380:
world... everywhere where
English is spoken or read with any degree of enthusiasm, people will be invited to contribute words. And the point is, the way they do it, the way they will be asked and instructed to do it, is to read voraciously and whenever they see a word, whether it's a preposition or a sesquipedalian monster, they are to... if it interests them and if where they read it, they see it in a sentence that illustrates the way that that word is used, offers the meaning of the day to that word, then they are to write it on a slip of paper... the top left-hand side you write the word, the chosen word, the catchword, which in this case is 'twilight'. Then the quotation, the quotation illustrates the meaning of the word. And underneath it, the citation, where it came from, whether it was printed or whether it was in manuscript... and then the reference, the volume, the page and so on... and send these slips of paper, these slips are the key to the making of this dictionary, into the headquarters of the dictionary.
1505:
examined two clothing brands, Lulu Lemon and
American Apparel. The difference between these two brands is that Lulu Lemon had a social media following while American Apparel was the complete opposite with no social media following. Unsurprisingly, Lulu Lemon had much more positive contributions compared to American Apparel which had less positive contributions. Lulu Lemon has three times the number of positive contributions, 64 percent vs 22 percent for American Apparel on Twitter while on Facebook and YouTube, they had roughly an equal number of contributions. This proves that social media can influence how a brand is perceived, usually in a more positive light. A study by Dhar and Chang, published in 2007, found that the volume of blogs posted on a music album was positively correlated with future sales of that album.
1390:". VMK, like most games, has items that are traded from user to user. Many of these items are rare within the game. Users are able to use these items to create their own rooms, avatars and pin lanyard. This site shut down at 10 pm CDT on 21 May 2008. There are ways to preserve the essence, if not the entirety of such work through the users copying text and media to applications on their personal computers or recording live action or animated scenes using screen capture software, and then uploading elsewhere. Long before the Web, creative works were simply lost or went out of publication and disappeared from history unless individuals found ways to keep them in personal collections.
80:
535:'s followers. Social incentives also include the ability to connect users with others, as seen on the sites already mentioned as well as sites like YouTube, Instagram, and Twitter, which allow users to share media from their lives with others. Users also share the experiences that they have while using a particular product/service. This will improve the customer experience as they can make informed decisions in buying a product, which makes them smart buyers. Other common social incentives are status, badges, or levels within the site, something a user earns when they reach a certain level of participation which may or may not come with additional privileges.
216:: Creative effort was put into creating the work or adapting existing works to construct a new one; i.e. users must add their own value to the work. UGC often also has a collaborative element to it, as is the case with websites that users can edit collaboratively. For example, merely copying a portion of a television show and posting it to an online video website (an activity frequently seen on the UGC sites) would not be considered UGC. However, uploading photographs, expressing one's thoughts in a blog post or creating a new music video could be considered UGC. Yet the minimum amount of creative effort is hard to define and depends on the context.
540:
very nature requires a sizable existing community before it can function. Social incentive can also be split into identification and integration. The identification motivation has strong external standardization and internalization of behavioral goals, such as social identity, that is, users will follow some subjective norms and images to constrain and practice their behaviors. The integration has the strongest external standardization and goal internalization, and the agent often integrates its actual actions with the subjective norms of the environment, so it has the effect of self-restraint and self-realization, such as the sense of belonging.
1669:
1211:
journalists, as well as users—provided that those users are experts in a field relevant to the content that they create. In response to this, it is suggested that online news sites must consider themselves not only a source for articles and other types of journalism but also a platform for engagement and feedback from their communities. The ongoing engagement with a news site that is possible due to the interactive nature of user-generated content is considered a source of sustainable revenue for publishers of online journalism going forward.
196:, and an ever-growing number of participatory users are taking advantage of these interactive opportunities, especially on the Internet, to create independent content. Grassroots experimentation then generated an innovation in sounds, artists, techniques, and associations with audiences, which then are being used in mainstream media. The active, participatory, and creative audience is prevailing today with relatively accessible media, tools, and applications, and its culture is in turn affecting mass media corporations and global audiences.
1415:
case of a public coffee shop, they have no way of pinpointing the exact user. There is also a problem with the issues surrounding extremely harmful but not legal acts. For example, the posting of content that instigates a person's suicide. It is a criminal offense if there is proof of "beyond reasonable doubt" but different situations may produce different outcomes. Depending on the country, there is certain laws that come with the Web 2.0. In the United States, the "
210:: While user-generated content (UGC) could be produced by a user that contributes to the Internet and never published online or elsewhere, we focus here on the work that is published in some context, be it on a publicly accessible website or on a page on a social networking site only accessible to a select group of people (e.g., fellow university students). This is a valuable way to exclude email, two-way instant messages, and the like button.
4013:
222:: User-generated content is generally created outside of professional routines and practices. It often does not have an institutional or a commercial market context. In extreme cases, UGC may be produced by non-professionals without the expectation of profit or remuneration. Motivating factors include connecting with peers, achieving a certain level of fame, notoriety, or prestige, and the desire to express oneself.
2696:"Supreme Commander fans released Forged Alliance Forever and gave the game the online client it could otherwise only dream of. I haven't played it much, but I still got a tear in my eye when I read about the extents these coders had gone to. There's nothing quite so wonderful to witness as love, and this is surely love of the very purest order. SupCom guys resurrect a series whose publisher had just gone under."
349:
Graham, Straumann, and Hogan say that the increase in the availability and diversity of content has not radically changed the structures and processes for the production of knowledge. For example, while content on Africa has dramatically increased, a significant portion of this content has continued to be produced by contributors operating from North
America and Europe, rather than from Africa itself.
25:
519:
user-generated content, ranging from altruistic, to social, to materialistic. Due to the high value of user-generated content, many sites use incentives to encourage their generation. These incentives can be generally categorized into implicit incentives and explicit incentives. Sometimes, users are also given monetary incentives to encourage them to create captivating and inspiring UGC.
1378:
Such classification is said to perpetuate an unfair distinction that some argue is diminishing because of the prevalence and affordability of the means of production and publication. A better response might be to offer optional expressions that better capture the spirit and nature of such work, such as EGC, Entrepreneurial
Generated Content (see external reference below).
556:
they may cause the user to be subject to the overjustification effect, eventually believing the only reason for participating is for the explicit incentive. This reduces the influence of the other form of social or altruistic motivation, making it increasingly costly for the content host to retain long-term contributors.
605:. Additionally, the value of this data depends on the specific task for which it will be utilized and the available features of the application domain. Value can ultimately be defined and assessed according to whether the application will provide service to a crowd of humans, a single end user, or a platform designer.
1253:
campaign in which customers uploaded images of themselves with bottles to social media attributed to a two percent increase in revenue. Of millennials, UGC can influence purchase decisions up to fifty-nine percent of the time, and eighty-four percent say that UGC on company websites has at least some
1234:
The use of user-generated content has been prominent in the efforts of marketing online, especially among millennials. A good reason for this may be that 86% of consumers say authenticity is important when deciding which brands they support, and 60% believe user-generated content is not only the most
1047:
A popular use of UGC involves collaboration between a brand and a user. An example is the "Elf
Yourself" videos by Jib Jab that come back every year around Christmas. The Jib Jab website lets people use their photos of friends and family that they have uploaded to make a holiday video to share across
776:
Blogs are websites created by individuals, groups, and associations. They mostly consist of journal-style text and enable interaction between a blogger and reader in the form of online comments. Self-hosted blogs can be created by professional entities such as entrepreneurs and small businesses. Blog
651:
primarily use machine-centered methods to essentially maximize the diversity of content presented to users in order to avoid constraining the space of topic selections or perspectives. The diversity of content can be assessed with respect to various dimensions, such as authorship, topics, sentiments,
245:
was transferred monthly over the
Internet, more than twice as many as in 2012. In 2016, the number of active websites surpassed 1 billion, up from approximately 700 million in 2012. This means the content we like others currently have access to is even more diverse, incorporated, and unique than ever
1479:
In the UK, the
Defamation Act of 1996 says that if a person is not the author, editor or publisher and did not know about the situation, they are not convicted. Furthermore, ISPs are not considered authors, editors, or publishers and they cannot have responsibility for people they have no "effective
600:
Determining the value of user contributions for assessment and ranking can be difficult due to the variation in the quality and structure of this data. The quality and structure of the data provided by UGC is application-dependent, and can include items such as tags, reviews, or comments that may or
348:
had more than 43 million articles, almost twice as many as in
January 2012. This corresponded to a progressive diversification of content and an increase in contributions in languages other than English. In 2017, less than 12 percent of Knowledge content was in English, down from 18 percent in 2012.
158:
also developed a similar user-generated content platform, known as iReport. There are other examples of news channels implementing similar protocols, especially in the immediate aftermath of a catastrophe or terrorist attack. Social media users can provide key eyewitness content and information that
1423:
state that "no provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider." This clause effectively provides a general immunity for websites that host user-generated content that is defamatory,
1405:
There is also criticism regarding whether or not those who contribute to a platform should be paid for their content. In 2015, a group of 18 famous content creators on Vine attempted to negotiate a deal with Vine representatives to secure a $ 1.2 million contract for a guaranteed 12 videos a month.
