790:
814:
296:
49:
657:
563:) between the arteries of the ureter, particularly in the adventitia, which means damage to a single vessel does not compromise the blood supply of the ureter. Venous drainage mostly parallels that of the arterial supply; that is, it begins as a network of smaller veins in the adventitia; with the renal veins draining the upper ureters, and the vesicular and gonadal veins draining the lower ureters.
712:
1295:
699:. The lamina propria is made up of loose connective tissue with many elastic fibers interspersed with blood vessels, veins and lymphatics. The ureter is surrounded by two muscular layers, an inner longitudinal layer of muscle, and an outer circular or spiral layer of muscle. The lower third of the ureter has a third muscular layer. Beyond these layers sits an
1322:, which occurred in 1964. The insertion of a drainage tube into the renal pelvis, bypassing the ureters and urinary tract, called nephrostomy, was first described in 1941. Such an approach differed greatly from the open surgical approaches within the urinary system employed during the preceding two millennia.
633:, and the lower ureter receives branches from the lower hypogastric plexus and nerve. The plexus is in the adventitia. These nerves travel in individual bundles and along small blood vessels to form the ureteric plexus. Sensation supplied is sparse close to the kidneys and increases closer to the bladder.
939:
should be used, and whether surgery is recommended. One reason is most instances of vesicoureteral reflux improve by themselves. If surgery is considered, it generally involves reattaching the ureters to a different spot on the bladder, and extending the part of the ureter that it is within the wall
1343:
material visible to X-rays inserted into the ureters, and in the early 20th century when contrasts were injected externally into the urinary tract (retrograde pyelograms). Unfortunately, much of the earlier retrograde pyelograms were complicated by significant damage to the kidneys as a result of
849:
due to blocked flow of urine. It is classically described that there are three sites in the ureter where a kidney stone will commonly become stuck: where the ureter meets the renal pelvis; where the iliac blood vessels cross the ureters; and where the ureters enter the urinary bladder, however a
230:
are tubes composed of smooth muscle that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. In an adult human, the ureters typically measure 20 to 30 centimeters in length and about 3 to 4 millimeters in diameter. They are lined with urothelial cells, a form of transitional epithelium, and
763:. The urinary bladder forms from the urogenital sinus. Over time, as the bladder enlarges, it absorbs the surrounding parts of the primitive ureters. Finally, the entry points of the ureters into the bladder move upwards, owing to the upward migration of the kidneys in the developing embryo.
748:. Over time, the buds elongate, moving into surrounding mesodermal tissue, dilate, and divide into left and right ureters. Eventually, successive divisions from these buds form not only the ureters, but also the pelvis, major and minor calyces, and collecting ducts of the kidneys.
1131:
Injuries to the ureter can occur after penetrating abdominal injuries, and injuries at high speeds followed by an abrupt stop (such as a high speed car accident). The ureter can be injured during surgery to nearby structures. It is injured in 2 per 10,000 cases of vaginal
948:
Blockage, or obstruction of the ureter can occur, as a result of narrowing within the ureter, or compression or fibrosis of structures around the ureter. Narrowing can result of ureteric stones, masses associated with cancer, and other lesions such as
404:. They then pass down along the sides of the pelvis and finally curve forward and enter the bladder from its left and right sides at the back of the bladder. The ureters are 1.5โ6 mm (0.06โ0.24 in) in diameter and surrounded by a layer of
1278:. The anatomical structure of the ureter was noted by 40 AD. However, the terms "ureter" and "urethra" were variably used to refer to each other thereafter for more than a millennium. It was only in the 1550s that anatomists such as
1286:
began to use the terms to specifically and consistently refer to what are in modern
English called the ureter and the urethra. Following this, in the 19th and 20th centuries, multiple terms relating to the structures such as
1193:
have two kidneys located behind the abdomen that produce urine, and have a way of excreting it, so that waste products within the urine can be removed from the body. The structure specifically called the ureter is present in
1160:
Several forms of medical imaging are used to view the ureters and urinary tract. Ultrasound may be able to show evidence of blockage because of hydronephrosis of the kidneys and renal pelvis. CT scans, including ones where
715:
Image showing the bottom part of an embryo 4โ5 weeks old. Here, the ureter (in orange) can be seen emerging from the bottom of the mesonephric duct (labelled "Wolffian duct"), connected to the primitive bladder. Image from
249:
that affect the ureters can include the development of two ureters on the same side or abnormally placed ureters. Additionally, reflux of urine from the bladder back up the ureters is a condition commonly seen in children.
1302:
Kidney stones have been identified and recorded about as long as written historical records exist. The urinary tract including the ureters, as well as their function to drain urine from the kidneys, has been described by
789:
578:
near the gonadal vessels. The middle part of the ureter drains into the right paracaval and interaortocaval nodes on the right, and the left paraaortic nodes on the left. In the lower ureter, lymph may drain into the
2041:
Faenza, A.; Nardo, Bruno; Catena, Fausto; Scolari, Maria P.; d'Arcangelo, Giovanni
Liviano; Buscaroli, Andrea; Rossi, Cristina; Zompatori, Maurizio (1 October 1999). "Ureteral stenosis after kidney transplantation".
1833:
Ordon, Michael; Schuler, Trevor D.; Ghiculete, Daniela; Pace, Kenneth T.; Honey, R. John D'A. (March 2013). "Third Place: Stones Lodge at Three Sites of
Anatomic Narrowing in the Ureter: Clinical Fact or Fiction?".
1050:. It is usually due to cancer of the urothelium, the cells that line the surface of the ureters. Urothelial cancer is more common after the age of 40, and more common in men than women; other risk factors include
1333:, although this was made more difficult by the thick abdomen, which the low power of the original X-rays could not penetrate enough to produce clear images. More useful images were able to be produced when
1364:
in the late 1920s of relatively nontoxic contrast media, with controversy surrounding publication as to who was the primary discoverer. Side-effects associated with imaging improved even more when
911:, particularly in children, and is present in up to 28โ36% of children to some degree. A number of forms of medical imaging are available for diagnosis of the condition, with modalities including
1177:
is where dye is injected into the urinary tract via a catheter, and flows backwards into the ureters. More invasive forms of imaging include ureteroscopy, which is the insertion of a flexible
1169:
to better show the ureters, and with contrast to better show lesions, and to differentiate benign from malignant lesions. Dye may also be injected directly into the ureters or renal tract; an
411:
The ureters enter the bladder from its back surface, traveling 1.5โ2 cm (0.6โ0.8 in) before opening into the bladder at an angle on its outer back surface at the slit-like
1368:
published a ground-breaking thesis in 1969 based on the less toxic low-osmolar contrast media, developed based on swimming experiences in lakes with different salinity.
