20:
129:
235:. However, in both ancient and modern times the larger towns of Upper Brittany have drawn in large numbers of Breton speakers from Lower Brittany, and most of them have at some time contained various institutions supporting that language and its culture. At the beginning of the 21st century, it was estimated that about one-tenth of Breton speakers lived in Upper Brittany.
401:
In area, Upper
Brittany now takes in something over half of the 35,000 square kilometres of the whole of Brittany, but it has some 2.5 million people, compared with Lower Brittany's 1.6 million. In the early 20th century, about 60% of the population had lived in the Breton-speaking areas.
393:
The boundary between 'Upper' and 'Lower' Brittany is now a purely imaginary line and has no administrative or other status. However, having been based on linguistic areas, the boundary does correspond very roughly to administrative borders. The town of
242:, and its use declined steeply during the 20th century. Attempts are now made to revitalize it, with schools playing a role in this, but it is largely viewed as a rural language of older people.
125:. The isolation of Brittany from the mainstream of French society was always less acute in Upper than in Lower Brittany, largely thanks to the languages they spoke.
227:
has been little spoken, and indeed in some parts it may never have been the principal means of communication. Instead, the population historically spoke
477:
102:
165:, enjoyed more support in Upper Brittany than in Lower. Upper Brittany accounted for some sixty per cent of the province's emigrants to
90:
has traditionally been spoken. However, there is no certainty as to exactly where the line between 'Upper' and 'Lower' Brittany falls.
464:
Donald
Sutherland, 'Chouannerie and popular royalism: the survival of the counter-revolutionary tradition in Upper Brittany', in
325:
309:
295:
status. Since then, the boundary between them has changed slowly as a result of the long retreat of the Breton language.
509:
581:
John Shaun Nolan, 'School and
Extended Family in the Transmission and Revitalisation of Gallo in Upper-Brittany', in
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has been more pronounced in Upper
Brittany than in Lower Brittany, the character of which has remained more rural.
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The principal distinction between the two parts of
Brittany is that Lower Brittany is the historic realm of the
641:
59:
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137:
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The distinction of two
Brittanys was made at least as early as the 15th century, when the names used were
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351:
378:
noted that the boundary was deeper into what had been Breton territory, the line then running from
177:, despite having a smaller population than Lower Brittany until the middle of the 20th century.
313:
98:
553:
531:
439:
158:
304:, the boundary between the two was generally in line with the province's division into nine
453:
The
Chouans: the social origins of popular counter-revolution in Upper Brittany, 1770-1796
8:
162:
79:
136:
Together with other factors, this has led to other differences throughout history. The
257:
212:
154:
93:
In many regards, Upper
Brittany is dominated by the industrial and cathedral city of
83:
67:
150:
375:
300:
436:
Frenchmen into peasants: modernity and tradition in the peopling of French Canada
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291:(Lower Brittany). At that time, it appears that Lower Brittany had a separate
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Place-names are one form of evidence for the linguistic boundary during the
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260:, suggesting that it was much farther to the east than it is now, near
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19:
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of 1675 was more ferocious in Lower
Brittany than in Upper, but the
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550:"We are not French!": language, culture, and identity in Brittany
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63:
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201:
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Linguistic
Geography and the History of the Breton Language
238:
Gallo, like the Breton language, was until recently highly
292:
354:
defined the boundary as running from the outskirts of
583:
Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development
486:Dictionnaire historique de la Révolution française
510:CrĂŞpes bretonnes - Brittany-Style Pancakes Recipe
633:
528:Minority language broadcasting: Breton and Irish
169:, with especially high rates of emigration from
207:In the 20th and 21st centuries, the growth of
420:Geo-data: the world geographical encyclopedia
246:The boundary between Upper and Lower Brittany
430:
428:
153:uprising in the west of France against the
585:, vol. 29, issue 3 (May 2008), pp. 216-234
544:
542:
540:
570:Celtic Culture: a historical encyclopedia
328:considered to form Upper Brittany, while
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127:
18:
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522:
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518:
634:
600:(1961), online at reference-global.com
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23:In grey, Upper Brittany; in colours,
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280:(parish) with the name 'Guehenoc'.