379:
So what we're going to do, if I have your agreement that we're going to produce such a dictionary, is that we're going to send out invitations, were going to send these invitations to every library, every school, every university, every book shop that we can identify throughout the
English-speaking
1504:
in 2012 conducted research that resulted in a proposed framework for comparing brand-related UGC and to understand how the strategy used by a company could influence the brand sentiment across different social media channels including YouTube, Twitter and
Facebook. The three scholars of this study
1414:
The ability for services to accept user-generated content opens up a number of legal concerns, from the broader sense to specific local laws. In general, knowing who committed the online crime is difficult because many use pseudonyms or remain anonymous. Sometimes it can be traced back. But in the
1397:
Another concern of platforms that rely heavily on user-generated content, such as Twitter and Facebook, is how easy it is to find people who holds the same opinions and interests in addition to how well they facilitate the creation of networks or closed groups. While the strength of these services
184:
and news coverage. People give their reviews and share stories in the form of user-generated and user-uploaded audio and user-generated video. The former is a two-way process in contrast to the one-way distribution of the latter. Conversational or two-way media is a key characteristic of so-called
1492:
A study on YouTube analyzing one of the video on demand systems was conducted in 2007. The length of the video had decreased by two-fold from the non-UGC content but they saw a fast production rate. The user behavior is what perpetuates the UGC. The act of P2P (peer-to-peer) was studied and saw a
1377:
Some commentators assert that the term "user" implies an illusory or unproductive distinction between different kinds of "publishers", with the term "users" exclusively used to characterize publishers who operate on a much smaller scale than traditional mass-media outlets or who operate for free.
555:
both use this type of financial incentive in slightly different ways to encourage users participation. The projective agent has some external norms, but the degree of internalization is not enough, that is, it has not been fully recognized by the actor. The drawback to explicit incentives is that
550:
These incentives refer to tangible rewards. Explicit incentives can be split into externality and projection. External motivation is more inclined to economic and material incentives, such as the reward for engaging in a task, which has little internalization and lacks relevant external norms and
539:
is an example of this type of social incentive. Another social incentive is social comparison. Being aware of the user's own ranking or level among the whole community could affect the behavior as well. Social incentives cost the host site very little and can catalyze vital growth; however, their
551:
constraints. Examples include financial payment, entry into a contest, a voucher, a coupon, or frequent traveler miles. Direct explicit incentives are easily understandable by most and have immediate value regardless of the community size; sites such as the Canadian shopping platform Wishabi and
612:
that are available for analysis. Consequently, it is critical to have an understanding of the task objective and its relation to how the data is collected, structured, and represented in order to choose the most appropriate approach to utilizing it. The methods of assessment and ranking can be
1210:
Since the mid-2000s, journalists and publishers have had to consider the effects that user-generated content has had on how news gets published, read, and shared. A 2016 study on publisher business models suggests that readers of online news sources value articles written both by professional
950:
The travel industry, in particular, has begun utilizing user-generated content to show authentic traveler experiences. Travel-related companies such as The Millennial, Gen Z, and Busabout relaunched their websites featuring UGC images and social content by their customers posted in real time.
1107:
Students can also manipulate digital images or video clips to their advantage and tag them with easy to find keywords then share them to friends and family worldwide. The category of "student performance content" has risen in the form of discussion boards and chat logs. Students could write
518:
The benefits derived from user-generated content for the content host are clear, these include a low-cost promotion, positive impact on product sales, and fresh content. However, the benefit to the contributor is less direct. There are various theories behind the motivation for contributing
632:
regarding the content of interest. The assessments provided by the community of end users is utilized to directly rank content within the system in human-centered methods. The machine-centered method applies these community judgments in training algorithms to automatically assess and rank
613:
categorized into two classes: human-centered and machine-centered. Methods emphasizing human-centered utility consider the ranking and assessment problem in terms of the users and their interactions with the system, whereas the machine-centered method considers the problem in terms of
1393:
Another criticized aspect is the vast array of user-generated product and service reviews that can at times be misleading for consumer on the web. A study conducted at Cornell University found that an estimated 1 to 6 percent of positive user-generated online hotel reviews are fake.
1373:
The term "user-generated content" has received some criticism. The criticism to date has addressed issues of fairness, quality, privacy, the sustainable availability of creative work and effort among legal issues namely related to intellectual property rights such as copyrights etc.
526:
These incentives are not based on anything tangible. Social incentives are the most common form of implicit incentives. These incentives allow the user to feel good as an active member of the community. These can include the relationship between users, such as
1103:
have also helped in teaching through an audio platform. Personal websites and messaging systems like Yahoo Messenger have also been used to transmit user-generated educational content. There have also been web forums where users give advice to each other.
1435:
laws also play a factor in relation to user-generated content, as users may use such services to upload works—particularly videos—that they do not have the sufficient rights to distribute. In many cases, the use of these materials may be covered by local
134:
User-generated content is used for a wide range of applications, including problem processing, news, entertainment, customer engagement, advertising, gossip, research and many more. It is an example of the democratization of content production and the
946:
and became the dominant mode of consumption and distribution of pornographic content on the internet. The appearance of pornographic content on sites like Knowledge and Tumblr led moderators and site owners to institute stricter limits on uploads.
320:
However, a concentration phenomenon is occurring globally giving dominance to a few online platforms that become popular for some unique features they provide, most commonly for the added privacy they offer users through disappearing messages or
1424:
deceptive or otherwise harmful, even if the operator knows that the third-party content is harmful and refuses to take it down. An exception to this general rule may exist if a website promises to take down the content and then fails to do so.
1398:
are that users can broaden their horizon by sharing their knowledge and connect with other people from around the world, these platforms also make it very easy to connect with only a restricted sample of people who holds similar opinions (see
159:
may otherwise have been inaccessible. By 2020 businesses are increasingly leveraging User Generated Content to promote their products, as it is seen as a cost effective and authentic way to grow a brand's image and sales. Due to new media and
1480:
control" over. Just like the DMCA, once the ISP learns about the content, they must delete it immediately. The European Union's approach is horizontal by nature, which means that civil and criminal liability issues are addressed under the
1051:
Some brands are also using UGC images to boost the performance of their paid social ads. For example, Toyota leveraged UGC for their "Feeling the Streets" Facebook ad campaign and were able to increase their total ad engagement by 440%.
644:
where the user can define and redefine their preferences as their interests shift. On the other hand, machine-centered approaches model the individual user according to explicit and implicit knowledge that is gathered through system
658:
seek to combine methods from the various frameworks in order to develop a more robust approach for assessing and ranking UGC. Approaches are most often combined in one of two ways: the crowd-based approach is often used to identify
1131:
is a site in which users are able to upload personal photos they have taken and label them in regards to their "motivation". Flickr not only hosts images but makes them publicly available for reuse and reuse with modification.
480:
launched its project to bring in user-generated news, similarly titled "uReport". This was typical of major television news organizations in 2005–2006, who realized, particularly in the wake of the London 7 July bombings, that
639:
emphasize the differences between individual users so that ranking and assessment can interactively adapt or be personalized given the particular requirements of each user. The human-centered approach accentuates interactive
163:
affordances, such as low cost and low barriers to entry, the Internet is an easy platform to create and dispense user-generated content, allowing the dissemination of information at a rapid pace in the wake of an event.
1381:
Sometimes creative works made by individuals are lost because there are limited or no ways to precisely preserve creations when a UGC Web site service closes down. One example of such loss is the closing of the Disney
1207:, into the mainstream of online journalism, in the form of comments on news articles written by professional journalists, but also through surveys, content sharing, and other forms of citizen journalism.
1039:
is a 3-D virtual world which provides its users with tools to modify the game world and participate in an economy, trading user content created via online creation for virtual currency.
3390:
1072:
which allow users to post, discuss, and control which bargains get promoted within the community. Because of the dependency of social interaction, these sites fall into the category of
608:
The variation of data and specificity of value has resulted in various approaches and methods for assessing and ranking UGC. The performance of each method essentially depends on the
3229:
Zeng, Michael A.; Dennstedt, Bianca; Koller, Hans (6 November 2016). "Democratizing Journalism – How User-Generated Content and User Communities Affect Publishers' Business Models".
3541:
Lukyanenko, Roman; Parsons, Jeffrey; Wiersma, Yolanda (2014). "The IQ of the Crowd: Understanding and Improving Information Quality in Structured User-Generated Content".
958:
The restaurant industry has also been altered by a review system the places more emphasis on online reviews and content from peers than traditional media reviews. In 2011
3793:
3122:
2626:
1099:
have used the platform to upload series of videos on topics such as math, science, and history to help aid viewers master or better understand the basics. Educational
1151:
was founded, focusing on providing a high-quality photo sharing experience for professional photographers. SmugMug offers features such as custom photo galleries and
2877:"Chapter 21 Discussing thePotential of Crowdsourced Geographic Information for Urban Areas Monitoring Using the Panoramio Initiative: A Case Study in Rome, Italy".
