University of al-Qarawiyyin

952: 1584: 1827: 1189: 2150: 1552: 565: 1626: 2068: 2159: 1568: 804: 637: 1718: 1094: 366: 1014: 8292: 8178: 550:(the community's main mosque). This transfer happened either in 919 or in 933, both dates that correspond to brief periods of Fatimid domination over the city, and suggests that the transfer may have occurred by Fatimid initiative. The mosque and its learning institution continued to enjoy the respect of political elites, with the mosque itself being significantly expanded by the Almoravids and repeatedly embellished under subsequent dynasties. Tradition was established that all the other mosques in Fez based the timing of their call to prayer ( 2056: 8235: 461:). Deverdun suggested the inscription may have come from another unidentified mosque and was moved here at a later period (probably 15th or 16th century) when the veneration of the Idrisids was resurgent in Fez, and such relics would have held enough religious significance to be reused in this way. However, Chafik Benchekroun argued more recently that a more likely explanation is that this inscription is the original foundation inscription of al-Qarawiyyin itself and that it might have been covered up in the 12th century just before the 1862: 162: 665:, was also built nearby in 1670. These madrasas taught their own courses and sometimes became well-known institutions, but they usually had narrower curricula or specializations. One of their most important functions seems to have been to provide housing for students from other towns and cities – many of them poor – who needed a place to stay while studying at al-Qarawiyyin. Thus, these buildings acted as complimentary or auxiliary institutions to al-Qarawiyyin itself, which remained the center of intellectual life in the city. 4890: 1501: 8261: 1675:, which has ruled Morocco from the 17th century onward, continued to perform minor additions and regular maintenance on the mosque. A ribbed cupola in the central nave, where the 1337 Marinid chandelier hangs, has been dated by Terrasse to the 'Alawi period, although Xavier Salmon has more recently argued that at least some elements of the dome seem to date from the Marinid era. The stucco decoration of the central archway at the courtyard entrance to the prayer hall (i.e. the arch inside which the Marinid-era 1519: 1702: 1297: 51: 9888: 7531: 1994: 1145: 9623: 9556: 8039: 9739: 9108: 8152: 9862: 9206: 9005: 5353:

in extremely important scientific debates. It is not a coincidence that around the 9th century the first university in the world, the Qarawiyyin University in Fez, was established in the Muslim world followed by az-Zaytuna in Tunis and Al-Azhar in Cairo. The university model, which in the West was widespread starting only from the 12th century, had an extraordinary fortune and was spread throughout the Muslim world at least until the colonial period.

9134: 10001: 8518: 7993: 9806: 8492: 8096: 2561: 9314: 8918: 8466: 8070: 9587: 9242: 9170: 8892: 7886: 7525: 9955: 9914: 9530: 9041: 7941: 9765: 8584: 9278: 8954: 8781: 8610: 8335: 7967: 9082: 8209: 7930: 3231:. But in spite of the pitfalls inherent in such a study, albeit sketchy, the results which may be obtained are well worth the risks involved. In any case, one cannot avoid making comparisons when certain unwarranted statements have already been made and seem to be currently accepted without question. The most unwarranted of these statements is the one which makes of the "madrasa" a "university". 465:' arrival in the city. Based on this evidence and on the many doubts about Ibn Abi Zar's narrative, he argues that Fatima al-Fihri is quite possibly a legendary figure rather than a historical one. Péter T. Nagy has also stated that the uncovered foundation inscription is more convincing evidence of the mosque's original foundation date than the traditional historiographical narrative. 1426:(r. 1286–1307), upon seeing the cost, ordered that it only be lit for the last day of Ramadan. The visible surfaces of the chandelier are carved and pierced with intricate floral arabesque motifs as well as Kufic Arabic inscriptions. The chandelier is the oldest surviving chandelier in the western Islamic world, and it likely served as a model for the Marinid chandelier in the 1902:

immediately around the arch itself, was most likely redone in the 18th and/or early 19th centuries. The stucco decoration of the upper wall above this still dates from the Almoravid period. The Almoravid decoration prioritizes floral motifs, which contain more diversity than the later restorations below, over which bands of Kufic inscriptions have also been carved.

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corner instead of to the south. The first structure still exists embedded near the women's section of the mosque, and consists of a square chamber measuring 5.4 meters per side. Its entrance is covered by a wooden screen from the Marinid period which features an inscription carved in cursive Arabic above the doorway recording Abu Inan's foundation of the library.

3292:, were familiar with forms of higher education which a number of historians, for the sake of convenience, have sometimes described as universities. Yet a closer look makes it plain that the institutional reality was altogether different and, no matter what has been said on the subject, there is no real link such as would justify us in associating them with 1285:. The prayer hall was extended by dismantling the existing southern wall and adding three more transverse aisles for a total of ten, while replicating the format of the existing arches of the mosque. This expansion required the purchase and demolition of a number of neighboring houses and structures, including some that were apparently part of the nearby 4525:

original madaris and the creation of new institutions. This resulted in two different types of Islamic teaching institutions in al-Maghrib. The first type was derived from the fusion of old madaris with new universities. For example, Morocco transformed Al-Qarawiyin (859 A.D.) into a university under the supervision of the ministry of education in 1963.

6434: 982:. At the same time, the student numbers at al-Qarawiyyin decreased to 300 in 1922 as the Moroccan elite sent their children to the newly founded Western-style colleges and institutes elsewhere in the country. Moroccan and French authorities began planning further reforms for al-Qarawiyyin in 1929. In 1931 and 1933, on the orders of 2095:). The full structure is 26.75 meters tall. One feature of the minaret is the lower window on its southern facade, which is shaped like a "triple" horseshoe arch, elongated vertically, which is unique to this structure. On the minaret's southern side, just above the gallery of the courtyard, is the Dar al-Muwaqqit. 2042:). They are decorated with carved wood and stucco, mosaic-tiled walls, and marble columns. Behind these pavilions are extensions of the main prayer hall divided into four naves by rows of arches. The gallery and arched hall on the northeastern sides of the courtyard are a prayer space reserved for women. 2085:, it is the oldest preserved minaret in Morocco. It was constructed in local limestone of relatively poor quality and was covered in whitewash by the Marinids in the 13th century in order to protect it from deterioration. It has a square shaft and is topped by a dome, as well as a parapet from which the 2025:, whose vestibule is covered by a Marinid-era white dome which is fluted on the outside and covered in painted and carved stucco on the inside. Opposite this gate, situated on the mihrab axis, is the central entrance to the interior prayer hall, guarded by a carved and painted wooden screen called the 3222:

In studying an institution which is foreign and remote in point of time, as is the case of the medieval madrasa, one runs the double risk of attributing to it characteristics borrowed from one's own institutions and one's own times. Thus gratuitous transfers may be made from one culture to the other,

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Among opposing views, Yahya Pallavicini claims that the university model did not spread in Europe until the 12th century and that it was found throughout the Muslim world from the founding of al-Qarawiyyin in the 9th century until at least European colonialism. Some scholars, noting certain parallels

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Aside from the embellishments of the central nave, the rest of the mosque is architecturally uniform, but there are some minor irregularities in the floor plan. For example, the arches in the western half of the prayer hall are shorter than those in the eastern half, and some of the transverse aisles

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A number of ornate metal chandeliers hanging in the mosque's prayer hall date from the Marinid era. Three of them were made from church bells which Marinid craftsmen used as a base onto which they grafted ornate copper fittings. The largest of them, installed in the mosque in 1337, was a bell brought

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in Córdoba for permission and funds to expand the mosque. The caliph approved, and the work was carried out or completed in 956. It expanded the mosque on three sides, encompassing the area of the present-day courtyard to the north and up to the current eastern and western boundaries of the building.

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Al-Qarawiyyin also played a role in the Moroccan nationalist movement and in protests against the French colonial regime. Many Moroccan nationalists had received their education here and some of their informal political networks were established due to the shared educational background. In July 1930,

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At the time Morocco became a French protectorate in 1912, al-Qarawiyyin worsened as a religious center of learning from its medieval prime, though it retained some significance as an educational venue for the sultan's administration. The student body was rigidly divided along social strata: ethnicity

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The Muslim community maintained, favoured, and organized the institutions for higher education that became the new centres for the diffusion of Islamic knowledge. These centres were places where teachers and students of that time would meet and also where all intellectuals would gather and take part

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and cursive letters, highlighted with blue and red colours. Additionally, there are several elaborately carved bronze chandeliers hanging in the nave which were gifted to the mosque during the Almohad and Marinid eras; at least three of which were made from bells (probably church bells) brought back

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marble columns topped by deeply-carved capitals. These capitals are spolia from al-Andalus, dating from the time of the Caliphate of Córdoba, which were re-appropriated by the Almoravids for Ali Ibn Yusuf's expansion of the mosque. On the mihrab's façade, the stucco ornamentation of the lower parts,

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Some scholars consider that al-Qarawiyyin operated essentially as an Islamic madrasa until after World War II. These scholars date al-Qarawiyyin's transformation into a university to its modern reorganization in 1963. In the wake of these reforms, al-Qarawiyyin was officially renamed "University of

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of the Koutoubia Mosque, made by a workshop in Córdoba not long after the latter and installed in al-Qarawiyyin Mosque in 1144 (at the end of the Almoravid works on the mosque). It is another exceptional work of marquetry and woodcarving, decorated with geometric compositions, inlaid materials, and

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The interior hypostyle prayer hall takes up most of the mosque's area. Like the interior of most traditional mosques in Moroccan architecture, it is a relatively austere space with mostly plain walls, wooden roofs, and rows upon rows of arches. The main area, south of the courtyard, is a vast space

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Terrasse suggests this operation may have actually been carried out a few years later by the Almohad authorities themselves. The Almoravid ornamentation was only fully uncovered again during renovations in the early 20th century. The plaster used to cover the Almoravid decoration seems to have been

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By the 19th century, the mosque's library also suffered from decline and neglect. A significant portion of its collection was lost over time, most likely due to lax supervision and to books that were not returned. By the beginning of the 20th century, the collection had been reduced to around 1,600

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This foundation narrative has been questioned by some modern historians who see the symmetry of two sisters founding the two most famous mosques of Fez as too convenient and likely originating from a legend. Ibn Abi Zar is also judged by contemporary historians to be a relatively unreliable source.

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to Fez in the early 9th century, joining a community of other migrants from Kairouan who had settled in a western district of the city. Fatima and her sister Mariam, both of whom were well educated, inherited a large amount of money from their father. Fatima vowed to spend her entire inheritance to

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Thus the university, as a form of social organization, was peculiar to medieval Europe. Later, it was exported to all parts of the world, including the Muslim East; and it has remained with us down to the present day. But back in the Middle Ages, outside of Europe, there was nothing anything quite

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of the mosque during the years 1202 to 1219. The chandelier has the shape of a 12-sided cupola surmounted by a large cone, around which are nine levels that hold candlesticks. It could originally hold 520 oil candles; the cost of providing the oil was so significant that it was only lit on special

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Some scholars suggest that some teaching and instruction probably took place at al-Qarawiyyin Mosque from a very early period or from its beginning. Major mosques in the early Islamic period were typically multi-functional buildings where teaching and education took place alongside other religious

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in the West. Until there is definite proof to the contrary, these latter must be regarded as the sole source of the model which gradually spread through the whole of Europe and then to the whole world. We are therefore concerned with what is indisputably an original institution, which can only be

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As for the nature of its curriculum, it was typical of other major madrasahs such as al-Azhar and Al Qarawiyyin, though many of the texts used at the institution came from Muslim Spain Al-Qarawiyyin began its life as a small mosque constructed in 859 C.E. by means of an endowment bequeathed by a

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which also acted as a symbolic "outdoor" or "summer" mihrab for prayers taking place in the courtyard. (These features are visible to visitors standing outside the gate.) Both this entrance to the prayer hall and the outer gate across from it have facades decorated with carved and painted stucco.

