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of economic utility is the example of the deciduous tree planted on the south and west of a building (in the
Northern Hemisphere), or north and east (in the Southern Hemisphere). The shade shelters and cools the building during the summer, but allows the sun to warm it in the winter after the leaves fall. The physical effects of trees—the shade (solar regulation), humidity control, wind control, erosion control, evaporative cooling, sound and visual screening, traffic control, pollution absorption and precipitation—all have economic benefits.
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Although the bulk of hydrocarbon emissions come from tailpipe exhaust, 16% of hydrocarbon emissions are from evaporative emissions that occur when the fuel delivery systems of parked vehicles are heated. These evaporative emissions and the exhaust emissions of the first few minutes of engine operation are sensitive to local microclimate. If cars are shaded in parking lots, evaporative emissions from fuel and volatilized plastics will be greatly reduced.
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animals and plants, they also sustain fish and water animals that need shade and lower temperatures to survive. Wealthier neighborhoods often have more tree cover (both community-subsidized and on private property) which results in an accumulation of benefits on those sections of a city; a study of neighborhoods in Los
Angeles found higher levels of bird diversity in historically richer sections of town, and larger populations of
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296:(PM10 and PM25), is made up of microscopic solids or liquid droplets that can be inhaled and retained in lung tissue causing serious health problems. Most particulate pollution begins as smoke or diesel soot and can cause serious health risk to people with heart and lung diseases and irritation to healthy citizens. Trees are an important, cost-effective solution to reducing pollution and improving air quality.
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578:. Communities that rely on well-water may also see a positive change in water purity due to filtration. The amenities provided by the city of each urban forest varies. Some amenities include trails and pathways for walking or running, picnic tables, and bathrooms. These healthy spaces provide for the community a place to gather and live a more active lifestyle.
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be washed off by rainwater, blown off by high winds, or fall to the ground with a dropped leaf. Although trees are only a temporary host to particulate matter, if they did not exist, the temporarily housed particulate matter would remain airborne and harmful to humans. Increased tree cover will increase the amount of particulate matter intercepted from the air.
511:, AZ, which analyzed the savings of stormwater management costs. Over this period, it was calculated that $ 600,000 in stormwater treatment costs were saved. It was also observed that the net water consumption was reduced when comparing the water required for irrigation against power plant water consumption due to the effects of urban forests on energy usage.
370:, the pores on the leaf surface, take in polluting gases which are then absorbed by water inside the leaf. Some species of trees are more susceptible to the uptake of pollution, which can negatively affect plant growth. Ideally, trees should be selected that take in higher quantities of polluting gases and are resistant to the negative effects they can cause.
292:(VOCs) in the presence of sunlight. High temperatures increase the rate of this reaction. Vehicle emissions (especially diesel), and emissions from industrial facilities are the major sources of NOx. Vehicle emissions, industrial emissions, gasoline vapors, chemical solvents, trees and other plants are the major sources of VOCs. Particulate pollution, or
590:, trash was removed from vacant lots, some of them being selectively "greened" by plantings trees, grass, and installing small fences. Residents near the "greened" lots who had incomes below the poverty line reported a 68% decrease in feelings of depression, while residents with incomes above the poverty line reported a decrease of 41%. The
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between the area when they are located and the neighbor area. This creates a difference in atmospheric pressure between the two areas, which creates wind. This phenomenon is called urban breeze cycle if the forest is near the city and park breeze cycle if the forest is in the city. That wind helps to lower temperature in the city.
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home's sale price by $ 7,130 and raise the sale prices of surrounding homes. Healthy urban forests also correlate with higher incomes. In communities that have thriving urban forests, there are higher incomes, higher numbers of jobs associated with those communities, and higher productivity of workers.
