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their time as part of their appointment. Candidates supported by specific grants (usually bestowed upon the candidate by a (international) organisation), or doing PhD next to a regular job can also enrol. In these cases a tailored timeline will be agreed upon. The program consists of a research component (conducting research under supervision and writing a thesis) and a smaller education component (30 ECTS or half a year of course load with conference presentations, and some management and teaching tasks can be listed as learning activity).
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Sustainable Supply Chain
Analytics, Consumer Studies, Economics of Sustainability, Governance of Sustainability Transformations). The language of instruction for all Master's programs is English. The programs start each year in September, they last two years, and consist of 120 ECTS credits. Most programs offer various specializations and possibilities for majors, as well as full or partial premaster tracks for candidates not fulfilling all entry requirements.
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293:. Wageningen University, as a research university, grants degrees at the BSc, MSc and PhD level in life and social sciences. It focuses its research on scientific, social and commercial problems in the field of life sciences and natural resources. It is widely known for its agriculture, forestry, and environmental studies programs. The university has about 12,000 students from over 100 countries. It is a member of the
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differences in organizational culture and incompatibility of procedures, the collaboration remained problematic. In 2012 it was decided that Van Hall
Larenstein would leave Wageningen UR and continue as an independent school once more. In the spring of 2015 the separation was marked by the move of the final Wageningen-based Van Hall Larenstein studies back to
396:
Over the years the research and teaching branched out into life sciences in general, while interest for agriculture as a career opportunity waned. In 1997, when the DLO institutes (Dienst
Landbouwkundig Onderzoek / Service of agricultural research) merged with the university, the new organisation was
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The university offers 19 BSc programs (2018-2019). For some BSc programs, the language of instruction is
English. Other programs teach in both Dutch and English. The programs start each year in September, last three years, and consist of 180 ECTS credits. The programs are in the field of economy and
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became part of
Wageningen UR. The idea was to create better collaboration between applied teaching and research at Van Hall and the academic research at Wageningen University. This would also support students to continue with an academic program upon completing their applied degree. However, due to
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The regular PhD program is a four-year program during which PhD candidates are appointed as junior researcher in the universities, building up unemployment and retirement benefits. Such fully paid PhD candidates on a four-year contract can be asked to perform teaching tasks for a maximum of 10% of
480:
Wageningen
University offers 36 different MSc programs (2017-2018) and two online masters programs. Although formally the same MSc program, from 2022 onwards the Master of Management Economic and Consumer studies program was offered as 5 independent MSc tracks (Sustainable Business Innovations,
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is the study
Association for all Biotechnology (BBT and MBT), Bioinformatics (MBF) and Biobased Sciences (MBS) students. Established by the first students of Bioprocestechnologie on 16 September 1991. At that time the association carried the name "BiPS" which was later changed to
282:, specializing in life sciences with a focus on agriculture, technical and engineering subjects. It is a globally important center for life sciences and agricultural research. It is located in a region of the Netherlands known as the
397:
rebranded as
Wageningen UR (Wageningen University and Research Centre); with the university being renamed Wageningen University. Under Dutch laws the university and the institutes had to remain separate legal entities.
812:, Wageningen University was ranked 119th overall in the world, first in the field of agriculture and forestry, fourth in environmental science, 13th in development studies, and 83rd in life sciences and medicine.
833:' ranking compares Dutch universities based on reviews by their own students. In 2023 Wageningen University is ranked as the best university in the Netherlands in full-time education for the 19th time in a row.
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is the social science association for students at the WUR following either the bachelor 'management and consumer studies', 'economics and governance' or the master 'Management, Economics and
Consumer studies'.
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is the study association for Bsc Soil, Water, Atmosphere and Msc Earth and
Environment students. The study association was established in 1989 after the study programme changed its name to Soil, Water,
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is the study association of the students for Food Technology including all masters programmes. It is named after the famous professor Nicolas Appert who invented the technique of 'canning'.