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law, though some lessons on other non-Islamic subjects such as French and English are also offered to students. Teaching is delivered with students seated in a semi-circle around a sheikh, who prompts them to read sections of a particular text; asks them questions on particular points of grammar,

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The Adjustments of Original Institutions of the Higher Learning: the Madrasah. Significantly, the institutional adjustments of the madrasahs affected both the structure and the content of these institutions. In terms of structure, the adjustments were twofold: the reorganization of the available

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Traditionalist curriculum is conventionally focused and is naturally open to diverse influences that also represent a traditional Islamic way (Nadwi 2007). For example many madrasah teachers are versed in Islamic pedagogy but also in modern university pedagogic developments such as behaviourist,

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Most students at al-Qarawiyyin range are between 13 and 30 years old, and study towards high school-level diplomas and university-level bachelor's degrees, although Muslims with a sufficiently high level of Arabic can attend lecture circles on an informal basis, given the traditional category of

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Many scholars consider al-Qarawiyyin's high point as an intellectual and scholarly center to be in the 13th and 14th centuries, when the curriculum was at its broadest and its prestige had reached new heights after centuries of expansion and elite patronage. Among the subjects taught around this

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period, though it never equaled the Qarawiyyin's later prestige. It is unclear at what time al-Qarawiyyin began to act more formally as an educational institution, partly because of the limited historical sources that pertain to its early period. The most relevant major historical texts like the

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that started in 1940. It included the current grand reading room, which measures 23 metres long and features an ornately-painted wooden ceiling, and also added an entrance outside the mosque which made it accessible to non-Muslims. This new library expansion was inaugurated in 1949. The library

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axis is the historic library of the mosque and university. It is sometimes cited as the world's oldest library that remains open. The first purpose-built library structure was added to the mosque by the Marinid sultan Abu Inan Faris in 1349 CE, though it was located at the mosque's northeastern

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Significantly, the institutional adjustments of the madaris combined both the structure and the content of these institutions. In terms of structure, the adjustments were twofold: the reorganization of the available original madaris, and the creation of new institutions. This resulted in three

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with huge doors preceded by wooden roofs covering the street in front of them. While the doors are generally made of wood, some of the gates have extensive ornate bronze overlays crafted during the Almoravid period. The most ornate and best-preserved examples include the doors of the principal

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is occasionally applied by scholars to madrasas and other pre-modern higher learning institutions out of convenience, the European university marked a major disruption between earlier institutions of higher learning and was the earliest true modern university. Many scholars consider that the

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and Arabic studies throughout the history of Morocco. There were also other religious schools like the madras of ibn yusuf and other schools in the sus. This system of basic education called al-ta'lim al-aSil was funded by the sultans of Morocco and many famous traditional families. After

2322:. Other scholars have questioned this, citing the lack of evidence for an actual transmission from the Islamic world to Christian Europe and highlighting the differences in the structure, methodologies, procedures, curricula and legal status of the madrasa versus the European university. 1734:

Al-Qarawiyyin's exterior does not generally present a monumental appearance and is integrated with the dense urban fabric around it. By one count there are 18 separate gates and entrances distributed around its perimeter. The gates vary from small rectangular doorways to enormous

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cognitivist and the more recent constructivist styles. Al-Qarawiyyin University, in Morocco, represents such an institution that is grounded in a traditional madrasah education but for example, continues to adopt ancillary subjects and modern technologies such as mobile learning.

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different types of Islamic teaching institutions in al-Maghrib. The first type was derived from the fusion of old madaris with new universities. For example, Morocco transformed Al-Qarawiyin (859 A.D) into a university under the supervision of the ministry of education in 1963.

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The mosque's library was officially founded by Sultan Abu Inan in 1349 (750 AH), as dated by an inscription over its doorway. This first Marinid library was located at the mosque's northeastern corner (as opposed to the library's current southern location). In 1361, Sultan

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One of the biggest challenges to this story is a foundation inscription that was rediscovered during renovations to the mosque in the 20th century, previously hidden under layers of plaster for centuries. This inscription, carved onto cedar wood panels and written in a

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for learning and teaching may not have been until the 10th or the 12th century. Moroccan historian Mohammed Al-Manouni believes that it was during the reign of the Almoravids (1040–1147) that the mosque acquired its function as a teaching institution. French historian

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wall which symbolizes the direction of prayer, and in front of which the imam usually leads prayers and delivers sermons. This overall layout (a hypostyle hall with a central nave emphasized against the others) is a familiar layout for North African mosques generally.

1799:("Gate of the Barefooted"). This gate dates to the Almohad era. It is distinguished by a small water channel that runs across the floor just inside it. The channel allowed worshipers entering the mosque to wash their feet on the way in, helping with initial ablutions. 1314:

in the middle of the new southern wall, but also the reconstruction or embellishment of the prayer hall's central nave (the arches along its central axis, in a line perpendicular to the southern wall and to the other rows of arches) leading from the courtyard to the

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are slightly wider than others. These anomalies have not been fully explained but they appear to have been present since the early centuries of the mosque; they may be due to early reconstructions or alterations which have gone unrecorded in historical chronicles.

833:, is said to have lived in Fez for some time, suggesting that he may have worked or studied at al-Qarawiyyin. The institution has produced numerous scholars who have strongly influenced the intellectual and academic history of the Muslim world. Among them are 5872:, which in the Middle Ages was applied to corporate bodies of the most diverse sorts and was accordingly applied to the corporate organization of teachers and students, has in the course of centuries been given a more particular focus: the university, as a 2127:. It was kept separate from the main mosque to preserve the purity of the latter as a regular prayer space, which could be soiled by the presence of a dead body. This oratory dates back to the Almoravid period and also features embellishments such as a 2342:) in that there was no defined scholastic year, registration was not imposed, study durations were not fixed, and there was no examination to ratify studies. Students were expected to attend courses for a minimum of five years and would receive an 1438:

The Marinids, who were responsible for building many of the madrasas around Fez, made various contributions to the mosque. In 1286 they restored and protected the 10th-century minaret, which had been made from deteriorating poor-quality stone with

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Higher education has always been an integral part of Morocco, going back to the ninth century when the Karaouine Mosque was established. The mosque school, known today as Al Qayrawaniyan University, became part of the state university system in

5906:. As proof thereof and without wishing here to recount the whole history of the birth of universities, it will suffice to describe briefly how the invention of universities took the form of a polycentric process of specifically European origin. 2249:

dates al-Qarawiyyin University's foundation to the mosque's foundation in 859 and generally considers that "universities" existed outside Europe before the advent of the European university model. Other sources also refer to the historical or

1390:) report a story claiming that the inhabitants of Fez, fearful that the "puritan" Almohads would resent the lavish decoration placed inside the mosque, used whitewash to cover up the most ornate decorations from Ibn Yusuf's expansion near the 2406:. So it is very difficult to sustain the claim that the University of Qarawiyyin is the "oldest university", and not only in the Muslim world! The mosque school or college did not assume the name of university until 1960 when in a ceremony 1120:. Spanish Muslim converts frequently attend the institution, largely attracted by the fact that the sheikhs of al-Qarawiyyin, and Islamic scholarship in Morocco in general, are heirs to the rich, religious, and scholarly heritage of Muslim 3749:"Reviewed Work: Jami' al-Qarawiyyin: al-Masjid wa'l-Jami'ah bi Madinat Fas (Mausu'ah li-Tarikhiha al-Mi'mari wa'l-Fikri). Al Qaraouiyyine: la Mosquée-Université de Fès (histoire architecturale et intellectuelle) by Abdul-Hadi at-Tazi" 1152:

Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque was founded in the 9th century, but its present form is the result of a long historical evolution over the course of more than 1,000 years. Successive dynasties expanded the mosque until it became the largest in

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And if you listen to some of Fez's more enthusiastic guides, the Qarawiyyin's alumni in the tenth century even included Gerbert of Aurillac, the future Pope Sylvester II, although hard evidence of his attendance appears vanishingly

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prepared too quickly and did not fully bond with the existing surface. This ended up making its removal easier during modern restorations and has helped to preserve much of the original Almoravid decoration now visible again today.

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letters. The craftsmen who worked on this expansion are mostly anonymous, except for two names that are carved on the bases of two of the cupolas: Ibrāhīm and Salāma ibn Mufarrij, who may have been of Andalusi origin. Lastly, a new

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Tibawi, A. L. (1980). "Review of Jami' al-Qarawiyyin: al-Masjid wa'l-Jami'ah bi Madinat Fas (Mausu'ah li-Tarikhiha al-Mi'mari wa'l-Fikri). Al Qaraouiyyine: la Mosquée-Université de Fès (histoire architecturale et intellectuelle)".

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Starting in the late 13th century, and especially in the 14th century, the Marinid dynasty was responsible for constructing a number of formal madrasas in the areas around al-Qarawiyyin's main building. The first of these was the

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The French administration implemented a number of structural reforms between 1914 and 1947, including the institution of calendars, appointment of teachers, salaries, schedules, general administration, and the replacement of the

1551: 716:. Abu Yusuf initially housed these in the nearby Saffarin Madrasa (which he had recently built), but later moved them to al-Qarawiyyin. Among the most precious manuscripts currently housed in the library are volumes from the 1481:, by a scholar named Abu Abdullah Muhammad al-Sanhaji. Its time divisions were engraved by Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn al-Saddina al-Qarsatuni. The clock was neglected then restored between 1346 and 1349 (747–749 AH) by a new 931:

carried out further reforms, but it is unclear if this had any significant long-term effects. Between 1830 and 1906 the number of faculty decreased from 425 to 266 (of which, among the latter, only 101 were still teaching).

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The present library building dates mainly from a major expansion and modification in the 20th century, particularly in the 1940s. The new library expansion, which included a large new reading room, was inaugurated in 1949.

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do not provide any clear details on the history of teaching at the mosque, though al-Jazna'i (who lived in the 14th century) mentions that teaching had taken place there before his time. Otherwise, the earliest mentions of

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In 1947, al-Qarawiyyin was integrated into the state educational system, and women were first admitted to study there during the 1940s. In 1963, after Moroccan independence, al-Qarawiyyin was officially transformed by

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cupola and a number of ornate archways in varying forms. Spoliated capitals from al-Andalus are also re-used here in the doorways leading from the prayer hall to the funerary annex and in the columns supporting the

1411:, which Terrasse described as "the largest and most beautiful chandelier in the Islamic world," and which hangs in the central nave of the mosque today. It was commissioned by Abu Muhammad 'Abd Allah ibn Musa, the 5059:

Jelidi, Charlotte (2011). "Patrimonialisation de la médina de Fès et création architecturale sous le protectorat français (1912-1956) : à la quête d'une « couleur locale »". In Bacha, Myriam (ed.).

