 8438:978-90-04-11385-5 8417:978-0-203-98283-9 8281:Hayes, William C. 8264:978-90-04-22749-1 8245:978-83-947612-0-2 8226:978-0-631-19396-8 7974:978-0-203-98283-9 7917:978-0-500-05128-3 7794:. 19 August 2020. 7687:978-0-500-05074-3 7668:Clayton, Peter A. 7659:978-0-203-98283-9 7470:978-0-19-510234-5 7414:978-2-7247-0250-7 7387:978-2-7247-0250-7 7320:978-1-934536-64-3 7297:978-1-905299-37-9 7253:978-1-57506-060-6 7230:978-1-85043-945-5 7175:978-0-19-510234-5 7147:978-1-58983-182-7 7124:978-0-19-510234-5 6928:, pp. 90–93. 6463:, pp. 39–40. 6124:, pp. 17–18. 5953:, pp. 84–85. 5669:, pp. 16–17. 4625:, pp. 35–36. 4613:, pp. 32–33. 4475:MET Cylinder 2020 4390:, pp. 94–95. 4160:, pp. 13–14. 4148:, pp. 46–49. 4042:, pp. 11–28. 3712:, pp. 82–83. 3337:MET Cylinder 2020 2590:Pyramid of Behenu 2560:Queen of the West 2417:Pyramid of Pepi I 2221:in Middle Egypt. 2164:Domestic policies 1995: 1994: 1984: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1944: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1872: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1793: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1503:damnatio memoriae 1226:Meritites IV 1063:a pyramid complex 1042:and the southern 972:. His mother was 940: 939: 909:Pyramid of Pepi I 740: 739: 736: 735: 732: 731: 728: 727: 715: 714: 707: 706: 703: 702: 659: 658: 655: 654: 608: 607: 600: 599: 596: 595: 589: 588: 581: 580: 523: 522: 519: 518: 512: 511: 504: 503: 427: 426: 422: 421: 418: 417: 375: 374: 371: 370: 367: 366: 359: 358: 353: 352: 349: 348: 316: 315: 312: 311: 261: 260: 257: 256: 253: 252: 240: 239: 232: 231: 228: 227: 192: 191: 188: 187: 16:(Redirected from 13499: 13446:List of pharaohs 13336: 13335: 13101:Pescennius Niger 12989: 12988: 12985: 12984: 12897:Ptolemy IX Soter 12867:Cleopatra I Syra 12787: 12786: 12783: 12782: 12532: 12531: 12528: 12527: 12484: 12483: 12475: 12474: 12468: 12467: 12453: 12452: 12204:Djedkhonsuefankh 12122: 12121: 12118: 12117: 11899: 11898: 11895: 11894: 11869: 11864: 11849: 11848: 11840: 11839: 11833: 11832: 11818: 11817: 11411:Qareh Khawoserre 11397:Yakbim Sekhaenre 11338:Mersekhemre Ined 11152: 11151: 11148: 11147: 10999: 10998: 10995: 10994: 10951: 10950: 10942: 10941: 10935: 10934: 10920: 10919: 10706: 10705: 10702: 10701: 10451: 10450: 10447: 10446: 10255: 10254: 10251: 10250: 10025: 10024: 10021: 10020: 9977: 9976: 9968: 9967: 9961: 9960: 9946: 9945: 9931: 9924: 9917: 9908: 9907: 9902: 9883: 9844: 9820: 9806: 9787: 9781: 9773: 9761: 9752:; W. Heinemann. 9734: 9715: 9693: 9668: 9649: 9637: 9627: 9625: 9619:. Archived from 9608: 9598:Verner, Miroslav 9593: 9570: 9547: 9535: 9522: 9501: 9460: 9441: 9420: 9404: 9392: 9373: 9342: 9323: 9304: 9293:10.2307/40001150 9273: 9254: 9230: 9217: 9202:Petrie, Flinders 9197: 9195: 9193: 9177: 9158: 9139: 9120: 9103: 9086: 9067: 9047: 9028: 9009: 9003: 8993: 8974: 8955: 8943: 8926: 8903: 8874: 8851: 8832: 8807: 8784: 8759: 8740: 8723: 8707: 8695: 8674: 8653: 8632: 8603: 8591: 8572: 8543: 8520: 8503:Kanawati, Naguib 8498: 8479: 8466: 8460: 8450: 8421: 8402: 8387:. Westport, CT: 8377: 8358: 8339: 8316: 8276: 8249: 8230: 8204: 8181: 8156: 8127: 8094: 8054: 8035: 8004: 7978: 7956: 7945:Drioton, Étienne 7940: 7921: 7902: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7865: 7848: 7846: 7844: 7800:Daressy, Georges 7795: 7784: 7771: 7761: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7742:on 12 April 2021 7741: 7729:Pharaon Magazine 7726: 7716: 7691: 7663: 7642:Bard, Kathryn A. 7636: 7634: 7632: 7627:on 27 April 2022 7623:. Archived from 7605: 7591: 7579: 7554: 7541: 7528: 7519:"Vase of Pepi I" 7513: 7487: 7474: 7451: 7438: 7435:Brill Publishers 7425: 7424:on 2 April 2015. 7423: 7417:. Archived from 7406: 7391: 7379: 7364: 7337: 7324: 7309:. Philadelphia: 7301: 7278: 7265:. Santa Fe, NM: 7257: 7234: 7211: 7194: 7179: 7151: 7128: 7101: 7066: 7060: 7054: 7048: 7042: 7036: 7030: 7024: 7018: 7012: 7006: 7000: 6991: 6985: 6970: 6964: 6958: 6952: 6941: 6935: 6929: 6923: 6917: 6911: 6905: 6899: 6893: 6887: 6878: 6875:Collombert 2015b 6872: 6863: 6857: 6848: 6842: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6821:Collombert 2015a 6818: 6812: 6806: 6800: 6794: 6788: 6782: 6776: 6770: 6759: 6753: 6747: 6741: 6735: 6729: 6718: 6712: 6701: 6695: 6680: 6674: 6668: 6662: 6656: 6650: 6644: 6641:Collombert 2015b 6638: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6614: 6605: 6599: 6593: 6587: 6578: 6572: 6566: 6560: 6554: 6548: 6539: 6533: 6524: 6518: 6512: 6506: 6500: 6494: 6488: 6482: 6476: 6470: 6464: 6458: 6452: 6446: 6440: 6434: 6428: 6422: 6416: 6410: 6404: 6398: 6392: 6386: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6350: 6344: 6338: 6327: 6321: 6312: 6306: 6295: 6289: 6283: 6277: 6271: 6265: 6259: 6253: 6247: 6241: 6235: 6232:Altenmüller 2001 6229: 6220: 6214: 6191: 6185: 6176: 6170: 6161: 6155: 6149: 6143: 6137: 6131: 6125: 6119: 6113: 6107: 6101: 6095: 6089: 6083: 6077: 6071: 6065: 6059: 6050: 6044: 6038: 6032: 6026: 6020: 6014: 6008: 6002: 5996: 5990: 5984: 5978: 5972: 5966: 5960: 5954: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5927: 5921: 5915: 5909: 5903: 5897: 5888: 5882: 5871: 5865: 5859: 5853: 5847: 5841: 5835: 5829: 5820: 5814: 5808: 5802: 5793: 5787: 5781: 5775: 5769: 5763: 5752: 5746: 5735: 5729: 5723: 5717: 5706: 5700: 5694: 5688: 5682: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5655: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5628: 5622: 5616: 5610: 5601: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5559: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5523: 5517: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5451: 5445: 5439: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5415: 5409: 5403: 5397: 5391: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5362: 5356: 5350: 5344: 5338: 5332: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5302:Collombert 2015b 5299: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5158: 5152: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5080: 5074: 5065: 5059: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4975: 4969: 4960: 4954: 4948: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4884: 4878: 4872: 4866: 4857: 4851: 4845: 4839: 4830: 4829:, pp. 3–23. 4824: 4818: 4812: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4704: 4698: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4659: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4520: 4514: 4505: 4499: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4324: 4318: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4262: 4256: 4247: 4241: 4228: 4222: 4213: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4189: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4028: 4022: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3936: 3930: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3837: 3831: 3820: 3814: 3805: 3799: 3790: 3784: 3775: 3769: 3758: 3752: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3694: 3688: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3518: 3512: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3454: 3448: 3437: 3431: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3388: 3375: 3369: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3309: 3303: 3294: 3288: 3279: 3273: 3262: 3256: 3247: 3241: 3228: 3225:Altenmüller 2001 3222: 3216: 3210: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3159: 3156: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3137: 3131: 3124: 3118: 3114: 3108: 3101: 3095: 3088: 3082: 3079: 3073: 3070: 3064: 3060: 3054: 3050: 3044: 3041: 3035: 3032: 3026: 3023: 3017: 3010: 3004: 3001: 2995: 2988: 2982: 2979: 2973: 2969: 2963: 2959: 2953: 2946: 2940: 2937: 2931: 2922: 2916: 2913: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2894: 2888: 2885: 2879: 2876: 2870: 2862: 2856: 2837: 2831: 2824: 2818: 2815: 2809: 2802: 2796: 2792: 2786: 2783: 2777: 2762: 2756: 2753: 2707:their birth name 2663:Eleventh Dynasty 2599:Pyramid of Mehaa 2402:ultimately gave 2110:Gebel el-Silsila 2012: 2009: 1965: 1964: 1961: 1924: 1923: 1920: 1892: 1891: 1888: 1857: 1856: 1853: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1757:Second titulary 1749: 1748: 1644:Eighth Dynasties 1455: 1441: 1427: 1413: 1340:Karnak king list 1320:George Syncellus 1297: 1296: 1273:, written under 1271:Abydos king list 1259:Abydos King List 951:ancient Egyptian 922:Pyramid complex 876: 863: 853: 843: 833: 826: 816: 724: 723: 688: 687: 684: 676: 672: 671: 665: 644: 643: 640: 636: 621: 565: 564: 557: 556: 540: 539: 536: 491: 490: 483: 482: 466: 465: 462: 440: 407: 406: 403: 388: 330: 329: 326: 320: 305: 304: 301: 297: 293: 292: 274: 249: 248: 210: 209: 206: 198: 181: 180: 177: 173: 169: 168: 150: 139: 138: 96: 92: 66: 55: 54: 32: 31: 21: 13507: 13506: 13502: 13501: 13500: 13498: 13497: 13496: 13457: 13456: 13453: 13448: 13435: 13341: 13318: 13218:Macrianus Minor 13147:Maximinus Thrax 13083:Marcus Aurelius 12982: 12981: 12980: 