Suburb - Knowledge

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services in one central location without having to travel to multiple locations, helped to keep shopping centers a component of these newly designed suburbs which were booming in population. The television helped contribute to the rise of shopping centers by allowing for additional advertisement through the medium in addition to creating a desire among consumers to buy products that are shown being used in suburban life on various television programs. Another factor that led to the rise of these shopping centers was the building of many highways. The Highway Act of 1956 helped to fund the building of 64,000 kilometers across the nation by having 26 billion dollars on hand, which helped to link many more to these shopping centers with ease. These newly built shopping centers, which were often large buildings full of multiple stores, and services, were being used for more than shopping, but as a place of leisure and a meeting point for those who lived within suburban America at this time. These centers thrived offering goods and services to the growing populations in suburban America. In 1957, 940 shopping centers were built and this number more than doubled by 1960 to keep up with the demand of these densely populated areas.

505:, which focuses on the origins, growth, diverse typologies, culture, and politics of suburbs, as well as on the gendered and family-oriented nature of suburban space. Many people have assumed that early-20th-century suburbs were enclaves for middle-class whites, a concept that carries tremendous cultural influence yet is actually stereotypical. Some suburbs are based on a society of working-class and minority residents, many of whom want to own their own house. Meanwhile, other suburbs instituted "explicitly racist" policies to deter people deemed as "other", a practice most common in the United States in contrast to other countries around the world. Mary Corbin Sies argues that it is necessary to examine how "suburb" is defined as well as the distinction made between cities and suburbs, geography, economic circumstances, and the interaction of numerous factors that move research beyond acceptance of stereotyping and its influence on scholarly assumptions. 53: 945:, except for emergency quarters near war industries. Overcrowded and inadequate apartments was the common condition. Some suburbs had developed around large cities where there was rail transportation to the jobs downtown. However, the real growth in suburbia depended on the availability of automobiles, highways, and inexpensive housing. The population had grown, and the stock of family savings had accumulated the money for down payments, automobiles and appliances. The product was a great housing boom. Whereas an average of 316,000 new non-farm housing units were constructed from the 1930s through 1945, there were 1,450,000 constructed annually from 1946 through 1955. The 683:. This promoted the land served by the Met for the walker, visitor and later the house-hunter. Published annually until 1932 (the last full year of independence for the Met), the guide extolled the benefits of "The good air of the Chilterns", using language such as "Each lover of Metroland may well have his own favorite wood beech and coppice — all tremulous green loveliness in Spring and russet and gold in October". The dream as promoted involved a modern home in beautiful countryside with a fast railway-service to central London. By 1915 people from across London had flocked to live the new suburban dream in large newly built areas across north-west London. 1323:– it has annexed most of its surrounding towns and large amounts of undeveloped land around the city. As a result, most of the communities that Calgarians refer to as "suburbs" are actually inside the city limits. In the 2016 census, the City of Calgary had a population of 1,239,220, whereas the Calgary Metropolitan Area had a population of 1,392,609, indicating the vast majority of people in the Calgary CMA lived within the city limits. The perceived low population density of Calgary largely results from its many internal suburbs and the large amount of undeveloped land within the city. The city actually has a policy of densifying its new developments. 586: 1332: 953:

stoves allowed for mass production of kitchen furnishings. Developers purchased empty land just outside the city, installed tract houses based on a handful of designs, and provided streets and utilities, while local public officials raced to build schools. The most famous development was Levittown, in Long Island just east of New York City. It offered a new house for $ 1000 down and $ 70 a month; it featured three bedrooms, a fireplace, a gas range and gas furnace, and a landscaped lot of 75 by 100 feet, all for a total price of $ 10,000. Veterans could get one with a much lower down payment.

1711: 42: 2251:, no matter how short or long the distance is. This is compounded by the hierarchy of streets, where entire neighborhoods and subdivisions are dependent on one or two collector roads. Because all traffic is forced onto these roads, they are often heavy with traffic all day. If a traffic crash occurs on a collector road, or if road construction inhibits the flow, then the entire road system may be rendered useless until the blockage is cleared. The traditional "grown" grid, in turn, allows for a larger number of choices and alternate routes. 1046: 1236: 1150: 147: 1221: 918: 842: 819: 1255: 360: 2047: 899: 1754:, new suburbs were designed around car transport instead of pedestrians. Over time, many suburban areas, especially those not within the political boundaries of the city containing the central business area, began to see independence from the central city as an asset. In some cases, suburbanites saw self-government as a means to keep out people who could not afford the added suburban property maintenance costs not needed in city living. Federal 120: 2429: 2110: 1404: 105: 2370: 2329: 2006: 5504: 135: 448: 166: 1374:(keeping the unwelcome poorest classes together with the criminals, in this way better controlled, comfortably remote from the elegant "official" town). On the other hand, the expected huge expansion of the town soon effectively covered the distance from the central town, and now those suburbs are completely engulfed by the main territory of the town. Other newer suburbs (called 1566: 4204:. Published 2002. Page 142. "Perhaps suburbanization was a 'natural' phenomenon—rising incomes allowing formerly huddled masses in city neighborhoods to breathe free on green lawn and leafy culs-de-sac. But, we will never know how natural it was, because of the massive federal subsidy that eased and accelerated it, in the form of tax, transportation and housing policies." 4178: 831: 1021:

residence in Chicago is usually 125 feet (38 m) deep, while the width can vary from 14 feet (4.3 m) wide for a row house to 45 feet (14 m) wide for a large stand–alone house. In the suburbs, where stand–alone houses are the rule, lots may be 85 feet (26 m) wide by 115 feet (35 m) deep, as in the Chicago suburb of

1977:) are experiencing a renewal, with large population growth, residential apartment construction, and increased social, cultural, and infrastructural investments, as have suburban neighborhoods close to city centers. Better public transit, proximity to work and cultural attractions, and frustration with suburban life and 1016:

Economic growth in the United States encouraged the suburbanization of American cities that required massive investments for the new infrastructure and homes. Consumer patterns were also shifting at this time, as purchasing power was becoming stronger and more accessible to a wider range of families.

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developed as a major prototype of mass-produced housing. Due to the influx of people in these suburban areas, the amount of shopping centers began to increase as suburban America took shape. These malls helped supply goods and services to the growing urban population. Shopping for different goods and

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Population and income growth in Canadian suburbs had tended to outpace growth in core urban or rural areas, but in many areas, this trend has now reversed. The suburban population increased by 87% between 1981 and 2001, well ahead of urban growth. The majority of recent population growth in Canada's

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In the U.S., 1950 was the first year that more people lived in suburbs than elsewhere. In the U.S., the development of the skyscraper and the sharp inflation of downtown real estate prices also led to downtowns being more fully dedicated to businesses, thus pushing residents outside the city center.

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spawned the first major suburbs. The streetcar lines in Boston and the rail lines in Manhattan made daily commutes possible. No metropolitan area in the world was as well served by railroad commuter lines at the turn of the twentieth century as New York, and it was the rail lines to Westchester from

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Due to the rapid migration of the rural poor to the industrializing cities of England in the late 18th century, a trend in the opposite direction began to develop, whereby newly rich members of the middle classes began to purchase estates and villas on the outskirts of London. This trend accelerated

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Cleveland, Ohio, is typical of many American central cities; its municipal borders have changed little since 1922, even though the Cleveland urbanized area has grown many times over. Several layers of suburban municipalities now surround cities like Boston, Cleveland, Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles,

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is an example of an affluent suburb, although it is located inside the city and by no means is today a suburb in the strict sense of the word. In other countries, the situation is similar to that of Mexico, with many suburbs being built, most notably in Peru and Chile, which have experienced a boom

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was commissioned to make recommendations for the post war reconstruction and housebuilding. In part, this was a response to the shocking lack of fitness amongst many recruits during World War One, attributed to poor living conditions; a belief summed up in a housing poster of the period "you cannot

1269:(CMAs) with a population of over 100,000. However, of this metropolitan population, in 2001 nearly half lived in low-density neighborhoods, with only one in five living in a typical "urban" neighborhood. The percentage living in low-density neighborhoods varied from a high of nearly two-thirds of 692: 628:

Unlike other railway companies, which were required to dispose of surplus land, London's Met was allowed to retain such land that it believed was necessary for future railway use. Initially, the surplus land was managed by the Land Committee, and, from the 1880s, the land was developed and sold to

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In Russia, until recently, the term suburb refers to high-rise residential apartments which usually consist of two bedrooms, one bathroom, a kitchen and a living room. However, since the beginning of the 21st century in Russia there has been a "cottage boom", as a result of which a huge number of

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and numerous innovations in transport. Redlining and other discriminatory measures built into federal housing policy furthered the racial segregation of postwar America–for example, by refusing to insure mortgages in and near African-American neighborhoods. The government's efforts were primarily

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With 16 million eligible veterans, the opportunity to buy a house was suddenly at hand. In 1947 alone, 540,000 veterans bought one; their average price was $ 7300. The construction industry kept prices low by standardization—for example, standardizing sizes for kitchen cabinets, refrigerators and

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simply refers to a residential area outside the city center, regardless of administrative boundaries. Suburbs, in this sense, can range from areas that seem more like residential areas of a city proper to areas separated by open countryside from the city center. In large cities such as London and

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in from the suburbs. In the United Kingdom, as mentioned above, railways stimulated the first mass exodus to the suburbs. The Metropolitan Railway, for example, was active in building and promoting its own housing estates in the north-west of London, consisting mostly of detached houses on large

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Alongside suburbanization, many companies began locating their offices and other facilities in the outer areas of the cities, which resulted in the increased density of older suburbs and the growth of lower density suburbs even further from city centers. An alternative strategy is the deliberate

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Suburbs first emerged on a large scale in the 19th and 20th centuries, as a result of improved rail and road transport, which led to an increase in commuting. In general, they are less densely populated than inner city neighborhoods within the same metropolitan area, and most residents routinely

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is a syndicated comic strip written and drawn by Michael Fry and T. Lewis. It tells the story of a raccoon, turtle, a squirrel, and their friends who come to terms with their woodlands being taken over by suburbia, trying to survive the increasing flow of humanity and technology while becoming

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In Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, suburban areas (in the wider sense noted in the lead paragraph) have become formalized as geographic subdivisions of a city and are used by postal services in addressing. In rural areas in both countries, their equivalents are called localities (see

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Zoning laws also contributed to the location of residential areas outside of the city center by creating wide areas or "zones" where only residential buildings were permitted. These suburban residences are built on larger lots of land than in the central city. For example, the lot size for a

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and south of the city in areas like Eikenhof, where the "Eye of Africa" planned community exists. This master-planned community is nearly indistinguishable from the most amenity-rich resort-style American suburbs in Florida, Arizona, and California, complete with a golf course, resort pool,

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The Report also legislated on the required, minimum standards necessary for further suburban construction; this included regulation on the maximum housing density and their arrangement, and it even made recommendations on the ideal number of bedrooms and other rooms per house. Although the

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More commonly, central cities seek ways to tax nonresidents working downtown – known as commuter taxes – as property tax bases dwindle. Taken together, these two groups of taxpayers represent a largely untapped source of potential revenue that cities may begin to target more aggressively,

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to give lower classes a destination, in consideration of the actual and foreseen massive arrival of poor people from other areas of the country. Many critics have seen in this development pattern (which was circularly distributed in every direction) also a quick solution to a problem of

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Suburban houses also brought about needs for products that were not needed in urban neighborhoods, such as lawnmowers and automobiles. During this time commercial shopping malls were being developed near suburbs to satisfy consumers' needs and their car–dependent lifestyle.

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distance of a large city. Suburbs can have their own political or legal jurisdiction, especially in the United States, but this is not always the case, especially in the United Kingdom, where most suburbs are located within the administrative boundaries of cities. In most

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and condos that end abruptly into the countryside. Also new town developments are extremely common. Single family suburban homes tend to be similar to their Western equivalents; although primarily outside Beijing and Shanghai, also mimic Spanish and Italian architecture.

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went from just 1,500 to over 10,000 while Pinner jumped from 3,000 to over 20,000. During the 1930s, over 4 million new suburban houses were built, the 'suburban revolution' had made England the most heavily suburbanized country in the world, by a considerable margin.

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While suburbs are often associated with the middle classes, in many parts of the developed world, suburbs can be economically distressed areas, inhabited by higher proportions of recent immigrants, with higher delinquency rates and social problems, reminiscent of the

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are used to differentiate between the higher-density areas in proximity to the city center (which would not be referred to as 'suburbs' in most other countries), and the lower-density suburbs on the outskirts of the urban area. The term 'middle suburbs' is also used.

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is usually not available for them either. This encourages car trips even for distances as low as several hundreds of yards or meters (which may have become up to several miles or kilometers due to the road network). Improved sprawl systems, though retaining the car

1120:, many houses are American in appearance, but are smaller, and often consist of a kitchen and living room, two or three bedrooms, and a bathroom. However, there are more affluent neighborhoods, more comparable to American suburbs, particularly east of the 2917: 1464:

In Mexico, suburbs are generally similar to their United States counterparts. Houses are made in many different architectural styles which may be of European, American and International architecture and which vary in size. Suburbs can be found in

786:(a father and son architectural partnership) in the 19th century, it was during the suburban housing boom of the interwar period that the design first proliferated as a suburban icon, being preferred by middle-class home owners to the smaller 569:

that were growing rapidly, and the first suburban districts sprung up around downtowns to accommodate those who wanted to escape the squalid conditions of the industrial towns. Initially, such growth came along rail lines in the form of

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By the mid-19th century, the first major suburban areas were springing up around London as the city (then the largest in the world) became more overcrowded and unsanitary. A major catalyst for suburban growth was the opening of the

574:, as suburban residents could commute via train to downtown for work. In Australia, where Melbourne would soon become the second-largest city in the British Empire, the distinctively Australasian suburb, with its loosely aggregated 1812:, has also exceeded the population of adjacent Norfolk. With only a few large commercial areas and no definitive downtown area, Chesapeake is primarily residential in nature with vast rural areas remaining within the city limits. 1132:

In Cape Town, there is a distinct European style originating from European influence during the mid-1600s when the Dutch settled the Cape. Houses like these are called Cape Dutch Houses and can be found in the affluent suburbs of

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for better jobs and educational opportunities than were available to them in the segregated South. Their arrival in Northern and Western cities en masse, in addition to being followed by race riots in several large cities such as

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with inadequate sewer structure coverage, saturated mass transit, more precarious running water, electricity and communication services, and lack of urban planning and landscaping, while also not necessarily qualifying as actual

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In Hong Kong, however, suburbs are mostly government-planned new towns containing numerous public housing estates. However, other new towns also contain private housing estates and low density developments for the upper classes.

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designed to provide housing to White middle-class and lower-middle-class families. African Americans and other people of color largely remained concentrated within decaying cores of urban poverty creating a phenomenon known as

2578:(1953), evoke the suburbs of Paris explicitly since the 1930s. Those singers give a sunny festive, almost bucolic, image of the suburbs, yet still few urbanized. During the fifties and the sixties, French singer-songwriter 52: 2275:

particularly if they're struggling. According to struggling cities, this will help bring in a substantial revenue for the city which is a great way to tax the people who make the most use of the highways and repairs.

1702:. The goal is to "build sustainable communities" rather than housing estates. However, commercial concerns tend to delay the opening of services until a large number of residents have occupied the new neighborhood. 1953:

By 2010, suburbs increasingly gained people in racial minority groups, as many members of minority groups gained better access to education and sought more favorable living conditions compared to inner city areas.

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the Grand Central Terminal commuter hub that enabled its development. Westchester's true importance in the history of American suburbanization derives from the upper-middle class development of villages including

1808:. While Virginia Beach has slowly been taking on the characteristics of an urban city, it will not likely achieve the population density and urban characteristics of Norfolk. A second suburban city in Virginia, 513:

The earliest appearance of suburbs coincided with the spread of the first urban settlements. Large walled towns tended to be the focus around which smaller villages grew up in a symbiotic relationship with the

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Compared to rural areas, suburbs usually have greater population density, higher standards of living, more complex road systems, more franchised stores and restaurants, and less farmland and wildlife.