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At the western and eastern ends of the courtyard stand two ornate Saadian pavilions each sheltering another fountain. The pavilions have pyramidal domes and emulate the pavilions in the Court of the Lions in the

964:), social status, personal wealth, and geographic background (rural or urban) determined the group membership of the students who were segregated by the teaching facility, as well as in their personal quarters. 512:

indicates the earliest clear evidence of teaching at al-Qarawiyyin in 1121. Moroccan historian Mohammed Al-Manouni believes that the mosque acquired its function as a teaching institution during the reign of the

2239:, under its entry for "ldest higher-learning institution, oldest university", where it describes al-Qarawiyyin as the "oldest existing, and continually operating educational institution in the world", while the 6400:. Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition. (In French; contains detailed discussion of the institution's operations prior to the French colonial period; in particular, see p. 453 and after) 1493:

763 AH), as recorded by an original inscription. It features a large astrolabe with a diameter of 71 cm, which is embedded into a wooden structure in the corner of the room, but its mechanism is no longer

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The minaret was constructed in the 10th century under the sponsorship of the Umayyad caliph of Córdoba, Abd al-Rahman III. It overlooks the courtyard from the west. Along with the contemporary minaret of the

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facilities in the courtyard were upgraded, a separate ablutions room was added to the north, and a new underground storage room was created. They also replaced the mosque's grand chandelier with one made of

1057:. Modern curricula and textbooks were introduced and the professional training of the teachers improved. Following the reforms, al-Qarawiyyin was officially renamed "University of Al Quaraouiyine" in 1965. 6044:

Norman Daniel: Review of "The Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West by George Makdisi", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 104, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep. 1984), pp. 586-588

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decoration on the entrance arch itself, however, dates from much later. At the central outer entrance to the courtyard from the north, the cupola ceiling over the entrance vestibule of the gate called

275:, though lessons on non-Islamic subjects are also offered to students. Teaching is still delivered in the traditional methods. The university is attended by students from all over Morocco and Muslim 2285:

university model is thus widely argued to descend from this European tradition, even if other models of higher education existed in other parts of the world. Jacques Verger says that while the term

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constantly fought for control over Fez and Morocco, seen as a buffer zone between the two. Despite this uncertain period, the mosque received significant patronage and had its first expansions. The

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Al-Qarawiyyin underwent a general decline in later centuries along with Fez. The strength of its teaching stagnated and its curriculum decreased in range and scope, becoming focused on traditional

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in 1968, determined that traces of the original mosque could be found in the layout of the current building. This initial form of the mosque occupied a large space immediately to the south of the

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Jami' al-Qarawiyyin: al-Masjid wa'l-Jami'ah bi Madinat Fas (Mausu'ah li-Tarikhiha al-Mi'mari wa'l-Fikri). Al Qaraouiyyine: la Mosquée-Université de Fès (histoire architecturale et intellectuelle)

3719:

Jami' al-Qarawiyyin: al-Masjid wa'l-Jami'ah bi Madinat Fas (Mausu'ah li-Tarikhiha al-Mi'mari wa'l-Fikri). Al Qaraouiyyine: la Mosquée-Université de Fès (histoire architecturale et intellectuelle)

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were also rebuilt or repaired in 1283 and 1296–97, while at the entrance from the courtyard to the prayer hall (leading to the central nave of the mihrab), a decorative wooden screen, called the

951: 2119:, which served as a separate oratory reserved for funerary rites. This type of facility was not particularly common in the Islamic world but there are several examples in Fez, including at the 5809:

No other European institution has spread over the entire world in the way in which the traditional form of the European university has done. The degrees awarded by European universities – the

893:) studied at al-Qarawiyyin in the 10th century. Although this claim about Gerbert is sometimes repeated by modern authors, modern scholarship has not produced evidence to support this story. 2543: 1244:

It also replaced the original minaret with a new, larger minaret still standing today. Its overall form, with a square shaft, was indicative of the subsequent development of Maghrebi and

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Students were male, but traditionally it has been said that "facilities were at times provided for interested women to listen to the discourse while accommodated in a special gallery (

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and the time factor may be ignored or dismissed as being without significance. One cannot, therefore, be too careful in attempting a comparative study of these two institutions: the

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into a university under the supervision of the ministry of education. Classes at the old mosque ceased and a new campus was established at a former French Army barracks. While the

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Elsewhere, many of the mosque's main entrances were given doors made of wood overlaid with ornate bronze fittings, which today count among the oldest surviving bronze artworks in

1664:). Al-Mansur also built a new room for the library on the south side of the mosque (around the library's current location), which was connected to the mosque via a door in the 6928: 7866: 1269:

or grooved, survives today, located above the courtyard entrance to the prayer hall. A similar dome, located across the courtyard over the northern entrance of the mosque (

1929:) dating from the Almoravid and 'Alawi periods. The muqarnas vaults are made of plaster and are suspended from a hidden framework of wooden struts above them. Many of the 8016: 6093:

Bhattacharyya, Shilpa; Guha, Debjani (2016). "Scholastic Excellence of Nalanda and Nalanda Contemporary (415 A.D. – 1200 A.D.) Al-Qarawiyyin: A Comparative Evaluation".

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wall. It probably also had a courtyard of relatively small size, and the first minaret, also of small size, reportedly stood on the location now occupied by the wooden

6446: 5876:, has since the eighteenth century been the intellectual institution which cultivates and transmits the entire corpus of methodically studied intellectual disciplines. 1567: 1148:

Floor plan of the mosque and some of its annexes. (Based on an early 20th-century survey; since then the southern part of the complex, the library, has been modified.)

1640:

embellished the mosque by adding two prominent pavilions to the western and eastern ends of the courtyard, each of which sheltered a new fountain. The Saadian sultan

8358: 7805: 1380:

Later dynasties continued to embellish the mosque or gift it with new furnishings, though no works as radical as the Almoravid expansion were undertaken again. The

9054: 8021: 2107:

A number of annexes are attached around the mosque, serving various functions. The northwestern edge of the building is occupied by latrines. Behind the southern

10049: 8668: 7667: 1402:(r. 1199–1213), the Almohads added and upgraded a number of elements in the mosque, some of which were nonetheless marked with strong decorative flourishes. The 1223:

As Fez grew and the mosque increased in prestige, the original building was insufficient for its religious and institutional needs. During the 10th century, the

8824: 7919: 1500: 222:

system in 1963 and officially renamed "University of Al Quaraouiyine" two years later. The mosque building itself is also a significant complex of historical

6604: 8819: 7082: 6663: 3269:, appearing for the first time between the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It is no doubt true that other civilizations, prior to, or wholly alien to, the 2589: 1909:

is distinguished from the rest of the mosque by a number of architectural embellishments. The arches that run along it are of varying shapes, including both

262:

Education at the University of al-Qarawiyyin concentrates on the Islamic religious and legal sciences with a heavy emphasis on, and particular strengths in,

2221:

has previously described al-Qarawiyyin to be the "oldest university in the world" in the World Heritage Sites entry for Medina of Fez. UNESCO describes the

1849:

wall, is marked by a central nave running between two extra lines of arches along this axis, perpendicular to the other arches. This nave leads towards the

1489:(ruled 1359–1361), is still partly preserved today. It was designed by Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman ibn Sulayman al-Laja'i and completed on November 20, 1361 (21 939:

By the late 19th century, Western scholars began to recognize al-Qarawiyyin as a "university", a description which would become more established during the

1885:, which dates from the Almoravid (12th-century) expansion, is decorated with carved and painted stucco, as well as several windows of coloured glass. The 1196:

The original mosque building was built in the 9th century. A major modern study of the mosque's structure, published by French archeologist and historian

10085: 8839: 8708: 2278: 1220:(at the central entrance to the prayer hall from the courtyard). Water for the mosque was initially provided by a well dug within the mosque's precinct. 1116:

law, or interpretation; and explains difficult points. Students from Morocco and Islamic West Africa attend al-Qarawiyyin, though some come from Muslim

8683: 7621: 1518: 1107:

Education at al-Qarawiyyin University concentrates on the Islamic religious and legal sciences with a heavy emphasis on, and particular strengths in,

7859: 2015:) is rectangular, surrounded by the prayer hall on three sides and by a gallery to the north. The floor is paved with typical Moroccan mosaic tiles ( 1545:("Gate of the Rose") was redecorated with carved stucco in 1337. The richly-sculpted archway on the inner side of the gate also dates from this time. 5087: 2326:

Al Quaraouiyine" two years later. Organization at the pre-modern al-Qarawiyyin differed from European universities and other Muslim institutions at

435:(prior to the building's later expansions). The inscription, recorded and deciphered by Gaston Deverdun, proclaims the foundation of "this mosque" ( 9296: 8378: 7677: 4960: 923:

introduced reforms that regulated the institution's program, but also imposed stricter limits and excluded logic, philosophy, and the more radical

5205: 2796:

for a modern country while maintaining an emphasis on Islamic studies. Hence, al-qarawiyin university was founded in February 1963 and, while the

8658: 1319:. This involved not only embellishing some of the arches with new forms but also adding a series of highly elaborate cupola ceilings composed in 1265:

and a dome topped by talismans in the shape of a rat, a serpent, and a scorpion. Of these, only the dome itself, whose exterior is distinctively

245:

invention. They date al-Qarawiyyin's transformation from a madrasa into a university to its modern reorganization in 1963. Some sources, such as

10120: 7046: 7005: 4915:

Rius-Piniés, Mònica; Puig-Aguilar, Roser (2015). "Al-Asf ī's Description of the Zāwiya Nasiriyya: The Use of Buildings as Astronomical Tools".

3497: 790:, issued to a man called Abdellah Ben Saleh Al Koutami in 1207 CE under the authority of three other doctors and in the presence of the chief 8531: 800:

or conservator, who oversaw the maintenance of the collection. By 1613 one conservator estimated the library's collection at 32,000 volumes.

17: 4141:

Touri, Abdelaziz; Benaboud, Mhammad; Boujibar El-Khatib, Naïma; Lakhdar, Kamal; Mezzine, Mohamed (2010). "II.1.k Bibliothèque Qaraouiyine".

9260: 8633: 7852: 7381: 6254: 3265:

No one today would dispute the fact that universities, in the sense in which the term is now generally understood, were a creation of the

2876: 2661: 2233:". Some historians and scholars also refer to al-Qarawiyyin as the world's oldest existing university. The claim is also published by the 2187:

The current library building dates in part from a Saadian construction by Ahmad al-Mansur (late 16th century), who built a chamber called

1841:

divided into ten transverse aisles by rows of arches running parallel to the southern wall. The southern wall of this hall also marks the

877:(d. 1163) were all connected with al-Qarawiyyin as either students or lecturers. Some Christian scholars visited al-Qarawiyyin, including 9059: 8753: 1281:

One of the most significant expansions and renovations was carried out between 1134 and 1143 under the patronage of the Almoravid ruler

10100: 9793: 8967: 8763: 8733: 8408: 1826: 1630: 1188: 429:

very similar to foundation inscriptions in 9th-century Tunisia, was found on a wall above the probable site of the mosque's original

8279: 4109:

Hendrickson, Jocelyn (2008). "A Guide to Arabic Manuscript Libraries in Morocco, with Notes on Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt, and Spain".

3687:

Nagy, Péter T (2023). "al-Qarawiyyīn Mosque". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

2375:, mentions that teaching had taken place there well before his time, but with no other details. Otherwise, the earliest mentions of 1081:

In 1988, after a hiatus of almost three decades, the teaching of traditional Islamic education at al-Qarawiyyin was resumed by King

9422: 9417: 9392: 8743: 8274: 2891:

The Quaraouiyine Mosque, founded in 859, is the most famous mosque of Morocco and attracted continuous investment by Muslim rulers.

2792:

independence, al-qarawiyin maintained its reputation, but it seemed important to transform it into a university that would prepare

2574: 2149: 1353:, and decorated with inlaid materials and intricately carved arabesque reliefs. Its style was emulated for later Moroccan minbars. 5579: 10019: 9636: 9387: 9301: 7682: 7595: 618: 241:

until after World War II. Many scholars distinguish this status from the status of "university", which they view as a distinctly

1917:

ceilings and cupolas, each slightly different from the other, as well as two "ribbed" dome cupolas (similar to the domes of the

9646: 9397: 9255: 8809: 8566: 998:

decreed by the French authorities two months earlier. In 1937 the mosque was one of the rallying points (along with the nearby

610: 564: 5795:(courses of study) and of the objectives of research as well as the award of publicly recognized degrees, it is a creation of 3439: 2390:, indicated the earliest evidence of teaching at al-Qarawiyyin in 1121. Upon reviewing the evidence in Abdelhadi Tazi's work, 8799: 6157: 6128: 5896: 5764: 5693: 5669: 5591: 5564: 5345: 5241: 5071: 5040: 5008: 4790: 4748: 4545: 4468: 4436: 4404: 4150: 3961: 3779: 3539: 3506: 3259: 3103: 3066: 2885: 2852: 2766: 2738: 1913:

and multi-lobed arches. Instead of the plain timber ceilings, most sections of the nave are covered by a series of intricate

1644:

was responsible for building the first pavilion to the east in 1587–88, while the western pavilion was added by his grandson

4394: 1814:, "Tower of the Trumpeters"), an observation tower that is sometimes confused as a minaret but was actually part of another 1128:

visitors "in search of knowledge". In addition to being Muslim, prospective students of al-Qarawiyyin are required to have

10080: 9834: 8165: 6599: 6145: 6118: 2349:

The earliest date of formal teaching at al-Qarawiyyin is also uncertain. The most relevant major historical texts like the

1061: 1384:(later 12th century and 13th century) conquered Fez after a long siege in 1145–1146. Historical sources (particularly the 9472: 9427: 9157: 9121: 8936: 7875: 5902:

In many respects, if there is any institution that Europe can most justifiably claim as one of its inventions, it is the

4329: 3924: 532:

caliphates and their allies. During this period, the Qarawiyyin Mosque progressively grew in prestige. At some point the

5787:. There are various reasons for this assertion. As a community of teachers and taught, accorded certain rights, such as 5283: 5168: 2021:) and at the center is a fountain. From outside the mosque, the courtyard is accessed by the main northern gate, called 976:

but did not modernize the contents of teaching likewise which were still dominated by the traditional worldviews of the

9477: 8748: 8718: 8688: 8541: 7504: 6913: 1239:

Ahmed ibn Abi Said, one of the rulers of Fez during this period who was aligned with the Umayyads, wrote to the caliph

668:

Al-Qarawiyyin also compiled a large selection of manuscripts that were kept at a library founded by the Marinid sultan

1918: 1204:, in what is now the prayer hall. It had a rectangular floor plan measuring 36 by 32 meters, covering an area of 1520 10090: 10024: 9332: 9219: 7348: 6288: 5773: 5365:

Hardaker, Glenn; Ahmad Sabki, A'ishah (2012). "An insight into Islamic pedagogy at the University of al-Qarawiyyin".