902:
is the study association for students of the bachelor Plant Sciences (BPS), the master Plant Sciences (MPS), the master Plant Biotechnology (MPB) and the master Organic Agriculture (MOA).
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In 2009 it was decided that the university would consistently use the English name in its communication, and that university research could be presented under the name of the university:
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On 9 March 2018 Wageningen University celebrated her 100 years anniversary. During this year there were many events and festivities around the campus and in the city of Wageningen.
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and guarantees the quality of the study program. The university consequently applies this system, thus promoting the mobility of students within Europe and preventing study delay.
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In the 2019 U.S. News & World Report Ranking Wageningen University & Research is ranked first in agricultural sciences, plant and animal sciences, and environment/ecology.
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Woodcock, B. A.; Bullock, J. M.; Shore, R. F.; Heard, M. S.; Pereira, M. G.; Redhead, J.; Ridding, L.; Dean, H.; Sleep, D.; Henrys, P.; Peyton, J. (30 June 2017).
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416:, or under of the name Wageningen University and Research (WUR). On 6 September 2016 Wageningen University and the research institutes became one joint brand:
367:(National Agricultural College) was established in Wageningen. Due to the development of the training to a higher educational level it changed in 1896 to the
328:
104:
547:. Research conducted by Tjeerd Blacquière on the topic has caused controversy due to funding received for the research from the German pesticide producer
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In the Academic Ranking of World Universities 2017 Wageningen University & Research is ranked first in the field of Food Science & Technology.
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Wageningen University was ranked in the bracket 101-150th best universities in the world overall and 36th best in the life and agriculture sciences.
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2008:
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Wageningen University and Research has come under fire due to claims of partiality in research. One case regards a research concerning bee
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is the study association for students Molecular Life Sciences. Since 1970 it has been organising different activities for its members.
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In the field of life sciences, agricultural and environmental science, the university is considered world-class. According to the
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is the study association for students of following the bachelor 'Agrotechnologie' or the masters ' Biosystems Engineering'.
1828:"Conclusies belangrijk onderzoek naar biologisch eten afgezwakt onder druk van onderzoeksinstituut TNO - Zembla - BNNVARA"
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In the 2017/2018 National Taiwan Ranking Wageningen University is ranked first in the field of Environment & Ecology.
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2572:"ShanghaiRanking's Global Ranking of Academic Subjects 2017 - Food Science & Technology | Shanghai Ranking - 2017"
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In 2018 the Dutch magazine OneWorld went to court in an attempt to demand access to contracts between WUR and Bayer,
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or business schools) were renamed to University in a modification of the Academic Education Act. The new name became
350:
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1680:
1702:
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551:, the world's biggest producer of neonicotinoid insecticides, a suspect factor for the colony collapse disorder.
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332:
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1008:
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809:
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In the 2017/2018 National Taiwan Ranking Wageningen University is ranked first in the field of agriculture.
775:
714:
701:
640:
294:
208:
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2160:
2479:"University of Wageningen | Academic Ranking of World Universities - 2016 | Shanghai Ranking - 2016"
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is the study association of the students for MTO Tourism, Leisure and Environment masters programme.
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WUR consists of Wageningen University and the former agricultural research institutes of the
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society, health, life sciences and technology, nature and environment, animals and plants.
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Wageningen University was the first Dutch university or school that was allowed to use the
382:(National Agricultural College). The opening date and official start date is 9 March 1918.
1949:
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Wageningen Centre for Development Innovation, formerly Centre for Development Innovation
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In 1918 the school became academic by law (Academic Education Act). The name changed to
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1930:
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In 2015 Wageningen University was awarded as the most sustainable Dutch University by
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1990:
1982:
1922:
1914:
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Wageningen University was ranked 25th overall in the world and 16th in life sciences.
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272:
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2186:"2022 Global Ranking of Academic Subjects in Life Sciences and Agriculture Sciences"
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1934:
1972:
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1950:"Country-specific effects of neonicotinoid pesticides on honey bees and wild bees"
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is the study association for students of International Land and Water management.