1119:
to remove the affected ureter and kidney if it is involved; or, if the lesion is small, it may be removed via ureteroscopy. Prognosis can vary markedly depending on the
415:. This location is also called the vesicoureteric junction. In the contracted bladder, they are about 25 mm (1 in) apart and about the same distance from the
1023:
imaging is conducted to investigate many causes. This may involve reinserting the ureters into a new place on the bladder (reimplantion), or widening of the ureter. A
617:
directly (T9โ12, L1, and S2-4), as well as branches from other nerve plexuses and nerves; specifically, the upper third of the ureter receives nerve branches from the
2127:
1181:
into the urinary tract to view the ureters. Ureteroscopy is most commonly used for medium to large-sized stones when less invasive methods of removal cannot be used.
1883:
1602:
926:. Whether these investigations are performed at the first time a child has an illness, or later and depending on other factors (such as if the causal bacteria is
422:
A number of structures pass by, above, and around the ureters on their path down from the kidneys to the bladder. In its upper part, the ureter travels on the
202:
267:. It is, however, only since the 1500s that the term "ureter" has been consistently used to refer to the modern structure, and only since the development of
2730:
2330:
Ralston, Stuart H.; Penman, Ian D.; Strachan, Mark W.; Hobson, Richard P. (eds.) (2018). "Investigation of renal and urinary tract disease:Imaging".
1356:, in which contrast is injected into a vein and highlights the kidney and, when excreted, the urinary tract. Things improved with the development by
3555:
1673:
1442:
1311:
231:
feature an extra layer of smooth muscle in the lower third to aid in peristalsis. The ureters can be affected by a number of diseases, including
1587:
1540:
1365:
817:
A giant ureteral stone with dimensions of approximately 6โรโ5โรโ4โcm and weighing 61โgrams extracted from the left ureter of a 19-year-old male
648:
of T11 โ L2, namely the back and sides of the abdomen, the scrotum (males) or labia majora (females) and upper part of the front of the thigh.
1357:
1315:
881:
178:
1961:
Ralston, Stuart H.; Penman, Ian D.; Strachan, Mark W.; Hobson, Richard P. (eds.) (2018). "Diseases of the collecting system and ureters".
1404:
Arthur D. Smith (Editor), Glenn
Preminger (Editor), Gopal H. Badlani (Editor), Louis R. Kavoussi (Editor) (2019). "38. Ureteral Anatomy".
4018:
1403:
442:
sit to the midline of the right and left ureters, respectively. In the lower part of the abdomen, the right ureter sits behind the lower
1015:
might be seen to decrease. These are considered situations when surgery is needed. Medical imaging, including urinary tract ultrasound,
1081:
Investigations performed usually include collecting a sample of urine for an inspection for malignant cells under a microscope, called
458:. As the ureters enter the pelvis, they are surrounded by connective tissue, and travel backward and outward, passing in front of the
4013:
506:
The arteries which supply the ureter vary along its course. The upper third of the ureter, closest to the kidney, is supplied by the
1070:
may be otherwise normal, except in late disease. Ureteral cancer is most often due to cancer of the cells lining the ureter, called
2015:
2723:
2696:
2507:
2480:
2446:
2339:
2169:
1970:
1797:
1767:
1612:
1078:
if the type of cells lining the urethra have changed due to chronic inflammation, such as due to stones or schistosomiasis.
3548:
2496:
Withers, Philip C.; Cooper, Christine E.; Maloney, Shane K.; Bozinovic, Francisco; Neto, Ariovaldo P. Cruz (2016-11-10).
1922:
779:, produced by the kidneys, travels along the ureters to the bladder. It does this through regular contractions called
2716:
2419:
1735:
1701:
1657:
1563:
1516:
1413:
727:
113:
3815:
1066:. When cancer is present, the most common symptom is blood in the urine; it may not cause symptoms, and a physical
1031:
may be required, which is the insertion of a tube connected to the renal pelvis which directly drains urine into a
990:
develops (usually in that location). If the ureters have been resited as a result of surgery, for example due to a
4055:
3825:
3820:
3541:
687:
that is capable of responding to stretches in the ureters. The transitional epithelium may appear as a layer of
253:
The ureters have been identified for at least two thousand years, with the word "ureter" stemming from the stem
3982:
3907:
3787:
3683:
2637:
Nahon, I; Waddington, G; Dorey, G; Adams, R (2011). "The history of urologic surgery: from reeds to robotics".
2160:
Ralston, Stuart H.; Penman, Ian D.; Strachan, Mark W.; Hobson, Richard P. (eds.) (2018). "Urothelial tumours".
283:
have been able to view the ureters. The ureters are also seen from the inside using a flexible camera, called
3713:
3224:
3202:
388:
The ureters are tubular structures, approximately 20โ30 cm (8โ12 in) in adults, that pass from the
197:
3767:
3673:
2751:
1310:
The first to examine the ureter through an internal approach, called ureteroscopy, rather than surgery was
1141:
487:
17:
4025:
1788:
Ralston, Stuart H.; Penman, Ian D.; Strachan, Mark W.; Hobson, Richard P. (eds.) (2018). "Urolithiasis".
1071:
935:
Management is also variable, with differences between international guidelines on issues such as whether
630:
626:
3805:
3452:
907:
refers to the reflux of fluid from the bladder into the ureters. This condition can be associated with
592:
588:
4000:
3977:
3884:
3412:
539:
471:
416:
3832:
3420:
969:
965:
915:
584:
280:
246:
232:
161:
940:
of the bladder, with the most common surgical option being Cohen's cross-trigonal reimplantation.
896:, and those with complications such as hydronephrosis or infection may require surgery to remove.