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emissions by power plants. Computer models indicate that annual energy consumption can be reduced by 30 billion kWh using 100 million trees in U.S. urban areas. This energy consumption decrease equates to monetary savings of $ 2 billion. Additionally, the reduction of energy demand would reduce power
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In addition to the uptake of harmful gases, trees act as filters intercepting airborne particles and reducing the amount of harmful particulate matter. The particles are captured by the surface area of the tree and its foliage. These particles temporarily rest on the surface of the tree, as they can
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The economic benefits of trees and various other plants have been understood for a long time. Recently, more of these benefits are becoming quantified. Quantification of the economic benefits of trees helps justify public and private expenditures to maintain them. One of the most obvious examples
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Trees in urban forests provide food and shelter for wildlife in cities. Birds and small mammals use trees as nesting sites, and reptiles use the shade they provide to keep cool in the hot summer months. Furthermore, trees provide shade necessary for shrubbery. Not only do urban forests protect land
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The volatile components of asphalt pavement evaporate more slowly in shaded parking lots and streets. The shade not only reduces emissions, but reduces shrinking and cracking so that maintenance intervals can be lengthened. Less maintenance means less hot asphalt (fumes) and less heavy equipment
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Temperature reduction from shade trees in parking lots lowers the amount of evaporative emissions from parked cars. Unshaded parking lots can be viewed as miniature heat islands, where temperatures can be even higher than surrounding areas. Tree canopies will reduce air temperatures significantly.
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As cities struggle to comply with air quality standards, trees can help to clean the air. The most serious pollutants in the urban atmosphere are ozone, nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfuric oxides (SOx) and particulate pollution. Ground-level ozone, or smog, is created by chemical reactions between NOx
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occupies 12,500 hectares (30,888 acres) of city land, against Tijuca's 3,953 hectares (9,768 acres). The larger metropolitan area encircles the forests which moderate the humid climate and provide sources of recreation for urban dwellers. Along with seven other smaller full protection conservation
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In addition to providing economic benefits at the community level, trees also benefit individual homeowners. A tree on a home's landscape or around the house can increase the dollar value received for the home upon sale. According to one study, a tree planted in the front yard can increase a
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effect in urban areas. This reduction of temperature not only lowers energy use, it also improves air quality, as the formation of ozone is dependent on temperature. Trees reduce temperature not only by directly shading: when there is a large number of trees it create a difference in temperatures
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is the most famous. It began as a restoration policy in 1844 to conserve the natural remnants of forest and replant in areas previously cleared for sugar and coffee. Despite the worldwide recognition of Tijuca Forest, another forest in the same city encompasses roughly three times the size of its
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In many countries there is a growing understanding of the importance of the natural ecology in urban forests. There are numerous projects underway aimed at restoration and preservation of ecosystems, ranging from simple elimination of leaf-raking and elimination of invasive plants to full-blown
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Urban forests and trees help purify water sources by slowing down rain as it falls to the earth and help it soak into the soil, thereby naturally filtering out pollutants that can potentially enter water supply sources. They reduce storm water runoff and mitigate flood damage, protecting the
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showed a 4.9% increase in property valuation when located just one kilometer closer to a forest. Another source claims this increase can range as high as 20%. The reduction of air, light, and noise pollution provided by forests is cause for the notable pricing differentials.
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In another instance, New York City leaders in the late 1990s chose to pursue a natural landscape management instead of an expensive water treatment system to clean the
Catskill/Delaware watershed. New Yorkers today enjoy some of the healthiest drinking water in the world.
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Urban forest managers are sometimes interested in the amount of carbon removed from the air and stored in their forest as wood in relation to the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere while running tree maintenance equipment powered by fossil fuels.
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emissions primarily through the indirect effects of an efficient forestry implementation. The shade provided by trees reduces the need for heating and cooling throughout the year. As a result, energy conservation is achieved which leads to a reduction of
178:, a grassland biome typically lacking large numbers of trees, yet Johannesburg is still a very densely wooded city with reportedly 10 million artificially introduced trees and is rated as the city with the eighth highest tree coverage in the world.