4575: 4231:

Cherradi, Younes (2020). "About the First Available and Documented MD Certificate Delivered in the World: "IJAZAH"".

4017: 3696: 3477: 3059:

A History Of African Higher Education From Antiquity To The Present: A Critical Synthesis Studies in Higher Education

2386:

dates the beginning of the madrasa and teaching to the later Marinid period (1244–1465). Another Moroccan historian,

1679:

stands) also dates from the 'Alawi period; an inscription at the top of the arch gives the year 1864–1865 (1281 AH).

1364:("Funeral Mosque" or "Mosque of the Dead"), which was separated from the main prayer hall and dedicated to providing 927:

texts from the curriculum. Other subjects also disappeared over time, such as astronomy and medicine. In 1845 Sultan

394:, considered to be the first Moroccan Islamic state. According to one of the major early sources on this period, the 9543: 1208:, and was composed of a prayer hall with four transverse aisles running roughly east–west, parallel to the southern 10115: 10095: 9641: 8728: 8438: 8297: 7374: 4203: 5114: 10125: 9839: 9711: 9467: 8698: 8443: 8418: 7514: 6933: 6213: 3534:(in French) (2 ed.). Ministère des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc & Museum With No Frontiers. 3337: 3094: 2579: 685: 7631: 6422: 6391:

La Mosquée al-Qaraouiyin à Fès; avec une étude de Gaston Deverdun sur les inscriptions historiques de la mosquée

3040:

La Mosquée al-Qaraouiyin à Fès; avec une étude de Gaston Deverdun sur les inscriptions historiques de la mosquée

2383: 2314:, have proposed that the latter may have been influenced by the madrasas of the Muslim world, in particular via 1617:

added a room to it, which was built above and over the adjacent street, and dedicated to readings of the Quran.

518: 10034: 9706: 9377: 9362: 8905: 8859: 8854: 8673: 8383: 6918: 5233:

A History of African Higher Education from Antiquity to the Present: A Critical Synthesis: A Critical Synthesis

3297:

defined in terms of a historical analysis of its emergence and its mode of operation in concrete circumstances.

3152:

there is very little to distinguish it from other institutions that go under the general description of madrasa

2518: 1467:. The first was commissioned by Abu Yusuf Ya'qub in the 13th century and designed by Muhammad ibn al-Habbak, a 1455:) of the mosque who was responsible for determining the precise times of prayer. The chamber was equipped with 1343: 940: 803: 330: 4865: 4368: 807:

A document from the Qarawiyyin's library which is claimed by some scholars to be the world's oldest surviving

10135: 10130: 9824: 9482: 8623: 8307: 8134: 6498: 6428: 6239: 3954:

Les historiens des Chorfa; essai sur la littérature historique et biographique au Maroc du XVIe au XXe siècle

1537:

was installed in 1289 and acted as a symbolic "outdoor" or "summer" mihrab for prayers in the courtyard. The

1463:

were built for it in this period. The first two do not exist anymore, but are described by al-Jazna'i in the

614: 4932:

Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of the History of Science Ithaca, 26 August-2 September 1962

4007: 2067: 1629:

One of the Saadian pavilions (late 16th and early 17th century) in the courtyard, featuring carved wood and

1625: 9681: 9147: 8713: 8663: 8648: 8011: 5921:

Makdisi, George (April–June 1989), "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West",

4664: 3388:

Ahmed, Sumayya (26 May 2016). "Learned women: three generations of female Islamic scholarship in Morocco".

740:, a 9th-century Quran manuscript (also written on gazelle parchment), a copy of the Quran given by Sultan 636: 10110: 9968: 9937: 9932: 9844: 9778: 9676: 9507: 9224: 8941: 8678: 7980: 7833: 7823: 7775: 7749: 7509: 7469: 7367: 6781: 6683: 6642: 5091: 3530:

Touri, Abdelaziz; Benaboud, Mhammad; Boujibar El-Khatib, Naïma; Lakhdar, Kamal; Mezzine, Mohamed (2010).

2419:

A number of well-known philosophers, scholars, and politicians in the history of Morocco and the western

1606: 1093: 4972: 2844:

Women, Education, and Science within the Arab-Islamic Socio-Cultural History: Legacies for Social Change

1717: 1157:, with a capacity of 22,000 worshipers. The present-day mosque covers an extensive area of about half a 417:

build a mosque suitable for her community. Similarly, her sister Mariam is also reputed to have founded

279:, with some also coming from further abroad. Women were first admitted to the institution in the 1940s. 9701: 9696: 9671: 9574: 9517: 9018: 8794: 8703: 8653: 8628: 8222: 7718: 7585: 7390: 5468: 5139: 3309: 2368: 2158: 1922: 1614: 1486: 498: 8139: 5521: 4517:

Belhachmi, Zakia: "Gender, Education, and Feminist Knowledge in al-Maghrib (North Africa) – 1950–70",

3432:"مَوْسُوعَةُ الْجَزِيرَةِ | جَامِعَةُ الْقَرَوِيِّينَ - AJNET Encyclopedia | al-Qarawiyyin University" 2245: 10044: 10029: 9942: 9783: 9610: 9437: 9291: 9183: 8768: 8248: 8057: 7954: 7434: 6908: 6903: 6720: 6573: 5612: 5340:, Wiener islamisch-religionspädagogische Studien, vol. 1, Böhlau Verlag Wien, pp. 220–221, 4145:(2 ed.). Ministère des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc & Museum With No Frontiers. 2455: 418: 5724:

Perkin, Harold (2006). "History of universities". In Forest, James J.F.; Altbach, Philip G. (eds.).

4596: 3907: 1485:, Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn al-'Arabi. A third and final water clock, built on the orders of Sultan 508:(circles) for learning and teaching may not have been until the 10th or the 12th century. Historian 408:, the daughter of a wealthy merchant named Mohammed al-Fihri. The al-Fihri family had migrated from 10059: 9875: 9726: 9452: 9337: 8723: 8448: 8322: 8183: 7904: 7590: 7565: 6262: 5640: 3883: 3167:

Sabki, A'ishah Ahmad; Hardaker, Glenn (1 August 2013). "The madrasah concept of Islamic pedagogy".

1252: 928: 310: 6609: 10039: 9988: 9901: 9666: 9661: 9457: 9447: 9382: 9342: 9152: 9023: 8423: 8317: 7703: 7652: 7499: 6990: 4491:

Hart, David M. (1997). "The Berber Dahir of 1930 in colonial Morocco: then and now (1930-1996)".

3370:

Mélanges d'histoire et d'archéologie de l'occident musulman - Tome II - Hommage à Georges Marçais

3289: 2502: 2490: 1423: 543: 7785: 4930:

Price, Derek J. de Solla (1964). "Mechanical Water Clocks of the 14th Century in Fez, Morocco".

4621:

Cardinal, Monique C. (2005). "Islamic Legal Theory Curriculum: Are the Classics Taught Today?".

4033:

Kubisch, Natascha (2011). "Maghreb - Architecture". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.).

1224: 1013: 529: 10054: 9721: 9691: 9605: 9432: 9412: 9402: 8987: 8849: 8758: 8638: 8536: 8505: 8312: 8026: 7795: 7708: 7616: 7611: 7489: 6938: 6862: 6831: 6806: 6275: 2235: 1478: 1266: 986:, the institution's teaching was reorganized into elementary, secondary, and higher education. 251: 214:

in 857–859 and subsequently became one of the leading spiritual and educational centers of the

184: 5726:

International Handbook of Higher Education - Part 1: Global Themes and Contemporary Challenges

5526: 5088:"La magnifique rénovation des 27 monuments de Fès – Conseil Régional du Tourisme (CRT) de Fès" 1360:. Another interesting element added to the mosque was a small secondary oratory, known as the 9978: 9973: 9686: 9651: 9487: 9442: 9407: 9327: 9265: 9188: 9028: 8992: 8931: 8879: 8874: 8864: 8597: 8428: 8363: 8240: 8124: 8109: 8083: 7914: 7800: 7780: 7672: 7317: 7258: 7231: 7136: 7128: 7066: 5257: 3894: 2407: 2274: 2240: 2222: 2196: 1645: 1357: 983: 920: 870: 862: 850: 223: 5336:

Pallavicini, Yahya Sergio Yahe (2009), "Islamic Knowledge in Italy", in Aslan, Ednan (ed.),

1768:

are replicas made in the 1950s that replaced the originals, whose fragments are kept by the

365: 9983: 9497: 9492: 9347: 9095: 9069: 8972: 8693: 8479: 8413: 8348: 8196: 8129: 8119: 8052: 7899: 7790: 7759: 7723: 7479: 7404: 6887: 6796: 6735: 5810: 5762:: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): 5626: 5231: 4177: 2787:

in the middle of the ninth century. It has been a destination for students and scholars of

2584: 1427: 1082: 994:, a communal prayer recited in times of calamity, to raise awareness and opposition to the 689: 524:

In the 10th century, the Idrisid dynasty fell from power and Fez was contested between the

227: 6319: 5825:– have been adopted in the most diverse societies throughout the world. The four medieval 2195:

wall. Most of the building dates from a major 20th-century expansion commissioned by King

8: 9927: 9849: 9716: 9502: 9462: 9372: 8977: 8829: 8738: 8546: 8398: 8393: 8353: 8191: 7744: 7662: 7545: 7484: 7409: 7275: 7092: 7061: 6980: 6847: 6826: 6801: 6730: 6693: 6578: 5814: 3293: 2731:

A History Of African Higher Education From Antiquity To The Present: A Critical Synthesis

2524: 2496: 2399: 2327: 2311: 2270: 2226: 1085:

in what has been interpreted as a move to bolster conservative support for the monarchy.

732: 654: 641: 539: 444: 6398:

Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman

5169:"World's oldest library reopens in Fez: 'You can hurt us, but you can't hurt the books'" 4947:

Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Westen Cultures

4833:

Maroc Almoravide et Almohade: Architecture et décors au temps des conquérants, 1055-1269

3612:

Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman

2213: 9788: 9752: 9600: 9352: 8814: 8804: 8571: 8561: 8551: 8453: 8114: 7626: 7560: 7454: 7444: 7248: 7108: 7041: 6959: 6872: 6857: 6852: 6750: 6270: 6068: 6015: 5976: 5938: 5865:

studies, but they remain nonetheless at the heart of universities throughout the world.