597:. However, processing the high volumes of data offered by UGC necessitate the ability to automatically sort and filter these data points according to their value.
35:
2292:
1449:
2483:
581:
research can benefit from having access to the opinions of a population of users, and use this data to make inferences about their traits. Applications in
1342:
There are many opportunities in user-generated content. The advantage of UGC is that it is a quick, easy way to reach the masses. Here are some examples:
2250:
1226:
can include using user content to support claims, using social media platforms to contact witnesses and obtain relevant images and videos for articles.
621:. The various methods of assessment and ranking can be classified into one of four approaches: community-based, user-based, designer-based, and hybrid.
3941:
Smith, Andrew; Fischer, Eileen; Yongjian, Chen (2012). "How Does Brand-related User-generated Content Differ across YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter?".
2779:
465:. After the Buncefield disaster the BBC received over 5,000 photos from viewers. The BBC does not normally pay for content generated by its viewers.
1468:
for the copyright-infringing actions of their users, as long as they promptly remove access to allegedly infringing materials upon the receipt of a
1254:
influence on what they buy, typically in a positive way. As a whole, consumers place peer recommendations and reviews above those of professionals.
750:, where users interact with other people via chatting, writing messages, posting images or links, and sharing content. Media hosting sites such as
1270:
with consumers. With a majority of consumers trusting UGC over brand provided information, UGC can allow for better brand-consumer relationships.
1195:. The incorporation of Web 2.0 technologies into news websites allowed user-generated content online to move from more social platforms such as
500:, in which the person of the year was "you", meaning all of the people who contribute to user-generated media, including YouTube, Knowledge and
46:
2174:
1677:
3394:
253:
has emerged as the most popular social media platform globally. Other social media platforms are also dominant at the regional level such as:
2937:
3060:
544:
is another example of this type of social incentive. It uses a point system to encourage users to answer more questions by receiving points.
458:
3315:
2007:
341:), but they have tended to occupy niches and to facilitate the exchanges of information that remain rather invisible to larger audiences.
1349:
The consumers and general audience members like to engage. Some have used a storytelling platform to both share and converse with others.
1147:
was one of the first online photo sharing platforms. Webshots offered an easy-to-use interface and basic photo editing tools. In 2002,
172:
The advent of user-generated content marked a shift among media organizations from creating online content to providing facilities for
2985:
1857:"How journalists verify user-generated content during terrorist crises. Analyzing Twitter communication during the Brussels attacks"
758:
allow users to post content. Some forms of user-generated content, such as a social commentary blog, can be considered as a form of
3289:
1898:"Influencing COBRAs: the effects of brand equity on the consumer's propensity to engage with brand-related content on social media"
391:
were based on user-generated content. Some of these systems have been converted into websites, including the film information site
3570:"Public Photos, Private Concerns: Uncovering Privacy Concerns of User Generated Content Created Through Networked Public Displays"
3019:
1276:
for brands. This in turn means more traffic is driven to the brands websites and that more content is linked back to the website.
1493:
great benefit to the system. They also studied the impact of content aliasing, sharing of multiple copies, and illegal uploads.
3746:
875:
engage readers with professional communities by posting articles with user-generated comment sections. Other websites include
3597:
3108:
2888:
2665:
2634:
2392:
2090:
1048:
the internet. Then, you cut and paste the faces of the people in the pictures to animated dancing elves, to make this work.
3649:
3569:
3492:
3457:
Daughtery, Terry; Eastin, Matthew S. (1 July 2013). "Exploring Consumer Motivations for Creating User-Generated Content".
2810:
3927:
et al. "I tube, you tube, we tube, everybody tubes: analyzing the world's largest user generated content video system."
1484:. Section 4 deals with liability of the ISP while conducting "mere conduit" services, caching and web hosting services.
829:
blogs include opinions on subjects such as politics, entertainment, and technology. There are also travel blogs such as
663:
content for a user-based approach, or a user-based approach is used to maintain the intent of a designer-based approach.
3872:
3688:
3622:
2275:
2040:
1481:
1346:
The companies could use social media for branding, and set up contests for the audience to submit their own creations.
1159:
was one of the most popular photo sharing platforms thanks to its integration with Yahoo's email and search services.
3042:
2299:
1383:
1136:
is a social media platform that allows users to edit, upload and include location information with photos they post.
1004:
506:
64:
2447:; Diakopoulos, N. (2016). "A Survey on Assessment and Ranking Methodologies for User-Generated Content on the Web".
176:
to publish their own content. User-generated content has also been characterized as citizen media as opposed to the
4076:
3897:
1453:
497:
403:
the focus moved to websites, several of which were based on user-generated content, including Knowledge (2001) and
131:. It is a product consumers create to disseminate information about online products or the firms that market them.
714:
allow users, sometimes including anonymous users, to edit the content. Another type of user-generated content are
4071:
2919:
2498:
3671:
Du, Siying; Gregory, Steve (2016). "The Echo Chamber Effect in Twitter: Does community polarization increase?".
3341:
3823:
992:
371:
sought public contributions throughout the English-speaking world for the creation of the first edition of the
2524:
3819:
2160:
TechCrunch. 2020. Facebook hits 2.5B users in Q4 but shares sink from slow profits. TechCrunch. Available at
1610:
1599:
2787:
2601:
2417:
1543:
1238:
An increasing number of companies have been employing UGC techniques into their marketing efforts, such as
1242:
with their "White Cup Contest" campaign where customers competed to create the best doodle on their cups.
79:
2856:
Analyzing User Activities, Demographics, Social Network Structure and User-Generated Content on Instagram
2736:
Now, Virtual Fashion Second Life Designers Make Real Money Creating Clothes For Simulation Game's Players
1192:
454:
368:
3137:
2575:
4091:
2753:
1819:
1420:
302:
3189:"Forums for citizen journalists? Adoption of user-generated content initiatives by online news media"
802:
359:
2689:
You're in charge! – From vital patches to game cancellations, players are often intimately involved.
1257:
User-generated content used in a marketing context has been known to help brands in numerous ways.
1191:
creation of a user-generated content team, which was expanded and made permanent in the wake of the
1245:
The effectiveness of UGC in marketing has been shown to be significant as well. For instance, the "
3576:
2941:
39:
that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
3845:
3417:
3264:
3064:
2955:
2811:"Teaching and Learning in the Web 2.0 Era: Empowering Students through Learner-Generated Content"
2228:
1896:
Schivinski, Bruno; Muntinga, Daan G.; Pontes, Halley M.; Lukasik, Przemyslaw (10 February 2019).
1528:
1461:
1140:
and Flickr use metadata, such as GPS coordinates that allows for geographic placement of images.
871:. Sites like 9Gag allow users to create memes and quick video clips. Sites like Tech in Asia and
364:
189:, which encourages the publishing of one's own content and commenting on other people's content.
150:
named "You" as the Person of the Year in 2006, referring to the rise in the production of UGC on
3518:
3368:
3319:
1668:
1622: – Cultural production made through social interactions of different communities and groups
1324:
90% of brands have seen an evident increase in their click-through rates using UGC in their ads.
461:, the team was made permanent and was expanded, reflecting the arrival in the mainstream of the
42:
4081:
2688:
2161:
1515:
1445:
1282:
which will keep customers shopping. With UGC, the conversion rate increases by as much as 4.6%.
1087:, a đź’•, is one of the largest user-generated content databases in the world. Platforms such as
715:
582:
552:
388:
334:
4047:
4041:
4022:
3087:
3043:"A small family-run firm bought Flickr from Verizon and says it can bring back its glory days"
2326:"Social Comparisons and Contributions to Online Communities: A Field Experiment on MovieLens"
2265:
1855:
Rauchfleisch, Adrian; Artho, Xenia; Metag, Julia; Post, Senja; Schäfer, Mike S. (July 2017).
1703:
Krumm, John; Davies, Nigel; Narayanaswami, Chandra (October 2008). "User-Generated Content".
1657: – World Wide Web sites that use technology beyond the static pages of earlier Web sites
1619:
1582:
955:
includes reviews and recommendations by travelers about hotels, restaurants, and activities.
618:
590:
419:
344:
Production of freely accessible information has been increasing since 2012. In January 2017,
322:
1793:
1683:
World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development Global Report 2017/2018
1681:
1637:
1625:
1469:
1235:
authentic form of content, but also the most influential when making purchasing decisions.
384:
In the following decades, hundreds of thousands of contributions were sent to the editors.
3675:. Studies in Computational Intelligence. Vol. 693. Springer, Cham. pp. 373–378.
2205:
Digital Divisions of Labor and Informational Magnetism: Mapping Participation in Knowledge
1333:
74% increase is found in conversion rates simply because of UGC used in the product pages.