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1107:
2554:"ARWU World University Rankings 2018 - Academic Ranking of World Universities"
2504:"Academic Ranking of World Universities in Life and Agriculture Sciences–2016"
517:
Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, formerly Food & Biobased Research
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2009:"OneWorld naar rechter om geheime contacten Wageningen Universiteit en Bayer"
1986:
1918:
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991:
173:
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2236:"QS World University Rankings by Subject 2022: Life Sciences & Medicine"
1977:
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468:
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2367:"QS World University Rankings by Subject 2016 - Agriculture & Forestry"
1994:
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1168:
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2211:"QS World University Rankings by Subject 2022: Agriculture & Forestry"
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1876 as an agricultural college. Recognized in 1918 as a public university
1260:
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771:
283:
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511:
Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, formerly Central Veterinary Institute
2327:"QS World University Rankings by Subject 2015 - Environmental Sciences"
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335: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
159:
153:
2741:
2690:"Mercurius Wageningen | Studievereniging Mercurius in Wageningen"
385:
In 1986 the research oriented "hogescholen" (comparable to scientific
1129:
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1802:"Hoogleraar: Wageningen Universiteit verdraaide onderzoek over melk"
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The following research institutes are part of Wageningen Research:
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and No. 1 worldwide, in agriculture and forestry for 2017 on the
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To explore the potential of nature to improve the quality of life
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2261:"THE World University Rankings 2022 by subject: life sciences"
1615:"Wageningen Centre for Development Innovation - Wageningen UR"
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Panorama of the campus of Wageningen University & Research
548:
2287:"THE World University Rankings 2022 by subject: engineering"
375:(National Agricultural, Horticulture and Forestry College).
1760:, Gorredijk/Leeuwarden (Utgeverij Bornmeer/Tresoar), 2016,
1739:
235:
864:
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Agricultural universities and colleges in the Netherlands
1947:
1637:"Wageningen Food & Biobased Research - Wageningen UR"
216:
2135:"World University Rankings 2023 - Wageningen University"
1861:
Follow the Money - Platform voor onderzoeksjournalistiek
1857:"Belangenverstrengeling zaait twijfels over giftig zaad"
2402:"2012 National Taiwan University Ranking (NTU Ranking)"
455:
Forum, one of the eye-catchers on the Wageningen Campus
3060:
Technical universities and colleges in the Netherlands
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2454:"2017 National Taiwan University Ranking (NTURanking)"
859:
256:
Forum building. Library and one of the education hubs.
2734:
1502:"Master's Management, Economics and Consumer Studies"
2430:. National Taiwan University Ranking. Archived from
1343:
2776:
2643:
1593:"Wageningen Bioveterinary Research - Wageningen UR"
1549:"Wageningen Environmental Research - Wageningen UR"
1393:– website of the Wageningen University and Research
502:
Wageningen Environmental Research, formerly Alterra
371:(Agricultural and Forestry College) and in 1904 in
2313:"Subject Ranking 2015-2016: life sciences top 100"
27:Agricultural university in Wageningen, Netherlands
3031:
800:Times Higher Education World University Rankings
768:Times Higher Education World University Rankings
534:Wageningen Food Safety Research, formerly RIKILT
437:European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System
2888:Theological University of the Reformed Churches
1659:"Wageningen Livestock Research - Wageningen UR"
1571:"Wageningen Economic Research - Wageningen UR"
562:, but OneWorld ultimately lost the court case.
3050:Universities and colleges established in 1918
2945:
2762:
2396:
2394:
2161:"2022-2023 Best Global Universities Rankings"
2035:"Academic Ranking of World Universities 2022"
1738:Ability, Erdee Media Groep & Smartshore.
393:(Wageningen Agricultural University (WAU)).