530:
in women. The lower third of the ureter, closest to the bladder, is supplied by branches from the
4098:
3708:
3642:
1075:
936:
908:
829:
and become lodged inside the ureter, which can block the flow of urine, as well as cause a sharp
684:
622:
580:
574:. Those vessels closer to the kidney drain into renal collecting vessels, and from here into the
535:
459:
419:; in the distended bladder, these measurements may be increased to about 50 mm (2 in).
105:
2378:
2301:
3933:
3837:
3620:
3346:
3251:
3103:
1137:
575:
475:
209:
185:
173:
2497:
2470:
2436:
2361:
2191:
1992:
1819:
1757:
1435:
4035:
3688:
3153:
2684:
1170:
1089:. If a concerning lesion is seen, a flexible camera may be inserted into the ureters, called
904:
531:
511:
3897:
3382:
3328:
3118:
1174:
543:
463:
1339:
559:
8:
4060:
4005:
3762:
3757:
3693:
3678:
3131:
2900:
1353:
1334:
1279:
1067:
918:.Factors that affect which of these are selected depends if a child is able to receive a
752:
645:
431:
401:
361:
1214:. The duct that connects the kidney to excrete urine in these animals is the ureter. In
1107:
4045:
3728:
3323:
3194:
2956:
2947:
2933:
2614:
2587:
2561:
2349:
2277:
2252:
2230:
2179:
2067:
1980:
1914:
1807:
1667:
1581:
1534:
1423:
912:
846:
795:
692:
688:
636:
Sensation to the ureters is provided by nerves that come from T11 โ L2 segments of the
467:
435:
423:
408:
for 1โ2 cm (0.4โ0.8 in) near their ends just before they enter the bladder.
353:
2087:"Ureteric stents: Overview of current clinical applications and economic implications"
1902:
994:
or due to past surgery for vesicoureteric reflux, that site may also become narrowed.
4040:
3842:
3657:
3522:
3512:
3043:
2840:
2692:
2654:
2619:
2553:
2503:
2476:
2442:
2415:
2335:
2282:
2222:
2165:
2108:
2059:
1966:
1906:
1851:
1793:
1763:
1731:
1697:
1653:
1608:
1569:
1559:
1522:
1512:
1409:
1361:
1215:
1145:
1102:
991:
977:
877:
718:
571:
546:, branches directly from the aorta, and, in women, the uterine and vaginal arteries.
523:
365:
2650:
2565:
2234:
2071:
999:
972:
can also result in narrowing or the ureters. Congenital disorders of the ureter and
798:
showing a jet of urine entering the bladder (large black section) through the ureter
332:
241:
4093:
3954:
3777:
3723:
3489:
2996:
2979:
2860:
2810:
2805:
2646:
2609:
2599:
2543:
2272:
2264:
2214:
2098:
2051:
1918:
1898:
1843:
1020:
976:
affect 10% of infants. These include partial or total duplication of the ureter (a
928:
919:
756:
737:
613:
that lies in the adventitia of the ureters. This plexus is formed from a number of
491:
479:
392:
of each kidney into the bladder. From the renal pelvis, they descend on top of the
982:
671:. A large amount of muscle fibres can be seen surrounding the epithelium, and the
494:
travel on top for a short (2.5 cm (1 in)) period. They then pass by the
4103:
3972:
3943:
3749:
3637:
3497:
3445:
3397:
3318:
2915:
2743:
2218:
1219:
1047:
1012:
957:
923:
873:
862:
760:
668:
610:
542:. The arterial supply can be variable, with arteries that contribute include the
515:
439:
378:
357:
324:
268:
166:
125:
62:
3533:
605:
4072:
4065:
4050:
3964:
3847:
3615:
3565:
3374:
3264:
3108:
3086:
3059:
2905:
2760:
1283:
1162:
1149:
1112:
1059:
1024:
1004:
858:
842:
772:
696:
566:
Lymphatic drainage depends on the position of lymphatic vessels in the ureter.
527:
519:
482:
to enter the bladder near the trigone. In females, the ureters pass behind the
447:
302:
109:
93:
640:. When pain is caused, for example by spasm of the ureters or by a stone, the
4087:
3959:
3859:
3854:
3810:
3610:
3593:
3517:
3357:
3212:
3182:
3170:
3157:
3141:
2895:
2830:
2268:
2063:
1573:
1526:
1349:
1255:
1027:
may be inserted to relieve an obstruction. If the cause cannot be removed, a
973:
950:
851:
641:
478:. From here, in males, they cross under the vas deferens and in front of the
455:
405:
336:
190:
149:
2472:
Vertebrate
Biology: Systematics, Taxonomy, Natural History, and Conservation
255:
3892:
3874:
3797:
3718:
3668:
3603:
3598:
3588:
3502:
2825:
2773:
2708:
2658:
2623:
2557:
2286:
2226:
2112:
1910:
1855:
1319:
1270:, meaning "urine", and the first use of the word is seen during the era of
1239:
1133:
1120:
1116:
1090:
987:
961:
953:
865:
did not show many stones at the place where the iliac blood vessels cross.
837:. Pain often comes in waves lasting up to two hours, then subsides, called
822:
733:
618:
507:
389:
345:
312:
284:
236:
88:
81:
2604:
2055:
1847:
3869:
3864:
3627:
3430:
3279:
3259:
3074:
3069:
3009:
1652:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia & Toronto: Elsevier Mosby. p. 324.
1271:
1211:
1166:
1028:
893:
892:. Small stones (< 4mm) may pass themselves; larger stones may require
838:
780:
637:
397:
393:
264:
3703:
3632:
3338:
3207:
3177:
3126:
3031:
2739:
2548:
2531:
1288:
1227:
1190:
1086:
1016:
1008:
854:
813:
700:
680:
672:
664:
614:
554:
427:
349:
276:
245:
is when a ureter is narrowed, due to for example chronic inflammation.
76:
2103:
2086:
3902:
3782:
3301:
3096:
2877:
2205:
Stein, D. M.; Santucci, R. A. (July 2015). "An update on urotrauma".
1326:
1265:
1243:
1178:
1063:
1032:
885:
660:
443:
260:
2835:
3772:
3477:
3440:
3435:
3362:
3234:
2815:
2800:
2778:
1692:
Young, Barbara; O'Dowd, Geraldine; Woodford, Phillip (2013-11-04).