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Urban forests offer many benefits to their surrounding communities. Removing pollutants and greenhouse gases from the air is one key reason why cities are adopting the practice. Removing pollutants from the air, urban forests can lower risks of
227:, India is also an example of an urban forest. It covers roughly around 20% area of the city. The forest is filled with many animals freely roaming around. It also has an important cultural site of ancient history situated in it known as the
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The stormwater retention provided by urban forests can provide monetary savings even in arid regions where water is expensive or watering conservation is enforced. One example of this can be seen in a study carried out over 40 years in
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Urban forests play an important role in benefitting the environmental conditions of their respective cities. They moderate local climate, slowing wind and stormwater, and filter air and sunlight. They are critical in cooling the urban
450:. Trees are ideally suited as their canopies can intercept water (and provide dense vegetation), whilst their roots can pump substantial amounts of water back into the atmosphere as water vapor, all with a relatively small footprint.
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The USDA Guide notes on page 17 that "Businesses flourish, people linger and shop longer, apartments and office space rent quicker, tenants stay longer, property values increase, new business and industry is attracted" by trees.
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of human habitats in many ways. Aside from the beautification of the urban environment, they offer many benefits like impacting climate and the economy while providing shelter to wildlife and recreational area for city dwellers.
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are also inherited from wilderness leftovers, urban forests often lack amenities like public bathrooms, paved paths, or sometimes clear borders which are distinct features of parks. Care and management of urban forests is called
329:, it was estimated that doubling the canopy cover to five million trees would reduce summer temperatures by 3 degrees. This reduction in temperature would reduce peak ozone levels by as much as 7% and smoggy days by 50%.
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Large healthy trees greater than 75 cm in trunk diameter remove approximately 70 times more air pollution annually (1.4 kg/yr) than small healthy trees less than 10 cm in diameter (0.02 kg/yr).
1925:
Almenar, J. B., Petucco, C., Tomás
Navarrete Gutiérrez, Chion, L., & Rugani, B. (2023). Assessing net environmental and economic impacts of urban forests: An online decision support tool. Land, 12(1), 70.
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Tyrväinen, Liisa; Pauleit, Stephan; Seeland, Klaus; de Vries, Sjerp (2005), Konijnendijk, Cecil; Nilsson, Kjell; Randrup, Thomas; Schipperijn, Jasper (eds.), "Benefits and Uses of Urban
Forests and Trees",
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goes on to demonstrate tangible improvements in medical, academic and other outcomes, from access to nature. Proper planning and community involvement are important for the positive results to be realized.
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Several cities within the United States have also taken initiative investing in their urban forests to improve the well-being and economies of their communities. Some notable cities among them are
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Nowak, David J.; Randler, Paula B.; Greenfield, Eric J.; Comas, Sara J.; Carr, Mary A.; Alig, Ralph J. (2010). "Sustaining
America's urban trees and forests: a Forests on the Edge report".
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is the largest man-made forest in the United States located in the state of
Nebraska. It lies in several counties within the state and is a popular destination for campers year-round.
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Pataki, Diane E.; Alberti, Marina; Cadenasso, Mary L.; Felson, Alexander J.; McDonnell, Mark J.; Pincetl, Stephanie; Pouyat, Richard V.; Setälä, Heikki; Whitlow, Thomas H. (2021).
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Matos, D. M. Silva; Santos, C. Junius F.; Chevalier, D. de R. (1 September 2002). "Fire and restoration of the largest urban forest of the world in Rio de
Janeiro City, Brazil".
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by planting millions of trees around the city. In Austin, private companies are funding tree-planting campaigns for environmental and energy-saving purposes.
55:
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1424:"Historical racial redlining and contemporary patterns of income inequality negatively affect birds, their habitat, and people in Los Angeles, California"
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Elmqvist, T; Setälä, H; Handel, SN; van der Ploeg, S; Aronson, J; Blignaut, JN; Gómez-Baggethun, E; Nowak, DJ; Kronenberg, J; de Groot, R (1 June 2015).