12968: 12827:Ptolemy I Soter 12813: 12780: 12779: 12778: 12766: 12733: 12705: 12665: 12647: 12627:Psammetichus IV 12597: 12525: 12524: 12523: 12511: 12489: 12480: 12469: 12466:(664 BC–313 AD) 12465: 12464: 12435: 12397: 12374: 12370:Menkheperre Ini 12307: 12230: 12168: 12115: 12114: 12113: 12101: 12038: 11985: 11966:Neferneferuaten 11892: 11891: 11890: 11878: 11877: 11867: 11862: 11861:Pharaohs 11854: 11845: 11834: 11830: 11829: 11800: 11735: 11694: 11621:Sobekhotep VIII 11602: 11534: 11382: 11343:Sewadjkare Hori 11145: 11144: 11143: 11131: 11071: 11045: 10992: 10991: 10990: 10978: 10956: 10947: 10936: 10932: 10931: 10902: 10869: 10829: 10737:Djedkare Shemai 10699: 10698: 10697: 10685: 10623: 10565: 10508: 10444: 10443: 10442: 10430: 10324: 10248: 10247: 10246: 10234: 10139: 10018: 10017: 10016: 10004: 9982: 9973: 9962: 9958: 9957: 9940: 9935: 9905: 9899: 9864:10.2307/3210065 9841: 9811:"Weny Fragment" 9803: 9775: 9774: 9731: 9712: 9690: 9665: 9635: 9623: 9617: 9606: 9590: 9567: 9519: 9490: 9457: 9417: 9402: 9389: 9362: 9339: 9320: 9270: 9251: 9235:Redford, Donald 9191: 9189: 9174: 9155: 9136: 9083: 9064: 9044: 9025: 9001: 8990: 8971: 8923: 8900: 8871: 8848: 8829: 8804: 8756: 8720: 8705: 8588: 8540: 8517: 8495: 8458: 8439: 8418: 8399: 8389:Greenwood Press 8374: 8265: 8246: 8227: 8209:Grimal, Nicolas 8051: 8001: 7975: 7937: 7918: 7879: 7877: 7842: 7840: 7759: 7745: 7743: 7739: 7724: 7688: 7660: 7630: 7628: 7589: 7576: 7551:Brooklyn Museum 7538:Brooklyn Museum 7524:Brooklyn Museum 7471: 7421: 7415: 7404: 7388: 7377: 7321: 7298: 7254: 7231: 7185:"Jar of Pepi I" 7176: 7148: 7125: 7074: 7069: 7061: 7057: 7049: 7045: 7037: 7033: 7025: 7021: 7013: 7009: 7001: 6994: 6986: 6973: 6965: 6961: 6953: 6944: 6936: 6932: 6924: 6920: 6912: 6908: 6900: 6896: 6888: 6881: 6873: 6866: 6858: 6851: 6843: 6839: 6831: 6827: 6819: 6815: 6807: 6803: 6797:Collombert 2011 6795: 6791: 6785:Collombert 2018 6783: 6779: 6773:Collombert 2018 6771: 6762: 6756:Collombert 2018 6754: 6750: 6742: 6738: 6730: 6721: 6713: 6704: 6696: 6683: 6675: 6671: 6663: 6659: 6651: 6647: 6639: 6635: 6627: 6623: 6615: 6608: 6600: 6596: 6588: 6581: 6573: 6569: 6561: 6557: 6549: 6542: 6534: 6527: 6519: 6515: 6507: 6503: 6495: 6491: 6483: 6479: 6475:, pp. 7–8. 6471: 6467: 6459: 6455: 6447: 6443: 6435: 6431: 6423: 6419: 6411: 6407: 6399: 6395: 6387: 6383: 6375: 6371: 6363: 6359: 6351: 6347: 6339: 6330: 6322: 6315: 6307: 6298: 6290: 6286: 6278: 6274: 6266: 6262: 6254: 6250: 6242: 6238: 6230: 6223: 6215: 6194: 6186: 6179: 6171: 6164: 6156: 6152: 6144: 6140: 6132: 6128: 6120: 6116: 6108: 6104: 6096: 6092: 6084: 6080: 6072: 6068: 6060: 6053: 6045: 6041: 6033: 6029: 6021: 6017: 6009: 6005: 5997: 5993: 5985: 5981: 5973: 5969: 5961: 5957: 5949: 5945: 5937: 5930: 5922: 5918: 5910: 5906: 5898: 5891: 5883: 5874: 5866: 5862: 5854: 5850: 5842: 5838: 5830: 5823: 5815: 5811: 5803: 5796: 5790:Pantalacci 2013 5788: 5784: 5776: 5772: 5764: 5755: 5747: 5738: 5730: 5726: 5718: 5709: 5701: 5697: 5689: 5685: 5677: 5673: 5665: 5658: 5650: 5646: 5638: 5631: 5623: 5619: 5611: 5604: 5596: 5592: 5584: 5580: 5572: 5568: 5560: 5553: 5545: 5541: 5533: 5526: 5522:, p. 1063. 5518: 5514: 5506: 5502: 5494: 5490: 5482: 5478: 5470: 5466: 5458: 5454: 5446: 5442: 5434: 5430: 5422: 5418: 5410: 5406: 5398: 5394: 5386: 5382: 5374: 5365: 5357: 5353: 5345: 5341: 5333: 5320: 5312: 5308: 5300: 5296: 5288: 5284: 5276: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5252: 5248: 5240: 5236: 5228: 5224: 5216: 5209: 5201: 5197: 5189: 5185: 5177: 5173: 5165: 5161: 5153: 5146: 5138: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5102: 5098: 5090: 5083: 5075: 5068: 5060: 5053: 5045: 5041: 5033: 5029: 5021: 5017: 5009: 5005: 4997: 4993: 4985: 4978: 4970: 4963: 4955: 4951: 4943: 4939: 4931: 4927: 4919: 4915: 4903: 4899: 4891: 4887: 4879: 4875: 4867: 4860: 4852: 4848: 4840: 4833: 4825: 4821: 4813: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4786: 4779: 4771: 4767: 4759: 4746: 4738: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4714: 4707: 4699: 4692: 4684: 4680: 4672: 4668: 4660: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4633: 4629: 4621: 4617: 4609: 4605: 4597: 4593: 4585: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4530: 4523: 4515: 4508: 4500: 4493: 4485: 4481: 4473: 4469: 4461: 4454: 4446: 4442: 4434: 4430: 4422: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4398: 4394: 4386: 4382: 4374: 4370: 4362: 4358: 4350: 4346: 4338: 4327: 4319: 4312: 4306:Hubschmann 2011 4304: 4300: 4294:Hubschmann 2011 4292: 4288: 4280: 4265: 4257: 4250: 4242: 4231: 4223: 4216: 4208: 4204: 4196: 4192: 4180: 4176: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4132: 4125: 4117: 4113: 4105: 4101: 4093: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4038: 4031: 4023: 4016: 4008: 4004: 3996: 3992: 3984: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3960: 3956: 3948: 3939: 3931: 3920: 3912: 3908: 3900: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3871: 3867: 3859: 3855: 3847: 3840: 3832: 3823: 3815: 3808: 3800: 3793: 3787:Collombert 2018 3785: 3778: 3770: 3761: 3753: 3740: 3732: 3728: 3720: 3716: 3708: 3697: 3691:Collombert 2011 3689: 3682: 3674: 3670: 3662: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3629: 3625: 3617: 3613: 3605: 3601: 3593: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3557: 3550: 3542: 3538: 3530: 3521: 3513: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3464: 3457: 3449: 3440: 3432: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3389: 3378: 3370: 3355: 3347: 3343: 3335: 3331: 3323: 3312: 3304: 3297: 3289: 3282: 3274: 3265: 3257: 3250: 3242: 3231: 3223: 3219: 3211: 3198: 3190: 3186: 3178: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3125: 3121: 3115: 3111: 3102: 3098: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3057: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3020: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2970: 2966: 2960: 2956: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2863: 2859: 2838: 2834: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2803: 2799: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2730: 2679: 2667:a small pyramid 2655: 2626: 2610: 2601: 2592: 2571: 2562: 2548: 2527: 2510: 2481: 2479:Mortuary temple 2419: 2413: 2376: 2374:Pyramid complex 2343:to the goddess 2332: 2256: 2243:Twelfth Dynasty 2239:Flinders Petrie 2227: 2215:Senedjemib Inti 2166: 2046:Akkadian Empire 2026:Levantine coast 2022: 2010: 2000: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1969: 1951: 1950:"Beloved of Re" 1949: 1945: 1914: 1910: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1863: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1827: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1784: 1754:First titulary 1747: 1701:Egyptian Museum 1690: 1669:Étienne Drioton 1660: 1611: 1582: 1558:Pepi chose the 1532:theophoric name 1497:Naguib Kanawati 1489:Brooklyn Museum 1481: 1476: 1461: 1456: 1447: 1442: 1433: 1428: 1419: 1417:Musée du Louvre 1414: 1364:Brooklyn Museum 1356: 1354:Length of reign 1300:Ptolemy II 1251: 1246: 1236:. The third is 1211: 1150: 1109: 1104: 880: 823:Hornetjerkhet ( 798: 761:Ankhesenpepi II 742: 741: 721: 692: 669: 651: 630: 626: 604: 603: 549: 544: 531: 527: 475: 470: 460: 456: 452: 448: 423: 413: 401: 397: 393: 343: 287: 283: 279: 278:Mery Khet Nebti 246: 223: 163: 159: 155: 136: 95:23rd century BC 94: 91:24th century BC 90: 72: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13505: 13495: 13494: 13489: 13484: 13479: 13474: 13469: 13450: 13449: 13444: 13441: 13440: 13437: 13436: 13434: 13433: 13428: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13398: 13393: 13388: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13355: 13352: 13346: 13343: 13342: 13332: 13331: 13328: 13327: 13324: 13323: 13320: 13319: 13317: 13316: 13314:Maximinus Daza 13311: 13306: 13301: 13296: 13289: 13282: 13275: 13270: 13263: 13256: 13249: 13242: 13235: 13228: 13221: 13214: 13209: 13202: 13195: 13190: 13185: 13178: 13171: 13164: 13157: 13150: 13143: 13136: 13129: 13124: 13119: 13114: 13109: 13104: 13097: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13075: 13073:Antoninus Pius 13070: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13033: 13028: 13023: 13018: 13013: 13008: 13003: 12997: 12995: 12986: 12983:(30 BC–313 AD) 12974: 12973: 12970: 12969: 12967: 12966: 12961: 12956: 12951: 12946: 12941: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12823: 12821: 12815: 12814: 12812: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12795: 12793: 12784: 12772: 12771: 12768: 12767: 12765: 12764: 12759: 12754: 12749: 12747:Artaxerxes III 12743: 12741: 12735: 12734: 12732: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12715: 12713: 12707: 12706: 12704: 12703: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12675: 12673: 12667: 12666: 12664: 12663: 12657: 12655: 12649: 12648: 12646: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12623: 