1207:
1173:
is when contrast is injected directly into the renal pelvis, and a
1082:
986:) ureter; or where the junction with the bladder is malformed or a
741:
215:
3992:
3740:
3647:
3507:
3425:
3402:
3306:
3296:
3291:
3229:
3165:
2870:
2820:
2795:
1730:(14th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer. pp. 256โ266.
1275:
1235:
1223:
1199:
1195:
1098:
1051:
1007:). Associated symptoms may include recurrent infections, pain or
869:
834:
483:
451:
328:
295:
48:
33:
1318:
who is the first published use of a flexible endoscope based on
3573:
3462:
3457:
3387:
3333:
3269:
3217:
3136:
3026:
3014:
2969:
2928:
2923:
2865:
2790:
1556:
Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice
1509:
Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice
1345:
1231:
1123:, with a worse prognosis associated with an ulcerating lesion.
1094:
1043:
889:
826:
745:
603:
The ureters are richly supplied by nerves that form a network (
553:
that supply the ureters end in a network of vessels within the
550:
495:
382:
308:
100:
58:
2588:"The History of Urinary Stones: In Parallel with Civilization"
656:
3472:
3467:
3352:
3079:
2986:
2887:
2845:
2784:
2495:
2085:
Sali, Gaurav Mohan; Joshi, Hrishikesh B (23 September 2019).
1408:(4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons Ltd. pp. 455โ464.
1330:
1304:
1259:
1242:
in male placental mammals, but dorsal to the vas deferens in
1203:
884:
because it can detect almost all stones. Management includes
830:
776:
567:
374:
272:
137:
120:
54:
2128:"Nursing care and management of patients with a nephrostomy"
1783:
1781:
1779:
3239:
2974:
2850:
2768:
2412:
Vertebrates : comparative anatomy, function, evolution
2329:
2159:
1960:
1787:
1756:
Moore, Keith L.; Dalley, Arthur F.; Agur, A. M. R. (2013).
711:
1294:
3274:
3091:
2855:
2636:
2414:(8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 546โ552.
1832:
1776:
1210:. These animals possess an adult kidney derived from the
1055:
2040:
943:
703:
containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and veins.
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
1694:
Wheater's functional histology: a text and colour atlas
1691:
263:
and seen in written records since at least the time of
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
1352:. Hryntshalk in 1929 pioneered the development of the
570:
collects in submucosal, intramuscular and adventitial
1696:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. p. 314.
755:, which over the course of development splits into a
2665:
2316:
997:
A narrowed ureter may lead to ureteric enlargement (
980:), or the formation of a second irregularly placed (
486:
and then travel in the lower midline section of the
466:. They then travel inward and forward, crossing the
430:. As it passes down the muscle, it travels over the
2138:
1511:(41st ed.). Philadelphia. pp. 1251โ1254.
625:, the middle part receives branches from the upper
510:. The middle part of the ureter is supplied by the
2499:Ecological and Environmental Physiology of Mammals
2410:Kardong, Kenneth (2019). "The urogenital system".
1762:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 300.
3563:
2683:Thomas, Adrian M. K.; Banerjee, Arpan K. (2013).
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
4085:
2585:
2434:
1553:
1506:
1085:, as well as medical imaging by a CT urogram or
27:Tubes used in the urinary system in most animals
1755:
2682:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2532:"Uro-words making history: Ureter and urethra"
2332:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
2162:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
1963:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
1939:
1790:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
1687:
1685:
1683:
1337:in 1908 pioneered the use of tubes covered in
695:when distended. Below the epithelium sits the
3549:
2724:
2529:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2334:(23rd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 389โ390.
2250:
2204:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1558:(41st ed.). Philadelphia. p. 1259.
501:
53:The ureters (labeled 4) are tubes that carry
2738:
2441:. University of Chicago Press. p. 583.
2246:
2244:
2016:"Ureteral obstruction - Symptoms and causes"
1672:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
557:of the ureters. There are many connections (
2572:
2530:Marx, Franz Josef; Karenberg, Axel (2010).
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2251:Burks, F. N.; Santucci, R. A. (June 2014).
2164:(23rd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 435โ6.
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1965:(23rd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 433โ4.
1792:(23rd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 431โ2.
1751:
1749:
1747:
1680:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1600:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
932:) differ between US, EU and UK guidelines.
880:. The first recommended investigation is a
751:The mesonephric duct is connected with the
3556:
3542:
2731:
2717:
2396:
2253:"Management of iatrogenic ureteral injury"
2034:
1862:
1710:
1586:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1539:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
47:
2630:
2613:
2603:
2586:Tefekli, Ahmet; Cezayirli, Fatin (2013).
2547:
2276:
2241:
2198:
2102:
2084:
1441:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1378:
1101:will be performed of other body parts (a
1093:, in order to view the lesion and take a
1074:, although it can more rarely occur as a
841:. The affected kidney could then develop
498:, traveling inward towards the bladder.
299:Structures that are near the ureters. 1.
2516:
2428:
1999:
1744:
1621:
1507:Standring, Susan, ed. (2016). "Ureter".
1449:
1293:
1230:, urine flows from the ureters into the
1103:CT scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis
812:
803:
710:
655:
294:
2409:
2126:R, Martin; Baker, H (14 October 2019).
1607:. BI Publications Pvt Ltd. p. 61.
14:
4086:
2468:
2438:Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
2435:Marvalee H. Wake (15 September 1992).
2125:
1881:
1725:
1637:(10th ed.). Elsevier. p. 31.
450:, and the left ureter sits behind the
3537:
2712:
2373:
2371:
1726:Sadley, TW (2019). "Urinary system".
1648:Lowe, Alan Stevens, James S. (2005).
1148:, where the ureter runs close to the
1003:) and cause swelling of the kidneys (
960:. Things outside the ureters such as
944:Anatomical and surgical abnormalities
868:Most stones are compounds containing
845:, should a part of the kidney become
583:, or lower down in the pelvis to the
287:, which was first described in 1964.