1327:
Keeping your emails authentic and genuine can help increase the click-through rate by 73%.
453:
set up a pilot user-generated content team in April 2005 with 3 staff. In the wake of the
8:
2997:
2813:. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning. Archived from
2709:
2549:
1576:
1567: – Organization creating copyright licenses for the public release of creative works
1465:
747:
629:
338:
4018:
3188:
1321:
64% of customers look for reviews, and ratings before they start their checkout process.
1116:
are used to summarize and analyze books so that they are more accessible to the reader.
4086:
3989:
3603:
3474:
3246:
3211:
2894:
2464:
2398:
2353:
1985:
1928:
1770:
1558:
1534:
984:
759:
594:
482:
462:
112:
2372:
2325:
3993:
3775:
3727:
3684:
3593:
3478:
3250:
3092:
2884:
2859:
2671:
2661:
2388:
2345:
2271:
2036:
1989:
1977:
1932:
1920:
1878:
1762:
1720:
1643:
1521:
1457:
609:
136:
3607:
2739:
2091:"Working Party on the Information Economy – Participative Web: User-Created Content"
1774:
3981:
3950:
3717:
3676:
3585:
3550:
3470:
3466:
3238:
3203:
2993:
2468:
2456:
2380:
2357:
2337:
2176:
World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development Global Report 2017/2018
1967:
1959:
1912:
1868:
1754:
1712:
1564:
1552:
1473:
1364:
Encouraging participation can be weakened by company claims to owning this content.
1009:
786:
739:
711:
614:
477:
116:
4036:
3722:
3705:
3529:
Marketers need to own the rights to user-generated content in order to use it well
3215:
2402:
2101:
1916:
3985:
3954:
3680:
3523:
3118:
3109:"Exclusive: Flickr bought by SmugMug, which vows to revitalize the photo service"
2655:
2324:
Chen, Yan; Harper, F. Maxwell; Konstan, Joseph; Li, Sherry Xin (September 2010).
2080:
Jenkins, Henry (SODA), "Convergence Culture", New York University Press, New York
1963:
1648:
1497:
1304:
It typically low cost promotion since content given by free for firm's customers.
1073:
996:
830:
822:
798:
435:
232:
144:
120:
108:
1741:
Berthon, Pierre; Pitt, Leyland; Kietzmann, Jan; McCarthy, Ian P. (August 2015).
2814:
1441:
1361:
Personalization of the content put out; 71% of consumers like personalized ads.
1358:
Gain perspectives from members that one would not otherwise get to engage with.
1096:
964:
880:
834:
691:
641:
578:
566:
536:
489:, for example, regularly solicits for photographs and videos from its viewers.
443:
411:
400:
2863:
2219:
1897:
1091:
have frequently been used as an instructional aide. Organizations such as the
4065:
3731:
3207:
2923:
2675:
2444:
2349:
2003:
1981:
1924:
1882:
1873:
1856:
1766:
1758:
1724:
1570:
1399:
1223:
1156:
1137:
1124:
908:
904:
570:
290:
3794:"Is 'go away' the best response to complaints about user-generated content?"
3589:
2384:
1843:
476:, a project designed to bring user-generated news content to CNN. Its rival
192:
The role of the passive audience, therefore, has shifted since the birth of
3969:
3924:
3554:
2898:
2341:
1673:
1264:
with its users, and doubles the likeliness that the content will be shared.
1246:
1092:
1000:
124:
4055:- Information and statistics on User-Generated Content (UGC) in marketing.
3970:"Does Chatter Matter? The Impact of User-Generated Content on Music Sales"
3776:"Web 2.0 and User-Generated Content: Legal Challenges in the New Frontier"
2878:
2377:
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
2989:
1716:
1593:
1416:
1352:
To raise awareness, whether it be for an organization, company, or event.
1200:
1031:
1021:
962:
contained 70% of reviews for restaurants in the Seattle area compared to
952:
924:
920:
912:
814:
806:
586:
473:
427:
423:
266:
85:
2418:"User-generated Content Moderation: Shaping Brand Trust and Recognition"
2190:
1950:: Social Media Networks of Western Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq".
143:
adopted a user-generated content platform for its websites in 2005, and
111:, such as images, videos, audio, text, testimonials, and software (e.g.
3242:
2854:
Manikonda, Lydia; Hu, Yuheng; Kambhampati, Subbarao (29 October 2014).
2207:. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 105 (6): 1158–1178.
1972:
1590: – Artwork featuring aspects of a work of fiction created by a fan
1184:
1152:
1109:
976:
900:
888:
884:
876:
868:
846:
818:
660:
439:
431:
310:
177:
160:
1292:
It helps integration with traditional marketing/promotional techniques
1060:
Some bargain hunting websites feature user-generated content, such as
934:
After launching in the mid-2000s, major UGC-based adult websites like
3623:"Guardian Unlimited website: The trouble with user generated content"
3113:
2692:
2035:(4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 20, 140.
1432:
1250:
1239:
1133:
1084:
1069:
1065:
1026:
988:
916:
778:
723:
707:
345:
286:
278:
270:
193:
3578:
Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Pervasive Displays
2656:
Anderson, Simon P.; Waldfogel, Joel; Strömberg, David, eds. (2016).
2460:
2251:"Transcript: Simon Winchester on his book The Meaning of Everything"
1794:"The BBC May be the First Mainstream Industrial Medium to Adopt UCG"
1628: – Active involvement of all stakeholders in the design process
851:
Entertainment social media and information sharing websites include
2008:"Packaged Goods Media vs. Conversational Media, Part One (Updated)"
1640: – Framework of processes with focus on users, uses, and tasks
1631:
1437:
1215:
1144:
1108:
reflective journals and diaries that may help others. The websites
980:
943:
872:
864:
826:
735:
719:
602:
574:
528:
486:
330:
326:
274:
250:
242:
181:
1742:
1214:
Journalists are increasingly sourcing UGC from platforms, such as
4044: – an overview of the UGC trend on the Web in 2006
2627:"Busabout Goes 99% UGC to Drive Website Discovery & Bookings"
1654:
1604:
1587:
1501:
1298:
It helps in increasing profit with significant reduction in costs
1196:
1168:
1148:
1100:
1088:
939:
935:
790:
782:
771:
751:
731:
532:
501:
415:
254:
186:
173:
151:
3898:"Online Intermediaries and Liability for Copyright Infringement"
3163:"Yahoo Photo Album Download © Rohit, www.smart-techie.com, 2007"
3162:
1318:
92% of potential customers seek reviews from existing customers.
504:. A precursor to user-generated content uploaded on YouTube was
3747:"Could Paying Millions of Dollars to Creators Have Saved Vine?"
3020:"Flickr Launches New Design and Features, Now Has 112M Members"
2293:"Mixing Financial, Social and Fun Incentives for Social Voting"
2189:
Wikimedia Foundation. 2017. Knowledge Statistics. Available at
1895:
1596: – Type of fiction created by fans of the original subject
1531: – Group intelligence that emerges from collective efforts
1219:
1172:
1128:
1113:
1015:
896:
892:
852:
794:
743:
727:
699:
404:
306:
298:
282:
3444:
Consumer Relationship Management magazine (destinationCRM.com)
2554:
Meld Magazine – Melbourne's international student news website
4052:
3706:"Response to the editorial 'Education in a post-truth world'"
2371:
Nam, Kevin Kyung; Ackerman, Mark S.; Adamic, Lada A. (2009).
2267:
Power, Surveillance, and Culture in YouTube™'s Digital Sphere
860:
810:
755:
541:
363:
was exclusively composed of user-generated content. In 1857,
314:
262:
258:
238:
83:
An example of user-generated content in the virtual world of
3342:"2017 Consumer Content Report: Influence in the Digital Age"
2162:
https://techcrunch.com/2020/01/29/facebook-earnings-q4-2019/
2056:
1740:
1476:
that their service is being used for infringing activities.
1448:
caused by user-generated content; in the United States, the
1315:
86% of companies leverage UGC in their marketing techniques.
1183:
The incorporation of user-generated content into mainstream
4048:
https://hbr.org/2016/03/branding-in-the-age-of-social-media
4037:
OECD study on the Participative Web: User Generated Content
2920:"Excite@Home's Webshots Ranked #1 Online Photo Destination"
2117:
Cisco Systems. 201. The Zettabyte Era: Trends and Analysis.
1440:" laws, especially if the use of the material submitted is
1204:
1061:
959:
928:
856:
703:
695:
392:
200:
128:
36:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
1854:
1444:. Local laws also vary on who is liable for any resulting
675:
Contribution is by users of a product rather than the firm
569:
provides a high volume data source that is accessible for
2528:
2136:
1743:"CGIP: Managing Consumer-Generated Intellectual Property"
1387:
1355:
Reviews play a major role in a customers decision making.