1743:, which expanded the area in which city commuters could live. These are typically medium-density neighborhoods contiguous with the core urban area, built for pedestrian access to the streetcar lines. 1509:. They concentrate infrastructure, investment and attention from the municipal seat and the best offer of mass transit. True sprawling towards neighboring municipalities is typically empoverished – 1880:

Zoning patterns that separate residential and commercial development, as well as different intensities and densities of development. Daily needs are not within walking distance of most homes.

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Following the growth of the middle class due to African industrialization, the development of middle class suburbs has boomed since the beginning of the 1990s, particularly in cities such as

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in the construction of suburbs since the late 1970s and early 1980s. As the growth of middle-class and upper-class suburbs increased, low-class squatter areas have increased, most notably

272:; exurbs have less population density than suburbs, but still more than rural areas. Suburbs and exurbs are sometimes linked to the nearby city economically, particularly by commuters. 4450: 3312: 432:

Although a majority of Americans regard themselves as residents of suburban communities, the federal government of the United States has no formal definition for what constitutes a

1316:, suburban growth takes place within the city boundaries as opposed to in bedroom communities. This is due to annexation and a large geographic footprint within the city borders. 556:. In some places, nearby settlements were swallowed up as the main city expanded. The peripheral areas on the outskirts of the city were generally inhabited by the very poorest. 2380: 4477: 4681: 4806: 545:

was mainly occupied by the emperor and important officials; the city's people mostly lived in small cities right outside Luoyang, which were suburbs in all but name.

1013:", meaning that most daytime business activity took place in the city, with the working population leaving the city at night for the purpose of going home to sleep. 3527: 636:

In 1912 it was suggested that a specially formed company should take over from the Surplus Lands Committee and develop suburban estates near the railway. However,

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in the tram era. With the automobile, the Australian usage came about as outer areas were quickly surrounded in fast-growing cities, but retained the appellation

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plots, which it then marketed as "Metro-land". In the UK, the government is seeking to impose minimum densities on newly approved housing schemes in parts of

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there has been surprising continuity since the infancy of Australian suburbia in the 1850s in the attitudes, values and motives underlying suburbanization.

1534:, the part of the West Zone associated with SuperVia's Ramal de Santa Cruz. These, in comparison with the inner suburbs, often prove to be remote, violent 2582:

evokes in his songs popular and proletarian suburbs of Paris, to oppose them to the city, considered by comparison as a bourgeois and conservative place.

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Canada is an urbanized nation where over 80% of the population lives in urban areas (loosely defined), and roughly two-thirds live in one of Canada's 33

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dealt with aspects of growing up in suburbia, suggesting aimlessness, apathy and endless rushing are ingrained into the suburban culture and mentality.

1176:; the term was eventually applied to neighborhoods in the original core as well. In Australia, Sydney's urban sprawl has occurred predominantly in the 4424: 1804:, and others. Virginia Beach is now the most populous city in Virginia, having long since exceeded the population of its neighboring primary city, 1758:

for suburban development accelerated this process as did the practice of redlining by banks and other lending institutions. In some cities such as

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suburbanization grew between 1970 and 1980 by 2.6% as a result of central city neighborhoods expanding into older neighborhoods vacated by whites.

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portray the suburbs as concealing darker secrets behind a façade of manicured lawns, friendly people, and beautifully kept houses. Films such as

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In China, the term suburb is new, although suburbs are already being constructed rapidly. Chinese suburbs mostly consist of rows upon rows of

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In some countries, including India, China, New Zealand, Canada, the United Kingdom, and parts of the United States, new suburbs are routinely

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c. 18) required railways to sell off surplus lands within ten years of the time given for completion of the work in the line's enabling Act.

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in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Modern Canadian suburbs tend to be less automobile-centric than those in the United States, and

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and the creation of the first garden suburbs at the turn of the 20th century. The first garden suburb was developed through the efforts of

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in Sydney, are usually characterized by higher density apartment housing and greater integration between commercial and residential areas.

3723:"The Postwar Economy: 1945–1960 < Postwar America < History 1994 < American History From Revolution To Reconstruction and beyond" 5315: 4607: 1917:

by minute differences in home value, creating entire communities where family incomes and demographics are almost completely homogeneous.

1693:. The growth in the use of trains, and later cars and highways, increased the ease with which workers could have a job in the city while 4017: 3371:

Gilbert, Alan (25 July 1989). "The Roots of Australian Anti-Suburbanism". In Goldberg, Samuels Louis; Smith, Francis Barrymore (eds.).

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cottage villages appeared in almost every city of the country (including Moscow), no different from the suburbs in western countries.

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Ward David (1964). "A Comparative Historical Geography of Streetcar Suburbs in Boston, Massachusetts and Leeds, England: 1850–1920".

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or slums. They often are former agricultural land or wild areas settled through squatting; suburbs grew and expanded due to the mass

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from development, they established trusts in 1904 which bought 243 acres of land along the newly opened Northern line extension to

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have depicted suburbia as well-manicured but relentlessly boring, and its residents as either overly conforming or prone to going

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systems, longer travel distances and the hierarchy system, which is less efficient at distributing traffic than the traditional

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of Sweden, even if the suburbs of these countries also include middle-class and upper-class neighborhoods that often consist of

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lines that could shuttle workers into and out of city centers where the jobs were located. This practice gave rise to the term "

5325: 2829: 3993: 1557:, which grew with migration from more distant and impoverished parts of the country and deal with overpopulation as a result. 2927: 4225: 2721: 2610: 882: 641: 1935:, including culs-de-sac, leading to larger residential streets, in turn leading to large collector roads, in place of the 5188: 3308: 1892: 3926: 3535: 766:, the then Minister for Housing. The Act allowed for the building of large new housing estates in the suburbs after the 467:

Leeds, many suburbs are formerly separate towns and villages that have been absorbed during a city's expansion, such as

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use is encouraged but can be notably unused. Throughout Canada, there are comprehensive plans in place to curb sprawl.

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Rothstein, Richard: The Color of Law. A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America, Liveright, 2017.

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In Japan, the construction of suburbs has boomed since the end of World War II and many cities are experiencing the

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Suburbs and suburban living have been the subject for a wide variety of films, books, television shows and songs.

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around cities. Some social reformers attempted to combine the best of both concepts in the garden city movement.

1780:, the two most populous suburbs in the U.S., are actually more populous than many core cities, including Miami, 245:, some suburbs in the United States have a higher population and higher incomes than their nearby inner cities. 5038: 2709: 2450: 2131: 1429: 981:, further stimulated white suburban migration. The growth of the suburbs was facilitated by the development of 755:

expect to get an A1 population out of C3 homes" – referring to military fitness classifications of the period.

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In Canada, the term may also be used in the British sense, especially as cities annex formerly outlying areas.

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in reference to the large villas and estates built by the wealthy patricians of Rome on the city's outskirts.

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and her husband; inspired by Ebenezer Howard and the model housing development movement (then exemplified by

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Ruth McManus, and Philip J. Ethington (2007). "Suburbs in transition: new approaches to suburban history".

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system, allowing a more direct route while still keeping the cars out of the residential and side streets.

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Conversely, many white Americans also moved back to city centers. Nearly all major city downtowns (such as

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Beauregard, Robert A. When America Became Suburban. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2006.

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are filled with high-rise buildings, paddy fields, and farms, and are designed more like rural villages.

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In the suburban system, most trips from one component to another component requires that cars enter a

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By 1890, Melbourne was the second-largest city in the British Empire and one of the world's richest.