271:in the 1900s that techniques such as
2685:"Contrast media and the renal tract"
2299:
1647:
1632:
1884:"Vesicoureteric reflux in children"
771:The ureters are a component of the
667:(purple cells) sitting next to the
400:. Here, they cross in front of the
24:
2368:
861:, of where stones lodged based on
808:
736:, which are outpouchings from the
25:
4115:
1314:in 1929. This was improved on by
1254:The word "ureter" comes from the
728:Development of the urinary system
522:; the gonadal arteries being the
114:ureteral branches of renal artery
2469:Linzey, Donald W. (2020-08-04).
2091:International Journal of Urology
1291:and ureterography, were coined.
1184:
1142:suspensory ligament of the ovary
788:
2651:10.7257/1053-816X.2011.31.3.173
2489:
2462:
2293:
2257:Therapeutic Advances in Urology
2119:
2078:
1826:
1406:Smith's textbook of endourology
890:nonsteroidal antiinflammatories
740:. This is a duct, derived from
651:
598:
3908:Extraglomerular mesangial cell
3788:Intraglomerular mesangial cell
1882:Tullus, Kjell (January 2015).
1641:
1594:
1554:Standring, Susan, ed. (2016).
1547:
1222:, whence urine leaves via the
706:
13:
1:
1903:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60383-4
1604:Essentials of Nephrology, 2/e
1371:
1111:lesions. After the cancer is
968:can also compress them. Some
732:The ureters develop from the
3768:Glomerular basement membrane
2592:The Scientific World Journal
2219:10.1097/MOU.0000000000000184
1728:Langman's medical embryology
1266:
833:in the back, side, or lower
488:broad ligament of the uterus
290:
7:
2502:. Oxford University Press.
1759:Clinically Oriented Anatomy
1150:blood vessels of the uterus
1136:and 13 per 10,000 cases of
1072:transitional cell carcinoma
1046:of the ureters is known as
766:
663:of the ureter, showing the
514:, direct branches from the
10:
4120:
3806:Proximal convoluted tubule
2383:National Kidney Foundation
2207:Current Opinion in Urology
1601:Visveswaran, kasi (2009).
1307:in the second century AD.
1260:
1249:
1155:
725:
593:internal iliac lymph nodes
502:Blood and lymphatic supply
31:
4001:Internal urethral orifice
3991:
3978:Median umbilical ligament
3942:
3924:
3885:Juxtaglomerular apparatus
3883:
3796:
3748:
3739:
3656:
3581:
3572:
3488:
3411:
3373:
3250:
3193:
3152:
3117:
3058:
2995:
2955:
2946:
2914:
2886:
2759:
2750:
1126:
1105:) to look for additional
1038:
922:, and whether a child is
899:
661:Microscopic cross-section
540:inferior vesical arteries
426:and sits just behind the
417:internal urethral orifice
208:
196:
184:
172:
160:
148:
136:
131:
119:
99:
87:
75:
70:
46:
41:
3833:Distal convoluted tubule
2689:The History of Radiology
2269:10.1177/1756287214526767
2044:Transplant International
1138:abdominal hysterectomies
1115:, treatment may involve
970:congenital abnormalities
966:retroperitoneal fibrosis
937:prophylactic antibiotics
916:urinary tract ultrasound
909:urinary tract infections
581:common iliac lymph nodes
490:. For a short part, the
247:Congenital abnormalities
233:urinary tract infections
32:Not to be confused with
3709:Peritubular capillaries
1076:squamous cell carcinoma
685:transitional epithelium
679:The ureter is lined by
532:internal iliac arteries
460:internal iliac arteries
106:Superior vesical artery
3934:Ureteropelvic junction
3838:Collecting duct system
3621:medullary interstitium
3183:Lymphoid immune system
2752:Musculoskeletal system
1836:Journal of Endourology
1635:Campbell-Walsh Urology
1633:Wein, Alan J. (2011).
1338:
1329:of the ureters was by
1299:
1106:
998:
981:
882:CT scan of the abdomen
818:
723:
676:
604:
558:
476:middle rectal arteries
385:
254:
240:
210:Anatomical terminology
3898:Juxtaglomerular cells
3171:Myeloid immune system
2957:Cardiovascular system
2300:Santucci, Richard A.
2056:10.1007/s001470050236
1848:10.1089/end.2012.0201
1297:
1218:, it connects to the
905:Vesicoureteral reflux
816:
804:Clinical significance
744:, found in the early
714:
691:when relaxed, and of
659:
512:common iliac arteries
402:common iliac arteries
298:
3523:Islets of Langerhans
3383:Genitourinary system
3119:Integumentary system
1327:radiological imaging
1175:retrograde pyelogram
642:pain may be referred
576:lateral aortic nodes
544:middle rectal artery
464:internal iliac veins
396:muscle to reach the
4061:Lacunae of Morgagni
4006:Urethral sphincters
3413:Reproductive system
3132:Subcutaneous tissue
2901:Cartilaginous joint
2605:10.1155/2013/423964
1354:intravenous urogram
1335:Edwin Hurry Fenwick
1280:Bartolomeo Eustachi
1171:antegrade pyelogram
1140:, usually near the
1068:medical examination
1011:; and when tested,
689:column-shaped cells
432:genitofemoral nerve
362:Common iliac artery
3195:Respiratory system
2948:Circulatory system
2549:10.1002/pros.21129
2360:has generic name (
2190:has generic name (
1991:has generic name (
1818:has generic name (
1434:has generic name (
1344:contrast based on
1300:
1234:. The ureters are
1009:blood in the urine
825:can move from the
819:
724:
677:
627:hypogastric plexus
436:inferior vena cava
424:psoas major muscle
398:brim of the pelvis
386:
370:With transparency:
354:Inferior vena cava
331:. (Left side with
4081:
4080:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3843:Connecting tubule
3531:
3530:
3054:
3053:
3044:Glymphatic system
2942:
2941:
2698:978-0-19-166971-2
2509:978-0-19-109268-8
2482:978-1-4214-3734-7
2448:978-0-226-87013-7
2341:978-0-7020-7028-0
2302:"Ureteral Trauma"
2171:978-0-7020-7028-0
2104:10.1111/iju.14119
1972:978-0-7020-7028-0
1897:(9965): 371โ379.