5826: 5818: 5540:

Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures: Economics, education, mobility, and space

5450: 4702: 4646: 4519:

Journal of Middle Eastern and North African Intellectual and Cultural Studies, Vol. 2–3

4284: 3664: 3413: 3192: 3143: 2391: 2120: 1649: 1034: 936:

manuscripts and 400 printed books, though many valuable historic items were retained.

878: 858: 838: 822: 718: 662: 658: 350: 231: 215: 7844: 5759: 4303: 10014: 9829: 9656: 9512: 9357: 9229: 8834: 8643: 8388: 7909: 7713: 7580: 7449: 7439: 7307: 7000: 6745: 6740: 6491: 6284: 6233: 6153: 6124: 6019: 5980: 5892: 5769: 5689: 5681: 5665: 5587: 5560: 5454: 5409: 5341: 5237: 5176: 5067: 5036: 5004: 4786: 4744: 4638: 4571: 4541: 4464: 4432: 4400: 4288: 4276: 4146: 4013: 3957: 3775: 3692: 3668: 3535: 3502: 3473: 3417: 3405: 3255: 3247: 3196: 3184: 3135: 3099: 3089: 3062: 2881: 2848: 2762: 2734: 2420: 2403: 2335: 2319: 2124: 2082: 2055: 1672: 1399: 1381: 1240: 1228: 1017:

The main entrance to the library and other southern annexes of the mosque today, off

890: 842: 525: 479: 462: 161: 72: 6174:"دعوة الحق - [كتاب] نفح الطيب للمقري، نموذج فريد في التراجم العربية القديمة" 5405: 4846:

Terrasse, Henri (1957). "La Mosquée d'Al-Qarawīyīn à Fès et l'Art des Almoravides".

1861: 697: 255:, have cited al-Qarawiyyin as the oldest university or oldest continually operating 9819: 9569: 9367: 8982: 8556: 8433: 8403: 8373: 8368: 8006: 7828: 7739: 7575: 7570: 7555: 7414: 7268: 7253: 7113: 6882: 6725: 6280: 6007: 5968: 5930: 5857:

have survived and have been supplemented by numerous disciplines, particularly the

5788: 5552: 5440: 5401: 5374: 4698: 4630: 4500: 4266: 3656: 3397: 3285: 3281: 3176: 2797: 2788: 2534: 1108: 1046: 1030: 902: 886: 826: 650: 263: 256: 219: 6173: 5653: 5392:

Gathiram, Prem; Hänninen, Osmo (2014). "Medicine and medical sciences in Africa".

4271: 4254: 3567:

Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800

3401: 2261:

to be applicable only to the educational institutions that initially took form in

1175:

at the courtyard's western end, and a number of annexes around the mosque itself.

1002:) for demonstrations in response to a violent crackdown on Moroccan protesters in 905:

and Arabic linguistic studies. Even some traditional Islamic specializations like

8869: 7494: 7474: 7424: 7419: 7263: 7194: 7161: 7156: 7118: 7087: 7051: 6791: 6786: 6765: 6552: 6440: 6419:(includes pictures of the interior, the minbar, and other architectural elements) 5858: 5796: 5740: 5710: 5657: 4458: 4253:

Fourtassi, Maryam; Abda, Naima; Bentata, Yassamine; Hajjioui, Abderrazak (2020).

3660: 3647:

Benchekroun, Chafik T. (2011). "Les Idrissides: L'histoire contre son histoire".

3565: 3368:

Deverdun, Gaston (1957). "Une nouvelle inscription idrisite (265 H = 877 J.C.)".

3215: 3180: 2804:

located in major regions of the country known for their religious influences and

2635: 2617: 2471: 2467: 2262: 1641: 1508: 1445: 1365: 1018: 999: 741: 574: 436: 405: 391: 321: 296: 211: 175: 129: 6637: 5584:

The Origins of the University: The Schools of Paris and Their Critics, 1100–1215

5308: 1459:

and other scientific equipment of the era in order to aid in this task. Several

1349:

was completed and installed in 1144. It is made of wood in an elaborate work of

8844: 7754: 7647: 7550: 7464: 7189: 7166: 6877: 6867: 6760: 6544: 6266: 5644:: "Universität. Die Anfänge", Vol. 8, Cols 1249–1250, Metzler, Stuttgart, –1999 5603: 3795:

Pedersen, J.; Makdisi, G.; Rahman, Munibur; Hillenbrand, R. (2012). "Madrasa".

3372:. Imprimerie officielle du Gouvernement Général de l'Algérie. pp. 129–146. 2566: 2512: 2387: 2351: 2266: 2073:

View from the south, with the unusual vertically-elongated lobed window visible

1961:

of the mosque, which could also be stored in a small room behind a door in the

1910: 1898: 1736: 1386: 1296: 1197: 1065: 817: 808: 787: 723: 669: 598: 509: 485: 396: 50: 5765:

A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages

5686:

A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages

5378: 4504: 3252:

A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages

2359:

do not provide clear details on the history of teaching at the mosque. In the

1701: 1325:(honeycomb or stalactite-like) sculpting and further decorated with intricate 1165:

interior space for prayers (the prayer hall), a courtyard with fountains (the

1064:; al-Qarawiyyin kept the Islamic and theological courses of studies. In 1973, 10074: 7810: 7322: 7312: 7302: 7297: 7219: 7025: 6557: 6534: 6461: 6448: 6144:

Onditi, Francis; Ben-Nun, Gilad; D'Alessandro, Cristina; Levey, Zack (2019).

6011: 5862: 5846: 5607: 5493: 5445: 5428: 5180: 4642: 4634: 3492: 3409: 3273: 3188: 3139: 2449: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2282: 2230: 2201: 2004: 1942: 1926: 1637: 1290: 1282: 1259:) led a military expedition to Fez in 998. The embellishments included a new 1129: 961: 916: 866: 854: 474:

and civic activities. The al-Andalusiyyin Mosque, in the district across the

342: 136: 5996:"From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue" 9628: 9561: 8044: 7657: 7459: 7292: 7199: 7176: 7056: 7020: 6755: 6507: 6484: 6258: 5803: 5616:, Vol. 15, Robert Appleton Company, New York, 1912, retrieved 27 July 2012) 5413: 5206:"The World's Oldest Working Library Will Soon Open Its Doors to the Public" 4280: 3277: 1804: 1785: 1205: 1117: 1026: 995: 889:

Jousé Ponteleimon Krestovitich also claimed that Gerbert d'Aurillac (later

874: 773:) gifted by the author in 1396. Recently rediscovered in the library is an 449: 387: 334: 203: 94: 7530: 5284:"The World's Oldest Library – Al-Qarawiyyin Library Fez to reopen in 2017" 3810: 2003:) of the Qarawiyyin Mosque, including the central fountain and one of the 796:(judge) of the city and two other witnesses. The library was managed by a 9744: 8266: 7214: 7184: 7151: 6658: 6521: 6393:. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck. (In French; mainly about architecture) 5957:"Islam at the Center: Technological Complexes and the Roots of Modernity" 3748: 3266: 2443: 2364: 2303: 1620: 1460: 1368:

for the deceased before their burial. The annex is also decorated with a

1038: 1007: 834: 830: 760: 681: 569: 547: 490: 401: 370: 276: 6072: 6031:

The scholarship on these differences is summarized in Toby Huff (2003),

5429:"Deep-time organizations: Learning institutional longevity from history" 5061: 4012:(in French). Paris: Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines. 3147: 2808:. These colleges were kuliyat al-shari's in Fès, kuliyat uSul al-din in 1993: 1144: 946: 786:, which some scholars claim to be the oldest surviving predecessor of a 587:

period or shortly after were traditional religious subjects such as the

333:

of Morocco have resulted in a number of different orthographies for the

9867: 9211: 9113: 9010: 8157: 7209: 7010: 6985: 5972: 5956: 5903: 5842: 5838: 5834: 4945:

Hill, Donald R. (1997). "Clocks and watches". In Selin, Helaine (ed.).

4650: 4255:"Medical education in Morocco: Current situation and future challenges" 3228: 2476: 2427: 2315: 2251: 1245: 1121: 769: 677: 514: 458: 454: 326: 111: 70:

and center of higher learning for non-vocational sciences (before 1963)

5942: 5063:

Architectures au Maghreb (XIXe-XXe siècles): Réinvention du patrimoine

4140: 3529: 3341: 2809: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 1760:

preserve original pieces and were restored in 2005–2007, the doors of

1524:

The astrolabe of the water clock device completed in 1361 by al-Laja'i

1050: 701: 9139: 7359: 7224: 7204: 7141: 7015: 6995: 6964: 6954: 5822: 5792: 2813: 2793: 2548:(Islamic council) Notably, one of the first few women to be admitted. 2433: 1975: 1938: 1769: 1602: 1456: 1440: 1350: 1330: 1162: 1042: 783: 737: 727: 630: 622: 2800:'s residence was kept in Fès, the new university initially had four 2423:

have either studied or taught at the Qarawiyyin since its founding.

2398:

This is considerably later than the beginning of instruction at the

1477:. The second was built in 1317 or 1318 (717 AH), under the reign of 709: 633:

were never officially taught as they were considered too unorthodox.

10006: 9811: 8523: 8497: 8101: 7998: 7327: 7146: 6526: 5934: 5854: 5850: 3270: 2744: 2200:

complex underwent another major restoration in recent years led by

2035: 1889:

niche itself is a small alcove which is covered by a small dome of

1653: 1490: 1451: 1321: 1302: 1256: 912: 821:) overlooking the scholars' circle". The 12th-century cartographer 745: 602: 521:

dates the beginning of teaching to the Marinid period (1244–1465).

475: 409: 292: 7524: 6143: 5995: 4460:

Making Morocco: Colonial Intervention and the Politics of Identity

2816:(all founded in 1963), and kuliyat al-shari'a in Ait Melloul near 2528: 2480: 1469: 237:

Scholars consider al-Qarawiyyin to have been effectively run as a

9592: 9319: 9247: 9175: 8923: 8897: 8471: 8075: 7929: 7891: 7687: 6632: 6416: 6345:"The Biography of Abu al_Fadl ^Abdullah bin as-Siddiq al-Ghumari" 3224: 2805: 2801: 2776: 2506: 2086: 2017: 1657: 1419: 1172: 1158: 1132:, as well as other shorter medieval Islamic texts on grammar and 705: 693: 673: 626: 580:

Istanbul Museum of the History of Science and Technology in Islam

534: 413: 374: 238: 100: 67: 56: 6320:"Dr. Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din Al-Hilali - Dar-us-Salam Publications" 5066:. Tours: Presses universitaires François-Rabelais. p. 172. 3794: 684:. Part of the collection was gathered decades earlier by Sultan 9960: 9919: 9535: 9064: 9046: 7946: 6476: 6146:"Antidotes to Extremism: Africa's Refugee Hospitality Paradigm" 5780: 4204:"Al-Bayan Wa-al-Tahsil wa-al-Tawjih: Ibn Rushd. 21 Vols Arabic" 3925:"Al-Qarawiyyin University in Fes: Brainchild of a Muslim Woman" 2817: 2780: 2484: 2437: 2377: 2346:

if they were proven to have reached a high level of expertise.

2218: 1978: 1934: 1832: 1609:, Abu Malik, after its reconquest from Spanish forces in 1333. 1538: 1413: 1408: 1326: 1261: 1232: 1154: 1112: 1068:

published a three-volume history of the establishment entitled

1054: 1003: 924: 907: 882: 846: 775: 504: 431: 288: 272: 268: 246: 242: 207: 6425:(includes pictures of the interior, including the mihrab area) 5738:

Makdisi, George: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages",

5708:

Makdisi, George: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages",

3884:"Publications de la faculté des lettres d'Alger, fascicule 59" 3213:

Makdisi, George: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages",

2784: 1893:(stalactite or honeycomb-like sculpting). On each side of the 1711:

today, with replicas of the original Almoravid bronze overlays

1273:

or "Gate of the Rose"), likely also dates from the same time.