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Berland, Adam; Shiflett, Sheri A.; Shuster, William D.; Garmestani, Ahjond S.; Goddard, Haynes C.; Herrmann, Dustin L.; Hopton, Matthew E. (June 2017).
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Cars parked in parking lots with 50% canopy cover emit 8% less through evaporative emissions than cars parked in parking lots with only 8% canopy cover.
80:
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2000:
McPherson, E. G., Simpson, J. R. & Scott, K. (2002). Actualizing
Microclimate and Air Quality Benefits with Parking Lot Shade Ordinances.
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The
Chicago study determined that trees removed approximately 234 tonnes of particulate matter less than 10 micrometres (PM10) in 1991.
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Living near urban forests have shown positive impacts on mental health. As an experimental mental health intervention in the city of
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With an extensive and healthy urban forest air quality can be drastically improved. Trees help to lower air temperatures and the
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is also home to two of the vastest urban forests in the world, one of which is considered by some sources to be the largest one.
107:. In a wider sense, it may include any kind of woody plant vegetation growing in and around human settlements. As opposed to a
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Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-62. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. 27 P
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Wood, Eric M; Esaian, Sevan; Benitez, Christian; Ethington, Philip J; Longcore, Travis; Pomara, Lars Y (11 October 2023).
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surrounding rivers and lakes. Trees also help alleviate the load on "grey" infrastructure (such as sewers and drains) via
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Maximum mid-day temperature reductions due to trees range from 0.04 °C to 0.2 °C per 1% canopy cover increase.
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83:", when the canopies of street trees reach all the way over a road and thus provide dappled shade along the entire route
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Due to the positive effects trees have on reducing temperatures and evaporative emissions in parking lots, cities like
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850:"Johannesburg is the biggest urban forest in the world and it also has many parks and other public open spaces (GL)"
2107:
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South, Eugenia C.; Hohl, Bernadette C.; Kondo, Michelle C.; MacDonald, John M.; Branas, Charles C. (6 July 2018).
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Nowak, D. (2000). Tree Species Selection, Design, and Management to Improve Air Quality Construction Technology.
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Urban forests have been linked to an increase in property value surrounding residents. An empirical study from
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USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station Western Center for Urban Forest Research and Education
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1019:"Contested understandings of the world's largest urban forest | Abstract Gallery | AAG Annual Meeting 2018"
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1805:"Effect of Greening Vacant Land on Mental Health of Community-Dwelling Adults: A Cluster Randomized Trial"
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1969:
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Drummond, José (1996). "The Garden in the Machine: An Environmental History of Brazil's Tijuca Forest".
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McPherson, Greg; Simpson, James R.; Peper, Paula J.; Maco, Scott E.; Xiao, Qingfu (1 December 2005).
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2005:
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Brack, C. L. (1 March 2002). "Pollution mitigation and carbon sequestration by an urban forest".
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Tyrväinen, Liisa; Miettinen, Antti (1 March 2000). "Property Prices and Urban Forest Amenities".
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McPherson, E. G. & Simpson, J. R. (2000). Reducing Air Pollution Through Urban Forestry.
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1164:"The Largest Man-Made Forest In The U.S. Is In Nebraska And It's A Unique Place To Visit"
1101:"Participative mapping of cultural ecosystem services in Pedra Branca State Park, Brazil"
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350:, have established parking lot ordinances that mandate 50% canopy cover over paved areas.
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Konijnendijk, Cecil; Nilsson, Kjell; Randrup, Thomas; Schipperijn, Jasper, eds. (2005).
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1465:"How L.A.'s bird population is shaped by historic redlining and racist loan practices"
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Some sources claim that the largest man-made urban forest in the world is located in
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1877:"The Benefits and Limits of Urban Tree Planting for Environmental and Human Health"
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Dwyer, John; Mcpherson, E.; Schroeder, Herbert; Rowntree, Rowan (1 January 1992).