1799:978-0-7020-7028-0
1769:978-1-4511-1945-9
1614:978-81-7225-323-3
1362:Leopold Lichtwitz
1216:placental mammals
1146:cardinal ligament
992:kidney transplant
878:calcium phosphate
675:sits beyond this.
609:) of nerves, the
572:lymphatic vessels
524:testicular artery
413:ureteric orifices
224:
223:
219:
16:(Redirected from
4111:
3955:Vesical arteries
3778:Filtration slits
3763:Bowman's capsule
3746:
3745:
3579:
3578:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3535:
3534:
3490:Endocrine system
3252:Digestive system
2997:Lymphatic system
2980:Lymphatic vessel
2953:
2952:
2757:
2756:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2710:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2680:
2663:
2662:
2639:Urologic Nursing
2634:
2628:
2627:
2617:
2607:
2583:
2570:
2569:
2551:
2527:
2514:
2513:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2407:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2345:
2327:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2280:
2248:
2239:
2238:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2175:
2157:
2136:
2135:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2106:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2012:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1976:
1958:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1921:. Archived from
1888:
1879:
1860:
1859:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1803:
1785:
1774:
1773:
1753:
1742:
1741:
1723:
1708:
1707:
1689:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1663:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1630:
1619:
1618:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1585:
1577:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1530:
1504:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1419:
1401:
1274:to refer to the
1269:
1263:
1262:
1054:and exposure to
1021:nuclear medicine
920:urinary catheter
792:
757:urogenital sinus
738:mesonephric duct
520:gonadal arteries
492:uterine arteries
480:seminal vesicles
472:inferior vesical
216:edit on Wikidata
213:
57:and connect the
51:
39:
38:
21:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4056:navicular fossa
3987:
3973:Detrusor muscle
3938:
3912:
3879:
3826:Thick ascending
3792:
3750:Renal corpuscle
3735:
3652:
3638:Cortical lobule
3568:
3564:Anatomy of the
3562:
3532:
3527:
3484:
3446:Seminal vesicle
3407:
3369:
3319:Small intestine
3246:
3189:
3148:
3113:
3050:
2991:
2938:
2916:Muscular system
2910:
2882:
2761:Skeletal system
2746:
2737:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2681:
2666:
2635:
2631:
2584:
2573:
2528:
2517:
2510:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2408:
2397:
2388:
2386:
2377:
2376:
2369:
2357:
2356:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2328:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2298:
2294:
2249:
2242:
2203:
2199:
2187:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2158:
2139:
2124:
2120:
2083:
2079:
2039:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2000:
1988:
1987:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1959:
1940:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1886:
1880:
1863:
1831:
1827:
1815:
1814:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1786:
1777:
1770:
1754:
1745:
1738:
1724:
1711:
1704:
1690:
1681:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1650:Human histology
1646:
1642:
1631:
1622:
1615:
1599:
1595:
1579:
1578:
1566:
1552:
1548:
1532:
1531:
1519:
1505:
1450:
1440:
1431:
1430:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1402:
1379:
1374:
1252:
1220:urinary bladder
1187:
1158:
1129:
1060:aromatic amines
1048:ureteral cancer
1041:
1013:kidney function
958:schistosomiasis
946:
902:
874:calcium oxalate
863:medical imaging
811:
809:Ureteral stones
806:
799:
793:
769:
761:anorectal canal
730:
709:
654:
611:ureteric plexus
601:
526:in men and the
516:abdominal aorta
504:
440:abdominal aorta
379:Large intestine
372:
368:
358:Abdominal aorta
343:
339:
333:frontal section
325:Urinary bladder
293:
269:medical imaging
220:
126:Ureteric plexus
66:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4117:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4099:Urinary system
4096:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4073:Urinary meatus
4070:
4069:
4068:
4066:urethral gland
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4003:
3997:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3965:Vaginal artery
3962:
3957:
3948:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3930:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3889:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3848:Papillary duct
3845:
3835:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3821:Thin ascending
3818:
3808:
3802:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3754:
3752:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3662:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3596:
3591:
3585:
3583:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3566:urinary system
3561:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3538:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3417:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3379:
3377:
3375:Urinary system
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3297:Laryngopharynx
3294:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3265:Salivary gland
3256:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3199:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3162:
3160:
3158:immune systems
3154:Haematopoietic
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3104:Somatic system
3101:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3087:Sensory system
3084:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3064:
3062:
3060:Nervous system
3056:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3039:CNS equivalent
3036:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3001:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2961:
2959:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2906:Synovial joint
2903:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2765:
2763:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2736:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2713:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2691:. OUP Oxford.
2664:
2629:
2571:
2542:(9): 952โ958.
2515:
2508:
2488:
2481:
2461:
2447:
2427:
2420:
2395:
2379:"Ureteroscopy"
2367:
2340:
2315:
2292:
2240:
2197:
2170:
2137:
2118:
2077:
2050:(5): 334โ340.
2033:
1998:
1971:
1938:
1861:
1842:(3): 270โ276.
1825:
1798:
1775:
1768:
1743:
1736:
1709:
1702:
1679:
1658:
1640:
1620:
1613:
1593:
1564:
1546:
1517:
1448:
1414:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1284:Jacques Dubois
1251:
1248:
1186:
1183:
1163:contrast media
1157:
1154:
1134:hysterectomies
1128:
1125:
1040:
1037:
1025:ureteric stent
1005:hydronephrosis
945:
942:
924:toilet trained
901:
898:
859:primary source
843:hydronephrosis
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
800:
794:
787:
773:urinary system
768:
765:
719:Gray's Anatomy
708:
705:
697:lamina propria
653:
650:
600:
597:
528:ovarian artery
508:renal arteries
503:
500:
448:terminal ileum
303:urinary system
292:
289:
222:
221:
212:
206:
205:
200:
194:
193:
188:
182:
181:
176:
170:
169:
164:
158:
157:
152:
146:
145:
140:
134:
133:
129:
128:
123:
117:
116:
110:vaginal artery
103:
97:
96:
94:Urinary system
91:
85:
84:
79:
73:
72:
68:
67:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4116:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4074:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4036:pre-prostatic
4034:
4033:
4032:Male urethra
4031:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3960:Vesical veins
3958:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3860:Renal papilla
3858:
3856:
3855:Tubular fluid
3853:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3811:Loop of Henle
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3643:Medullary ray
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3559:
3554:
3552:
3547:
3545:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3358:Biliary tract
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3143:
3142:Mammary gland
3140:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:Fibrous joint
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2740:Human systems
2734:
2729:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2700:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2645:(3): 173โ80.