373:Rijks Hoogere Land-, Tuin- en Boschbouwschool
2381:"2019 U.S. News & World Report Rankings"
2060:"CWUR – World University Rankings 2022–2023"
1681:"Wageningen Marine Research - Wageningen UR"
400:In 2006, the university of applied sciences
2706:. 15 April 2003 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
1703:"Wageningen Plant Research - Wageningen UR"
936:
523:Wageningen Marine Research, formerly IMARES
439:(ECTS) label. This label is awarded by the
2952:
2938:
2769:
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1882:Goulson, Dave; et al. (1 June 2018).
45:
2987:Wageningen University and Research Centre
2428:"NTU Ranking, 2017 - Environment/Ecology"
1976:
868:The mascot of the university, the WURwolf
578:
351:Learn how and when to remove this message
1480:"Student Service Centre - Wageningen UR"
863:
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251:
2603:. QS Quacquarelli Symonds. 16 July 2015
2339:
2085:"CWTS Leiden Ranking 2022 - PP top 10%"
1881:
1527:"PhD Programme - Wageningen University"
1067:(Extraordinary Professor) from 1971-'76
505:Wageningen Economic Research, formerly
14:
3045:1918 establishments in the Netherlands
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1851:
1849:
1406:(in Dutch). Studie.nl. Archived from
391:Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen (LUW)
2742:Wageningen University & Research
2064:Center for World University Rankings
1800:Visser, Jeroen (26 September 2011).
1205:, first Dutch woman on Mount Everest
816:
418:Wageningen University & Research
333:adding citations to reliable sources
304:
261:Wageningen University & Research
39:Wageningen University & Research
33:Wageningen University & Research
2342:"This Tiny Country Feeds the World"
2110:"QS World University Rankings 2023"
1737:
1639:. Wageningenur.nl. 10 December 2015
860:Student activities and associations
682:Global – Life sciences and medicine
430:
24:
3040:Wageningen University and Research
2977:Eindhoven University of Technology
2959:
2807:Eindhoven University of Technology
1846:
472:Panorama of the greenhouse of the
25:
3096:
3080:Organisations based in Wageningen
2883:Protestant Theological University
2714:
2340:Viviano, Frank (September 2017).
1884:"Call to restrict neonicotinoids"
1362:List of agricultural universities
1091:Ferdinand Anton Langguth Oliviera
948:Food and Agriculture Organization
770:it is the best university in the
2862:University of Humanistic Studies
2719:
1346:
743:Global – Science and engineering
369:Hoogere Land- en Boschbouwschool
309:
3065:Universities in the Netherlands
2778:Universities in the Netherlands
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1758:Nieuwe Encyclopedie van Fryslân
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463:
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320:needs additional citations for
2972:Delft University of Technology
2904:Catholic University of Utrecht
2802:Delft University of Technology
2597:"QS World University Rankings"
1541:
1519:
1494:
1472:
1458:
1444:
1422:
1404:"Wageningen Universiteit (WU)"
1396:
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1372:Open access in the Netherlands
847:, for the third time in a row.
538:
484:
13:
1:
1727:, website of the Dairy Campus
1377:
520:Wageningen Livestock Research
291:Dutch Ministry of Agriculture
2878:Nyenrode Business University
2837:Erasmus University Rotterdam
2797:Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
2139:Times Higher Education (THE)
810:QS World University Rankings
776:QS World University Rankings
718:Life Sciences & Medicine
295:Euroleague for Life Sciences
209:Euroleague for Life Sciences
7:
2827:Nijmegen Radboud University
2165:U.S. News Education (USNWR)
1863:(in Dutch). 10 January 2020
1339:
950:(FAO) of the United Nations
855:100 years WUR on the campus
573:
297:(ELLS) university network.