12618: 12616:Petubastis III 12613: 12607: 12605: 12599: 12598: 12596: 12595: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12553: 12548: 12540: 12538: 12529: 12517: 12516: 12513: 12512: 12510: 12509: 12504: 12503: 12502: 12499: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12481: 12478: 12471: 12470: 12449: 12448: 12445: 12444: 12441: 12440: 12437: 12436: 12434: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12413: 12407: 12405: 12399: 12398: 12396: 12395: 12390: 12384: 12382: 12376: 12375: 12373: 12372: 12367: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12333: 12328: 12323: 12317: 12315: 12309: 12308: 12306: 12305: 12300: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12268: 12263: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12240: 12238: 12232: 12231: 12229: 12228: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12184: 12178: 12176: 12170: 12169: 12167: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12130: 12128: 12119: 12111:3 Intermediate 12107: 12106: 12103: 12102: 12100: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12048: 12046: 12040: 12039: 12037: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11995: 11993: 11987: 11986: 11984: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11907: 11905: 11896: 11893:(1550–1070 BC) 11884: 11883: 11880: 11879: 11876: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11858: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11846: 11843: 11836: 11835: 11814: 11813: 11810: 11809: 11806: 11805: 11802: 11801: 11799: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11783: 11778: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11758: 11751: 11745: 11743: 11737: 11736: 11734: 11733: 11726: 11719: 11712: 11704: 11702: 11696: 11695: 11693: 11692: 11685: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11626:Neferhotep III 11623: 11618: 11612: 11610: 11604: 11603: 11601: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11566: 11559: 11552: 11544: 11542: 11536: 11535: 11533: 11532: 11525: 11518: 11511: 11504: 11497: 11490: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11456:Sewadjkare III 11453: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11425:Maaibre Sheshi 11421: 11418:'Ammu Ahotepre 11414: 11407: 11400: 11392: 11390: 11384: 11383: 11381: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11328:Merhotepre Ini 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11288:Sobekhotep III 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11160: 11158: 11149: 11146:(1802–1550 BC) 11141:2 Intermediate 11137: 11136: 11133: 11132: 11130: 11129: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11081: 11079: 11073: 11072: 11070: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11053: 11051: 11047: 11046: 11044: 11043: 11038: 11036:Mentuhotep III 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11007: 11005: 10996: 10993:(2040–1802 BC) 10988:Middle Kingdom 10984: 10983: 10980: 10979: 10977: 10976: 10971: 10970: 10969: 10966: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10948: 10945: 10938: 10937: 10925:Middle Kingdom 10916: 10915: 10912: 10911: 10908: 10907: 10904: 10903: 10901: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10888:Neferkare VIII 10885: 10879: 10877: 10871: 10870: 10868: 10867: 10860: 10855: 10853:Nebkaure Khety 10850: 10845: 10843:Meryibre Khety 10839: 10837: 10831: 10830: 10828: 10827: 10820: 10813: 10806: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10777:Neferkamin Anu 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10718: 10716: 10703: 10700:(2181–2040 BC) 10695:1 Intermediate 10691: 10690: 10687: 10686: 10684: 10683: 10676: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10633: 10631: 10625: 10624: 10622: 10621: 10616: 10614:Djedkare Isesi 10611: 10609:Menkauhor Kaiu 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10575: 10573: 10567: 10566: 10564: 10563: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10518: 10516: 10510: 10509: 10507: 10506: 10501: 10494: 10487: 10482: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10459: 10457: 10448: 10445:(2686–2181 BC) 10436: 10435: 10432: 10431: 10429: 10428: 10423: 10416: 10409: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10385: 10378: 10371: 10364: 10357: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10334: 10332: 10326: 10325: 10323: 10322: 10315: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10263: 10261: 10252: 10249:(3150–2686 BC) 10244:Early Dynastic 10240: 10239: 10236: 10235: 10233: 10232: 10223: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10199: 10192: 10185: 10178: 10171: 10164: 10157: 10149: 10147: 10141: 10140: 10138: 10137: 10130: 10125: 10118: 10111: 10104: 10097: 10090: 10083: 10076: 10069: 10062: 10055: 10048: 10041: 10033: 10031: 10022: 10010: 10009: 10006: 10005: 10003: 10002: 9997: 9996: 9995: 9992: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9974: 9971: 9964: 9963: 9942: 9941: 9934: 9933: 9926: 9919: 9911: 9904: 9903: 9897: 9884: 9845: 9839: 9821: 9807: 9801: 9788: 9762: 9735: 9729: 9716: 9710: 9694: 9688: 9669: 9663: 9650: 9628: 9615: 9594: 9588: 9571: 9566:978-0810932760 9565: 9548: 9536: 9523: 9517: 9502: 9488: 9461: 9455: 9442: 9421: 9416:978-3525534557 9415: 9407:Academic Press 9393: 9387: 9374: 9360: 9343: 9337: 9324: 9318: 9305: 9274: 9268: 9255: 9249: 9231: 9218: 9198: 9188:. 20 July 1998 9178: 9172: 9159: 9153: 9140: 9134: 9121: 9104: 9087: 9081: 9068: 9062: 9048: 9042: 9029: 9024:978-3868350357 9023: 9010: 8994: 8988: 8975: 8969: 8956: 8944: 8927: 8921: 8904: 8898: 8875: 8869: 8852: 8846: 8833: 8827: 8808: 8802: 8785: 8760: 8754: 8741: 8724: 8718: 8696: 8675: 8654: 8633: 8615:(2): 121–140. 8604: 8592: 8586: 8573: 8544: 8538: 8521: 8515: 8499: 8493: 8480: 8467: 8451: 8437: 8422: 8416: 8403: 8397: 8378: 8372: 8359: 8340: 8317: 8277: 8263: 8250: 8244: 8231: 8225: 8205: 8182: 8157: 8145:10.2307/595170 8128: 8116:10.2307/596209 8095: 8059:Gardiner, Alan 8055: 8049: 8036: 8024:10.2307/501964 8005: 7999: 7979: 7973: 7957: 7941: 7935: 7922: 7916: 7903: 7886: 7866: 7849: 7796: 7785: 7772: 7752: 7717: 7692: 7686: 7664: 7658: 7637: 7606: 7580: 7574: 7555: 7542: 7529: 7514: 7488: 7475: 7469: 7452: 7439: 7426: 7413: 7392: 7386: 7365: 7338: 7325: 7319: 7302: 7296: 7279: 7263:Archaic States 7258: 7252: 7235: 7229: 7212: 7195: 7180: 7174: 7152: 7146: 7129: 7123: 7102: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7067: 7065:, p. 217. 7055: 7053:, p. 216. 7043: 7031: 7019: 7017:, p. 320. 7007: 7005:, p. 214. 6992: 6990:, p. 215. 6971: 6959: 6957:, p. 213. 6942: 6930: 6918: 6916:, p. 483. 6906: 6894: 6892:, p. 212. 6879: 6864: 6862:, p. 211. 6849: 6847:, p. 5–6. 6837: 6825: 6813: 6801: 6799:, p. 933. 6789: 6777: 6760: 6748: 6736: 6734:, p. 486. 6719: 6702: 6700:, p. 358. 6681: 6669: 6667:, p. 485. 6657: 6655:, p. 160. 6645: 6633: 6631:, p. 355. 6621: 6619:, p. 129. 6617:Wilkinson 2000 6606: 6594: 6579: 6567: 6555: 6551:Stevenson 2015 6540: 6525: 6513: 6511:, p. 126. 6501: 6489: 6477: 6465: 6453: 6441: 6439:, p. 102. 6429: 6417: 6405: 6393: 6391:, p. 867. 6381: 6369: 6367:, p. 154. 6357: 6355:, p. 111. 6345: 6328: 6326:, p. 354. 6313: 6311:, p. 107. 6296: 6284: 6272: 6260: 6258:, p. 352. 6248: 6244:Gundacker 2018 6236: 6234:, p. 603. 6221: 6219:, p. 158. 6192: 6190:, p. 351. 6177: 6175:, p. 157. 6162: 6150: 6138: 6126: 6114: 6112:, p. 121. 6102: 6100:, p. 337. 6090: 6078: 6076:, no. 428–447. 6066: 6062:Warburton 2012 6051: 6039: 6027: 6025:, p. 110. 6015: 6013:, p. 144. 6003: 6001:, p. 298. 5991: 5979: 5977:, p. 127. 5975:Warburton 2012 5967: 5955: 5943: 5928: 5926:, p. 875. 5916: 5904: 5902:, p. 630. 5889: 5872: 5868:Brovarski 1994 5860: 5858:, p. 127. 5848: 5836: 5834:, p. 344. 5832:Hendrickx 1999 5821: 5809: 5805:Strudwick 2005 5794: 5792:, p. 201. 5782: 5780:, p. 360. 5778:Strudwick 2005 5770: 5753: 5736: 5732:Brovarski 1994 5724: 5720:Brovarski 1994 5707: 5695: 5693:, p. 217. 5691:Bolshakov 2001 5683: 5671: 5656: 5644: 5642:, p. 121. 5629: 5625:Strudwick 2005 5617: 5615:, p. 134. 5602: 5598:Warburton 2012 5590: 5578: 5576:, p. 253. 5566: 5551: 5539: 5537:, p. 129. 5524: 5512: 5510:, p. 296. 5500: 5498:, p. 295. 5488: 5476: 5474:, p. 394. 5464: 5452: 5440: 5428: 5416: 5414:, p. 119. 5404: 5392: 5380: 5363: 5351: 5339: 5337:, p. 106. 5318: 5306: 5294: 5292:, p. 149. 5282: 5280:, p. 129. 5270: 5268:, p. 294. 5258: 5256:, p. 294. 5246: 5234: 5232:, p. 190. 5222: 5220:, p. 126. 5207: 5195: 5193:, p. 175. 5183: 5171: 5159: 5157:, p. 154. 5144: 5142:, p. 189. 5132: 5120: 5108: 5106:, p. 448. 5104:Spalinger 2013 5096: 5081: 5079:, p. 166. 5066: 5051: 5049:, p. 125. 5039: 5037:, p. 188. 5027: 5015: 5013:, p. 194. 5003: 4991: 4989:, p. 122. 4976: 4961: 4949: 4937: 4925: 4913: 4897: 4885: 4873: 4871:, p. 259. 4858: 4856:, p. 205. 4846: 4844:, p. 177. 4831: 4819: 4817:, p. 240. 4804: 4802:, p. 630. 4792: 4790:, p. 379. 4777: 4765: 4763:, p. 192. 4744: 4732: 4730:, p. 185. 4720: 4718:, p. 626. 4705: 4703:, p. 151. 