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This allée of trees, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, is an example so-called "
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Address by Professor Lord Winston on benefits of trees in urban areas in (2011)
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This article is about forests in cities. For general use of trees in cities, see
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1599:"Urban & Community Forestry, a Guide for the Interior Western United States"
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Healthy urban forests decrease temperatures, and reduce the formation of ozone.
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Trees also reduce pollution by actively removing it from the atmosphere. Leaf
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Large evergreen trees with dense foliage collect the most particulate matter.
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Annual meeting proceedings of the American Society of Landscape Architects
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1297:"Effects of Tree Cover on Parking Lot Microclimate and Vehicle Emissions"
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Large shade trees can reduce local ambient temperatures by 3 to 5 °C
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units in the city, they form an extensive natural area that contains the
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876:"Joburg. The Largest Man-Made Urban Forest in the World – Treeification"
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2018:
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Nowak, D. & Wheeler, J. Program Assistant, ICLEI. February 2006.
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358:(exhaust). The same principle applies to asphalt-based roofing.
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may be located outside of the town or city to which they belong.
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Urban forests contribute to the reduction of energy usage and CO
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region determined that trees removed approximately 17 tonnes of
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Nowak, D. (1995). Trees Pollute? A "Tree Explains It All".
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Klaus I. Scott, James R. Simpson, and E. Gregory McPherson.
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argues that people are instinctively drawn to nature, while
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effect, thus potentially reducing the number of unhealthful
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100:
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1991:
Proceedings of the 48th meeting of California Pest Council
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Craig W. Johnson; Fred A. Baker; Wayne S. Johnson (1990).
1421:
1397:"Losing Urban Trees—and the Wildlife that Depends on Them"
120:. Urban forests can be privately and publicly owned. Some
1604:. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Region, Ogden, Utah.
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792:"Benefits of restoring ecosystem services in urban areas"
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As temperatures climb, the formation of ozone increases.
1966:
Proceedings of the 7th National Urban Forest Conference
1802:
1560:"Municipal Forest Benefits and Costs in Five US Cities"
518:
1778:"The Important Relationship between Forests and Water"
1501:"Assessing the benefits and costs of the urban forest"
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days that plague major cities in peak summer months.
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Professor Lord Winston captures carbon in Marylebone
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615:
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1651:"Local Economics :: Green Cities: Good Health"
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Lower temperatures reduce emissions in parking lots
16:
Collection of trees within a city, town or a suburb
1614:
1349:"The role of trees in urban stormwater management"
1242:"The Movement for Urban Tree Expansion Is Growing"
1617:Journal of Environmental Economics and Management
943:
725:
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734:"The power of streetscape and how to protect it"
1530:, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 81–114,
796:Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability
527:
463:birds in historically poorer sections of town.
258:New York, for example, has taken initiative to
95:, or a collection of trees, that grow within a
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926:"These are the 19 cities with the most trees"
475:
429:
1975:Nowak, D. (1993). Plant Chemical Emissions.
1753:"Trees play key role in purifying our water"
1323:"Trees play key role in purifying our water"
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1216:"NYC's 25-Year Plan for its Urban Forests"
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1955:The Effects of Urban Trees on Air Quality
1902:
1892:
1828:
1528:Urban Forests and Trees: A Reference Book
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1105:Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation
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180:
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127:Urban forests play an important role in
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58:of all important aspects of the article.
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159:reintroduction of original species and
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498:emissions by 9 million tons per year.
54:Please consider expanding the lead to
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2053:USDA Forest Service Northeastern Area
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1277:from the original on 22 December 2017
1220:New York State Urban Forestry Council
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744:from the original on 3 September 2017
1928:https://doi.org/10.3390/land12010070
1145:Trilha Transcarioca official website
958:Trilha Transcarioca official website
670:in multiple urban areas in the world
519:Tourism and local business expansion
27:
3005:
1750:
1320:
1151:from the original on 12 April 2020.