10:
3101:
1430:"History of Wageningen UR"
1004:Willem Hilbrand van Dobben
414:Wageningen University (WU)
380:Rijks Landbouw Hoogeschool
300:
2967:
2896:
2870:
2784:
2704:"Profile: Fortuyn killer"
2458:nturanking.lis.ntu.edu.tw
1529:. Wageningenuniversity.nl
1482:. Wageningenuniversity.nl
1040:, murderer of Pim Fortuyn
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101:Executive Board President
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3016:51.9670889°N 5.6586028°E
2909:University of Harderwijk
2015:(in Dutch). 25 June 2018
1779:"RIKILT - Wageningen UR"
1756:Meindert Schroor (ed.),
1266:Willem de Vos (academic)
1164:Bernard Slicher van Bath
946:Director-General of the
937:Notable alumni and staff
705:Agriculture and Forestry
545:colony collapse disorder
18:University of Wageningen
3075:Education in Gelderland
2812:University of Groningen
2792:University of Amsterdam
2576:www.shanghairanking.com
2558:www.shanghairanking.com
2529:"World rankings–Europe"
2508:www.shanghairanking.com
2483:www.shanghairanking.com
1978:10.1126/science.aaa1190
1911:10.1126/science.aau0432
1226:Jan Valckenier Suringar
387:institute of technology
280:Wageningen, Netherlands
2919:University of Nijmegen
2914:University of Franeker
2533:Times Higher Education
2291:Times Higher Education
2265:Times Higher Education
1209:Jan-Benedict Steenkamp
968:(born 1971), economist
869:
856:
579:International rankings
570:
477:
456:
257:
3085:History of Wageningen
3021:51.9670889; 5.6586028
2857:Wageningen University
2822:Maastricht University
2728:at Wikimedia Commons
2726:Wageningen University
1071:George Tawia Odamtten
1038:Volkert van der Graaf
867:
854:
838:Morgen (organization)
568:
471:
454:
255:
55:Motto in English
2982:University of Twente
2847:University of Twente
1246:Annemiek van Vleuten
1044:Wilbert Hetterscheid
954:Reinier van den Berg
329:improve this article
3012: /
2346:National Geographic
2267:. 10 September 2021
2089:CWTS Leiden Ranking
1969:2017Sci...356.1393W
1963:(6345): 1393–1395.
1903:2018Sci...360..973G
1103:Joan Leemhuis-Stout
1016:Heather M. Ferguson
999:Jeroen Dijsselbloem
588:University rankings
494:Research institutes
441:European Commission
402:Van Hall Larenstein
365:Rijkslandbouwschool
276:research university
34:
3070:Forestry education
2852:Utrecht University
2842:Tilburg University
2623:"M.S.V. Alchimica"
2434:on 11 October 2017
2141:. 14 November 2021
1766:978-9 05 61 53 755
1468:. 6 February 2019.
1410:on 7 November 2012
1354:Netherlands portal
1125:F. H. van Naerssen
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105:Sjoukje Heimovaara
32:
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2817:Leiden University
2724:Media related to
2408:on 30 August 2013
2315:. 9 October 2015.
2293:. 27 October 2020
1781:. Wageningenur.nl
1705:. Wageningenur.nl
1683:. Wageningenur.nl
1661:. Wageningenur.nl
1617:. Wageningenur.nl
1595:. Wageningenur.nl
1573:. Wageningenur.nl
1551:. Wageningenur.nl
1454:. 30 August 2012.
1432:. Wageningenur.nl
1367:World Soil Museum
817:National rankings
808:In the 2016/2017
764:
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507:LEI Wageningen UR
361:
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68:Public university
16:(Redirected from
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2601:Top Universities
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2404:. Archived from
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2369:. 17 March 2016.