4701:Callender 1994 4690: 4688:, p. 105. 4678: 4666: 4651: 4639: 4627: 4615: 4603: 4601:, p. 123. 4591: 4572: 4560: 4556:Bolshakov 2001 4548: 4536: 4534:, p. 124. 4521: 4506: 4504:, p. 122. 4491: 4487:Tyldesley 2019 4479: 4467: 4452: 4450:, p. 137. 4448:Callender 1994 4440: 4428: 4416: 4414:, p. 164. 4404: 4402:, p. 163. 4392: 4380: 4368: 4356: 4354:, p. 487. 4344: 4342:, p. 191. 4325: 4310: 4298: 4286: 4263: 4261:, p. 173. 4248: 4246:, p. 184. 4229: 4214: 4212:, p. 404. 4202: 4190: 4174: 4170:Strudwick 2005 4162: 4150: 4138: 4123: 4111: 4109:, p. 364. 4099: 4097:, p. 150. 4080: 4078:, p. 148. 4068: 4066:, p. 303. 4064:Spalinger 1994 4056: 4054:, p. 352. 4044: 4029: 4014: 4002: 3990: 3988:, p. 205. 3978: 3966: 3962:Gundacker 2018 3954: 3937: 3935:, p. 293. 3918: 3906: 3889: 3887:, p. 412. 3877: 3875:, p. 185. 3873:Callender 1994 3865: 3863:, p. 169. 3861:Callender 1994 3853: 3838: 3836:, p. 107. 3821: 3819:, p. 471. 3806: 3804:, p. 413. 3791: 3776: 3759: 3757:, p. 183. 3738: 3734:Strudwick 2005 3726: 3722:Strudwick 2005 3714: 3695: 3693:, p. 938. 3680: 3668: 3666:, p. 159. 3647: 3645:, p. 153. 3635: 3623: 3621:, p. 112. 3611: 3609:, p. 866. 3599: 3597:, p. 415. 3587: 3585:, p. 152. 3583:Callender 1994 3575: 3573:, p. 483. 3563: 3548: 3544:Callender 1994 3536: 3519: 3494: 3492:, p. 410. 3482: 3480:, p. 411. 3470: 3455: 3438: 3423: 3411: 3409:, p. 236. 3399: 3376: 3353: 3351:, p. 491. 3341: 3329: 3310: 3308:, p. 104. 3295: 3293:, p. 150. 3280: 3263: 3261:, p. 188. 3248: 3229: 3227:, p. 602. 3217: 3215:, p. 590. 3196: 3194:, p. 144. 3184: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3160: 3151: 3141: 3132: 3119: 3109: 3096: 3083: 3074: 3065: 3055: 3053:given to Ebla. 3045: 3036: 3027: 3018: 3005: 2996: 2983: 2974: 2964: 2954: 2941: 2932: 2917: 2908: 2898: 2889: 2880: 2871: 2857: 2832: 2819: 2810: 2806:Eighth Dynasty 2797: 2787: 2778: 2770:mwt-niswt-biti 2757: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2729: 2726: 2709:, rather than 2678: 2675: 2654: 2653:Middle Kingdom 2651: 2639:Middle Kingdom 2625: 2622: 2609: 2606: 2600: 2597: 2591: 2588: 2584:papyrus plants 2570: 2567: 2561: 2558: 2547: 2544: 2526: 2523: 2509: 2506: 2480: 2477: 2423:Djedkare Isesi 2415:Main article: 2412: 2409: 2388:Men-nefer-Pepi 2375: 2372: 2341:temple complex 2331: 2328: 2316:Second Dynasty 2293:Khenti-Amentiu 2255: 2252: 2226: 2223: 2165: 2162: 2146:Western Desert 2088:coast port of 2040:in modern-day 2021: 2018: 2011: 2300 BC 1999: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1982: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1952: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1918: 1916: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1885: 1881: 1880: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1844: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1801: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1746: 1743: 1730:Semitic people 1689: 1686: 1659: 1656: 1652:Coptos Decrees 1619:Pepi Men-nefer 1610: 1607: 1581: 1578: 1545:Miroslav Bárta 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1463: 1462: 1459:British Museum 1457: 1450: 1448: 1443: 1436: 1434: 1429: 1422: 1420: 1415: 1408: 1355: 1352: 1348:Saqqara Tablet 1342:written under 1283:Ramses II 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1210: 1207: 1158:Imhotep Museum 1149: 1146: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1080:Middle Kingdom 1056:Western Desert 938: 937: 932: 928: 927: 924:Pepi Men-nefer 920: 916: 915: 906: 902: 901: 896: 892: 891: 886: 882: 881: 879: 878: 867: 866: 865: 855: 845: 835: 828: 818: 807: 805: 801: 800: 797: 796: 795: 794: 789: 781: 780: 779: 776: 773: 768: 763: 758: 756:Ankhesenpepi I 750: 748: 744: 743: 738: 737: 734: 733: 730: 729: 726: 725: 718: 716: 713: 712: 709: 708: 705: 704: 701: 700: 697: 694: 680: 679: 673: 662: 660: 657: 656: 653: 652: 648: 632: 631: 624: 617: 616: 610: 609: 606: 605: 602: 601: 598: 597: 594: 593: 590: 587: 586: 583: 582: 579: 578: 575: 572: 569: 561: 560: 554: 551: 546: 524: 521: 520: 517: 516: 513: 510: 509: 506: 505: 502: 501: 498: 495: 487: 486: 480: 477: 472: 444: 443: 436: 435: 429: 428: 425: 424: 420: 419: 416: 415: 391: 384: 383: 377: 376: 373: 372: 369: 368: 365: 364: 362: 360: 357: 356: 354: 351: 350: 347: 346: 340: 337: 334: 323: 317: 314: 313: 310: 309: 289: 288: 277: 270: 269: 263: 262: 259: 258: 255: 254: 251: 250: 243: 241: 238: 237: 234: 233: 230: 229: 226: 225: 220: 217: 214: 202: 201: 195: 193: 190: 189: 186: 185: 165: 164: 153: 146: 145: 137: 134:Royal titulary 132: 131: 128: 127: 122: 118: 117: 112: 108: 107: 104: 98: 97: 87: 81: 80: 74: 73: 67: 59: 58: 57: 56: 49: 46: 43: 37: 36: 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13504: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13467:Pepi I Meryre 13465: 13464: 13462: 13455: 13447: 13442: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13356: 13353: 13351: 13348: 13347: 13344: 13337: 13333: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13294: 13290: 13288: 13287: 13283: 13281: 13280: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13268: 13264: 13262: 13261: 13257: 13255: 13254: 13250: 13248: 13247: 13243: 13241: 13240: 13236: 13234: 13233: 13229: 13227: 13226: 13222: 13220: 13219: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13207: 13203: 13201: 13200: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13183: 13179: 13177: 13176: 13172: 13170: 13169: 13165: 13163: 13162: 13158: 13156: 13155: 13151: 13149: 13148: 13144: 13142: 13141: 13137: 13135: 13134: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13102: 13098: 13096: 13095: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13038: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12998: 12996: 12994: 12990: 12987: 12979: 12975: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12939: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12892:Cleopatra III 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12824: 12822: 12820: 12816: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12796: 12794: 12792: 12788: 12785: 12777: 12773: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12748: 12745: 12744: 12742: 12740: 12736: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12716: 12714: 12712: 12708: 12702: 12701: 12697: 12695: 12694:Nepherites II 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12676: 12674: 12672: 12668: 12662: 12659: 12658: 12656: 12654: 12650: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12628: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12608: 12606: 12604: 12600: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12558: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12546: 12542: 12541: 12539: 12537: 12533: 12530: 12522: 12518: 12508: 12505: 12500: 12497: 12496: 12494: 12493: 12491: 12485: 12482: 12476: 12472: 12463: 12459: 12454: 12450: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12408: 12406: 12404: 12400: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12385: 12383: 12381: 12377: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12365: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12338: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12318: 12316: 12314: 12310: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12298: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12261: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12241: 12239: 12237: 12233: 12227: 12226: 12225:Psusennes III 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12189: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12179: 12177: 12175: 12171: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12131: 12129: 12127: 12123: 12120: 12116:(1069–664 BC) 12112: 12108: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12082:Ramesses VIII 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12049: 12047: 12045: 12041: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11996: 11994: 11992: 11988: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11951:Amenhotep III 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11908: 11906: 11904: 11900: 11897: 11889: 11885: 11874: 11871: 11866: 11860: 11859: 11856: 11850: 11847: 11841: 11837: 11828: 11824: 11819: 11815: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11791:Seqenenre Tao 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11766:Sobekemsaf II 11764: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11756: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11746: 11744: 11742: 11738: 11732: 11731: 11727: 11725: 11724: 11720: 11718: 11717: 11716:Wepwawetemsaf 11713: 11711: 11710: 11706: 11705: 11703: 11701: 11697: 11691: 11690: 11686: 11684: 11683: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11613: 11611: 11609: 11605: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11588: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11571: 11567: 11565: 11564: 11560: 11558: 11557: 11553: 11551: 11550: 11546: 11545: 11543: 11541: 11537: 11531: 11530: 11526: 