1188:
469:
450:
155:
140:
3540:
3519:"The Future of User-Generated Content Is Owned | Ad Age"
2880:
European Handbook of Crowdsourced Geographic Information
2525:"World's top 10 travel influencers, according to Forbes"
2484:"Blogs and Wikis: Environments for online collaboration"
2203:
Graham, Mark; Staumann, Ralph K.; Hogan, Bernie (2015).
1702:
1294:
which in turn drives more conversions for the companies.
1167:
Video sharing websites are another popular form of UGC.
589:
to support and improve machine-based processes, such as
3510:
2809:
Lee, Mark J. W.; McLoughlin, Catherine (October 2007).
2442:
1615:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1548:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1539:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1464:" as defined under the act, which grants immunity from
485:
could now become a significant part of broadcast news.
220:
Creation outside of professional routines and practices
3820:"Fair Use Principles for User Generated Video Content"
3316:"A Complete Guide to User Generated Content Marketing"
3265:"Journalism changed forever by user-generated content"
2963:
2853:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2098:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
1450:
Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act
201:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
3442:
Jessica Tsai (December 2007). "Power to the People".
3391:"10 Stats That Show Why User-Generated Content Works"
1187:
outlets is considered to have begun in 2005 with the
698:
are services where users can post about many topics,
573:, and offers utility in enhancing the experiences of
249:
Reaching 1.66 billion daily active users in Q4 2019,
3940:
2576:"Tech in Asia – Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem"
2379:. Chi '09. Boston, MA: ACM Press. pp. 779–788.
2191:
https://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesWikipediaEN.htm
2126:
Internet Live Stats. 2017. Total number of websites.
1025:
have UGC systems integrated into the game itself. A
442:(H.264) user-generated content from anywhere on the
3228:
2710:"The 5 Best User Generated Content Systems in MMOs"
2431:
2323:
2202:
3774:George, Carlisle; Scerri, Jackie (24 April 2018).
2956:"Breathtaking desktop wallpaper, free on Webshots"
1634: – Person who consumes and produces a product
1607: – Customization of a product by the end user
1470:notice from a copyright holder or registered agent
1222:, as news shifts to a digital space. This form of
203:(OECD) has defined three central schools for UGC:
3493:"Study: 71% of consumers prefer personalized ads"
3440:"a person like me" as their most trusted source:
3436:
3434:
2370:
4063:
3812:
3650:"Be Wary of Awesome and Scathing Online Reviews"
2660:. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier Science.
2550:"How Ray Chan started 9GAG, and a career in fun"
2057:"Principles for User Generated Content Services"
1946:Klausen, Jytte (9 December 2014). "Tweeting the
1820:"You – Yes, You – Are TIME's Person of the Year"
1561: – System to sort undesirable contributions
1555: – Contribution of information to any media
891:; mobile photos and video sharing sites such as
690:There are many types of user-generated content:
3846:"Is YouTube's three-strike rule fair to users?"
3456:
3369:"The Future of User-Generated Content is Owned"
2780:"Toyota boosts Facebook Ads engagement by 440%"
1736:
1734:
1573: – Sourcing services or funds from a group
628:rely on establishing ground truth based on the
3516:
3431:
3366:
3135:
513:
3968:Dhar, Vasant; Chang, Elaine (November 2009).
3388:
3294:Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism
2834:
2832:
2808:
3773:
3441:
3313:
2481:
2409:
1817:
1731:
1672: This article incorporates text from a
694:, where people talk about different topics;
3745:Kircher, Madison Malone (31 October 2016).
3673:Complex Networks & Their Applications V
3614:
3418:"The Ultimate User-Generated Content Guide"
2284:
1310:User-generated content facts and statistics
3780:Journal of Information, Law and Technology
3346:Stackla – User-Generated Content Marketing
3290:"How Newsrooms Use User Generated Content"
3222:
2829:
2784:Stackla – User-Generated Content Marketing
2701:
2631:Stackla – User-Generated Content Marketing
2217:
1127:websites are another popular form of UGC.
702:on a supplier website or in social media;
178:"packaged goods media" of the past century
3967:
3786:
3721:
3670:
3567:
3415:
2602:"Silicon Valley's puritanical war on sex"
2026:
2024:
1971:
1872:
1175:allow users to create and upload videos.
1003:programs to aid in their creation. A few
968:Magazine containing less than 5 percent.
833:, Adventurous Kate, and an early form of
678:Creative in nature and adds something new
560:
65:Learn how and when to remove this message
3870:
2707:
2002:
1696:
1676:work. Licensed under CC BY SA 3.0 IGO (
78:
3769:
3767:
3744:
3186:
3180:
3079:
2263:
2257:
1945:
1686:, 202, University of Oxford, UNESCO.
1178:
1029:can be a user-generated world, such as
681:Posted online and generally accessible.
492:User-generated content was featured in
4064:
3703:
2986:"CNet Sells Webshots for $ 45 Million"
2838:
2658:Handbook of media economics. Volume 1B
2522:
2030:
2021:
1813:
1811:
817:is a group blog with themes including
180:. Citizen Media is audience-generated
139:of traditional media hierarchies. The
3647:
3106:
3085:
2231:from the original on 19 December 2021
1788:
1786:
1784:
1406:This negotiation was not successful.
3764:
3620:
3231:Creativity and Innovation Management
3136:Steve Thompson (20 September 2014).
3125:from the original on 4 October 2023.
2599:
18:
3871:Anderson, Nate (10 November 2011).
3086:Guynn, Jessica (24 December 2007).
3040:
1952:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism
1808:
1613: – 2006 book by Yochai Benkler
1229:
813:. Among the many blogs on the web,
805:blogging platforms include Tumblr,
565:The distribution of UGC across the
13:
3459:Journal of Interactive Advertising
3100:
2708:Jagneaux, David (18 August 2014).
2600:York, Jillian C. (27 March 2021).
2523:Street, Francesca (27 June 2017).
2491:Language Learning & Technology
2167:
1781:
1662:
1288:on various social media platforms.
1005:massively multiplayer online games
793:is often used by media companies;
226:
14:
4103:
4004:
3873:"Why the feds smashed Megaupload"
3710:Educational Philosophy and Theory
3648:White, Martha C. (7 April 2014).
3517:David Hunegnaw (6 January 2017).
3389:John Battelle (16 October 2016).
3367:David Hunegnaw (6 January 2017).
3187:Thurman, Neil (1 February 2008).
2996:. 25 October 2007. Archived from
2940:. 1 February 2004. Archived from
2751:
2482:Godwin-Jones, Robert (May 2003).
1818:Lev Grossman (13 December 2006).
1427:
1384:massively multiplayer online game
601:may not be accompanied by useful
4011:
3974:Journal of Interactive Marketing
3943:Journal of Interactive Marketing
3107:Guynn, Jessica (20 April 2018).
1667:
1454:Digital Millennium Copyright Act
1337:
1162:
1119:
899:; audio social networks such as
399:in 1990. With the growth of the
387:In the 1990s several electronic
375:. As Simon Winchester recounts:
23:
3961:
3934:
3929:Internet Measurement Conference
3918:
3890:
3864:
3838:
3738:
3697:
3664:
3641:
3621:Kiss, Jemima (3 January 2007).
3561:
3534:
3485:
3450:
3409:
3382:
3360:
3334:
3307:
3282:
3257:
3155:
3129:
3053:
3034:
3012:
2978:
2948:
2930:
2912:
2870:
2847:
2802:
2772:
2745:
2728:
2682:
2649:
2619:
2593:
2568:
2542:
2516:
2475:
2364:
2317:
2243:
2211:
2196:
2183:
2154:
2129:
2120:
2111:
2083:
2074:
2049:
1409:
1280:It reassures purchase decisions
241:, in 2016 an average of 96,000
16:Online content created by users
3824:Electronic Frontier Foundation
3471:10.1080/15252019.2008.10722139
2938:"Alexa Rankings February 2004"
2633:. 3 April 2018. Archived from
2270:. IGI Global. pp. 36–37.
1996:
1939:
1905:Journal of Strategic Marketing
1889:
1848:
1837:
1079:
1042:
971:
507:America's Funniest Home Videos
434:in April 2005. It enabled the
1:
3723:10.1080/00131857.2017.1288805
3704:Bowell, Tracy (12 May 2017).
3314:Jack Collins (11 July 2016).
2373:"Questions in, knowledge in?"
2221:Simon Winchester on His Book
2137:"Influencer marketing agency"
1917:10.1080/0965254X.2019.1572641
1651: – Revolutional resource
1611:Networked information economy
1600:List of online image archives
1482:Electronic Commerce Directive
1262:It encourages more engagement
167:
121:content aggregation platforms
3986:10.1016/j.intmar.2009.07.004
3955:10.1016/j.intmar.2012.01.002
3681:10.1007/978-3-319-50901-3_30
3543:Information Systems Research
3416:Alex York (5 October 2016).
2179:. UNESCO. 2018. p. 202.
2164:. Accessed 18 February 2020.