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2171:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2114:Top Universities
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2056:
2050:
2049:
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2020:
2005:
1999:
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1980:
1954:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1888:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1853:
1844:
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1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1797:
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1388:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1334:
1317:
1305:
1289:
1222:
1204:
1192:
1159:Ramsewak Shankar
1155:
1143:
1121:
1099:
1061:J. G. ten Houten
1052:
1029:
1012:
995:
962:
881:M.S.V. Alchimica
846:
832:
793:Shanghai Ranking
595:Global – Overall
590:
583:
582:
431:Academic profile
356:
349:
345:
342:
336:
313:
305:
267:; abbreviation:
246:
243:
241:
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196:
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114:12,819 (2019-20)
96:
49:
35:
31:
21:
3100:
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3018:
3014:
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3006:
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3001:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2991:
2963:
2958:
2928:
2923:
2892:
2866:
2832:Open University
2780:
2775:
2733:
2732:
2717:
2712:
2711:
2702:
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2697:
2688:
2687:
2683:
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2399:
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2385:www.usnews.com/
2379:
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2296:
2294:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2242:
2240:TopUniversities
2234:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2215:TopUniversities
2209:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2190:ShanghaiRanking
2184:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2039:ShanghaiRanking
2033:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1886:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1837:
1835:
1826:
1825:
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1784:
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1772:
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1696:
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1483:
1478:
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1473:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1337:
1328:
1311:
1299:
1283:
1281:Karel Vuursteen
1251:Joris Voorhoeve
1216:
1198:
1196:Katja Staartjes
1186:
1149:
1137:
1115:
1093:
1065:extraordinarius
1056:Gerrit Hiemstra
1046:
1023:
1006:
989:
956:
939:
862:
840:
826:
819:
586:
581:
576:
541:
496:
487:
466:
449:
433:
357:
346:
340:
337:
326:
314:
303:
263:(also known as
234:
198:
194:
190:
189:
168:
162:
156:
141:
134:6,409 (2019-20)
124:5,928 (2019-20)
90:
88:Carolien Kroeze
56:
40:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3098:
3088:
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3062:
3057:
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3042:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2961:4TU.Federation
2957:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2934:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2898:
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2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2774:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2716:
2715:External links
2713:
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1271:Henk Vredeling
1268:
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3028:
3025:
3004:51°58′01.52″N
2988:
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2978:
2975:
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2962:
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2090:
2086:
2080:
2065:
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2055:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2014:
2010:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
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1897:(6392): 973.
1896:
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1806:de Volkskrant
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1309:Onno Wijnands
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1190:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1179:Marco Fraaije
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1147:Rudy Rabbinge
1145:
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1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1109:
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1101:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1086:Ruud Koopmans
1084:
1082:
1081:Martijn Katan
1079:
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1069:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1057:
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1050:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1033:Louise Fresco
1031:
1027:
1022:
1021:Edith Feskens
1019:
1017:
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1002:
1000:
997:
993:
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985:
983:
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975:
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964:
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942:
941:
931:
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904:
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895:
892:
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875:
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866:
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844:
839:
835:
830:
825:
821:
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811:
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797:
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790:
787:
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780:
779:
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773:
769:
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746:
741:
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733:
731:Life Sciences
730:
729:
724:
720:
717:
716:
711:
707:
704:
703:
698:
694:
692:Life sciences
691:
690:
685:
680:
676:
673:=89 (2022-23)
672:
669:
668:
663:
659:
656:
655:
650:
646:
643:
642:
637:
633:
630:
629:
624:
621:178 (2022–23)
620:
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611:
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563:
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318:This section
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265:Wageningen UR
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144:482 (2019-20)
143:
137:
133:
131:
130:Postgraduates
127:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
106:
103:
99:
94:
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72:
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58:
52:
48:
43:
36:
30:
19:
3007:5°39′30.97″E
2997:
2718:
2698:
2684:
2672:. Retrieved
2668:
2665:"HeerenXVII"
2659:
2647:. Retrieved
2638:
2626:. Retrieved
2617:
2605:. Retrieved
2600:
2591:
2579:. Retrieved
2575:
2566:
2557:
2548:
2536:. Retrieved
2532:
2523:
2511:. Retrieved
2507:
2498:
2486:. Retrieved
2482:
2473:
2461:. Retrieved
2457:
2448:
2436:. Retrieved
2432:the original
2422:
2410:. Retrieved
2406:the original
2384:
2375:
2361:
2349:. Retrieved
2345:
2335:
2321:
2307:
2295:. Retrieved
2290:
2281:
2269:. Retrieved
2264:
2255:
2243:. Retrieved
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