11524: 11523: 11519: 11517: 11516: 11512: 11510: 11509: 11505: 11503: 11502: 11498: 11496: 11495: 11491: 11489: 11488: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11426: 11422: 11420: 11419: 11415: 11413: 11412: 11408: 11406: 11405: 11401: 11399: 11398: 11394: 11393: 11391: 11389: 11385: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11323:Merneferre Ay 11321: 11319: 11318:Wahibre Ibiau 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11303:Sobekhotep IV 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11263: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11166: 11162: 11161: 11159: 11157: 11153: 11150: 11142: 11138: 11128: 11127: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11110:Amenemhat III 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11082: 11080: 11078: 11074: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11054: 11052: 11048: 11042: 11041:Mentuhotep IV 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11031:Mentuhotep II 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11008: 11006: 11004: 11000: 10997: 10989: 10985: 10975: 10972: 10967: 10964: 10963: 10961: 10960: 10958: 10952: 10949: 10943: 10939: 10930: 10926: 10921: 10917: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10893:Wahkare Khety 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10880: 10878: 10876: 10872: 10866: 10865: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10848:Neferkare VII 10846: 10844: 10841: 10840: 10838: 10836: 10832: 10826: 10825: 10821: 10819: 10818: 10814: 10812: 10811: 10807: 10805: 10804: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10719: 10717: 10715: 10711: 10707: 10704: 10696: 10692: 10682: 10681: 10677: 10675: 10674: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10634: 10632: 10630: 10626: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10576: 10574: 10572: 10568: 10562: 10561: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10544: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10519: 10517: 10515: 10511: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10499: 10495: 10493: 10492: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10480: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10460: 10458: 10456: 10452: 10449: 10441: 10437: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10421: 10417: 10415: 10414: 10410: 10408: 10407: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10395:Seth-Peribsen 10393: 10391: 10390: 10386: 10384: 10383: 10379: 10377: 10376: 10372: 10370: 10369: 10365: 10363: 10362: 10358: 10356: 10355: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10338:Hotepsekhemwy 10336: 10335: 10333: 10331: 10327: 10321: 10320: 10316: 10314: 10313: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10268: 10265: 10264: 10262: 10260: 10256: 10253: 10245: 10241: 10231: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10221: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10204: 10200: 10198: 10197: 10193: 10191: 10190: 10186: 10184: 10183: 10179: 10177: 10176: 10172: 10170: 10169: 10165: 10163: 10162: 10158: 10156: 10155: 10151: 10150: 10148: 10146: 10142: 10136: 10135: 10131: 10129: 10128:Double Falcon 10126: 10124: 10123: 10119: 10117: 10116: 10112: 10110: 10109: 10105: 10103: 10102: 10098: 10096: 10095: 10091: 10089: 10088: 10084: 10082: 10081: 10077: 10075: 10074: 10070: 10068: 10067: 10063: 10061: 10060: 10056: 10054: 10053: 10049: 10047: 10046: 10042: 10040: 10039: 10035: 10034: 10032: 10030: 10026: 10023: 10019:(pre-3150 BC) 10015: 10014:Protodynastic 10011: 10001: 9998: 9993: 9990: 9989: 9987: 9986: 9984: 9978: 9975: 9969: 9965: 9956: 9952: 9951:Protodynastic 9947: 9943: 9939: 9932: 9927: 9925: 9920: 9918: 9913: 9912: 9909: 9900: 9894: 9890: 9885: 9881: 9877: 9873: 9869: 9865: 9861: 9857: 9853: 9852: 9846: 9842: 9836: 9832: 9831: 9826: 9822: 9818: 9817: 9812: 9808: 9804: 9798: 9794: 9789: 9785: 9779: 9771: 9767: 9763: 9759: 9755: 9751: 9747: 9743: 9742: 9736: 9732: 9726: 9722: 9717: 9713: 9707: 9703: 9699: 9695: 9691: 9685: 9681: 9677: 9676: 9670: 9666: 9660: 9656: 9651: 9648:(3): 363–418. 9647: 9643: 9642: 9634: 9629: 9622: 9618: 9612: 9605: 9604: 9599: 9595: 9591: 9585: 9581: 9577: 9572: 9568: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9530:(in French). 9529: 9524: 9520: 9514: 9510: 9509: 9503: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9489:9781910634356 9485: 9481: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9468: 9462: 9458: 9452: 9448: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9427: 9422: 9418: 9412: 9408: 9401: 9400: 9394: 9390: 9384: 9380: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9361:9780521077910 9357: 9353: 9349: 9344: 9340: 9334: 9330: 9325: 9321: 9319:87-7289-421-0 9315: 9311: 9306: 9302: 9298: 9294: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9281: 9275: 9271: 9265: 9261: 9256: 9252: 9246: 9242: 9241: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9224: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9169: 9165: 9160: 9156: 9150: 9146: 9141: 9137: 9131: 9127: 9122: 9118: 9114: 9110: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9088: 9084: 9078: 9074: 9069: 9065: 9059: 9055: 9054:Halle (Saale) 9049: 9045: 9039: 9035: 9030: 9026: 9020: 9016: 9011: 9007: 9000: 8995: 8991: 8985: 8981: 8976: 8972: 8966: 8962: 8957: 8953: 8950: 8945: 8942:(2): 204–236. 8941: 8938:(in French). 8937: 8933: 8928: 8924: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8905: 8901: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8872: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8853: 8849: 8843: 8839: 8834: 8830: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8815: 8809: 8805: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8771:(in French). 8770: 8766: 8761: 8757: 8751: 8747: 8742: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8725: 8721: 8719:0-87846-390-9 8715: 8711: 8704: 8703: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8660: 8655: 8651: 8647: 8643: 8639: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8611:(in German). 8610: 8605: 8601: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8587:9780521428910 8583: 8579: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8550: 8545: 8541: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8522: 8518: 8516:0-415-61937-8 8512: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8490: 8486: 8481: 8477: 8473: 8468: 8464: 8457: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8434: 8430: 8429: 8423: 8419: 8413: 8409: 8404: 8400: 8398:9780313325809 8394: 8390: 8386: 8385: 8379: 8375: 8373:3-44-701298-6 8369: 8365: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8347: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8324: 8318: 8314: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8260: 8256: 8251: 8247: 8241: 8237: 8232: 8228: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8189: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8050:3-92-755217-8 8046: 8042: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8012: 8006: 8002: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7987: 7980: 7976: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7951:(in French). 7950: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7936:3-80-530501-X 7932: 7928: 7923: 7919: 7913: 7909: 7904: 7900: 7897:(in French). 7896: 7892: 7887: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7860:(in French). 7859: 7855: 7850: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7812:(in French). 7811: 7810: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7773: 7769: 7766:(in French). 7765: 7758: 7753: 7738: 7734: 7731:(in French). 7730: 7723: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7703:(in French). 7702: 7698: 7693: 7689: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7674: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7638: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7613: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7588: 7587: 7581: 7577: 7575:0-918986-93-1 7571: 7567: 7563: 7562: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7530: 7526: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7498: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7476: 7472: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7453: 7449: 7446:(in French). 7445: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7427: 7420: 7416: 7410: 7403: 7402: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7383: 7376: 7375: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7351:(in French). 7350: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7326: 7322: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7303: 7299: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7259: 7255: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7236: 7232: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7213: 7209: 7206:(in German). 