1060:

In 1975, General Studies was transferred to the newly founded

301: 9770: 9283: 8959: 8786: 8615: 8589: 8340: 7972: 5800: 5140:"أوكرانيا بالعربية | جامع القرويين - سلسلة المعالم الإسلامية" 4739:

Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (2014).

2463: 2339: 2331: 2091: 2039: 1946: 1870: 1661: 1591: 1334: 1216: 1210: 978: 915:) were progressively neglected or abandoned. In 1788–89, the 713: 606: 588: 552: 426: 4252: 2254:

al-Qarawiyyin as a "university" or an "Islamic university".

1845:. The central axis of the prayer hall, perpendicular to the 478:, may have also served a similar role up until at least the 291:

name of the university means "University of the People from

9893: 9087: 8214: 8017:

Botswana International University of Science and Technology

3811:"mosque | Parts, Features, Architecture, & Information" 3073:

wealthy woman of much piety, Fatima bint Muhammed al-Fahri.

2459: 2243:

is described as the "oldest one in Europe". Similarly, the

1999: 1873:), decorated with carved stucco. The lower edge of another 1403: 1342:

in similar style and of similar artistic provenance as the

1286: 1236: 1167: 792: 780: 593: 538:(Friday sermon) was transferred from the Shurafa Mosque of 306: 6120:

Islamic Empires: Fifteen Cities that Define a Civilization

4396:

Islamic Empires: Fifteen Cities that Define a Civilization

4095:. Charlottesville, VA: The Baraka Press. pp. 139–142. 3614:. Casablanca: Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition. 1836:, with some of the Almohad and Marinid chandeliers visible 1744:(which opens onto the courtyard), the western gate called 1306:

vault in the central nave of the mosque, made from plaster

990:

al-Qarawiyyin strongly participated in the propagation of

8359:

Alexandria Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology

5916: 5914: 4530: 1784:, also have heavy bronze fittings, including some ornate 1512:, with its double-arched window overlooking the courtyard 404:, al-Qarawiyyin was founded as a mosque in 857 or 859 by 9055:

Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources

8022:

Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources

4738: 4304:"Al-Qarawiyyin - University, Library, and Mosque in One" 4302:

Fry, Tatiana; Clevel; University, State; Curnow, Kathy.

3085: 3083: 3081: 2265:, and argue that the first universities were located in 1310:

The new expansion of the mosque involved not only a new

369:

View of the Qarawiyyin Mosque on the skyline of central

10106:

Educational institutions established in the 9th century

8669:

Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration

7874: 5469:"Oldest higher-learning institution, oldest university" 4914: 3310:"Oldest higher-learning institution, oldest university" 2179:

Behind the southern wall of the mosque and east of the

1557:

Marinid decoration in the cupola over the vestibule of

1433: 1375: 1006:, which ended with French troops being deployed across 672:

in 1349. The collection housed numerous works from the

8825:

Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology

7920:

University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene

5911: 4689:

Fauzi M. Najjar (April 1958). "The Karaouine at Fez".

3770:

Esposito, John, ed. (2003). "Universities (Islamic)".

2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2367:

mentions the mosque but not its educational function.

2225:(founded in 1088 and usually recognized as the oldest 2207: 1621:

Saadian and 'Alawi period (16th-century to modern era)

644:(founded in 1323), just north of the Qarawiyyin Mosque 546:) to the Qarawiyyin Mosque, granting it the status of 230:

that features elements from many different periods of

8820:

International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology

6431:(includes pictures of the minbar and the mihrab area) 6279:. Vol. XII (2nd ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: 4866:"Qantara - Large chandelier of the Qarawīyyīn Mosque" 4741:

Le Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne

4301: 3078: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2590:

History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes

1276: 1183: 947:

20th century and transformation into state university

692:

to hand over a number of works from the libraries of

6429:

The minbar of the al-Qarawīyīn Mosque at Qantara-Med

5783:

institution; indeed, it is the European institution

4427:

Esposito, John, ed. (2003). "Qarawiyin University".

2556: 1933:

compositions are further embellished with intricate

1830:

The central nave of the mosque, leading towards the

447:

who governed this region of Morocco at the time) in

313:

which has no equivalent in European languages – the

189: 8840:

Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology

8709:

Regent University College of Science and Technology

6150:

Contemporary Africa and the Foreseeable World Order

5753: 5364: 4783:

Fès mérinide: Une capitale pour les arts, 1276-1465

4143:

Le Maroc andalou: à la découverte d'un art de vivre

3532:

Le Maroc andalou: à la découverte d'un art de vivre

2870: 2868: 1969:is most likely of similar origins as the Almoravid 1037:were founded in and outside the city: a faculty of 559: 373:: the green-tiled roofs of the prayer hall and the 8684:Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology 6214:"الموسوعة العربية | الكتاني (محمد بن عبد الكبير-)" 5684:: "Patterns", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): 4511: 3250:: "Patterns", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): 2678: 2098: 6435:360-degree view of the central nave of the mosque 6092: 5494:"Qarawīyīn | mosque and university, Fès, Morocco" 4093:A practical guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco 2306:regimes since the beginning of the 19th century. 1905:The central nave that runs along the axis of the 1251:The mosque was embellished when the Amirid ruler 597:(Islamic jurisprudence), and other sciences like 299:'s family in Tunisia, the presence of the letter 150: 10072: 9297:Higher Institute of Mining, Industry and Geology 8379:Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology 6095:INSIGHT Journal of Applied Research in Education 5391: 5367:Multicultural Education & Technology Journal 3053: 3051: 3049: 2865: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 8659:George Grant University of Mines and Technology 7683:Old Mosque (Mosque of the Kasbah of the Udayas) 6437:, in front of the mihrab, posted on Google Maps 5426: 5119:Discover Islamic Art - Museum With No Frontiers 4688: 1648:in 1609. The pavilions emulate the ones in the 1136:law, and to be proficient in classical Arabic. 6605:École nationale des sciences appliquées de Fès 6304:Dennerlein, Bettina (2018). "al-Fāsī family". 3498:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia 3470:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period 661:in 1346. A larger but much later madrasa, the 357:, another rendering using French orthography. 10050:National University of Science and Technology 8532:Addis Ababa Science and Technology University 7860: 7375: 7274:For the "Mechouars" of the Royal Palace, see 6492: 6220:. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023 6055:Tibawi, A. L. (Summer 1980). "Reviewed Work: 4422: 4420: 3882:Al-Jaznaï, Zahrat al-Âs; Bel, Alfred (1923). 3332: 3330: 3166: 3046: 3042:(in French). Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck. 2825: 1723:Fragments of the original bronze overlays of 1139: 759:) dating from 1320, and the original copy of 9261:Namibia University of Science and Technology 8634:African University College of Communications 6960:Nejjarine Museum of Wooden Arts & Crafts 6375: 4665:"Brand Review - UNIVERSITY OF AL-QARAWIYYIN" 4560: 3881: 2629: 2608: 2168: 1809: 1595:at the courtyard entrance to the prayer hall 1443:. At its southern foot, they also built the 1069: 865:(1165–1240 AD), Ibn Khaldun (1332–1395 AD), 578:of the Qarawiyyin Mosque (on display at the 314: 218:. It was incorporated into Morocco's modern 39: 9060:Malawi University of Science and Technology 8754:University of Media, Arts and Communication 6443:, 360-degree views of the mosque's interior 6198:Radtke, Bernd R. (2012). "Aḥmad b. Idrīs". 5427:Hanusch, Frederic; Biermann, Frank (2020). 5335: 5001:Marrakech: Splendeurs saadiennes: 1550-1650 4108: 3646: 3609: 1802:Next to the mosque is a tower known as the 1161:. Broadly speaking, it consists of a large 1088: 381: 10086:Buildings and structures completed in 1135 8968:Al Asmarya University for Islamic Sciences 8764:Wisconsin International University College 8734:University of Energy and Natural Resources 8409:Misr University for Science and Technology 7867: 7853: 7382: 7368: 7254:Place Bou Jeloud (Place Pacha el-Baghdadi) 6499: 6485: 6303: 5929:(2), American Oriental Society: 175–182 , 4949:. Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 209. 4417: 3864:Deverdun, Gaston (1997). "al-Ḳarawiyyīn". 3629:. Paris: Les Éditions d'art et d'histoire. 3327: 6152:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 123. 5791:and the determination and realization of 5444: 4270: 4075:. Princeton University Press. p. 29. 3956:. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. 2001. 3763: 3486: 3472:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3467: 2840: 1561:, the central northern gate of the mosque 9423:Michael Okpara University of Agriculture 9418:Ladoke Akintola University of Technology 9393:Federal University of Technology, Owerri 8744:University of Health and Allied Sciences 8275:International University of Grand-Bassam 7415:Al-Anouar Mosque (Mosque of the Sheikhs) 6726:Al-Anouar Mosque (Mosque of the Sheikhs) 6417:Al Qaraouiyine Rehabilitation at ArchNet 5954: 5923:Journal of the American Oriental Society 5559:. Oxford University Press. p. 328. 5551: 5545: 4845: 4620: 4426: 4355:The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad 4233:Journal of Medical and Surgical Research 4230: 3868:. Vol. IV. Brill. pp. 632–635. 3863: 3769: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3624: 3367: 3037: 2575:List of Islamic educational institutions 2499:(1873–1909), writer and political leader 2089:historically issued the call to prayer ( 1992: 1860: 1825: 1795:, on its west side, is another doorway, 1772:. The northwestern gates of the mosque, 1624: 1372:cupola and ornate archways and windows. 1295: 1187: 1143: 1092: 1012: 950: 802: 635: 563: 364: 10020:Bindura University of Science Education 9637:Cape Peninsula University of Technology 9388:Federal University of Technology, Minna 9302:Maryam Abacha American University Niger 7042:Funduq al-Najjarin (Foundouk Nejjarine) 6252: 6116: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6082: 5920: 5704: 5702: 5166: 5112: 5030: 4456: 4392: 4352: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4050: 4032: 4009:Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 2509:-Moroccan political and military leader 2204:and was set to reopen in 2016 or 2017. 1577:, with Marinid-era stucco embellishment 1192:Arches in the prayer hall of the mosque 1178: 14: 10073: 9647:Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University 9398:Federal University of Technology, Yola 9256:International University of Management 8810:Dedan Kimathi University of Technology 7566:Kasbah Mosque (Moulay al-Yazid Mosque) 7389: 6197: 6054: 5993: 5723: 5516: 5514: 5331: 5329: 5258:"Restoring the world's oldest library" 5199: 5197: 5162: 5160: 5058: 5054: 5052: 4998: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4934:. Hermann Publisher. pp. 599–602. 4830: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4780: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4734: 4732: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4248: 4246: 4226: 4224: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4104: 4102: 4090: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4073:Ibn Khaldun: An Intellectual Biography 4046: 4044: 4005: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3948: 3946: 3919: 3917: 3877: 3875: 3866:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3797:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3746: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3219:, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255–264 (255f.): 3124: 2458:, historian and theologian, appointed 2446:(1332–1406), historian and philosopher 2410:invested it with that dignified title. 1097:Scholar at the Al-Qarawiyyin library, 896: 845:(d. 1015) – a leading theorist of the 839:Mohammed Ibn al-Hajj al-Abdari al-Fasi 556:) according to that of al-Qarawiyyin. 377:(white tower on the left) are visible. 10121:9th-century establishments in Morocco 8800:Catholic University of Eastern Africa 7848: 7410:Ain al-Kheil Mosque (Al-Azhar Mosque) 7363: 7323:Mosara Garden (Marinid Royal Gardens) 7062:Funduq Shamma'in (Foundouk Chemmaïne) 6731:Ain al-Kheil Mosque (Al-Azhar Mosque) 6480: 6441:Virtual tour of the Qarawiyyin Mosque 5889:The Heritage of European Universities 5229: 5167:Shaheen, Kareem (19 September 2016). 5035:. Paris: ACR Édition Internationale. 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 4929: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4743:(in French). Paris: Louvre éditions. 4730: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4178:"Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque and University" 4070: 4066: 4064: 4062: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3675: 3563: 3387: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3162: 3160: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2634: 2616: 2456:Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari (1632-1577) 2214:Madrasa § Madrasa and university 1788:that date from the Almoravid period. 1041:in Fez, a faculty of Arab studies in 955:View of the Qarawiyyin Mosque in 1916 320: 295:". Factors such as the provenance of 9835:St. Augustine University of Tanzania 9794:University of Science and Technology 8166:Jean Piaget University of Cape Verde 6600:Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University 6423:Manar al-Athar Digital Photo Archive 6105: 6079: 5768:, Cambridge University Press, 1992, 5744:, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255-264 (264): 5699: 5688:, Cambridge University Press, 2003, 5532: 4944: 4917:Journal for the History of Astronomy 4557: 4493:The Journal of North African Studies 4490: 4121: 4055:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques. 3716: 3686: 3390:The Journal of North African Studies 3254:, Cambridge University Press, 2003, 3120: 3118: 3061:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2733:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, 2430:(1135/1138–1204), Jewish philosopher 2290:university was only adopted outside 1686: 1434:Marinid period (13th–14th centuries) 1418:occasions, such as on the nights of 1376:Almohad period (12th–13th centuries) 1062:Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University 337:of the university's name, including 9473:University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 9428:National Open University of Nigeria 9158:University of Technology, Mauritius 9122:University of Nouakchott Al Aasriya 8937:Stella Maris Polytechnic University 7876:Association of African Universities 7806:Sidi Ben Youssef Mosque (Essaouira) 7596:Zawiya of Sidi Ben Sliman al-Jazuli 6376: 5732: 5672:, p. 1484 (entry "university") 5586:, Stanford University Press, 1985, 5511: 5326: 5309:"Bologna | Creative Cities Network" 5194: 5157: 5080: 5049: 4987: 4961:"La clepsydre d'Al Lajaï 763/1361"" 4757: 4584: 4561: 4445: 4295: 4243: 4221: 4159: 4099: 4079: 4053:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident 4041: 4026: 3943: 3914: 3872: 3828: 3788: 3725: 3705: 3633: 3574: 3548: 3512: 3454: 3376: 3356: 3207: 2630: 2609: 2310:between such madrasas and European 2229:) as the "oldest university of the 2208:Status as world's oldest university 2169: 2167:View into the modern reading room ( 1810: 1070: 568:Reconstruction of the 14th-century 440: 315: 179: 40: 24: 9478:University of Agriculture, Makurdi 8749:University of Professional Studies 8719:University for Development Studies 8689:Methodist University College Ghana 8542:Ethiopian Civil Service University 7505:Zawiya of Sidi Abdelkader al-Fassi 6914:Zawiya of Sidi Abdelkader al-Fassi 6366: 5887:Sanz, Nuria; Bergan, Sjur (eds.): 5230:Lulat, Y. G.-M. (30 August 2005). 5017: 4799: 4709: 4703:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1958.tb02246.x 4540:, 2nd ed., Scarecrow Press, 2006, 4361: 4327: 4059: 3970: 3721:. Beirut: Dar al Kitab ab Lubnani. 3236: 3157: 3098:, Vol. 2, Fitzroy Dearborn, 2005, 2877:Dictionary of Islamic Architecture 2812:, kuliyat al-lugha al-'arabiya in 2761:, 2nd ed., Scarecrow Press, 2006, 2493:(1760–1837), Moroccan Sufi scholar 1277:Almoravid expansion (12th century) 1184:Early history (9th–10th centuries) 750:Al-Bayan Wa-al-Tahsil wa-al-Tawjih 625:. By contrast, some subjects like 329:in the university's name, and the 25: 10147: 10101:Islamic universities and colleges 10025:Chinhoyi University of Technology 9333:Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University 9220:Catholic University of Mozambique 8280:Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny 7801:Mosque (zawiya) of Moulay Idris I 7349:Category:People from Fez, Morocco 6404: 5714:, No. 32 (1970), pp. 255–264 5203: 4330:"La ville de Fès et Sylvestre II" 3115: 2896: 2414: 2371:, the 14th-century author of the 2061:View of the minaret from the east 688:(ruled 1258–1286), who persuaded 9999: 9953: 9912: 9886: 9860: 9804: 9763: 9737: 9642:Central University of Technology 9621: 9585: 9554: 9528: 9312: 9276: 9240: 9204: 9168: 9132: 9106: 9080: 9039: 9003: 8952: 8916: 8890: 8779: 8729:University of Education, Winneba 8608: 8582: 8516: 8490: 8464: 8439:The American University in Cairo 8333: 8290: 8259: 8233: 8207: 8176: 8150: 8094: 8068: 8037: 7991: 7965: 7939: 7928: 7884: 7529: 7523: 6506: 6372: 6337: 6312: 6297: 6246: 6206: 6191: 6166: 6137: 6048: 6038: 6025: 5987: 5948: 5881: 5717: 5675: 4538:Historical Dictionary of Morocco 4037:. h.f.ullmann. pp. 312–313. 2759:Historical Dictionary of Morocco 2559: 2515:(1910–1974), Moroccan politician 2257:Many scholars consider the term 2157: 2148: 2066: 2054: 1727:, dating to the Almoravid period 1716: 1700: 1582: 1566: 1550: 1517: 1499: 1449:, a chamber for the timekeeper ( 560:Apogee during the Marinid period 468: 412:(hence the name of the mosque), 160: 55:Courtyard of the mosque and its 49: 9840:The Open University of Tanzania 9712:University of the Witwatersrand 8699:Presbyterian University College 8444:The British University in Egypt 8419:Pharos University in Alexandria 7515:Zawiya of Sidi Taoudi Ben Souda 6974:Palaces & historic mansions 6934:Zawiya of Sidi Taoudi Ben Souda 6035:2nd ed. p. 149-159; p. 179-189. 5841:, arts, arts and sciences, and 5662:Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages 5647: 5633: 5619: 5597: 5573: 5486: 5461: 5420: 5406:10.1016/j.pathophys.2013.11.003 5385: 5358: 5301: 5276: 5250: 5223: 5132: 5106: 4953: 4938: 4923: 4908: 4883: 4858: 4839: 4682: 4657: 4614: 4551: 4484: 4386: 4346: 4321: 4196: 3803: 3618: 3424: 3302: 3095:Encyclopedia of African History 2650: 2641: 2623: 2602: 2580:List of universities in Morocco 443:) by Dawud ibn Idris (a son of 10035:Harare Institute of Technology 9707:University of the Western Cape 9544:Université Nationale du Rwanda 9378:Delta State University, Abraka 9363:Bells University of Technology 8906:National University of Lesotho 8860:South Eastern Kenya University 8855:Multimedia University of Kenya 8674:Koforidua Technical University 8384:Egyptian e-Learning University 7510:Zawiya of Sidi Ahmed al-Tijani 6924:Zawiya of Sidi Ahmed esh-Shawi 6919:Zawiya of Sidi Ahmed al-Tijani 5557:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 5529:, 2012, retrieved 26 July 2012 4536:Park, Thomas K.; Boum, Aomar: 4429:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 4369:"Qantara - Gerbert d'Aurillac" 3772:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 2757:Park, Thomas K.; Boum, Aomar: 2519:Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din al-Hilali 1821: 13: 1: 9825:Muslim University of Morogoro 8624:Accra Institute of Technology 8308:Catholic University of Bukavu 6411:Universite Quaraouiyine - Fes 6033:Rise of early modern science, 5538:Joseph, S, and Najmabadi, A. 4521:, 2003, pp. 55–82 (65): 4272:10.1080/0142159X.2020.1779921 3747:Tibawi, A. L. (Summer 1980). 