1964:10.1080/1057610x.2014.974948
1747:California Management Review
1689:
1678:license statement/permission
1544:Consumer generated marketing
1368:
1055:
107:), is generally any form of
7:
3568:Memarovic, Nemanja (2015).
3088:"A focused family business"
1579: – Type of interaction
1546: – Type of advertising
1537: – Type of advertising
1524: – Book by Clay Shirky
1508:
1487:
1286:It increases follower count
1193:7 July 2005 London bombings
887:; artwork communities like
840:
514:Motivation for creating UGC
455:7 July 2005 London bombings
369:London Philological Society
115:), that has been posted by
10:
4108:
2497:(2): 12–16. Archived from
2218:tvochannel (8 June 2012).
1452:(OCILLA)—a portion of the
1421:Communications Decency Act
844:
777:hosting platforms include
769:
626:Community-based approaches
357:The massive, multi-volume
352:
303:Central and Eastern Europe
230:
99:), alternatively known as
3138:"Flickr, a Yahoo company"
2223:The Meaning of Everything
649:Designer-based approaches
459:Buncefield oil depot fire
360:Oxford English Dictionary
3208:10.1177/1461444807085325
3061:"Compiler - Wired Blogs"
2883:. Ubiquity Press. 2016.
2330:American Economic Review
2253:. TVO.org. 23 July 2005.
1874:10.1177/2056305117717888
1759:10.1525/cmr.2015.57.4.43
1705:IEEE Pervasive Computing
1462:online service providers
1330:35% of Gen Z trusts UGC.
765:
685:
273:(owned by Facebook) and
127:, discussion forums and
4077:Collective intelligence
4024:user-generated content
3590:10.1145/2757710.2757739
3196:New Media & Society
3142:Flickr - Photo Sharing!
2740:The Wall Street Journal
2691:by Christian Donlan on
2385:10.1145/1518701.1518821
2264:Matthew, Crick (2016).
1796:. BBC News. 4 July 2006
1529:Collective intelligence
1472:, and they do not have
1446:copyright infringements
999:. Some games come with
983:content in the form of
716:social networking sites
365:Richard Chenevix Trench
301:and other countries in
208:Publication requirement
4072:User-generated content
3555:10.1287/isre.2014.0537
2342:10.1257/aer.100.4.1358
1867:(3): 205630511771788.
1861:Social Media + Society
583:information technology
561:Ranking and assessment
553:Amazon Mechanical Turk
389:bulletin board systems
382:
93:User-generated content
89:
45:by rewriting it in an
3852:. London. 21 May 2010
2839:Shirky, Clay (2008).
2716:. Cyber Creations Inc
2449:ACM Computing Surveys
2031:Pavlik, John (2014).
1620:Participatory culture
1583:Digital public square
1274:It provides SEO Value
637:User-based approaches
591:information retrieval
420:online video platform
377:
323:end-to-end encryption
82:
3584:. pp. 171–177.
2843:. The Penguin Press.
2841:Here Comes Everybody
2107:on 23 December 2010.
1717:10.1109/MPRV.2008.85
1638:User-centered design
1626:Participatory design
1419:" exemptions of the
1179:Effect on journalism
610:features and metrics
548:Explicit incentives:
524:Implicit incentives:
101:user-created content
2966:on 30 November 2012
2944:on 2 February 2004.
2742:, 22 September 2006
2006:(5 December 2006).
1680:). Text taken from
1577:Customer engagement
1466:secondary liability
652:and named entities.
630:wisdom of the crowd
414:was popularized by
4053:UGC & Examples
4021:has a profile for
3348:. 10 November 2017
3243:10.1111/caim.12199
3000:on 28 October 2007
2817:on 7 February 2008
1559:Content moderation
1535:Communal marketing
1516:Carr–Benkler wager
1155:options. In 2003,
760:citizen journalism
587:mine end user data
542:Naver Knowledge-iN
498:Person of the Year
483:citizen journalism
463:citizen journalist
90:
47:encyclopedic style
34:is written like a
4092:Video game design
4027:
3826:. 30 October 2007
3599:978-1-4503-3608-6
3446:. pp. 29–33.
3322:on 20 August 2016
3093:Los Angeles Times
3041:Sandler, Rachel.
2890:978-1-909188-79-2
2698:(2 November 2013)
2667:978-0-444-63691-1
2394:978-1-60558-246-7
2061:UGCprinciples.com
1644:User-generated TV
1522:Cognitive Surplus
1456:(DMCA), dictates
803:Social networking
656:Hybrid approaches
395:which started as
267:Republic of Korea
75:
74:
67:
4099:
4025:
4015:
4014:
3998:
3997:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3938:
3932:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3902:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3771:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3725:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3583:
3574:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3438:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3393:. Archived from
3386:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3318:. Archived from
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3193:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3063:. Archived from
3057:
3051:
3050:
3047:Business Insider
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2962:. Archived from
2952:
2946:
2945:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2926:. 20 April 2000.
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2836:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2790:on 10 April 2018
2786:. Archived from
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2749:
2743:
2734:Andrew Lavalee
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2705:
2699:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2637:on 10 April 2018
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2504:on 21 April 2019
2503:
2488:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2440:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2336:(4): 1358–1398.
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2304:
2298:. Archived from
2297:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2200:
2194:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2171:
2165:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2100:. Archived from
2095:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2033:Converging Media
2028:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1975:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1902:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1876:
1852:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1815:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1790:
1779:
1778:
1738:
1729:
1728:
1700:
1671:
1616:
1565:Creative Commons
1553:Content creation
1549:
1540:
1474:actual knowledge
1460:provisions for "
1300:for the company.
1230:Use in marketing
1010:Star Trek Online
997:server emulators
993:fan translations
615:machine learning
496:magazine's 2006
478:Fox News Channel
70:
63:
59:
56:
50:
27:
26:
19:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4002:
4001:
3966:
3962:
3939:
3935:
3923:
3919:
3909:
3907:
3900:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3881:
3879:
3869:
3865:
3855:
3853:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3829:
3827:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3803:
3801:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3772:
3765:
3755:
3753:
3743:
3739:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3669:
3665:
3655:
3653:
3646:
3642:
3632:
3630:
3619:
3615:
3600:
3581:
3572:
3566:
3562:
3539:
3535:
3524:Advertising Age
3515:
3511:
3501:
3499:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3455:
3451:
3439:
3432:
3422:
3420:
3414:
3410:
3400:
3398:
3387:
3383:
3373:
3371:
3365:
3361:
3351:
3349:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3325:
3323:
3312:
3308:
3298:
3296:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3273:
3271:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3227:
3223:
3191:
3185:
3181:
3171:
3169:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3146:
3144:
3134:
3130:
3119:Gannett Company
3105:
3101:
3084:
3080:
3070:
3068:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3039:
3035:
3025:
3023:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3003:
3001:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2967:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2903:
2901:
2891:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2852:
2848:
2837:
2830:
2820:
2818:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2761:
2750:
2746:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2717:
2706:
2702:
2687:
2683:
2668:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2638:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2582:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2533:
2531:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2486:
2480:
2476:
2461:10.1145/2811282
2441:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2395:
2369:
2365:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2262:
2258:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2216:
2212:
2201:
2197:
2188:
2184:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2159:
2155:
2145:
2143:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2029:
2022:
2012:
2010:
2001:
1997:
1944:
1940:
1900:
1894:
1890:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1826:
1816:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1782:
1739:
1732:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1665:
1663:General sources
1660:
1649:User innovation
1614:
1547:
1538:
1511:
1498:York University
1490:
1430:
1412:
1371:
1340:
1268:It builds trust
1232:
1181:
1165:
1122:
1082:
1074:social commerce
1058:
1045:
974:
965:Food & Wine
923:; and customer
849:
843:
831:Head for Points
823:science fiction
799:online shopping
774:
768:
700:product reviews
692:Internet forums
688:
563:
531:'s friends, or
516:
436:video streaming
410:User-generated
397:rec.arts.movies
355:
235:
233:Media pluralism
229:
227:Media pluralism
214:Creative effort
170:
113:video game mods
71:
60:
54:
51:
43:help improve it
40:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4105:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4057:
4056:
4050:
4045:
4039:
4017:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:External links
4003:
4000:
3999:
3980:(4): 300–307.
3960:
3949:(2): 102–113.
3933:
3917:
3889:
3863:
3837:
3811:
3800:. 23 July 2010
3785:
3763:
3737:
3716:(6): 582–585.
3696:
3690:978-3319509006
3689:
3663:
3640:
3613:
3598:
3560:
3549:(4): 669–689.
3533:
3509:
3497:Marketing Dive
3484:
3449:
3430:
3408:
3397:on 25 May 2018
3381:
3359:
3333:
3306:
3281:
3256:
3237:(5): 536–551.
3221:
3202:(1): 139–157.
3179:
3154:
3128:
3099:
3078:
3052:
3033:
3011:
2977:
2947:
2929:
2911:
2889:
2869:
2846:
2828:
2801:
2771:
2752:Marrs, Megan.