7205: 7201: 7196: 7192: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7177: 7171: 7167: 7166: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7130: 7126: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7086: 7081: 7077: 7076: 7064: 7059: 7052: 7047: 7040: 7035: 7028: 7023: 7016: 7011: 7004: 6999: 6997: 6989: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6968: 6963: 6956: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6939: 6934: 6927: 6922: 6915: 6910: 6903: 6898: 6891: 6886: 6884: 6877:, p. 36. 6876: 6871: 6869: 6861: 6856: 6854: 6846: 6841: 6834: 6829: 6823:, p. 18. 6822: 6817: 6810: 6805: 6798: 6793: 6786: 6781: 6775:, p. 71. 6774: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6758:, p. 67. 6757: 6752: 6745: 6740: 6733: 6728: 6726: 6724: 6716: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6699: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6678: 6673: 6666: 6661: 6654: 6649: 6643:, p. 37. 6642: 6637: 6630: 6625: 6618: 6613: 6611: 6603: 6598: 6592:, p. 70. 6591: 6586: 6584: 6577:, p. 18. 6576: 6571: 6565:, p. 53. 6564: 6559: 6553:, p. 49. 6552: 6547: 6545: 6537: 6532: 6530: 6523:, p. 10. 6522: 6517: 6510: 6505: 6499:, p. 57. 6498: 6493: 6487:, p. 24. 6486: 6481: 6474: 6469: 6462: 6457: 6451:, p. 95. 6450: 6445: 6438: 6433: 6427:, p. 97. 6426: 6421: 6414: 6409: 6402: 6397: 6390: 6385: 6379:, p. 82. 6378: 6373: 6366: 6361: 6354: 6349: 6343:, p. 12. 6342: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6325: 6320: 6318: 6310: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6293: 6288: 6281: 6276: 6269: 6264: 6257: 6252: 6245: 6240: 6233: 6228: 6226: 6218: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6189: 6184: 6182: 6174: 6169: 6167: 6159: 6154: 6148:, p. 18. 6147: 6146:Bussmann 2007 6142: 6136:, p. 94. 6135: 6130: 6123: 6122:Bussmann 2007 6118: 6111: 6106: 6099: 6094: 6087: 6082: 6075: 6070: 6064:, p. 69. 6063: 6058: 6056: 6048: 6043: 6037:, p. 13. 6036: 6031: 6024: 6023:O'Connor 1999 6019: 6012: 6007: 6000: 5999:Cauville 1999 5995: 5988: 5983: 5976: 5971: 5965:, p. 85. 5964: 5959: 5952: 5947: 5941:, p. 84. 5940: 5935: 5933: 5925: 5920: 5913: 5908: 5901: 5896: 5894: 5887:, p. 84. 5886: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5870:, p. 19. 5869: 5864: 5857: 5852: 5845: 5844:O'Connor 1992 5840: 5833: 5828: 5826: 5818: 5813: 5807:, p. 36. 5806: 5801: 5799: 5791: 5786: 5779: 5774: 5767: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5751:, p. 20. 5750: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5734:, p. 17. 5733: 5728: 5722:, p. 18. 5721: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5704: 5703:O'Connor 1992 5699: 5692: 5687: 5681:, p. 20. 5680: 5679:Bussmann 2007 5675: 5668: 5667:Bussmann 2007 5663: 5661: 5654:, p. 27. 5653: 5648: 5641: 5636: 5634: 5626: 5621: 5614: 5609: 5607: 5600:, p. 79. 5599: 5594: 5588:, p. 61. 5587: 5582: 5575: 5570: 5563: 5558: 5556: 5548: 5543: 5536: 5531: 5529: 5521: 5516: 5509: 5508:Marcolin 2006 5504: 5497: 5496:Marcolin 2006 5492: 5486:, p. 89. 5485: 5480: 5473: 5468: 5462:, p. 64. 5461: 5456: 5449: 5444: 5438:, p. 58. 5437: 5432: 5426:, p. 92. 5425: 5420: 5413: 5408: 5401: 5396: 5390:, p. 60. 5389: 5384: 5377: 5376:Matthiae 1978 5372: 5370: 5368: 5360: 5359:Matthiae 1978 5355: 5349:, p. 41. 5348: 5343: 5336: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5315: 5314:Matthiae 1978 5310: 5304:, p. 41. 5303: 5298: 5291: 5286: 5279: 5274: 5267: 5262: 5255: 5250: 5243: 5238: 5231: 5230:Goedicke 1963 5226: 5219: 5214: 5212: 5205:, p. 18. 5204: 5199: 5192: 5187: 5180: 5179:Goedicke 1963 5175: 5169:, p. 11. 5168: 5163: 5156: 5151: 5149: 5141: 5140:Goedicke 1963 5136: 5130:, p. 55. 5129: 5124: 5117: 5116:Kanawati 2003 5112: 5105: 5100: 5094:, p. 25. 5093: 5088: 5086: 5078: 5077:Schulman 1999 5073: 5071: 5064:, p. 54. 5063: 5058: 5056: 5048: 5043: 5036: 5035:Goedicke 1963 5031: 5025:, p. 34. 5024: 5019: 5012: 5007: 5000: 4995: 4988: 4983: 4981: 4974:, p. 76. 4973: 4972:Richards 2002 4968: 4966: 4958: 4953: 4946: 4941: 4935:, p. 50. 4934: 4929: 4922: 4921:Goedicke 1988 4917: 4911:, p. 11. 4910: 4908: 4901: 4895:, p. 55. 4894: 4889: 4883:, p. 30. 4882: 4877: 4870: 4865: 4863: 4855: 4850: 4843: 4842:Kanawati 2003 4838: 4836: 4828: 4823: 4816: 4811: 4809: 4801: 4796: 4789: 4784: 4782: 4774: 4769: 4762: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4741: 4736: 4729: 4728:Kanawati 2003 4724: 4717: 4712: 4710: 4702: 4697: 4695: 4687: 4682: 4676:, p. 89. 4675: 4674:Goedicke 1954 4670: 4663: 4658: 4656: 4649:, p. 37. 4648: 4643: 4637:, p. 36. 4636: 4631: 4624: 4619: 4612: 4607: 4600: 4595: 4589:, p. 17. 4588: 4587:Bussmann 2007 4583: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4569: 4564: 4557: 4552: 4545: 4540: 4533: 4528: 4526: 4519:, p. 16. 4518: 4517:Bussmann 2007 4513: 4511: 4503: 4498: 4496: 4489:, p. 57. 4488: 4483: 4476: 4471: 4465:, p. 82. 4464: 4459: 4457: 4449: 4444: 4437: 4432: 4426:, p. 27. 4425: 4420: 4413: 4412:Kanawati 2003 4408: 4401: 4400:Kanawati 2003 4396: 4389: 4388:Kanawati 2003 4384: 4378:, p. 89. 4377: 4376:Kanawati 2003 4372: 4366:, p. 95. 4365: 4364:Kanawati 2003 4360: 4353: 4348: 4341: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4323:, p. 81. 4322: 4317: 4315: 4307: 4302: 4295: 4290: 4284:, p. 10. 4283: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4260: 4259:Kanawati 2003 4255: 4253: 4245: 4244:Kanawati 2003 4240: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4226: 4221: 4219: 4211: 4206: 4199: 4194: 4187: 4185: 4178: 4171: 4166: 4159: 4154: 4147: 4142: 4136:, p. 38. 4135: 4130: 4128: 4120: 4115: 4108: 4103: 4096: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4077: 4072: 4065: 4060: 4053: 4048: 4041: 4040:Gardiner 1945 4036: 4034: 4027:, p. 11. 4026: 4021: 4019: 4012:, p. 49. 4011: 4006: 3999: 3994: 3987: 3982: 3975: 3970: 3963: 3958: 3952:, p. 53. 3951: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3934: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3915: 3910: 3904:, p. 27. 3903: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3886: 3881: 3874: 3869: 3862: 3857: 3850: 3845: 3843: 3835: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3818: 3813: 3811: 3803: 3798: 3796: 3789:, p. 70. 3788: 3783: 3781: 3774:, p. 76. 3773: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3756: 3755:Goedicke 1955 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3735: 3730: 3723: 3718: 3711: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3692: 3687: 3685: 3677: 3672: 3665: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3644: 3639: 3632: 3627: 3620: 3615: 3608: 3603: 3596: 3591: 3584: 3579: 3572: 3567: 3561:, p. 73. 3560: 3555: 3553: 3545: 3540: 3533: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3516: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3491: 3486: 3479: 3474: 3468:, p. 28. 3467: 3462: 3460: 3453:, p. 54. 3452: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3436:, p. 78. 3435: 3430: 3428: 3420: 3415: 3408: 3407:Leprohon 2013 3403: 3397:, p. 10. 3396: 3394: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3374:, p. 42. 3373: 3372:Leprohon 2013 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3350: 3345: 3338: 3333: 3326: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3307: 3302: 3300: 3292: 3287: 3285: 3278:, p. 64. 3277: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3260: 3255: 3253: 3245: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3226: 3221: 3214: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3193: 3188: 3182:, p. 89. 3181: 3176: 3174: 3169: 3155: 3145: 3136: 3129: 3123: 3113: 3106: 3100: 3093: 3087: 3078: 3069: 3059: 3049: 3040: 3031: 3022: 3015: 3009: 3000: 2993: 2987: 2978: 2968: 2958: 2951: 2945: 2936: 2929: 2928: 2921: 2912: 2902: 2893: 2884: 2875: 2868: 2861: 2855: 2850: 2843: 2836: 2829: 2823: 2814: 2807: 2801: 2791: 2782: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2761: 2752: 2748: 2741: 2739: 2738:Mamluk period 2735: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2698: 2695: 2688: 2683: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2650: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2618: 2614: 2605: 2596: 2587: 2585: 2575: 2566: 2557: 2554: 2543: 2541: 2536: 2532: 2518: 2514: 2505: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2489:Petrie Museum 2485: 2476: 2474: 2473: 2468: 2464: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2452:Pyramid Texts 2449: 2445: 2440: 2437: 2436:canopic chest 2433: 2427: 2424: 2418: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2380: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2308:James Quibell 2300: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2261:Hierakonpolis 2251: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2231: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2142:Wadi Hammamat 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2078:Wadi Maghareh 2075: 2071: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2017: 2004: 1988: 1975: 1972: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1954: 