964:from the original on 12 April 2020.
664:found around various urban clusters
501:
466:
13:
1881:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
1551:
1515:
1483:
1463:Pineda, Dorany (11 October 2023).
1309:
1214:Sutton, Michelle (16 April 2018).
924:Garfield, Leanna (26 March 2018).
410:Interception of particulate matter
300:Trees reduce temperatures and smog
14:
3168:
2354:Global Forest Information Service
2029:Urban Forest Ecosystems Institute
2012:
1821:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.0298
1365:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.02.017
1239:
1162:Lefevers, Delana (28 July 2019).
1029:from the original on 8 March 2018
874:Smith, Johann (1 February 2020).
603:Increased home values and incomes
453:
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3060:
3046:
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2024:Center for Urban Forest Research
1757:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
1327:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
900:"Urban Forestry & Nurseries"
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32:
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1957:USDA Forest Service (available
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46:may be too short to adequately
1471:. Photographs by Genaro Molina
1141:"About the Transcarioca Trail"
968:
917:
889:
867:
842:
783:
756:
441:being sheltered by an old tree
56:provide an accessible overview
1:
1722:10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00251-2
1271:American Planning Association
1147:(in English and Portuguese).
960:(in English and Portuguese).
713:
393:), and 210 tonnes of ozone (O
327:Sacramento County, California
174:. The city is located in the
3157:Forestry and the environment
2087:
1353:Landscape and Urban Planning
817:10.1016/j.cosust.2015.05.001
596:Attention Restoration Theory
528:Increases in property values
7:
1428:Ornithological Applications
1267:"Climate Change Management"
740:. Newcastle NSW Australia.
611:
217:Sanjay Gandhi National Park
185:Cherry Blossoms lining the
135:
10:
3173:
2465:Growth and yield modelling
1118:10.1016/j.ncon.2016.09.004
1099:Ribeiro, Fernando (2016).
904:www.jhbcityparksandzoo.com
430:Rainwater runoff reduction
290:volatile organic compounds
18:
3039:Earth sciences portal
3025:Climate change portal
3000:
2877:
2709:
2606:Great Green Wall (Africa)
2551:
2242:
2152:
2095:
1441:10.1093/ornithapp/duad044
204:more prominent neighbor:
2611:Great Green Wall (China)
2184:Close to nature forestry
1894:10.3389/fevo.2021.603757
1189:"The Best Urban Forests"
1023:aag.secure-abstracts.com
718:
674:Tree Cities of the World
362:Active pollutant removal
233:Nebraska National Forest
2645:Million Tree Initiative
1710:Environmental Pollution
1677:Urban Forests and Trees
1536:10.1007/3-540-27684-x_5
989:10.1023/A:1026164427792
668:Million Tree Initiative
565:Community health impact
283:Air pollution reduction
206:Pedra Branca State Park
3067:Environment portal
2499:Sustainable management
2394:Trillion Tree Campaign
1629:10.1006/jeem.1999.1097
561:
555:Santa Monica Mountains
442:
353:"Cold Start" emissions
193:
155:
84:
2992:Wood process engineer
2696:Urban forest inequity
1685:10.1007/3-540-27684-x
1576:10.1093/jof/103.8.411
1050:Environmental History
699:Urban forest inequity
548:
437:
260:combat climate change
213:, a 180-km footpath.