231:, and later a mixture of Gallo and
70:culture and is associated with the
13:
559:
117:, while Upper Brittany is that of
78:, the western part of the ancient
14:
653:
398:is one point where the two meet.
74:. The name is in counterpoint to
196:, originated in Upper Brittany,
616:
603:
588:
575:
455:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982)
252:Linguistic boundary of Brittany
108:
611:Histoire de la langue bretonne
503:
491:
471:
458:
445:
412:
276:, combines the Breton element
66:, which is predominantly of a
1:
572:, Volumes 1-5 (2006), p. 244
498:Brittany Crepes and Galettes
480:, 'Chouans/Chouannerie', in
374:in Upper Brittany. In 1886,
218:
7:
223:In much of Upper Brittany,
16:Eastern portion of Brittany
10:
658:
512:at theworldwidegourmet.com
468:, v. 9 (1984), pp. 351-360
249:
625:, Volume 4 (1894), p. 320
58:) is the eastern part of
405:
623:Encyclopædia Britannica
362:, leaving the towns of
344:formed Lower Brittany.
500:at french-property.com
418:George Thomas Kurian,
382:on the north coast to
133:
103:University of Rennes 2
99:University of Rennes 1
47:
39:
28:
642:Geography of Brittany
386:in the south, on the
289:Britannia britonizans
287:(Upper Brittany) and
204:, in Lower Brittany.
131:
121:, closely related to
22:
568:John T. Koch (ed.),
526:Helen Kelly-Holmes,
451:Donald Sutherland,
352:Bertrand d'Argentré
285:Britannia gallicana
434:Leslie Choquette,
134:
29:
594:Kenneth Jackson,
548:Maryon McDonald,
342:Saint-Pol-de-LĂ©on
258:Early Middle Ages
155:French Revolution
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274:Ille-et-Vilaine
268:. For example,
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175:Ille-et-Vilaine
115:Breton language
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88:Breton language
17:
12:
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5:
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488:(1989), p. 217
470:
466:Social History
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444:
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422:(1989), p. 151
410:
409:
407:
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358:southwards to
250:Main article:
247:
244:
220:
217:
138:Revolt of the
110:
107:
97:, seat of the
76:Lower Brittany
72:Gallo language
56:Haùtt-Bertaèyn
40:Haute-Bretagne
32:Upper Brittany
25:Lower Brittany
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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613:(1995), p. 30
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388:Bay of Biscay
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376:Paul SĂ©billot
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347:In 1588, the
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301:ancien régime
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140:Papier Timbré
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384:Batz-sur-Mer
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209:urbanization
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200:, made with
192:, made with
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163:First Empire
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139:
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112:
109:Distinctions
92:
86:, where the
55:
31:
30:
478:Roger Dupuy
270:Pleugueneuc
240:stigmatized
146:Chouannerie
48:Breizh-Uhel
372:Malestroit
306:bishoprics
298:Under the
202:wheatflour
161:, and the
349:historian
326:St Brieuc
219:Languages
194:buckwheat
188:known as
132:A galette
636:Category
552:(1989),
438:(1997),
396:Ploërmel
368:Josselin
360:Guérande
330:Tréguier
213:industry
190:galettes
186:pancakes
159:Republic
151:royalist
101:and the
80:province
60:Brittany
530:(2001)
484:(ed.),
364:Loudéac
338:Quimper
322:St Malo
182:cuisine
68:Romance
556:online
534:online
442:online
380:Plouha
370:, and
334:Vannes
318:Nantes
310:Rennes
293:fiscal
266:Rennes
262:Nantes
233:French
225:Breton
198:crĂŞpes
184:, the
171:Nantes
157:, the
123:French
95:Rennes
84:region
64:France
44:Breton
36:French
554:p. 16
532:p. 32
440:p. 56
406:Notes
356:Binic
272:, in
229:Gallo
119:Gallo
52:Gallo
340:and
324:and
278:plou
264:and
211:and
173:and
149:, a
314:Dol
638::
561:^
539:^
517:^
427:^
390:.
366:,
336:,
332:,
320:,
316:,
312:,
105:.
62:,
54::
50:;
46::
42:;
38::
34:(
27:.
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