1948: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1886: 1882: 1876: 1859: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1846: 1840: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1803: 1797: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1760: 1751: 1750: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1702: 1699:, now at the 1698: 1694: 1685: 1682: 1679:Furthermore, 1676: 1674: 1673:Hierakonpolis 1670: 1665: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1635: 1631: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1590: 1588: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1504: 1498: 1490: 1485: 1471: 1468: 1460: 1454: 1449: 1446: 1440: 1435: 1432: 1426: 1421: 1418: 1412: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1403: 1398: 1396: 1393:of Manetho's 1392: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1375: 1374:cattle counts 1370: 1365: 1360: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1291: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1260: 1255: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1206: 1204: 1199: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1159: 1154: 1145: 1143: 1142:Fifth Dynasty 1139: 1135: 1134:Sixth Dynasty 1131: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1099: 1097: 1094:, and in the 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1076:Pepi Mennefer 1072: 1071:Pyramid Texts 1068: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1004: 999: 993: 991: 987: 983: 982:Fifth Dynasty 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 952: 948: 944: 943:Pepi I Meryre 936: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 914: 910: 907: 903: 900: 897: 893: 890: 887: 883: 872: 868: 859: 856: 849: 846: 839: 836: 829: 822: 821: 819: 812: 809: 808: 806: 802: 793: 790: 788: 785: 784: 782: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 753: 752: 751: 749: 745: 719: 717: 710: 698: 695: 690: 689: 686: 685: 681: 677: 674: 667: 666: 663: 661: 649: 646: 645: 642: 641: 638: 637: 634: 633: 629: 623: 622: 618: 615: 611: 591: 585: 584: 576: 573: 570: 567: 566: 563: 562: 559: 558: 555: 552: 547: 542: 541: 538: 537: 534: 533:Beloved of Re 530: 525: 514: 508: 507: 499: 496: 493: 492: 489: 488: 485: 484: 481: 478: 473: 468: 467: 464: 463: 459: 455: 451: 446: 445: 442: 441: 437: 434: 430: 409: 408: 405: 404: 400: 396: 390: 389: 385: 382: 378: 363: 361: 341: 338: 335: 332: 331: 328: 327: 321: 318: 307: 306: 303: 302: 299: 298: 295: 294: 291: 290: 286: 282: 276: 275: 271: 268: 264: 244: 242: 235: 221: 218: 215: 212: 211: 208: 207: 203: 199: 196: 183: 182: 179: 178: 175: 174: 171: 170: 167: 166: 162: 158: 152: 151: 147: 144: 140: 135: 129: 126: 123: 119: 116: 113: 109: 105: 103: 99: 88: 86: 82: 79: 75: 71: 65: 60: 50: 47: 44: 41: 40: 38: 35:Pepi I Meryre 33: 27: 19: 13454: 13291: 13284: 13277: 13265: 13258: 13251: 13244: 13237: 13230: 13223: 13216: 13204: 13197: 13180: 13173: 13166: 13159: 13152: 13145: 13138: 13131: 13099: 13092: 13078:Lucius Verus 13035: 12936: 12912:Berenice III 12902:Cleopatra IV 12877:Cleopatra II 12809:Alexander IV 12729:Nectanebo II 12698: 12679:Nepherites I 12638:Artaxerxes I 12625: 12555: 12543: 12526:(664–332 BC) 12506: 12462:Roman Period 12364:Shoshenq VII 12362: 12335: 12295: 12276:Shoshenq III 12258: 12223: 12186: 12164:Psusennes II 12077:Ramesses VII 12057:Ramesses III 11941:Amenhotep II 11936:Thutmose III 11872: 11761:Sobekemsaf I 11753: 11728: 11721: 11714: 11707: 11687: 11680: 11585: 11568: 11563:'Aper-'Anati 11561: 11554: 11547: 11527: 11520: 11513: 11506: 11499: 11492: 11485: 11471:Sekheperenre 11423: 11416: 11409: 11402: 11395: 11293:Neferhotep I 11283:Seth Meribre 11260: 11246:Djedkheperew 11163: 11124: 11115:Amenemhat IV 11105:Senusret III 11095:Amenemhat II 11011:Mentuhotep I 10973: 10862: 10822: 10815: 10808: 10801: 10727:Neferkare II 10678: 10671: 10646: 10604:Nyuserre Ini 10558: 10541: 10496: 10489: 10477: 10418: 10413:Neferkasokar 10411: 10404: 10387: 10380: 10373: 10366: 10359: 10352: 10317: 10310: 10218: 10201: 10194: 10187: 10180: 10173: 10166: 10161:Finger Snail 10159: 10152: 10132: 10120: 10113: 10106: 10099: 10092: 10085: 10078: 10071: 10064: 10057: 10050: 10043: 10036: 9999: 9888: 9855: 9849: 9829: 9814: 9792: 9740: 9720: 9701: 9678:. New York: 9674: 9654: 9645: 9639: 9621:the original 9602: 9576:The pharaohs 9575: 9557:Harry Abrams 9555:. New York: 9552: 9543: 9531: 9527: 9507: 9498:j.ctt1g69z2n 9466: 9446: 9429: 9425: 9398: 9378: 9351: 9328: 9309: 9284: 9278: 9259: 9239: 9226: 9205: 9190:. Retrieved 9163: 9144: 9125: 9108: 9099: 9095: 9072: 9052: 9033: 9014: 9005: 8979: 8960: 8951: 8939: 8935: 8912: 8908: 8884: 8856: 8837: 8813: 8789: 8772: 8768: 8745: 8728: 8701: 8683: 8679: 8662: 8658: 8641: 8637: 8612: 8608: 8599: 8577: 8555:(1): 13–34. 8552: 8548: 8529: 8506: 8484: 8475: 8471: 8462: 8427: 8407: 8384:The Pyramids 8383: 8363: 8345: 8326:. New York: 8322: 8288: 8284: 8254: 8235: 8212: 8192: 8186: 8165: 8161: 8136: 8132: 8103: 8099: 8066: 8062: 8040: 8015: 8009: 7983: 7964: 7952: 7948: 7926: 7907: 7898: 7894: 7878:. Retrieved 7873: 7861: 7857: 7841:. Retrieved 7813: 7807: 7791: 7780: 7776: 7767: 7763: 7744:. Retrieved 7737:the original 7732: 7728: 7704: 7700: 7672: 7648:. New York: 7645: 7629:. Retrieved 7625:the original 7611: 7602:j.ctt1cd0npx 7585: 7560: 7550: 7537: 7522: 7496: 7479: 7460: 7447: 7443: 7430: 7419:the original 7400: 7396:Baud, Michel 7373: 7369:Baud, Michel 7352: 7346: 7333: 7306: 7283: 7262: 7239: 7221:I. B. Tauris 7216: 7207: 7203: 7188: 7163: 7133: 7110: 7088:. 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Rome: 7986:A. F. Shore 7876:(in French) 7816:: 161–214. 7594:Oxbow Books 7063:Legros 2017 7051:Legros 2017 7039:Lehner 1997 7003:Legros 2017 6988:Legros 2017 6955:Legros 2017 6902:Legros 2016 6890:Legros 2017 6860:Legros 2017 6715:Legros 2017 6677:Lehner 1997 6653:Lehner 1997 6590:Arnold 2005 6575:Lehner 1997 6509:Grimal 1992 6497:Verner 1994 6485:Lehner 1997 6365:Lehner 1997 6309:Hellum 2007 6280:Lehner 1997 6217:Lehner 1997 6173:Lehner 1997 6134:Dreyer 1986 6110:Franke 1994 6098:Kaiser 1999 6086:Dreyer 1986 6074:Dreyer 1986 6011:Sowada 2009 5987:Daumas 1952 5939:Grimal 1992 5817:Sowada 2009 5484:Petrie 1897 5460:Tallet 2015 5448:Tallet 2015 5436:Tallet 2015 5424:Sowada 2009 5412:Sowada 2009 5388:Astour 2002 5278:Sowada 2009 5242:Sowada 2009 5191:Sowada 2009 5167:Sowada 2009 4463:Grimal 1992 4321:Grimal 1992 4158:Ryholt 1997 4119:Anthes 1928 4052:Katary 2001 3710:Grimal 1992 3664:Lehner 1997 3451:Jánosi 1992 3325:Sowada 2009 2842:Michel Baud 2728:Late Period 2711:throne name 2677:New Kingdom 2624:Old Kingdom 2320:Thinite era 2312:Khasekhemwy 2090:Ayn Soukhna 1805:Nebty name 1762:Horus name 1739:Ras Kouroun 1717:Elephantine 1279:Turin canon 1275:Seti I 1185:Inenek-Inti 1092:New Kingdom 947:Pepy I 935:6th Dynasty 869:uncertain: 783:uncertain: 771:Inenek-Inti 281:mry ẖt nbtj 111:Predecessor 13461:Categories 13299:Diocletian 13253:Quintillus 13206:Aemilianus 13161:Gordian II 13133:Elagabalus 12954:Arsinoe IV 12837:Arsinoe II 12762:Darius III 12689:Psammuthes 12578:Psamtik II 12393:Bakenranef 12331:Pedubast I 12326:Takelot II 12321:Harsiese A 12303:Osorkon IV 12291:Shoshenq V 12271:Osorkon II 12244:Shoshenq I 12214:Smendes II 12194:Pinedjem I 12139:Amenemnisu 12092:Ramesses X 12067:Ramesses V 12019:Amenmesses 11999:Ramesses I 11961:Smenkhkare 11931:Hatshepsut 11921:Thutmose I 11671:Montuemsaf 11661:Dedumose I 11461:Nebdjefare 11451:Merdjefare 11221:Nedjemibre 11216:Sewadjkare 11090:Senusret I 11062:Qakare Ini 10883:Meryhathor 10787:Neferkaure 10782:Qakare Iby 10767:Neferkahor 10752:Neferkamin 10560:Thamphthis 10554:Shepseskaf 10468:Sekhemkhet 10319:Horus Bird 10196:Scorpion I 9578:. London: 9470:. London: 8680:Orientalia 8659:Orientalia 8638:Orientalia 8000:0856981249 7989:. London: 7864:: 163–172. 7676:. London: 7592:. Oxford: 7500:. London: 7286:. London: 7275:1119736998 7113:. Oxford: 6473:Allen 2005 6449:Allen 2001 6437:Málek 2000 6425:Allen 2005 6401:Allen 2005 6377:Hayes 1978 6341:Allen 2005 6088:, no. 455. 5912:Heinz 2002 5900:Muhly 1999 5640:Lange 2016 5562:Hayes 1946 5520:Meyer 1999 5472:Smith 1999 5335:Málek 2000 5266:Baker 2008 5218:Hayes 1978 5203:Helck 1971 5047:Hayes 1978 5011:Smith 1971 4987:Hayes 1978 4881:Kurth 1992 4869:Bárta 2013 4827:Hayes 1946 4815:Yurco 1999 4800:Baud 1999b 4788:Baud 1999a 4761:Smith 1971 4740:Málek 2000 4716:Baud 1999b 4686:Málek 2000 4436:Baud 1999b 4352:Baker 2008 4340:Smith 1971 4282:Bárta 2017 4025:Bárta 2017 3933:Baker 2008 3885:Baud 1999b 3849:Baud 1999b 3817:Baud 1999b 3802:Baud 1999b 3676:Baud 1999b 3595:Baud 1999b 3571:Baud 1999b 3532:Baud 1999b 3490:Baud 1999b 3478:Baud 1999b 3306:Málek 2000 3165:References 2867:Kim Ryholt 2722:proprietor 2718:Khaemweset 2448:gum arabic 2353:Heliopolis 2254:Ka-chapels 1912:Nefersahor 1609:Conspiracy 1597:including 1565:protection 1560:Horus name 1395:Aegyptiaca 1336:Aegyptiaca 1332:Hellenized 1324:Aegyptiaca 1308:Aegyptiaca 1295:Αἰγυπτιακά 1290:Aegyptiaca 1244:Chronology 1096:Mamluk era 830:Tetiankh ( 820:probably: 267:Nebty name 143:Horus name 13431:Ptolemaic 13239:Gallienus 13154:Gordian I 13117:Caracalla 13043:Vespasian 13037:Vitellius 12819:Ptolemaic 12661:Amyrtaeus 12643:Darius II 12588:Ahmose II 12568:Psamtik I 12507:uncertain 12495:Pharaohs 12431:Tanutamun 12266:Takelot I 12249:Osorkon I 12199:Masaharta 12149:Amenemope 12052:Setnakhte 12014:Merneptah 11956:Akhenaten 11873:uncertain 11755:Nebmaatre 11576:Sakir-Har 11529:Yaqub-Har 11441:Nebefawre 11191:Hotepibre 11057:Segerseni 11026:Intef III 10974:uncertain 10962:Pharaohs 10594:Neferefre 10420:Hudjefa I 10301:Semerkhet 10038:Hedju Hor 10000:uncertain 9988:Pharaohs 9880:163985913 9472:UCL Press 9214:265478912 9117:647981227 8629:160297448 8569:191624758 8447:0169-9423 8355:931857202 8313:192279269 8273:0169-9601 8110:: 88–89. 