184:
143:
78:
3152:Environmental design
2655:Shifting cultivation
2596:Forest fragmentation
2566:Carbon sequestration
2436:Woodland Carbon Code
2401:Forest certification
2309:Even-aged management
2224:Sustainable forestry
2019:Urban Forestry South
1655:depts.washington.edu
954:"Conservation units"
930:World Economic Forum
592:Biophilia hypothesis
582:Mental health impact
541:Sociological impacts
401:Carbon sequestration
385:(SO2), 98 tonnes of
266:Environmental impact
2460:Formally designated
2304:Ecological thinning
2214:Plantation forestry
2122:Research institutes
1977:Miniature Roseworld
1564:Journal of Forestry
854:www.southafrica.net
808:2015COES...14..101E
694:Urban reforestation
381:(CO), 93 tonnes of
373:A study across the
3147:Urban public parks
3053:Ecology portal
2586:Forest degradation
2581:Ecosystem services
2189:Community forestry
2046:2009-07-26 at the
2034:2006-02-20 at the
1979:10 (1) (available
1403:. 11 December 2018
1401:Good Nature Travel
1302:2013-09-03 at the
777:10.2737/NRS-GTR-62
708:Cecil Konijnendijk
640:Environment portal
562:
448:evapotranspiration
443:
294:particulate matter
211:Transcarioca Trail
194:
156:
85:
3124:
3123:
3081:Plants portal
2867:green woodworking
2004:4: 98 (available
1809:JAMA Network Open
1694:978-3-540-25126-2
1469:Los Angeles Times
1195:. 5 February 2013
732:Jiri Lev (2017).
684:Urban green space
348:Davis, California
306:urban heat island
122:municipal forests
73:
72:
3164:
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3095:Trees portal
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2729:Forest gardening
2686:Timber recycling
2633:Invasive species
2521:Tree measurement
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2002:Wetter und Leben
1930:
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502:Water filtration
467:Economic impacts
439:Virginia opossum
387:nitrogen dioxide
256:Washington, D.C.
191:Washington, D.C.
81:kissing canopies
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2850:spruce-pine-fir
2823:Christmas trees
2705:
2621:Illegal logging
2553:
2547:
2262:Controlled burn
2247:
2238:
2219:Social forestry
2199:Energy forestry
2179:Bamboo forestry
2174:Analog forestry
2148:
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2048:Wayback Machine
2036:Wayback Machine
2015:
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1784:. 26 April 2016
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1751:Rosenow, John.
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1168:OnlyInYourState
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379:carbon monoxide
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41:This article's
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5:
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3137:Urban forestry
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2672:slash-and-char
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2667:slash-and-burn
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2041:Urban Forestry
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2013:External links
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50:the key points
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2987:Tree planter
2967:Resin tapper
2947:Truck driver
2942:River driver
2691:Tree hugging
2676:
2659:
2626:timber mafia
2616:High grading
2601:Ghost forest
2571:Clearcutting
2494:Silviculture
2470:Horticulture
2314:Fire ecology
2229:Urban forest
2228:
2204:Mycoforestry
2164:
2160:Agroforestry
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2108:Forest areas
2106:
2099:
2008:, pdf file).
2001:
1997:, pdf file).
1990:
1983:, pdf file).
1976:
1972:, pdf file).
1965:
1961:, pdf file).
1954:
1950:, pdf file).
1943:
1937:Bibliography
1921:
1904:11343/268214
1884:
1880:
1870:
1861:18 September
1859:, retrieved
1854:
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1812:
1808:
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1786:. Retrieved
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1473:. Retrieved
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1417:
1405:. Retrieved
1400:
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1342:
1330:. Retrieved
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933:. Retrieved
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853:
844:
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746:. Retrieved
737:
727:
654:Trees portal
606:
588:Philadelphia
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215:
195:
172:South Africa
168:Johannesburg
165:
163:ecosystems.
157:
126:
117:
109:forest park,
108:
89:urban forest
88:
86:
61:
45:
43:lead section
25:
3011:WikiProject
2935:smokejumper
2915:Firefighter
2878:Occupations
2862:Woodworking
2443:Forestation
2374:restoration
2329:informatics
2194:Ecoforestry
1993:(available
1968:(available
1946:(available
1359:: 167–177.
1281:21 December
802:: 101–108.
748:3 September
576:lung cancer
480:consumption
397:) in 1991.