2644:
2640:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2511:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2492:
2484:
2478:
2475:. JHU Press.
2474:
2473:
2465:
2450:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2421:9781260092042
2417:
2413:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2363:
2358:|first4=
2351:
2343:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2303:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2263:(3): 115โ24.
2262:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2245:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2213:(4): 323โ30.
2212:
2208:
2201:
2193:
2188:|first4=
2181:
2173:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2133:
2132:Nursing Times
2129:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1994:
1989:|first4=
1982:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1928:on 2020-07-06
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1821:
1816:|first4=
1809:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1771:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1739:
1737:9781496383907
1733:
1729:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1705:
1703:9780702047473
1699:
1695:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1675:
1669:
1661:
1659:0-3230-3663-5
1655:
1651:
1644:
1636:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1616:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1589:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1565:9780702052309
1561:
1557:
1550:
1542:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1518:9780702052309
1514:
1510:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1444:
1437:
1425:
1417:
1415:9781119245193
1411:
1407:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1350:sodium iodide
1347:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1312:Hampton Young
1308:
1306:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1257:
1256:Ancient Greek
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1185:Other animals
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:intravenously
1164:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:
995:
993:
989:
985:
984:
979:
978:duplex ureter
975:
974:urinary tract
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
952:
951:endometriosis
941:
938:
933:
931:
930:
925:
921:
917:
914:
910:
906:
897:
895:
891:
888:, often with
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
866:
864:
860:
857:, which is a
856:
853:
852:retrospective
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
815:
797:
791:
786:
785:
784:
782:
778:
774:
764:
762:
758:
754:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
734:ureteric buds
729:
722:1918 edition.
721:
720:
713:
704:
702:
698:
694:
693:flatter cells
690:
686:
682:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
649:
647:
643:
639:
634:
632:
628:
624:
623:aortic plexus
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
573:
569:
564:
562:
561:
556:
552:
547:
545:
541:
537:
534:, mainly the
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
456:sigmoid colon
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
420:
418:
414:
409:
407:
406:smooth muscle
403:
399:
395:
391:
384:
380:
376:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
342:
338:
337:Adrenal gland
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
304:
297:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:
251:
248:
244:
243:
238:
234:
229:
217:
211:
207:
204:
201:
199:
195:
192:
189:
187:
183:
180:
177:
175:
171:
168:
165:
163:
159:
156:
153:
151:
147:
144:
141:
139:
135:
130:
127:
124:
122:
118:
115:
111:
107:
104:
102:
98:
95:
92:
90:
86:
83:
80:
78:
74:
69:
64:
60:
56:
50:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
4046:intermediate
3951:Circulation
3925:
3893:Macula densa
3875:Renal pelvis
3798:Renal tubule
3689:interlobular
3669:Renal artery
3392:
3345:
3313:
3286:
3038:
3021:
3004:
2964:
2688:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2595:
2591:
2539:
2536:The Prostate
2535:
2498:
2491:
2471:
2464:
2452:. Retrieved
2437:
2430:
2411:
2387:. Retrieved
2382:
2331:
2306:. Retrieved
2295:
2260:
2256:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2161:
2131:
2121:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2024:. Retrieved
2019:
1962:
1930:. Retrieved
1923:the original
1894:
1890:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1789:
1758:
1727:
1693:
1649:
1643:
1634:
1603:
1596:
1555:
1549:
1508:
1432:|last1=
1405:
1366:Tosten Almen
1324:
1320:fiber optics
1309:
1301:
1253:
1240:vas deferens
1188:
1165:is injected
1159:
1144:or near the
1130:
1121:tumour grade
1117:open surgery
1091:ureteroscopy
1080:
1042:
996:
988:ureterocoele
962:constipation
954:tuberculosis
947:
934:
929:E. coli
927:
903:
867:
823:kidney stone
820:
770:
750:
731:
717:
683:, a type of
678:
652:Microanatomy
635:
619:renal plexus
602:
599:Nerve supply
565:
548:
505:
421:
412:
410:
387:
369:
346:Renal artery
340:
320:
316:
313:Renal pelvis
300:
285:ureteroscopy
259:relating to
252:
237:kidney stone
227:
225:
179:A08.2.01.001
154:
142:
82:Ureteric bud
29:
18:Ureter stone
3870:Major calyx
3865:Minor calyx
3658:Circulation
3513:Parathyroid
3213:Nasopharynx
3075:Spinal cord
3010:Bone marrow
2779:Collar bone
2097:(1): 7โ15.
2020:Mayo Clinic
1358:Moses Swick
1340:radioopaque
1316:VF Marshall
1272:Hippocrates
1212:metanephros
1191:vertebrates
1029:nephrostomy
894:lithotripsy
839:renal colic
781:peristalsis
707:Development
638:spinal cord
615:nerve roots
560:anastamoses
394:psoas major
265:Hippocrates
132:Identifiers
4088:Categories
3816:Descending
3758:Glomerulus
3724:interlobar
3714:Vasa recta
3704:Renal vein
3679:interlobar
3292:Oropharynx
3032:Lymph node
2965:peripheral
2811:Metatarsus
2806:Metacarpus
2785:Thigh bone
2781:(clavicle)
2598:: 423964.