8091:192251888 8069:: 11–28. 7880:18 August 7843:11 August 7838:267263127 7830:0255-0962 7746:18 August 7650:Routledge 7631:17 August 7621:862671624 7510:251195519 7398:(1999b). 7371:(1999a). 7361:0255-0962 7355:: 23–92. 6521:Hays 2012 6353:Hays 2012 6158:Amin 2020 5924:Peck 1999 4773:Eyre 1994 4095:Baud 2006 4076:Baud 2006 3291:Rice 1999 2766:mwt-niswt 2444:malachite 2396:Ineb-hedj 2324:Nine bows 2138:siltstone 2134:Greywacke 2106:alabaster 2070:turquoise 1884:Prenomen 1553:Sesheshet 1196:Nedjeftet 1061:Pepi had 949:) was an 919:Monuments 911:in South 787:Nedjeftet 450:nfr zꜣ ḥr 392:Biku Nebu 154:Mery Tawy 121:Successor 102:Coregency 93:or early 13391:21 to 23 13309:Galerius 13304:Maximian 13293:Numerian 13260:Aurelian 13212:Valerian 13175:Balbinus 13168:Pupienus 13122:Macrinus 13094:Pertinax 13088:Commodus 13053:Domitian 13016:Claudius 13011:Caligula 13006:Tiberius 13001:Augustus 12621:Darius I 12573:Necho II 12416:Shebitku 12388:Tefnakht 11981:Horemheb 11911:Ahmose I 11723:Pantjeny 11709:Senebkay 11689:Pepi III 11651:Bebiankh 11508:Shenshek 11466:Nebsenre 11298:Sihathor 11268:Khendjer 11231:Renseneb 11176:Nerikare 11021:Intef II 10898:Merykare 10803:Wadjkare 10747:Merenhor 10642:Userkare 10549:Menkaure 10543:Bikheris 10532:Djedefre 10498:Qahedjet 10382:Wadjenes 10368:Horus Sa 10361:Nubnefer 10348:Nynetjer 10312:Sneferka 10052:Ni-Neith 9938:Pharaohs 9827:(2000). 9778:cite web 9768:(2020). 9700:(1997). 9600:(1994). 9438:25152700 9370:33234410 9301:40001150 9237:(1992). 9204:(1897). 8692:43076189 8671:43075409 8650:43075253 8505:(2003). 8478:: 51–57. 8291:: 3–23. 8211:(1992). 8201:44324580 8178:41879487 7802:(1912). 7770:: 35–44. 7670:(1994). 7098:41431623 2617:Steatite 2553:obelisks 2535:mudbrick 2400:Mennefer 2392:Mennefer 2281:Bubastis 2130:Mirgissa 2104:, where 2098:obsidian 1875:Bikunebu 1839:Merykhet 1796:Merytawy 1745:Titulary 1713:nomarchs 1703:in Cairo 1601:and the 1523:titulary 1515:Userkare 1508:regicide 1474:Politics 1379:biennial 1316:Eusebius 1209:Children 1181:Nubwenet 1148:Consorts 970:Userkare 804:Children 778:Sebwetet 766:Nubwenet 395:bjkw nbw 157:mry tꜣwj 115:Userkare 13286:Carinus 13267:Tacitus 13225:Quietus 13068:Hadrian 12752:Khabash 12583:Wahibre 12563:Necho I 12557:Nekauba 12545:Ammeris 12488:Dynasty 12426:Taharqa 12421:Shabaka 12358:Rudamun 12337:Iuput I 12182:Herihor 12134:Smendes 12034:Twosret 12024:Seti II 11868:female) 11853:Dynasty 11749:Rahotep 11646:Semenre 11616:Djehuti 11598:Khamudi 11587:Yanassi 11570:Salitis 11522:Yakareb 11515:Khamure 11446:Sehebre 11368:Merkare 11016:Intef I 10955:Dynasty 10864:Imhotep 10824:Iytjenu 10810:Khuiqer 10722:Menkare 10673:Neferka 10657:Pepi II 10579:Userkaf 10473:Sanakht 10296:Anedjib 10276:Hor-Aha 10209:Iry-Hor 10203:Shendjw 10175:Pen-Abu 10059:Hat-Hor 9981:Dynasty 9872:3210065 9819:. 2020. 9758:6246102 9741:Manetho 9580:Quercus 8528:(ed.). 8336:7427345 8305:3855410 8083:3855380 7459:(ed.). 7162:(ed.). 7109:(ed.). 3117:abroad. 2635:Nekhbet 2404:Memphis 2360:faience 2330:Temples 2314:of the 2285:Dendera 2198:Sneferu 2160:Oases. 2086:Red Sea 1998:Economy 1537:viziers 1467:temples 1391:epitome 1304:Manetho 1189:viziers 1173:nomarch 1130:mastaba 1107:Parents 1084:Memphis 1067:Saqqara 1012:nomarch 1003:temples 954:pharaoh 931:Dynasty 913:Saqqara 871:Pepi II 858:Iput II 747:Consort 78:Pharaoh 13426:Argead 13273:Probus 13193:Decius 13188:Philip 13063:Trajan 12791:Argead 12700:Muthis 12653:XXVIII 12633:Xerxes 12501:female 12479:Period 12188:Piankh 12159:Siamun 12029:Siptah 12004:Seti I 11844:Period 11796:Kamose 11730:Snaaib 11700:Abydos 11556:Semqen 11549:Sharek 11501:Sheneh 11481:'Apepi 11476:Bebnum 11431:Nehesy 11251:Sebkay 11171:Sonbef 10968:female 10946:Period 10757:Nikare 10647:Pepi I 10584:Sahure 10537:Khafre 10522:Snefru 10491:Sedjes 10463:Djoser 10389:Senedj 10267:Narmer 10226:Narmer 10108:Wazner 10073:Hsekiu 10045:Ny-Hor 9994:female 9972:Period 9895: 9878: 9870: 9837: 9799: 9756: 9727: 9708: 9686: 9661: 9613: 9586: 9563: 9515: 9496: 9486: 9453: 9436: 9413: 9385: 9368: 9358: 9335: 9316: 9299: 9266: 9247: 9212: 9170: 9151: 9132: 9115: 9079: 9060: 9040: 9021: 8986: 8967: 8919: 8896: 8867: 8844: 8825: 8800: 8752: 8716: 8690: 8669: 8648: 8627: 8584: 8567: 8536: 8513: 8491: 8445: 8435: 8414: 8395: 8370: 8353: 8334: 8311: 8303: 8271: 8261: 8242: 8223: 8199: 8176: 8153:595170 8151: 8124:596209 8122: 8089: 8081: 8047: 8032:501964 8030: 7997: 7971: 7933: 7914: 7836: 7828: 7684: 7656: 7619: 7600: 7572: 7508: 7467: 7411: 7384: 7359: 7317: 7294: 7273: 7250: 7227: 7172: 7144: 7121: 7096: 4907:et al. 4905:Allen 4184:et al. 4182:Allen 3393:et al. 3391:Allen 3105:Akhmim 2992:ḥryw-š 2608:Legacy 2540:serdab 2432:serdab 2345:Hathor 2337:Bastet 2269:Assiut 2265:Abydos 2194:Dashur 2158:Selima 2154:Dakhla 2102:Hatnub 2074:copper 2058:Canaan 2054:Mendes 2050:Sargon 2048:under 2030:Byblos 1990:"Pepi" 1956:Nomen 1947:Meryre 1603:Ennead 1386:Hatnub 1125:Coptos 1121:relief 1102:Family 1048:Byblos 1044:Levant 1016:Abydos 998:vizier 945:(also 905:Burial 895:Mother 885:Father 792:Behenu 529:mry rꜥ 526:Meryre 18:Pepi I 13279:Carus 13058:Nerva 13048:Titus 13026:Galba 12993:XXXIV 12978:Roman 12757:Arses 12684:Hakor 12603:XXVII 12313:XXIII 11903:XVIII 11863:(male 11593:Apepi 11581:Khyan 11494:Wazad 11262:Wegaf 11196:Iufni 11050:Nubia 10858:Setut 10680:Nefer 10527:Khufu 10485:Khaba 10479:Nebka 10343:Nebra 10271:Menes 10230:Menes 10182:Stork 10145:Upper 10101:Neheb 10094:Thesh 10080:Khayu 10029:Lower 9876:S2CID 9868:JSTOR 9636:(PDF) 9624:(PDF) 9607:(PDF) 9494:JSTOR 9434:JSTOR 9403:(PDF) 9297:JSTOR 9192:4 May 9002:(PDF) 8706:(PDF) 8688:JSTOR 8667:JSTOR 8646:JSTOR 8625:S2CID 8565:S2CID 8459:(PDF) 8309:S2CID 8301:JSTOR 8197:JSTOR 8174:JSTOR 8149:JSTOR 8120:JSTOR 8106:(2). 8087:S2CID 8079:JSTOR 8028:JSTOR 7834:S2CID 7760:(PDF) 7740:(PDF) 7725:(PDF) 7598:JSTOR 7590:(PDF) 7422:(PDF) 7405:(PDF) 7378:(PDF) 3063:year. 2906:tomb. 2744:Notes 2631:Elkab 2364:Satet 2289:Elkab 2263:, in 2219:Cusae 2186:stele 2082:Sinai 2062:Gezer 2042:Syria 1721:Kerma 1709:Nubia 1664:Rawer 1599:Horus 1328:Greek 1230:Neith 1177:Nebet 1040:Sinai 1036:Nubia 1028:Nebet 848:Neith 775:Mehaa 614:Nomen 85:Reign 48:Phius 45:Phios 13112:Geta 13031:Otho 13021:Nero 12739:XXXI 12724:Teos 12671:XXIX 12536:XXVI 12521:Late 12498:male 12458:Late 12411:Piye 12380:XXIV 12286:Pami 12236:XXII 11825:and 11741:XVII 11487:Nuya 11156:XIII 10965:male 10927:and 10817:Khui 10714:VIII 10637:Teti 10619:Unas 10504:Huni 10306:Qa'a 10286:Djet 10281:Djer 10189:Bull 10168:Fish 10134:Wash 10115:Mekh 9991:male 9893:ISBN 9835:ISBN 9797:ISBN 9784:link 9754:OCLC 9725:ISBN 9706:ISBN 9684:ISBN 9659:ISBN 9611:ISBN 9584:ISBN 9561:ISBN 9513:ISBN 9484:ISBN 9451:ISBN 9411:ISBN 9383:ISBN 9366:OCLC 9356:ISBN 9333:ISBN 9314:ISBN 9264:ISBN 9245:ISBN 9210:OCLC 9194:2020 9168:ISBN 9149:ISBN 9130:ISBN 9113:OCLC 9077:ISBN 9058:ISBN 9038:ISBN 9019:ISBN 8984:ISBN 8965:ISBN 8917:ISBN 8894:ISBN 8865:ISBN 8842:ISBN 8823:ISBN 8798:ISBN 8750:ISBN 8714:ISBN 8582:ISBN 8534:ISBN 8511:ISBN 8489:ISBN 8463:Eras 8443:ISSN 8433:ISBN 8412:ISBN 8393:ISBN 8368:ISBN 8351:OCLC 8332:OCLC 8269:ISSN 8259:ISBN 8240:ISBN 8221:ISBN 8045:ISBN 7995:ISBN 7969:ISBN 7931:ISBN 7912:ISBN 7882:2020 7845:2018 7826:ISSN 7748:2020 7682:ISBN 7654:ISBN 7633:2020 7617:OCLC 7570:ISBN 7506:OCLC 7465:ISBN 7409:ISBN 7382:ISBN 7357:ISSN 7315:ISBN 7292:ISBN 7271:OCLC 7248:ISBN 7225:ISBN 7170:ISBN 7142:ISBN 7119:ISBN 7094:OCLC 4909:1999 4186:1999 3395:1999 3014:3'mu 2692:The 2531:jamb 2501:lime 2465:and 2446:and 2368:naos 2349:Atum 2156:and 2136:and 2122:lead 2120:and 2112:and 2094:Punt 2072:and 2038:Ebla 1987:Pepi 1640:Djau 1595:gods 1314:and 1203:Weni 1167:and 1138:Unas 1117:Iput 1115:and 1113:Teti 1052:Ebla 1032:Djau 1022:and 1007:gods 978:Unas 974:Iput 966:Teti 899:Iput 889:Teti 625:Pepi 53:φιός 42:Pepy 12711:XXX 12460:to 12403:XXV 12126:XXI 11991:XIX 11608:XVI 11388:XIV 11236:Hor 11077:XII 10710:VII 10455:III 10291:Den 10087:Tiu 9953:to 9860:doi 9476:doi 9289:doi 8940:122 8909:Iny 8890:104 8777:doi 8733:doi 8617:doi 8613:133 8557:doi 8553:103 8293:doi 8141:doi 8112:doi 8071:doi 8020:doi 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