2744:
2727:
2700:
2681:
2666:
2648:
2618:
2592:
2580:techinasia.com
2567:
2556:. 24 July 2012
2541:
2515:
2474:
2430:
2415:HOPLA Online:
2408:
2393:
2363:
2316:
2305:on 9 July 2011
2283:
2277:978-1466698567
2276:
2256:
2242:
2210:
2195:
2182:
2166:
2153:
2128:
2119:
2110:
2082:
2073:
2048:
2042:978-0199342303
2041:
2020:
2004:Battelle, John
1995:
1938:
1888:
1847:
1836:
1807:
1780:
1730:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1608:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1541:
1532:
1526:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1489:
1486:
1442:transformative
1429:
1428:Copyright laws
1426:
1411:
1408:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1231:
1228:
1205:personal blogs
1180:
1177:
1164:
1161:
1121:
1118:
1097:Green brothers
1081:
1078:
1057:
1054:
1044:
1041:
973:
970:
881:FanFiction.Net
879:sites such as
842:
839:
835:The Points Guy
797:is geared for
767:
764:
687:
684:
683:
682:
679:
676:
672:
671:
669:
665:
664:
653:
646:
634:
595:recommendation
579:Social science
562:
559:
558:
557:
545:
537:Yahoo! Answers
515:
512:
444:World Wide Web
412:Internet video
401:World Wide Web
354:
351:
231:Main article:
228:
225:
224:
223:
217:
211:
169:
166:
73:
72:
55:September 2022
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4104:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4082:Digital media
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4042:A Bigger Bang
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4028:
4020:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3964:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3926:
3921:
3906:
3899:
3893:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3799:
3798:Computerworld
3795:
3789:
3781:
3777:
3770:
3768:
3752:
3751:Intelligencer
3748:
3741:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3700:
3692:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3667:
3651:
3644:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3580:
3579:
3571:
3564:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3513:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3445:
3437:
3435:
3419:
3412:
3396:
3392:
3385:
3370:
3363:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3103:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3082:
3067:on 9 May 2007
3066:
3062:
3056:
3048:
3044:
3037:
3021:
3015:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2925:
2924:Business Wire
2921:
2915:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2873:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2842:
2835:
2833:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2760:. Megan Marrs
2759:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2737:
2731:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2419:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2279:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2246:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2214:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2186:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2157:
2142:
2141:www.grynow.in
2138:
2132:
2123:
2114:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2086:
2077:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2044:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2025:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1845:
1840:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1812:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1735:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1571:Crowdsourcing
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1496:A study from
1494:
1485:
1483:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1400:Filter bubble
1395:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1375:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1338:Opportunities
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1236:
1227:
1225:
1224:crowdsourcing
1221:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1163:Video sharing
1160:
1158:
1157:Yahoo! Photos
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1138:Panoramio.com
1135:
1130:
1126:
1125:Photo sharing
1120:Photo sharing
1117:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1049:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
969:
967:
966:
961:
956:
954:
948:
945:
941:
937:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
909:crowdsourcing
906:
905:crowd funding
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
848:
847:Website types
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
773:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
680:
677:
674:
673:
670:
667:
666:
662:
657:
654:
650:
647:
645:interactions.
643:
638:
635:
631:
627:
624:
623:
622:
620:
616:
611:
606:
604:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
554:
549:
546:
543:
538:
534:
530:
525:
522:
521:
520:
511:
509:
508:
503:
499:
495:
490:
488:
484:
479:
475:
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
361:
350:
347:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:Odnoklassniki
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
244:
240:
237:According to
234:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
205:
204:
202:
197:
195:
190:
188:
183:
179:
175:
165:
162:
157:
153:
149:
147:
142:
138:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
88:
87:
81:
77:
69:
66:
58:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
4058:
4023:
3977:
3973:
3963:
3946:
3942:
3936:
3928:
3925:Cha Meeyoung
3920:
3908:. Retrieved
3904:
3892:
3880:. Retrieved
3877:Ars Technica
3876:
3866:
3854:. Retrieved
3849:
3840:
3828:. Retrieved
3814:
3802:. Retrieved
3797:
3788:
3779:
3754:. Retrieved
3750:
3740:
3713:
3709:
3699:
3672:
3666:
3654:. Retrieved
3643:
3631:. Retrieved
3627:The Guardian
3626:
3616:
3577:
3563:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3528:
3522:
3512:
3500:. Retrieved
3496:
3487:
3465:(2): 16–25.
3462:
3458:
3452:
3443:
3421:. Retrieved
3411:
3399:. Retrieved
3395:the original
3384:
3372:. Retrieved
3362:
3350:. Retrieved
3345:
3336:
3324:. Retrieved
3320:the original
3309:
3297:. Retrieved
3293:
3284:
3272:. Retrieved
3269:ScienceDaily
3268:
3259:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3199:
3195:
3182:
3170:. Retrieved
3166:
3157:
3145:. Retrieved
3141:
3131:
3112:
3102:
3091:
3081:
3069:. Retrieved
3065:the original
3055:
3046:
3036:
3024:. Retrieved
3022:. 7 May 2015
3014:
3002:. Retrieved
2998:the original
2980:
2968:. Retrieved
2964:the original
2959:
2950:
2942:the original
2932:
2914:
2904:21 September
2902:. Retrieved
2879:
2872:
2855:
2849:
2840:
2819:. Retrieved
2815:the original
2804:
2792:. Retrieved
2788:the original
2783:
2774:
2762:. Retrieved
2757:
2747:
2735:
2730:
2718:. Retrieved
2713:
2703:
2695:
2684:
2657:
2651:
2639:. Retrieved
2635:the original
2630:
2621:
2609:. Retrieved
2605:
2595:
2583:. Retrieved
2579:
2570:
2558:. Retrieved
2553:
2544:
2532:. Retrieved
2518:
2506:. Retrieved
2499:the original
2494:
2490:
2477:
2452:
2448:
2443:Momeni, E.;
2421:. Retrieved
2411:
2376:
2366:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2307:. Retrieved
2300:the original
2286:
2266:
2259:
2245:
2233:. Retrieved
2224:
2220:
2213:
2204:
2198:
2185:
2175:
2169:
2156:
2144:. Retrieved
2140:
2131:
2122:
2113:
2102:the original
2097:
2085:
2076:
2064:. Retrieved
2060:
2051:
2032:
2011:. Retrieved
1998:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1908:
1904:
1891:
1864:
1860:
1850:
1839:
1827:. Retrieved
1823:
1798:. Retrieved
1753:(4): 43–62.
1750:
1746:
1711:(4): 10–11.
1708:
1704:
1698:
1682:
1674:free content
1666:
1520:
1495:
1491:
1478:
1431:
1413:
1410:Legal issues
1404:
1396:
1392:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1341:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1256:
1247:Share a Coke
1244:
1237:
1233:
1213:
1209:
1182:
1166:
1142:
1123:
1106:
1093:Khan Academy
1083:
1059:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1030:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1001:level editor
975:
963:
957:
949:
933:
925:review sites
850:
775:
689:
668:Key concepts
655:
648:
636:
625:
607:
599:
564:
547:
523:
517:
505:
493:
491:
467:
448:
409:
396:
386:
383:
378:
372:
358:
356:
343:
319:
294:
248:
236:
219:
213:
207:
198:
191:
171:
145:
133:
125:social media
104:
100:
96:
92:
91:
84:
76:
61:
52:
33:
3656:25 November
3633:10 February
3299:2 September
3274:2 September
3004:14 November
2990:Yahoo! News
2960:webshots.co
2899:j.ctv3t5r09
2764:24 November
2066:24 November
1973:10192/28992
1958:(1): 1–22.
1829:20 December
1594:Fan fiction
1458:safe harbor
1417:Section 230
1201:LiveJournal
1080:Educational
1043:Advertising
1037:Second Life
1032:Second Life
1022:EverQuest 2
989:fan patches
977:Video games
972:Video games
953:TripAdvisor
921:ArtistShare
913:Kickstarter
911:sites like
885:imageboards
815:Boing Boing
807:LiveJournal
619:computation
474:CNN iReport
428:Jawed Karim
424:Chad Hurley
422:founded by
154:platforms.
86:Second Life
4066:Categories
3882:22 January
3856:5 February
3652:. NBC News
2970:12 January
2864:1106208719
2758:wordstream
2714:MMORPG.com
2445:Cardie, C.
1185:journalism
1153:e-commerce
1110:SparkNotes
1007:including
901:SoundCloud
889:DeviantArt
877:fanfiction
869:Newgrounds
845:See also:
819:technology
772:Blog types
770:See also:
661:hyperlocal
642:interfaces
440:MPEG-4 AVC
432:Steve Chen
295:Classmates
277:(owned by
168:Definition
161:technology
137:flattening
119:on online
4087:New media
4026:(Q579716)
3994:245880964
3732:0013-1857
3479:167548635
3251:157677395
3167:sud.co.in
3114:USA Today
3026:29 August
2754:"UGC 101"
2720:19 August
2693:Eurogamer
2676:932322941
2606:Salon.com
2585:3 January
2560:3 January
2455:(3): 41.