2389:2020-07-04
2304:. Medscape
1932:2020-07-06
1891:The Lancet
1372:References
1325:The first
1289:ureteritis
1244:marsupials
1228:monotremes
1198:, meaning
1108:metastatic
1087:ultrasound
855:case study
796:Ultrasound
726:See also:
701:adventitia
681:urothelium
673:adventitia
665:epithelium
646:dermatomes
555:adventitia
428:peritoneum
281:ultrasound
4041:prostatic
4010:External
3903:Mesangium
3783:Mesangium
3674:segmental
3665:Arteries
3498:Pituitary
3347:accessory
3302:Esophagus
3022:secondary
2934:Diaphragm
2878:Cartilage
2826:Phalanges
2350:cite book
2180:cite book
2064:1432-2277
1981:cite book
1808:cite book
1668:cite book
1582:cite book
1574:920806541
1535:cite book
1527:920806541
1424:cite book
1179:endoscope
1064:aldehydes
1033:stoma bag
886:analgesia
468:umbilical
444:mesentery
291:Structure
261:urinating
77:Precursor
4026:Internal
3967:(female)
3773:Podocyte
3729:efferent
3694:afferent
3616:pyramids
3478:Placenta
3441:Testicle
3436:Prostate
3363:Pancreas
3324:Appendix
3314:lower GI
3287:upper GI
3235:Bronchus
3178:Lymphoid
2861:Vertebra
2816:Ossicles
2801:Mandible
2659:21805756
2624:24348156
2566:32778667
2558:20166127
2308:11 April
2287:24883109
2235:26994715
2227:26049876
2113:31549458
2072:71928271
1911:25164069
1856:22984899
1208:reptiles
1196:amniotes
1097:, and a
1083:cytology
1058:such as
1000:dilation
872:such as
767:Function
759:and the
742:mesoderm
589:external
551:arteries
536:superior
454:and the
446:and the
438:and the
341:Vessels:
242:Stenosis
4094:Abdomen
3993:Urethra
3983:Trigone
3944:Bladder
3926:Ureters
3741:Nephron
3719:arcuate
3684:arcuate
3648:Nephron
3611:Medulla
3594:Capsule
3574:Kidneys
3518:Adrenal
3508:Thyroid
3426:Scrotum
3403:Urethra
3398:Bladder
3307:Stomach
3230:Trachea
3166:Myeloid
3005:primary
2871:Sternum
2821:Patella
2796:Humerus
2787:(femur)
2615:3856162
2278:4003841
1919:1733077
1298:Ureters
1276:urethra
1250:History
1238:to the
1236:ventral
1224:urethra
1200:mammals
1156:Imaging
1099:CT scan
1052:smoking
983:ectopic
913:doppler
870:calcium
847:swollen
835:abdomen
644:to the
484:ovaries
452:jejunum
329:Urethra
228:ureters
167:D014513
155:ฮฟแฝฯฮทฯฮฎฯ
71:Details
63:bladder
61:to the
59:kidneys
34:urethra
4104:Kidney
4051:spongy
4019:female
3700:Veins
3604:column
3599:Cortex
3589:Fascia
3582:Layers
3503:Pineal
3463:Vagina
3458:Uterus
3453:Female
3393:Ureter
3388:Kidney
3334:Rectum
3270:Tongue
3218:Larynx
3137:Breast
3109:Tissue
3027:Spleen
3015:Thymus
2970:Artery
2929:Tendon
2924:Muscle
2888:Joints
2866:Pelvis
2841:Tarsus
2831:Radius
2791:Fibula
2774:Carpus
2744:organs
2695:
2657:
2622:
2612:
2564:
2556:
2506:
2479:
2445:
2418:
2385:. 2020
2338:
2285:
2275:
2233:
2225:
2168:
2111:
2070:
2062:
2026:6 July
2022:. 2020
1969:
1917:
1909:
1854:
1796:
1766:
1734:
1700:
1656:
1611:
1572:
1562:
1525:
1515:
1412:
1346:silver
1331:X-rays
1232:cloaca
1127:Injury
1113:staged
1095:biopsy
1044:Cancer
1039:Cancer
900:Reflux
827:kidney
753:cloaca
746:embryo
606:plexus
585:common
518:, and
496:cervix
474:, and
434:. The
390:pelvis
383:Pelvis
381:, 14.
377:, 13.
360:, 11.
356:, 10.
335:), 7.
321:Ureter
309:Kidney
301:Human
279:, and
143:ureter
101:Artery
89:System
42:Ureter
3628:Sinus
3473:Ovary
3468:Vulva
3431:Penis
3353:Liver
3329:Colon
3280:Tooth
3260:Mouth
3225:Lower
3203:Upper
3080:Nerve
3070:Brain
2987:Heart
2846:Tibia
2836:Skull
2562:S2CID
2454:6 May
2231:S2CID
2068:S2CID
1926:(PDF)
1915:S2CID
1887:(PDF)
1305:Galen
1267:ouron
1261:ฮฟแฝฯฮฟฮฝ
1258:noun
1226:. In
1204:birds
831:cramp
777:Urine
669:lumen
631:nerve
591:, or
568:Lymph
375:Liver
352:, 9.
327:, 6.
323:, 5.
311:, 3.
273:X-ray
214:[
150:Greek
138:Latin
121:Nerve
55:urine
4014:male
3633:Lobe
3421:Male
3339:Anus
3240:Lung
3208:Nose
3156:and
3127:Skin
2975:Vein
2851:Ulna
2769:Bone
2742:and
2693:ISBN
2655:PMID
2620:PMID
2596:2013
2554:PMID
2504:ISBN
2477:ISBN
2456:2013
2443:ISBN
2416:ISBN
2362:help
2336:ISBN
2310:2012
2283:PMID
2223:PMID
2192:help
2166:ISBN
2109:PMID
2060:ISSN
2028:2020
1993:help
1967:ISBN
1907:PMID
1852:PMID
1820:help
1794:ISBN
1764:ISBN
1732:ISBN
1698:ISBN
1674:link
1654:ISBN
1609:ISBN
1588:link
1570:OCLC
1560:ISBN
1541:link
1523:OCLC
1513:ISBN
1443:link
1436:help
1410:ISBN
1360:and
1282:and
1206:and
1189:All
1062:and
1056:dyes
964:and
956:and
876:and
629:and
621:and
549:The
538:and
462:and
373:12.
366:vein
364:and
350:vein
348:and
256:uro-
235:and
226:The
203:9704
191:3394
174:TA98
162:MeSH
3275:Lip
3097:Eye
3092:Ear
2856:Rib
2647:doi
2610:PMC
2600:doi
2544:doi
2273:PMC
2265:doi
2215:doi
2099:doi
2052:doi
1899:doi
1895:385
1844:doi
1348:or
1019:or
344:8.
307:2.
198:FMA
186:TA2
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