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Suburbs typically have longer travel times to work than traditional neighborhoods. Only the traffic

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In the illustrative case of Rome, Italy, in the 1920s and 1930s, suburbs were intentionally created

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can refer either to an outlying residential area of a city or town or to a separate municipality or

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Suburban systems of the sprawl type are also quite inefficient for cyclists or pedestrians, as the

2142: 2073: 1777: 1414: 1266: 695: 22: 3622: 640:(1914–1918) delayed these plans until 1919, when, with the expectation of a postwar housing-boom, 5548: 5533: 5429: 5098: 4686: 4505: 3600: 2774: 2715: 2446: 2439: 2342: 2127: 2120: 2019: 1425: 1418: 1162: 1138: 751: 736: 402: 58: 4089: 5414: 5303: 5275: 5160: 4766:

A History of the Metropolitan Railway. Volume 1: The Circle and Extended Lines to Rickmansworth

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Goodman, Robin; Buxton, Michael; Moloney, Susie (2016). "The early development of Melbourne".

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The Fractured Metropolis: Improving the New City, Restoring the Old City, Reshaping the Region

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guaranteed low-cost loans for veterans, with very low down payments, and low interest rates.

5454: 5245: 5235: 5220: 5078: 5020: 3413: 2779: 2701: 2288: 2229: 1910: 1331: 1134: 661: 230: 260:, France, and much of the United States, many suburbs remain separate municipalities or are 5444: 5419: 4842: 4588: 2987: 2965: 2737: 1974: 1809: 1474: 1181: 1082: 1022: 835: 823: 709: 610: 249: 4390: 1877:– anywhere from 0.1 acres and up – surrounded at close quarters by very similar dwellings. 1710: 1300:) has occurred in non-core municipalities. This trend is also beginning to take effect in 1001:

stimulated a housing boom in American suburbs. In the older cities of the northeast U.S.,

300:. Suburbs tend to proliferate around cities that have an abundance of adjacent flat land. 8: 5484: 5103: 4817:

Images of a mature north London suburb illustrating a wide range of domestic architecture

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Adams, L. J. (1 September 2006). "Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism".

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Housing Segregation in Suburban America Since 1960: Presidential and Judicial Politics

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progressing from the 1920s to the 1950s, and especially with the introduction of the

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In the 19th century, horse-drawn and later electric trolleys enabled the creation of

1690: 1297: 1281: 1169: 1078: 1045: 1025:. Manufacturing and commercial buildings were segregated in other areas of the city. 970: 930: 885:. Returning veterans wishing to start a settled life moved in masses to the suburbs. 720: 645: 398: 289: 281: 205: 190: 4193: 2486: 2167: 1909:

carved from previously rural land into multiple-home developments built by a single

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in the country. These suburbs also serve as major housing areas and commuter towns.

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2001 Walter Martin Hosack. "single-family detached housing" = "suburb houses" p133

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In the United Kingdom suburbs are located between the exurbs and inner cities of a

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was although soon interested in urban changes in the suburbs, with such movies as

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Brazilian affluent suburbs are generally denser, more vertical and mixed in use

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The committee's report of 1917 was taken up by the government, which passed the

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City schools and the American dream: reclaiming the promise of public education

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to name a few. However, most suburbs in Dhaka are different from the ones in

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during the years of the military dictatorship. This is particularly true of

1254: 5459: 5343: 5240: 5225: 5118: 5060: 5033: 5010: 4968: 4612:(British Empire Exhibition 1924 reprinted ed.). Southbank Publishing. 2648: 2595: 2278:

Today more companies settle down in suburbs because of low property costs.

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c. 1350 in the manuscript of the Midlands Prose Psalter, in which the form

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A Consumer's Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America

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documented the culture of suburbia in the 1970s, most notably in his book

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sections, developed in the 1850s and eventually became a component of the

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ed. by K. D. Bülbring. Early English Text Society, Original Series, 1891.

4377: 3377:(reprint ed.). Cambridge: CUP Archive (published 1988). p. 36. 2688: 2670: 2348: 2303: 2069: 2025: 1781: 1721: 1629: 1601: 1585: 1535: 1466: 1240: 1121: 966: 637: 553: 515: 335:("city"). The first recorded use of the term in English according to the 108: 62: 21:"Suburbs", "Suburbia", and "Suburban" redirect here. For other uses, see 1554: 1305: 898: 5474: 5409: 5260: 5210: 5050: 4983: 4948: 4874: 4244:. Lanham, Maryland (Prince George's County): Rowman & Littlefield. 4127: 4103: 3980: 3557:

Clapson, Mark (2000). "The suburban aspiration in England since 1919".

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skewers American suburbia, which produces misery instead of happiness.

2567: 2264: 2134: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1921: 1801: 1797: 1747: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1653: 1319:

Calgary is unusual among Canadian cities because it has developed as a

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domestic buyers in places like Willesden Park Estate, Cecil Park, near

590: 566: 479:. In Ireland, this can be seen in the Dublin suburban areas of Swords, 309: 222: 90: 4404:"The growing distance between people and jobs in metropolitan America" 5230: 5138: 5000: 4995: 4916: 4901: 3410:

The Golden Years of the Metropolitan Railway and the Metro-land Dream

3173: 2789: 2678: 2656: 2590: 2311: 2241: 1849: 1837: 1833: 1793: 1785: 1755: 1694: 1593: 1470: 1301: 986: 946: 708:

Suburbanization in the interwar period was heavily influenced by the

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in the 1860s. The line later joined the capital's financial heart in

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the short streets themselves is less. This is due to three factors:

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are common concepts in suburban planning. In certain places such as

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as part of a larger metropolitan area such as a county, district or

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Between fear and hope: globalization and race in the United States

656:, Cecil Park and Grange Estate at Pinner and the Cedars Estate at 104: 4513:

Archer, John; Paul J.P. Sandul, and Katherine Solomonson (eds.),

2944:"A forgotten history of how the US Government Segregated America" 1829: 1821: 1657: 1569: 1336: 1313: 1248: 1197: 1098: 649: 552:

in Europe, towns swelled with a steady influx of people from the

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serving thousands of businessmen and executives from Manhattan.

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Expanding the American Dream: Building and Rebuilding Levittown

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than central cities, dominated by single-family homes on small

1817: 1633: 1608:, suburbs form the core. The latter one has been turned into a 1499: 1224: 1201: 1158: 1117: 982: 853: 846: 630: 565:

through the 19th century, especially in cities like London and

527: 468: 418: 390: 312: 182: 170: 139: 127: 3252:

Mary Corbin Sies (2001). "North American Suburbs, 1880–1950".

3142:"According to the Federal Government, the Suburbs Don't Exist" 2988:"Demographics for a 5 mile radius around Overland Park Kansas" 1526:) –, with a very noticeable example being the rail suburbs of 680: 597:

Toward the end of the century, with the development of public

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Little Boxes: The Architecture of a Classic Midcentury Suburb

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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

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The suburban population in North America exploded during the

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Within just a decade suburbs dramatically increased in size.

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Crabgrass frontier: The suburbanization of the United States

4226:"Housing Unit Characteristics by Type of Housing Unit, 2005" 3874: 3032:"Demographics for 5 mile radius around Southfield, Michigan" 436:

in the United States, leaving its precise meaning disputed.

138:

Saaristokaupunki (Archipelago city), a new suburban area in

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Building Suburbia: Green Fields and Urban Growth, 1820–2000

4194:

Comeback Cities: A Blueprint for Urban Neighborhood Revival

3442: 3111:, British Library Add. MS. 17376, in Bülbring 1891, p. 188. 2819: 1939:

common to most central cities and pre-World War II suburbs.

1641: 1006: 739:. The suburb attracted the talents of architects including 523: 354: 4640:

Creeping Conformity: How Canada Became Suburban, 1900–1960

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Suburbs in the United States have a prevalence of usually

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Chesham Shuttle: The Story of a Metropolitan Branch Line

1924:

behind large parking lots instead of a classic downtown

4319:

Miller, Carissa Moffat; Blevins, Audie (1 March 2005).

3794: 3060:"Suburban Ideals on England's Interwar Council Estates" 2655:

lampoons the development of suburbia and its perceived

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garden city), as well as the desire to protect part of

241:" in the U.S. Due in part to historical trends such as 4321:"Battlement Mesa: a case study of community evolution" 3820:"Zoning Requirements for Standard Lot in RS3 District" 3474: 3472: 3454: 3430: 2966:"Demographics for 5 mile radius around Kansas City mo" 747:, and it ultimately grew to encompass over 800 acres. 4784:

Borderland: Origins of the American Suburb, 1820–1939

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Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2015.