2350:0002-8282
2013:23 August
1990:145585333
1982:1057-610X
1933:169721474
1925:0965-254X
1883:2056-3051
1767:0008-1256
1725:1558-2590
1690:Citations
1433:Copyright
1369:Criticism
1251:Coca-Cola
1240:Starbucks
1143:In 1995,
1134:Instagram
1085:Knowledge
1070:FatWallet
1066:Dealsplus
1056:Retailers
1027:metaverse
979:can have
917:Indiegogo
779:WordPress
724:Instagram
708:Knowledge
575:end users
472:launched
468:In 2006,
346:Knowledge
289:(VK) and
287:VKontakte
279:Microsoft
271:Instagram
243:petabytes
194:new media
3850:BBC News
3756:15 April
3629:. London
3608:17746880
3502:24 April
3123:Archived
2611:27 March
2534:30 April
2508:21 April
2235:1 August
2229:Archived
2146:29 April
1911:: 1–23.
1775:12234496
1632:Prosumer
1509:See also
1488:Research
1438:fair use
1216:Facebook
1145:Webshots
1101:podcasts
1095:and the
981:fan-made
944:xHamster
927:such as
873:Buzzfeed
865:Upworthy
841:Websites
827:HuffPost
736:Snapchat
720:Facebook
706:such as
603:metadata
585:seek to
571:analysis
529:Facebook
487:Sky News
457:and the
407:(2004).
339:Telegram
331:Snapchat
327:WhatsApp
275:LinkedIn
251:Facebook
246:before.
182:feedback
174:amateurs
148:Magazine
123:such as
4019:Scholia
3931:(2007).
3910:22 July
3830:22 July
3804:22 July
3423:2 April
3401:2 April
3374:2 April
3352:9 April
3326:2 April
3172:9 April
3147:9 April
2794:9 April
2641:9 April
2469:6302315
2423:3 March
2358:7568351
2309:3 March
2290:Toluna:
1844:iReport
1800:2 April
1655:Web 2.0
1605:Modding
1588:Fan art
1502:Ontario
1197:MySpace
1169:YouTube
1149:SmugMug
1089:YouTube
940:YouPorn
936:Pornhub
791:Typepad
783:Blogger
752:YouTube
732:Twitter
533:Twitter
502:Myspace
416:YouTube
367:of the
353:History
265:in the
255:Twitter
187:Web 2.0
152:Web 2.0
109:content
41:Please
3992:
3730:
3687:
3606:
3596:
3477:
3249:
3216:516873
3214:
2897:
2887:
2862:
2821:27 May
2674:
2664:
2467:
2403:466470
2401:
2391:
2356:
2348:
2274:
2039:
1988:
1980:
1931:
1923:
1881:
1773:
1765:
1723:
1220:TikTok
1203:, and
1173:TikTok
1129:Flickr
1114:Shmoop
1068:, and
1019:, and
1016:Dota 2
919:, and
897:Flickr
893:Picasa
853:Reddit
809:, and
795:Weebly
787:Medium
785:, and
744:TikTok
740:Twitch
728:Tumblr
712:Fandom
405:Flickr
337:, and
335:Signal
325:(e.g.
307:WeChat
299:Russia
293:(eng.
283:Africa
3990:S2CID
3901:(PDF)
3604:S2CID
3582:(PDF)
3573:(PDF)
3475:S2CID
3247:S2CID
3212:S2CID
3192:(PDF)
3071:4 May
2895:JSTOR
2502:(PDF)
2487:(PDF)
2465:S2CID
2399:S2CID
2354:S2CID
2303:(PDF)
2296:(PDF)
2105:(PDF)
2094:(PDF)
1986:S2CID
1948:Jihad
1929:S2CID
1901:(PDF)
1771:S2CID
1249:" by
1189:BBC's
861:4chan
811:Weibo
766:Blogs
756:Vimeo
718:like
704:wikis
696:blogs
686:Types
418:, an
315:China
297:) in
281:) in
263:Naver
259:Japan
239:Cisco
129:wikis
117:users
3912:2014
3905:WIPO
3884:2012
3858:2012
3832:2014
3806:2014
3758:2020
3728:ISSN
3685:ISBN
3658:2014
3635:2007
3594:ISBN
3504:2018
3425:2017
3403:2017
3376:2016
3354:2018
3328:2017
3301:2020
3276:2020
3174:2016
3149:2016
3073:2007
3028:2015
3006:2007
2992:via
2972:2022
2906:2021
2885:ISBN
2860:OCLC
2823:2018
2796:2018
2766:2014
2722:2014
2672:OCLC
2662:ISBN
2643:2018
2613:2021
2587:2016
2562:2016
2536:2019
2510:2019
2425:2010
2389:ISBN
2346:ISSN
2311:2010
2272:ISBN
2237:2017
2148:2024
2068:2014
2037:ISBN
2015:2011
1978:ISSN
1921:ISSN
1879:ISSN
1831:2012
1824:Time
1802:2017
1763:ISSN
1721:ISSN
1218:and
1171:and
1112:and
1062:eBay
985:mods
960:Yelp
942:and
929:Yelp
895:and
867:and
857:9gag
821:and
754:and
710:and
633:UGC.
617:and
593:and
494:Time
449:The
430:and
393:IMDb
309:and
199:The
146:TIME
3982:doi
3951:doi
3718:doi
3677:doi
3586:doi
3551:doi
3467:doi
3239:doi
3204:doi
2529:CNN
2457:doi
2381:doi
2338:doi
2334:100
1968:hdl
1960:doi
1913:doi
1869:doi
1755:doi
1713:doi
1500:in
1402:).
1388:VMK
995:or
907:or
746:or
567:Web
470:CNN
451:BBC
438:of
373:OED
313:in
257:in
156:CNN
141:BBC
105:UCC
97:UGC
4068::
3988:.
3978:23
3976:.
3972:.
3947:26
3945:.
3903:.
3875:.
3848:.
3822:.
3796:.
3778:.
3766:^
3749:.
3726:.
3714:49
3712:.
3708:.
3683:.
3625:.
3602:.
3592:.
3575:.
3547:25
3545:.
3527:.
3521:.
3495:.
3473:.
3461:.
3433:^
3344:.
3292:.
3267:.
3245:.
3235:25
3233:.
3210:.
3200:10
3198:.
3194:.
3165:.
3140:.
3121:.
3117:.
3111:.
3090:.
3045:.
2994:AP
2988:.
2958:.
2922:.
2893:.
2858:.
2831:^
2782:.
2756:.
2738:,
2712:.
2670:.
2629:.
2604:.
2578:.
2552:.
2527:.
2493:.
2489:.
2463:.
2453:48
2451:.
2433:^
2397:.
2387:.
2375:.
2352:.
2344:.
2332:.
2328:.
2227:.
2139:.
2096:.
2059:.
2023:^
1984:.
1976:.
1966:.
1956:38
1954:.
1927:.
1919:.
1909:29
1907:.
1903:.
1877:.
1863:.
1859:.
1822:.
1810:^
1783:^
1769:.
1761:.
1751:57
1749:.
1745:.
1733:^
1719:.
1707:.
1199:,
1076:.
1064:,
1035:.
1013:,
991:,
987:,
938:,
931:.
915:,
903:;
883:;
863:,
859:,
855:,
837:.
825:;
801:.
789:;
781:,
762:.
748:VK
742:,
738:,
734:,
730:,
726:,
722:,
577:.
510:.
446:.
426:,
333:,
329:,
317:.
311:QQ
305:,
285:,
269:,
261:,
4030:.
3996:.
3984::
3957:.
3953::
3914:.
3886:.
3860:.
3834:.
3808:.
3782:.
3760:.
3734:.
3720::
3693:.
3679::
3660:.
3637:.
3610:.
3588::
3557:.
3553::
3506:.
3481:.
3469::
3463:8
3427:.
3405:.
3378:.
3356:.
3330:.
3303:.
3278:.
3253:.
3241::
3218:.
3206::
3176:.
3151:.
3096:.
3075:.
3049:.
3030:.
3008:.
2974:.
2908:.
2866:.
2825:.
2798:.
2768:.
2724:.
2678:.
2645:.
2615:.
2589:.
2564:.
2538:.
2512:.
2495:7
2471:.
2459::
2427:.
2405:.
2383::
2360:.
2340::
2313:.
2280:.
2239:.
2193:.
2150:.
2070:.
2045:.
2017:.
1992:.
1970::
1962::
1935:.
1915::
1885:.
1871::
1865:3
1833:.
1804:.
1777:.
1757::
1727:.
1715::
1709:7
1436:"
1386:"
103:(
95:(
68:)
62:(
57:)
53:(
49:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