273:heat island
225:Maharashtra
187:Tidal Basin
3131:Categories
2957:Lumberjack
2952:Log scaler
2835:engineered
2786:non-timber
2759:sawmilling
2711:Industries
2678:svedjebruk
2389:transition
2369:protection
2359:old-growth
2344:governance
2299:Dendrology
2249:management
2115:Ministries
1953:Nowak, D.
1788:8 November
1762:8 November
1660:9 November
1475:11 October
1407:8 November
1332:4 November
1251:8 November
1225:8 November
1199:8 November
1173:8 November
935:16 January
909:16 January
881:16 January
859:16 January
827:2263/51975
714:References
662:Green belt
559:California
113:ecosystems
2905:Ecologist
2818:Tree farm
2719:Coppicing
2661:chitemene
2561:Acid rain
2509:allometry
2431:SmartWood
2379:secondary
2364:pathology
2339:inventory
2277:driftwood
2143:Arbor Day
1913:2296-701X
1730:0269-7491
1637:0095-0696
1584:0022-1201
1450:0010-5422
1127:2530-0644
1086:147161459
1070:1084-5453
997:1083-8155
836:1877-3435
48:summarize
3106:Category
2920:handcrew
2890:Arborist
2885:Forester
2845:mahogany
2791:palm oil
2781:charcoal
2766:Products
2701:Wildfire
2514:breeding
2475:GM trees
2324:dynamics
2136:Journals
2129:Colleges
2089:Forestry
2044:Archived
2032:Archived
1839:30646029
1738:11833907
1505:J. Arbor
1383:30220756
1300:Archived
1275:Archived
1149:Archived
1027:Archived
1005:37065854
962:Archived
742:Archived
612:See also
494:plant CO
248:New York
176:highveld
161:riparian
136:Examples
3116:Outline
2930:lookout
2925:hotshot
2806:tanbark
2776:biomass
2771:biochar
2749:plywood
2734:Logging
2638:wilding
2287:log jam
2244:Ecology
1830:6324526
1374:6134866
1078:3985065
1033:7 March
804:Bibcode
553:in the
534:Finland
375:Chicago
368:stomata
252:Seattle
244:Atlanta
129:ecology
2962:Ranger
2910:Feller
2895:Bucker
2801:rubber
2744:lumber
2554:topics
2541:volume
2536:height
2482:i-Tree
2319:Forest
2272:coarse
2267:Debris
2166:dehesa
2006:online
1995:online
1981:online
1970:online
1959:online
1948:online
1911:
1837:
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834:
572:asthma
509:Tucson
254:, and
240:Austin
221:Mumbai
153:Brazil
111:whose
105:suburb
93:forest
2796:rayon
2531:girth
2526:crown
2487:urban
2384:stand
2292:slash
2282:large
2153:Types
2101:Index
1602:(PDF)
1082:S2CID
1074:JSTOR
1001:S2CID
719:Notes
277:ozone
103:or a
91:is a
2855:teak
2840:fuel
2830:Wood
2650:REDD
2504:Tree
2421:PEFC
2406:ATFS
1909:ISSN
1863:2022
1835:PMID
1790:2019
1764:2019
1734:PMID
1726:ISSN
1689:ISBN
1662:2019
1633:ISSN
1580:ISSN
1540:ISBN
1477:2023
1446:ISSN
1409:2019
1379:PMID
1334:2019
1283:2017
1253:2019
1227:2019
1201:2019
1175:2019
1123:ISSN
1066:ISSN
1035:2018
993:ISSN
937:2024
911:2024
883:2024
861:2024
832:ISSN
750:2017
574:and
549:The
288:and
101:town
97:city
2426:SFI
2416:FSC
2411:CFS
2349:law
2334:IPM
2246:and
1899:hdl
1889:doi
1825:PMC
1817:doi
1718:doi
1714:116
1681:doi
1625:doi
1572:doi
1568:103
1532:doi
1436:doi
1432:126
1369:PMC
1361:doi
1357:162
1113:doi
1058:doi
985:doi
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