4295:

Problems and issues of diversity in the United States

3851:. Library.cornell.edu. Retrieved on 22 November 2011. 2700:

enticed by it at the same time. A film adaptation of

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being prevalent both in popular culture and academia.

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in the 1950s and critiques a culture of aspirational

1227:

suburbs often feature high-density nodes, as seen in

237:

has become largely synonymous with what is called a "

4451:"Chanson francaise La banlieue 1931–1953 Anthologie" 4167:

The Myth of the White Suburb and “Suburban Invasion”

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was written by Robert S. Cohen and David Javerbaum.

1981:

have attracted young Americans to the city centers.

97:, of New York City, with a lower population density. 4577:

Cottages and Villas: The Birth of the Garden Suburb

4515:

Making Suburbia: New Histories of Everyday America.

4102:Aiken, S. Robert; Leigh, Colin H. (December 1975). 3528:"History of London Metro-Land and London's Suburbs" 3469: 2453:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4738: 4654: 3337:Planning Melbourne: Lessons for a Sustainable City 644:(MRCE) formed. MRCE went on to develop estates at 4367:White flight? Suburbs lose young whites to cities 4108:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 3684:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 3646: 3157: 3155: 3010:"Demographics for a 5 mile radius around Detroit" 5520: 4551:Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia 4431: 4044:. China Urban Development Blog. 23 February 2011 4018:"THE CITY OF CALGARY Municipal Development Plan" 3251: 2294:Criticism of suburbia dates back to the boom of 2267:and footpaths connecting across the arms of the 1540: 1510: 1378:) were created at a further distance from them. 1273:residents (67%), to a low of about one-third of 501:The history of suburbia is part of the study of 288:; however, there are many exceptions, including 3994:"CALGARY, AB an overview of development trends" 667:The Met's marketing department coined the term 559: 93:(below), characteristic of an outer suburb, or 4741:The English landscape in the twentieth century 4585:The London Underground: An illustrated history 4381:. Sunday 9 May 2010. Retrieved on 10 May 2010. 4092:. Usatoday.com. Retrieved on 22 November 2011. 3152: 1580:In Malaysia, suburbs are common especially in 937:Very little housing had been built during the 208:which is predominantly residential and within 4843: 4807:A Future Vision for the North American Suburb 4318: 3407: 3303: 3301: 3053: 3051: 3049: 2054:The examples and perspective in this article 1946:administrative buildings than in urban areas. 876: 442: 4423:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4401: 3983:. Planetizen. Retrieved on 22 November 2011. 3927:"NSW Place and Road Naming Proposals System" 1184:was designated an official suburb in 2009. 1029:design of "new towns" and the protection of 642:Metropolitan Railway Country Estates Limited 462:In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the term 217:, suburban areas are defined in contrast to 4544:The Earliest Complete English Prose Salter, 4522:Picture Windows: How the Suburbs Happened. 4090:Modern suburbia not just in America anymore 3952:"Dependence on cars in urban neighborhoods" 3763:Historical Statistics of the United States 2919:Applied Ecology and Sustainable Environment 2357:Learn how and when to remove these messages 2034:Learn how and when to remove these messages 1432:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1168:Large cities like Sydney and Melbourne had 330: 324: 318: 16:Human settlement within a metropolitan area 4850: 4836: 4101: 3681: 3298: 3120: 3046: 317:, which is in turn derived from the Latin 3860:England, Robert E. and David R. Morgan. 3666: 2531:Learn how and when to remove this message 2513:Learn how and when to remove this message 2212:Learn how and when to remove this message 2194:Learn how and when to remove this message 2092:Learn how and when to remove this message 1992:population is increasing in the suburbs. 1452:Learn how and when to remove this message 1112:In an illustrative case of South Africa, 956:At the same time, African Americans were 363:Suburban housing in the regional city of 4733:, London, British Library Add. MS. 17376 4298:. Westport, Conn.: Bergin & Garvey. 3654:Papers from the Institute of Archaeology 3139: 3123:"How to Tell If You Live in the Suburbs" 1931:A road network designed to conform to a 1709: 1564: 1330: 1253: 1234: 1219: 1148: 1044: 997:After World War II, the availability of 916: 897: 840: 829: 817: 760:Housing, Town Planning, &c. Act 1919 690: 584: 446: 358: 355:Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa 164: 145: 133: 118: 103: 69:(above) is emblematic of the continuous 4763: 4711: 4675: 4531:. University of Minnesota Press, 2006. 4520:Baxandall, Rosalyn and Elizabeth Ewen. 4264: 3556: 3490: 3463: 3448: 3436: 3370: 3161: 2759:have brought this theme to the cinema. 2687:by the Canadian-based alternative band 1895:) and lesser percentage of citizens of 5521: 4736: 4556: 4402:Kneebone; Holmes, Elizabeth; Natalie. 4291: 4237: 3958:. Government of Canada. Archived from 3502: 3088:by Jonathan Barnett, via Google Books. 3057: 2830:List of satellite cities by population 762:, also known as the Addison Act after 687:Interwar suburban expansion in England 617:to what were to become the suburbs of 303: 4831: 4652: 4605: 4582: 3746: 3514: 3478: 3408:Edwards, Dennis; Pigram, Ron (1988). 3208: 3064:Journal of the Garden History Society 2890: 2318: 2306:, this discourse is prominent in the 2287:These paragraphs are an excerpt from 2230:almost-mandatory automobile ownership 1852:, Minneapolis, and Washington, D.C.. 308:The English word is derived from the 4534: 4474: 4437: 4271:. New York: Teachers College Press. 4064:"Is This Beijing's Suburban Future?" 4042:"(Mis)understanding China's Suburbs" 3751:. Vintage Books. pp. Chapter 6. 3140:Brasuell, James (21 November 2018). 2915: 2851:Lands Clauses Consolidation Act 1845 2722:The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin 2611:Two or Three Things I Know About Her 2451:adding citations to reliable sources 2422: 2363: 2322: 2132:adding citations to reliable sources 2103: 2040: 1999: 1430:adding citations to reliable sources 1397: 1005:originally developed along train or 883:post-World War II economic expansion 5189:Technical aspects of urban planning 4504:For a more comprehensive list, see 2879:Edge City: Life on the New Frontier 1116:housing has been built. In much of 933:are hallmarks of suburban planning. 185:are built according to the typical 13: 4481:. Daly City, CA: Advection Media. 4120:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1975.tb01062.x 3696:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1964.tb01779.x 3315:from the original on 20 March 2020 2916:Jain, Shri V. K. (30 April 2021). 2729:. In contrast, U.S. shows such as 2707:British television series such as 2394:by removing the content or adding 1519:, in the sense of it dealing with 1308:. In certain cities, particularly 1292:three largest metropolitan areas ( 907:Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania 822:A suburban housing development in 813: 14: 5565: 4800: 4196:By Paul S. Grogan, Tony Proscio. 4104:"Malaysia's Emerging Conurbation" 4088:Nasser, Haya El. (18 April 2008) 3121:Montgomery, David (7 July 2020). 2673:also discusses suburbia, as does 2338:This section has multiple issues. 2015:This section has multiple issues. 1684: 1258:A low-density Canadian suburb in 1192:Bangladesh has multiple suburbs, 1073:of the U.S. Examples include the 329:(meaning "under" or "below") and 5502: 4964:Cities with the most skyscrapers 3824:47th Ward Public Service website 3710:Westchester: the American suburb 2427: 2368: 2327: 2108: 2045: 2004: 1995: 1913:. These subdivisions are often 1824:, New York City, San Francisco, 1746:With widespread adoption of the 1732:moved to the suburbs during the 1705: 1402: 1393: 1280:Large cities in Canada acquired 1155:Sydney central business district 794:movement, taking influence from 782:house was first designed by the 508: 408: 51: 40: 5440:Sustainable Development Goal 11 5321:Most populous national capitals 4793:The American Suburb: The Basics 4786:. Yale University Press, 1989. 4499: 4468: 4443: 4395: 4384: 4359: 4312: 4285: 4258: 4231: 4219: 4207: 4187: 4171: 4160: 4141: 4095: 4082: 4056: 4034: 4010: 3986: 3974: 3944: 3919: 3893: 3867: 3854: 3842: 3812: 3781: 3768: 3755: 3740: 3715: 3702: 3675: 3640: 3615: 3585: 3550: 3520: 3401: 3364: 3327: 3288:"Luoyang and the Northern Army" 3280: 3245: 3202: 3167: 3133: 3114: 3102: 3091: 3077: 2843: 2556:Aux quatre coins de la banlieue 2438:needs additional citations for 2346:or discuss these issues on the 2236:systems and nearly-nonexistent 2119:needs additional citations for 2023:or discuss these issues on the 1572:, a suburb outside of downtown 548:As populations grew during the 5326:Most populous satellite cities 4561:(2nd ed.). Clive Foxell. 4228:Energy Information Association 3623:"Outcomes of the War: Britain" 3024: 3002: 2980: 2958: 2936: 2909: 2884: 2871: 1899:than in urban areas. However, 1239:Higher-density development in 698:semi-detached cottages, built 1: 5316:Most densely populated cities 4714:London's Metropolitan Railway 4553:. Basic Books, 1987; in U.S. 4524:New York: Basic Books, 2000. 4214:Land Development Calculations 3981:The Wealthy Suburbs of Canada 2881:, Knopf Doubleday, 1992, p149 2864: 1187: 958:rapidly moving north and west 699: 126:, a suburban neighborhood in 4529:When America Became Suburban 4337:10.1016/j.soscij.2004.11.001 3559:Contemporary British History 2663:values, while the 1982 song 2281: 1942:A greater percentage of one- 1840:, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, 1351: 1144: 1040: 849:, Texas, (in the foreground) 660:and to found places such as 560:Origins of the modern suburb 541:razed the city, the capital 153:Uttara Apartment complex at 7: 4812:Centre for Suburban Studies 4606:Green, Oliver, ed. (2004). 4539:. Melbourne: Penguin Books. 3761:U.S. Bureau of the Census, 3593:"The History of the Suburb" 3374:Australian Cultural History 3211:Journal of American History 2762: 2068:, discuss the issue on the 1865:They are characterized by: 1592:, semi-detached houses and 1560: 1122:FNB ("Soccer City") Stadium 921:A suburban neighborhood of 673:Guide to the Extension Line 276:commute to city centers or 10: 5570: 5184:Theories of urban planning 4857: 4768:. Lamplight Publications. 4503: 4325:The Social Science Journal 4238:Barlow, Andrew L. (2003). 3849:Garden Cities of To-Morrow 3647:Lofthouse, Pamela (2012). 3266:10.1177/009614420102700304 2895:. Routledge. p. 640. 2286: 1304:, and to a lesser extent, 927:Colorado Springs, Colorado 909:, an inner-ring suburb of 893: 877:Postwar suburban expansion 522:was first employed by the 494: 490: 443:United Kingdom and Ireland 252:by adjacent cities due to 215:English-speaking countries 20: 5544:Types of populated places 5498: 5397: 5334: 5294: 5179:History of urban planning 5169: 5089:Central business district 5069: 5019: 4865: 4292:Naylor, Larry L. (1999). 3776:The Best Years, 1945–1950 3571:10.1080/13619460008581576 3188:10.1017/S096392680700466X 2390:Please help Knowledge to 1752:Interstate Highway System 1675: 1473:, and most major cities. 1267:census metropolitan areas 1260:Langley, British Columbia 1215: 1088: 365:Griffith, New South Wales 338:Oxford English Dictionary 31:Suburban (disambiguation) 27:Suburbia (disambiguation) 4391:Minority Suburbanization 3931:proposals.gnb.nsw.gov.au 3747:Cohen, Lizabeth (2003). 3254:Journal of Urban History 3058:Hollow, Matthew (2011). 3034:. demographics by radius 3012:. demographics by radius 2990:. demograpbics by radius 2968:. demographics by radius 2893:Encyclopedia of the City 2836: 1883:A greater percentage of 1778:Virginia Beach, Virginia 1381: 1360: 1326: 1296:, Greater Montréal, and 802:, and even ship design. 750:During World War I, the 646:Kingsbury Garden Village 429:outside a town or city. 23:Suburbs (disambiguation) 5430:Million Tree Initiative 4737:Rowley, Trevor (2006). 4716:. David & Charles. 4687:Oxford University Press 4649:. Vintage Books, 2003. 4537:The Australian Ugliness 4506:Bibliography of suburbs 4265:Noguera, Pedro (2003). 4153:16 October 2007 at the 2775:Bibliography of suburbs 1335:Apartments in suburban 752:Tudor Walters Committee 737:Hampstead Garden Suburb 593:guide published in 1921 533:Towards the end of the 347: 313: 5415:Ecological engineering 5304:World's largest cities 5276:Cycling infrastructure 5161:Peri-urban agriculture 4764:Simpson, Bill (2003). 4712:Jackson, Alan (1986). 4583:Green, Oliver (1987). 4557:Foxell, Clive (1996). 4527:Beauregard, Robert A. 3862:Managing Urban America 2805:Developed environments 2704:was produced in 2006. 2304:English-speaking world 1844:, Norfolk, St. Louis, 1725: 1577: 1541: 1530:– the North Zone, the 1511: 1340: 1262: 1251: 1232: 1165: 1065: 934: 914: 850: 838: 827: 705: 594: 459: 374:suburbs and localities 368: 331: 325: 319: 204:) is an area within a 193: 162: 143: 131: 116: 5455:Urban forest inequity 5246:Multiple nuclei model 5236:Concentric zone model 5221:Mixed-use development 5094:Most expensive cities 5079:World's cities by GDP 4661:. Capital Transport. 4657:The Metropolitan Line 3292:Scholars of Shen Zhou 2891:Caves, R. W. (2004). 2780:Criticism of suburbia 2669:by the Canadian band 2621:In his one-act opera 2289:Criticism of suburbia 2232:due to poor suburban 1967:Downtown Philadelphia 1713: 1568: 1553:, Rio de Janeiro and 1334: 1257: 1238: 1223: 1152: 1048: 920: 901: 844: 833: 821: 694: 662:Harrow Garden Village 633:and at Wembley Park. 588: 537:, until 190 AD, when 495:Further information: 450: 362: 256:. In others, such as 231:South African English 168: 149: 137: 122: 107: 5445:Sustainable urbanism 5420:Green infrastructure 4653:Horne, Mike (2003). 4535:Boyd, Robin (1960). 4411:Bicycleuniverse.info 3962:on 17 September 2016 3505:, pp. 206, 207. 3451:, pp. 134, 137. 3340:. CSIRO Publishing. 3309:"History of Suburbs" 2922:. BFC Publications. 2738:Desperate Housewives 2447:improve this article 2392:improve this article 2296:suburban development 2128:improve this article 2074:create a new article 2066:improve this article 1975:Downtown Los Angeles 1891:and, in some areas, 1475:Lomas de Chapultepec 1426:improve this section 1083:single-family houses 836:Santa Fe, New Mexico 824:Richfield, Minnesota 710:garden city movement 611:Metropolitan Railway 603:underground railways 601:systems such as the 454:suburban housing in 5485:Urban reforestation 5104:Most livable cities 4822:The end of suburbia 4795:. Routledge, 2008. 4747:Hambledon Continuum 4677:Jackson, Kenneth T. 4575:Galinou, Mireille. 3791:(SUNY Press, 1993). 3787:Barbara Mae Kelly, 3765:(1976) series H-156 3493:, pp. 241–242. 2693:Suburb The Musical, 2675:Rockin' the Suburbs 2404:independent sources 1920:Shopping malls and 1911:real estate company 1897:other ethnic groups 1127:equestrian facility 764:Christopher Addison 621:. The line reached 572:ribbon developments 550:Early Modern Period 535:Eastern Han Dynasty 427:unincorporated area 304:Etymology and usage 294:planned communities 81:, in contrast with 5384:Urban homesteading 5309:throughout history 4824:(documentary film) 4782:Stilgoe, John R. 4645:Hayden, Dolores. 4579:(2011), in England 4549:Fishman, Robert. 4475:Keil, Rob (2006). 4148:London's metroland 4070:. 10 February 2011 3708:Roger G. Panetta, 2815:Rural–urban fringe 2546:French songs like 2319:In popular culture 1726: 1700:South East England 1578: 1532:Baixada Fluminense 1341: 1263: 1252: 1233: 1231:, British Columbia 1208:. Most suburbs in 1180:. The locality of 1166: 1077:of France, or the 1066: 935: 915: 851: 839: 828: 706: 679:guide, priced at 1 595: 460: 452:Upper middle class 369: 290:industrial suburbs 278:business districts 227:Australian English 194: 163: 144: 132: 117: 5516: 5515: 5509:Cities portal 5470:Urban heat island 5379:Urban exploration 5251:Linear settlement 5199:Public open space 5039:direct-controlled 4989:Abandoned village 4944:Metropolitan area 4638:Harris, Richard. 3956:Statistics Canada 3905:Eyeofafrica.co.za 3879:Eyeofafrica.co.za 3830:on 14 August 2014 3778:(1976) pp 135–39. 3603:on 3 January 2018 2929:978-93-90880-19-5 2681:. The 2010 album 2647:. The 1962 song " 2629:Leonard Bernstein 2624:Trouble in Tahiti 2541: 2540: 2533: 2523: 2522: 2515: 2497: 2421: 2420: 2361: 2222: 2221: 2214: 2204: 2203: 2196: 2178: 2102: 2101: 2094: 2076:, as appropriate. 2038: 1926:shopping district 1741:streetcar suburbs 1691:metropolitan area 1498:in Guatemala and 1462: 1461: 1454: 1298:Greater Vancouver 1282:streetcar suburbs 1277:residents (34%). 1170:streetcar suburbs 1011:bedroom community 1003:streetcar suburbs 721:Henrietta Barnett 671:in 1915 when the 589:The cover of the 401:in Melbourne and 206:metropolitan area 191:Million Programme 5561: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5490:Zero-carbon city 5435:Sustainable city 5389:Unitary urbanism 5359:Urban morphology 5296:Urban population 5266:Bicycle-friendly 5046:Independent city 5021:Urban government 4979:Shrinking cities 4852: 4845: 4838: 4829: 4828: 4779: 4760: 4744: 4727: 4708: 4672: 4660: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4622:. Archived from 4602: 4572: 4540: 4493: 4492: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4422: 4414: 4408: 4399: 4393: 4388: 4382: 4372:Associated Press 4363: 4357: 4356: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4175: 4169: 4164: 4158: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4099: 4093: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4022: 4014: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3998: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3871: 3865: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3826:. Archived from 3816: 3810: 3807: 3801: 3798: 3792: 3785: 3779: 3774:Joseph Goulden, 3772: 3766: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3719: 3713: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3599:. Archived from 3589: 3583: 3582: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3534:. Archived from 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3467: 3461: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3393: 3391: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3356: 3354: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3305: 3296: 3295: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3150: 3149: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3095: 3089: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3055: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2888: 2882: 2875: 2858: 2847: 2810:Settlement types 2653:Malvina Reynolds 2576:Robert Lamoureux 2536: 2529: 2518: 2511: 2507: 2504: 2498: 2496: 2455: 2431: 2423: 2416: 2413: 2407: 2372: 2371: 2364: 2353: 2331: 2330: 2323: 2217: 2210: 2199: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2179: 2177: 2136: 2112: 2104: 2097: 2090: 2086: 2083: 2077: 2049: 2048: 2041: 2030: 2008: 2007: 2000: 1971:Downtown Roanoke 1963:Downtown Detroit 1768:Washington, D.C. 1718:shopping centers 1544: 1514: 1457: 1450: 1446: 1443: 1437: 1406: 1398: 1345:apartment blocks 1079:concrete suburbs 1055:Clichy-sous-Bois 979:Washington, D.C. 939:Great Depression 735:and created the 704: 701: 580:Australian Dream 350: 334: 328: 322: 316: 298:satellite cities 282:private vehicles 262:governed locally 87:Middlesex County 55: 44: 5569: 5568: 5564: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5559: 5558: 5519: 5518: 5517: 5512: 5503: 5501: 5494: 5393: 5369:Urban sociology 5330: 5290: 5281:Pedestrian zone 5165: 5099:Cheapest cities 5071:Urban economics 5065: 5056:Autonomous city 5015: 4974:Suburbanization 4867:Urban geography 4861: 4856: 4803: 4798: 4790:Teaford, Jon C. 4776: 4757: 4724: 4697: 4669: 4629: 4627: 4626:on 28 June 2008 4620: 4599: 4569: 4509: 4502: 4497: 4496: 4489: 4473: 4469: 4459: 4457: 4449: 4448: 4444: 4436: 4432: 4416: 4415: 4406: 4400: 4396: 4389: 4385: 4364: 4360: 4317: 4313: 4306: 4290: 4286: 4279: 4263: 4259: 4252: 4236: 4232: 4224: 4220: 4212: 4208: 4192: 4188: 4177: 4176: 4172: 4165: 4161: 4155:Wayback Machine 4146: 4142: 4132: 4130: 4100: 4096: 4087: 4083: 4073: 4071: 4062: 4061: 4057: 4047: 4045: 4040: 4039: 4035: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4011: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3979: 3975: 3965: 3963: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3935: 3933: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3910: 3908: 3901:"Eye of Africa" 3899: 3898: 3894: 3884: 3882: 3875:"Eye of Africa" 3873: 3872: 3868: 3859: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3833: 3831: 3818: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3786: 3782: 3773: 3769: 3760: 3756: 3745: 3741: 3731: 3729: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3707: 3703: 3680: 3676: 3668:10.5334/pia.404 3645: 3641: 3631: 3629: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3606: 3604: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3555: 3551: 3541: 3539: 3538:on 12 July 2013 3526: 3525: 3521: 3517:, introduction. 3513: 3509: 3501: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3477: 3470: 3462: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3406: 3402: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3369: 3365: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3332: 3328: 3318: 3316: 3307: 3306: 3299: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3250: 3246: 3223:10.2307/4486372 3207: 3203: 3172: 3168: 3160: 3153: 3138: 3134: 3119: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3092: 3082: 3078: 3068: 3066: 3056: 3047: 3037: 3035: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3015: 3013: 3008: 3007: 3003: 2993: 2991: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2971: 2969: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2949: 2947: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2930: 2914: 2910: 2903: 2889: 2885: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2861: 2855:8 & 9 Vict. 2848: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2765: 2636:photojournalist 2616:Jean-Luc Godard 2537: 2526: 2525: 2524: 2519: 2508: 2502: 2499: 2456: 2454: 2444: 2432: 2417: 2411: 2408: 2389: 2385:popular culture 2373: 2369: 2332: 2328: 2321: 2316: 2315: 2292: 2284: 2218: 2207: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2189: 2183: 2180: 2137: 2135: 2125: 2113: 2098: 2087: 2081: 2078: 2063: 2050: 2046: 2009: 2005: 1998: 1784:, New Orleans, 1708: 1687: 1678: 1590:Terraced houses 1563: 1524:marginalization 1469:, Mexico City, 1458: 1447: 1441: 1438: 1423: 1407: 1396: 1384: 1363: 1354: 1329: 1294:Greater Toronto 1245:Pearson Airport 1229:Metro Vancouver 1218: 1190: 1178:Western Suburbs 1163:western suburbs 1147: 1091: 1043: 903:Terraced houses 896: 879: 816: 788:terraced houses 772:council estates 768:First World War 729:Hampstead Heath 718:social reformer 714:Ebenezer Howard 702: 689: 562: 511: 499: 497:Suburbanization 493: 445: 411: 393:in Wellington, 357: 306: 286:public transits 102: 101: 100: 99: 98: 83:Monroe Township 56: 47: 46: 45: 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5567: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5549:Urban planning 5546: 5541: 5536: 5534:Neighbourhoods 5531: 5514: 5513: 5499: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5465:Urban forestry 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5425:Green urbanism 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5405:Climate change 5401: 5399: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5340: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5300: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5207: 5206: 5196: 5194:Urban planners 5191: 5186: 5181: 5175: 5173: 5171:Urban planning 5167: 5166: 5164: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5151:Municipal bond 5148: 5143: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5075: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5042: 5041: 5031: 5025: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4992: 4991: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4935: 4934: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4912:Satellite city 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4888: 4887: 4877: 4871: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4855: 4854: 4847: 4840: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4802: 4801:External links 4799: 4797: 4796: 4787: 4780: 4774: 4761: 4755: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4709: 4695: 4673: 4667: 4650: 4643: 4636: 4618: 4603: 4597: 4580: 4573: 4567: 4554: 4547: 4541: 4532: 4525: 4518: 4510: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4487: 4467: 4442: 4430: 4394: 4383: 4358: 4311: 4304: 4284: 4277: 4257: 4250: 4230: 4218: 4206: 4186: 4170: 4159: 4140: 4114:(4): 546–563. 4094: 4081: 4055: 4033: 4009: 3985: 3973: 3943: 3918: 3892: 3866: 3853: 3841: 3811: 3802: 3793: 3780: 3767: 3754: 3739: 3714: 3701: 3690:(4): 477–489. 3674: 3639: 3614: 3584: 3549: 3519: 3507: 3495: 3483: 3468: 3466:, p. 240. 3453: 3441: 3439:, p. 134. 3429: 3422: 3416:. p. 32. 3400: 3383: 3363: 3346: 3326: 3297: 3279: 3244: 3217:(2): 601–602. 3201: 3182:(2): 317–337. 3166: 3151: 3132: 3113: 3101: 3090: 3076: 3045: 3023: 3001: 2979: 2957: 2935: 2928: 2908: 2901: 2883: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2702:Over the Hedge 2697:Over the Hedge 2606:Maurice Pialat 2601:L'Amour existe 2539: 2538: 2521: 2520: 2435: 2433: 2426: 2419: 2418: 2383:references to 2376: 2374: 2367: 2362: 2336: 2335: 2333: 2326: 2320: 2317: 2293: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2249:collector road 2220: 2219: 2202: 2201: 2116: 2114: 2107: 2100: 2099: 2060:of the subject 2058:worldwide view 2053: 2051: 2044: 2039: 2013: 2012: 2010: 2003: 1997: 1994: 1959:Downtown Miami 1951: 1950: 1947: 1940: 1929: 1918: 1904: 1881: 1878: 1846:Salt Lake City 1707: 1704: 1686: 1685:United Kingdom 1683: 1677: 1674: 1626:Bukit Mertajam 1610:satellite city 1584:, the largest 1562: 1559: 1528:Rio de Janeiro 1494:in Argentina, 1492:villa miserias 1460: 1459: 1410: 1408: 1401: 1395: 1392: 1383: 1380: 1362: 1359: 1353: 1350: 1328: 1325: 1286:public transit 1217: 1214: 1189: 1186: 1146: 1143: 1090: 1087: 1051:social housing 1042: 1039: 895: 892: 878: 875: 815: 812: 688: 685: 561: 558: 510: 507: 492: 489: 481:Blanchardstown 456:Swords, Dublin 444: 441: 410: 407: 356: 353: 343:Middle English 323:, formed from 305: 302: 225:areas, but in 200:(more broadly 157:, a suburb of 111:, a suburb of 73:making up the 57: 50: 49: 48: 39: 38: 37: 36: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5566: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5511: 5510: 5497: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5480:Urban prairie 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5450:Urban ecology 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5374:Anti-urbanism 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5364:Urban culture 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5354:Urban studies 5352: 5350: 5349:Urban warfare 5347: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5333: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5146:Urban renewal 5144: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 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4621: 4619:1-904915-00-0 4615: 4611: 4610: 4604: 4600: 4598:0-7110-1720-4 4594: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4568:0-9529184-0-4 4564: 4560: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4530: 4526: 4523: 4519: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4507: 4490: 4488:0-9779236-4-9 4484: 4480: 4479: 4471: 4456: 4452: 4446: 4439: 4434: 4426: 4420: 4412: 4405: 4398: 4392: 4387: 4380: 4379: 4374: 4373: 4368: 4362: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4315: 4307: 4305:0-89789-615-7 4301: 4297: 4296: 4288: 4280: 4278:0-8077-4381-X 4274: 4270: 4269: 4261: 4253: 4251:0-7425-1619-9 4247: 4243: 4242: 4234: 4227: 4222: 4215: 4210: 4203: 4202:0-8133-3952-9 4199: 4195: 4190: 4182: 4181: 4174: 4168: 4163: 4156: 4152: 4149: 4144: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4098: 4091: 4085: 4069: 4065: 4059: 4043: 4037: 4019: 4013: 3995: 3989: 3982: 3977: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3932: 3928: 3922: 3906: 3902: 3896: 3880: 3876: 3870: 3863: 3857: 3850: 3845: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3806: 3797: 3790: 3784: 3777: 3771: 3764: 3758: 3750: 3743: 3728: 3724: 3718: 3711: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3678: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3655: 3650: 3643: 3628: 3624: 3618: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3588: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3553: 3537: 3533: 3532:History.co.uk 3529: 3523: 3516: 3511: 3504: 3499: 3492: 3487: 3481:, p. 43. 3480: 3475: 3473: 3465: 3460: 3458: 3450: 3445: 3438: 3433: 3425: 3423:1-870630-11-4 3419: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3397: 3386: 3384:9780521356510 3380: 3376: 3375: 3367: 3360: 3349: 3347:9780643104747 3343: 3339: 3338: 3330: 3314: 3310: 3304: 3302: 3293: 3289: 3283: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3260:(3): 313–46. 3259: 3255: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3205: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3176:Urban History 3170: 3163: 3158: 3156: 3147: 3143: 3136: 3128: 3127:Bloomberg.com 3124: 3117: 3110: 3105: 3099: 3094: 3087: 3086: 3080: 3065: 3061: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3033: 3027: 3011: 3005: 2989: 2983: 2967: 2961: 2945: 2939: 2931: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2912: 2904: 2902:9780415252256 2898: 2894: 2887: 2880: 2877:Garreau, J., 2874: 2870: 2856: 2852: 2846: 2842: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2800:Microdistrict 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2760: 2758: 2757: 2752: 2751: 2746: 2745: 2740: 2739: 2734: 2733: 2732:Knots Landing 2728: 2724: 2723: 2718: 2717: 2712: 2711: 2710:The Good Life 2705: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2667: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2645: 2640: 2637: 2634:The American 2632: 2630: 2626: 2625: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2592: 2587: 2586:French cinema 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2535: 2532: 2517: 2514: 2506: 2495: 2492: 2488: 2485: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2464: – 2463: 2459: 2458:Find sources: 2452: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2436:This article 2434: 2430: 2425: 2424: 2415: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2382: 2377:This article 2375: 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Arizona 1771: 1769: 1765: 1764:San Francisco 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1706:United States 1703: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1682: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1646:Simpang Pulai 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1618:Penang Island 1615: 1611: 1607: 1606:Petaling Jaya 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1522: 1518: 1517:the periphery 1513: 1508: 1507:inner suburbs 1503: 1501: 1497: 1496:asentamientos 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1480:"lost cities" 1476: 1472: 1468: 1456: 1453: 1445: 1442:December 2021 1435: 1431: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1411:This section 1409: 1405: 1400: 1399: 1394:Latin America 1391: 1389: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1358: 1349: 1346: 1338: 1333: 1324: 1322: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1261: 1256: 1250: 1246: 1243:as seen from 1242: 1237: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 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