3689:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 3627:La mosquée des Andalous à Fès 3402:10.1080/13629387.2016.1158110 2671: 2647:"zuwwaar li'l-talab fii 'ilm" 2618:[ʒaːmiʕtulqarawijiːn] 1877:cupola is visible at the top. 1098: 873:(Alpetragius) (d. 1294), and 202:, is a university located in 18:University of Al Quaraouiyine 9682:University of the Free State 9148:Open University of Mauritius 8714:Regional Maritime University 8664:Ghana Institute of Languages 8649:Bluecrest University College 8012:Botswana Accountancy College 6929:Zawiya of Sidi Ali Boughaleb 5630:: "University", Brill, 2012) 4463:. Cornell University Press. 3661:10.1080/09503110.2011.617063 3181:10.1080/00131911.2012.668873 2888:, p. 87 (entry "Fez"): 2820:, which was founded in 1979. 2775:is the oldest university in 2227:medieval European university 1988: 1748:, and the southwestern gate 1225:Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba 885:(d. 1667). The 19th-century 85:1963 (as a state university) 7: 10081:University of al-Qarawiyyin 9938:Uganda Management Institute 9933:Uganda Christian University 9845:University of Dar es Salaam 9779:El Imam El Mahdi University 9677:University of KwaZulu-Natal 9508:University of Port Harcourt 9225:Eduardo Mondlane University 9194:University of al-Qarawiyyin 8942:United Methodist University 8679:Kumasi Technical University 7981:University of Abomey-Calavi 7776:Great Mosque of Chefchaouen 7470:Grand Mosque of Fes el-Jdid 7242:Streets, souqs, and squares 7200:Bab Dekkakin (Bab es-Sebaa) 7129:Fortresses & city walls 6782:Great Mosque of Fes el-Jdid 6684:World Sacred Music Festival 6643:Maghreb de Fes (basketball) 6595:University of al-Qarawiyyin 6396:Le Tourneau, Roger (1949). 6255:"Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Karīm" 5891:, Council of Europe, 2002, 5664:, Vol. 1, Routledge, 2000, 5338:Islamic Education in Europe 5090:(in French). Archived from 4785:. Lienart. pp. 28–44. 4431:. Oxford University Press. 4353:Messier, Ronald A. (2010). 4091:Parker, Richard B. (1981). 4035:Islam: Art and Architecture 3774:. Oxford University Press. 3610:Le Tourneau, Roger (1949). 3564:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). 3509:, p. 257 (entry "Fez") 2552: 2302:programs or under European 2173:) of the Qarawiyyin library 1691: 1033:took his seat at Fez, four 857:. Pioneer scholars such as 499:Abu al-Hasan Ali al-Jazna'i 190: 172:University of al-Qarawiyyin 33:University of al-Qarawiyyin 10: 10152: 9702:University of Stellenbosch 9697:University of South Africa 9672:University of Johannesburg 9575:University of Sierra Leone 9518:Usman Dan Fodio University 9019:University of Antananarivo 8795:African Virtual University 8704:Radford University College 8629:Accra Technical University 7926: 7719:Mohammed V Mosque, Tangier 7586:Zawiya of Sidi Abd el-Aziz 5799:, which was the Europe of 5656:; Dobson, Richard Barrie; 4457:Wyrtzen, Jonathan (2016). 3501:, Vol. 1, A–K, Routledge, 2211: 2139: 2045: 1289:neighbourhood (before the 1140:Architecture of the mosque 941:French protectorate period 360: 259:institution in the world. 27:University in Fez, Morocco 10045:Midlands State University 10030:Great Zimbabwe University 9997: 9951: 9943:Uganda Martyrs University 9910: 9884: 9858: 9802: 9784:Omdurman Ahlia University 9761: 9735: 9619: 9611:Puntland State University 9583: 9552: 9526: 9438:Nnamdi Azikiwe University 9310: 9292:Abdou Moumouni University 9274: 9238: 9202: 9184:Mohammed First University 9166: 9130: 9104: 9078: 9037: 9001: 8950: 8914: 8888: 8777: 8769:Zenith University College 8606: 8580: 8514: 8488: 8462: 8331: 8288: 8257: 8249:Marien Ngouabi University 8231: 8205: 8174: 8148: 8092: 8066: 8058:University of Ouagadougou 8035: 7989: 7963: 7955:Agostinho Neto University 7937: 7882: 7819: 7768: 7732: 7696: 7640: 7604: 7538: 7521: 7500:Zawiya of Moulay Idris II 7397: 7340: 7285: 7241: 7175: 7127: 7101: 7075: 7034: 6973: 6947: 6909:Zawiya of Moulay Idris II 6904:Mausoleum of Sidi Harazem 6896: 6840: 6819: 6774: 6721:Mosque of the Andalusians 6708: 6701: 6692: 6676: 6651: 6625: 6618: 6587: 6566: 6543: 6514: 6238:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5955:Burke II, Edmund (2009). 5613:The Catholic Encyclopedia 5379:10.1108/17504971211236308 5113:Mezzine, Mohamed (2019). 5033:Fès: La ville essentielle 5031:Métalsi, Mohamed (2003). 4505:10.1080/13629389708718294 4051:Marçais, Georges (1954). 3468:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). 2841:Belhachmi, Zakia (2008). 2610:جَامِعَةُ الْقَرَوِيِّينَ 2539:High Council of Knowledge 2263:medieval Christian Europe 2111:wall, to the west of the 2083:Mosque of the Andalusians 1950:from victories in Spain. 1529:The galleries around the 1130:fully memorized the Quran 544:Zawiya of Moulay Idris II 159: 145: 135: 125: 117: 107: 89: 79: 63: 48: 37: 10091:Madrasas in Fez, Morocco 10060:Zimbabwe Open University 9876:University of the Gambia 9727:Walter Sisulu University 9338:Adamawa State University 8724:University of Cape Coast 8449:University of Sadat City 8323:University of Lubumbashi 8184:Central African Republic 8135:University of Ngaoundéré 7905:Constantine 1 University 7591:Zawiya of Sidi Bel Abbes 6897:Mausoleums & zawiyas 6389:Terrasse, Henri (1968). 6383:The al-Qarawiyyin Mosque 6117:Marozzi, Justin (2019). 6012:10.1177/0011392106058837 5961:Journal of World History 5641:Lexikon des Mittelalters 5446:10.1177/2053019619886670 5236:. ABC-CLIO. p. 71. 4635:10.1163/1568519054093716 4601:Alqarawiyyeen University 4568:The al-Qarawiyyin Mosque 4558:Tazi, Abdelhadi (2000). 4393:Marozzi, Justin (2019). 4006:Gaudio, Attilio (1982). 3717:Tazi, Abdelhadi (1972). 3625:Terrasse, Henri (1942). 3570:. Yale University Press. 3340:. UNESCO. Archived from 3038:Terrasse, Henri (1968). 2595: 1897:'s opening is a pair of 1111:grammar/linguistics and 1089:Education and curriculum 1076:The al-Qarawiyyin Mosque 788:Medical Doctorate degree 779:certificate, written on 382:Foundation of the mosque 311:voiceless uvular plosive 266:grammar/linguistics and 10116:Mosques in Fez, Morocco 10096:Universities in Morocco 10040:Lupane State University 9989:Zambian Open University 9667:University of Fort Hare 9662:University of Cape Town 9458:Rivers State University 9448:Pan-Atlantic University 9383:Ebonyi State University 9343:Ahmadu Bello University 9153:University of Mauritius 9024:University of Toamasina 8424:South Valley University 8318:University of Kisangani 8223:University of N'Djamena 8140:University of Yaoundé I 7704:Grand Mosque of Tangier 6991:Dar Ba Mohammed Chergui 6535:Mellah (Jewish quarter) 5789:administrative autonomy 5522:Encyclopædia Britannica 5498:Encyclopedia Britannica 5433:The Anthropocene Review 4999:Salmon, Xavier (2016). 4971:: 66–69. Archived from 4831:Salmon, Xavier (2018). 4781:Salmon, Xavier (2021). 4623:Islamic Law and Society 4357:. ABC-CLIO. p. 45. 3815:Encyclopedia Britannica 3262:, pp. 35–76 (35): 2521:(1893–1987), translator 2503:Abd el-Krim el-Khattabi 2384:Évariste Lévi-Provençal 2246:Encyclopædia Britannica 1923:Cristo de la Luz Mosque 1919:Great Mosque of Córdoba 1869:(niche symbolizing the 1347:of the Koutoubia Mosque 1045:, and two faculties of 519:Évariste Lévi-Provençal 517:(1040–1147). Historian 390:was the capital of the 282: 10126:Almoravid architecture 10055:University of Zimbabwe 9722:University of Zululand 9692:University of Pretoria 9606:East Africa University 9433:Niger Delta University 9413:Kwara State University 9403:Gombe State University 8988:University of Benghazi 8850:Mount Kenya University 8759:Valley View University 8639:All Nations University 8537:Addis Ababa University 8506:University of Eswatini 8313:University of Kinshasa 8027:University of Botswana 7796:Great Mosque of Asilah 7617:Grand Mosque of Meknes 7612:Bab Berdieyinne Mosque 7490:Moulay Abdallah Mosque 7475:Kasbah an-Nouar Mosque 6939:Tomb of Sidi Bel Kacem 6863:Madrasa of Fes el-Jdid 6832:Al Fassiyine Synagogue 6807:Moulay Abdallah Mosque 6308:(3rd ed.). Brill. 6306:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6276:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6253:Pennell, C.R. (2004). 6202:(3rd ed.). Brill. 6200:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6061:Arab Studies Quarterly 5994:Alatas, S. F. (2006), 5908: 5878: 5874:universitas litterarum 5750: 5542:. Brill, 2003, p. 314. 5473:Guinness World Records 4527: 4071:Irwin, Robert (2019). 3902:Cite journal requires 3753:Arab Studies Quarterly 3436:learning.aljazeera.net 3314:Guinness World Records 3299: 3233: 3128:Arab Studies Quarterly 3112: 3075: 2893: 2822: 2779:. It was founded as a 2656:One single plate from 2412: 2236:Guinness World Records 2008: 1878: 1837: 1633: 1307: 1193: 1149: 1104: 1021: 956: 812: 645: 583: 419:al-Andalusiyyin Mosque 378: 252:Guinness World Records 206:. It was founded as a 83:857–859 (as a mosque), 9979:Mulungushi University 9974:Copperbelt University 9687:University of Limpopo 9652:North-West University 9488:University of Calabar 9453:Redeemer's University 9443:Osun State University 9408:Kogi State University 9328:Abia State University 9266:University of Namibia 9189:Mohammed V University 9029:University of Toliara 8993:University of Tripoli 8932:Cuttington University 8880:University of Nairobi 8875:University of Eldoret 8865:Strathmore University 8598:Omar Bongo University 8567:St. Mary's University 8429:Suez Canal University 8364:Alexandria University 8241:Republic of the Congo 8125:University of Dschang 8110:University of Bamenda 8084:University of Burundi 7915:University of Ouargla 7781:Great Mosque of Oujda 7673:Moulay Slimane Mosque 7668:Lalla Soukaina Mosque 7318:Maristan of Sidi Frej 7232:Fortifications of Fez 7230:For other gates, see 7067:Funduq al-Tetwaniyyin 6610:Collège Moulay Idriss 5900: 5868:Even the name of the 5777: 5745: 5696:, pp. 35–76 (35) 4522: 3294:medieval universities 3263: 3220: 3107: 3070: 2889: 2847:. Brill. p. 91. 2770: 2636:[alqajrawaːn] 2396: 2312:medieval universities 2294:, including into the 2241:University of Bologna 2223:University of Bologna 1996: 1864: 1829: 1756:. While the doors of 1752:, which leads to the 1646:Abdallah al-Ghalib II 1628: 1605:by the son of Sultan 1422:. The Marinid sultan 1358:Moroccan architecture 1299: 1191: 1147: 1096: 1016: 954: 943:in the 20th century. 921:Muhammad ibn Abdallah 871:Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji 851:Islamic jurisprudence 806: 653:in 1271, followed by 639: 567: 368: 10136:Saadian architecture 10131:Marinid architecture 9984:University of Zambia 9969:Cavendish University 9498:University of Ilorin 9493:University of Ibadan 9468:University of Africa 9348:Al-Hikmah University 9096:University of Bamako 9070:University of Malawi 8973:Al Zawiya University 8694:Pentecost University 8480:University of Asmara 8414:October 6 University 8349:Ain Shams University 8197:University of Bangui 8130:University of Maroua 8120:University of Douala 8053:Nazi Boni University 7900:Algiers 1 University 7791:Great Mosque of Taza 7786:Great Mosque of Salé 7760:Ould el-Hamra Mosque 7724:Sidi Bou Abid Mosque 7663:Great Mosque (Rabat) 7480:Lalla ez-Zhar Mosque 7430:Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque 7405:Abu al-Hassan Mosque 7328:Oued Fes (Fez River) 7102:Hammams (bathhouses) 6797:Lalla ez-Zhar Mosque 6736:Abu al-Hassan Mosque 6716:Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque 6462:34.06444°N 4.97333°W 5779:The university is a 5580:Ferruolo, Stephen C. 5210:Smithsonian Magazine 2662:Musée du Quai Branly 2660:is also kept by the 2585:Education in Morocco 1953:To the right of the 1428:Great Mosque of Taza 1179:Historical evolution 835:Ibn Rushayd al-Sabti 827:European exploration 690:Sancho IV of Castile 457:(July–August of 877 386:In the 9th century, 228:Islamic architecture 191:Jāmiʻat al-Qarawīyīn 9928:Busitema University 9850:Zanzibar University 9717:University of Venda 9503:University of Lagos 9483:University of Benin 9463:University of Abuja 9373:Crawford University 8978:Misurata University 8830:Kenyatta University 8739:University of Ghana 8547:Haramaya University 8399:Menoufia University 8394:Mansoura University 8354:Al-Azhar University 8298:Democratic Republic 7745:Al-Mohammadi Mosque 7546:Bab Doukkala Mosque 7485:Lalla Ghriba Mosque 7276:Royal Palace of Fez 7093:Sidi Moussa Tannery 7083:Ain Azliten Tannery 7035:Funduqs (foundouks) 6981:Royal Palace of Fez 6848:Al-Attarine Madrasa 6827:Ibn Danan Synagogue 6802:Lalla Ghriba Mosque 6664:Salle 11th November 6579:Fes railway station 6458: / 5833:– variously called 5776:, pp. XIX-XX: 5728:. pp. 159–205. 5115:"Qarawiyyin Mosque" 5094:on 27 February 2021 4870:www.qantara-med.org 4597:"Why Alqarawiyyeen" 4570:] (in Arabic). 4373:www.qantara-med.org 3931:. 15 September 2019 2880:, Routledge, 1996, 2537:(1932–), Member of 2525:Abdullah al-Ghumari 2497:Muhammad al-Kattani 2452:(1494–1554), author 2298:, in the course of 2277:often cited as the 1943:Arabic inscriptions 1871:direction of prayer 1398:Under the reign of 1010:and at the mosques. 897:Decline and reforms 859:Muhammad al-Idrissi 825:, whose maps aided 811:, issued in 1207 CE 744:in 1602, a copy of 726:written on gazelle 642:Al-Attarine Madrasa 331:French colonization 34: 10111:859 establishments 9902:Université de Lomé 9789:Red Sea University 9753:University of Juba 9601:Benadir University 9353:Babcock University 8815:Egerton University 8805:Daystar University 8654:Central University 8572:Wollega University 8562:Mekelle University 8552:Hawassa University 8454:Zagazig University 8115:University of Buea 7834:Mosques by country 7627:Lalla Aouda Mosque 7561:Ben Youssef Mosque 7455:Chrabliyine Mosque 7445:Bou Inania Madrasa 7391:Mosques in Morocco 7249:Kissariat al-Kifah 7109:Hammam al-Mokhfiya 6873:Mesbahiyya Madrasa 6858:Cherratine Madrasa 6853:Bou Inania Madrasa 6751:Chrabliyine Mosque 6467:34.06444; -4.97333 6385:] (in Arabic). 6349:www.riadnachef.org 5983:– via JSTOR. 5973:10.1353/jwh.0.0045 5003:. Paris: LienArt. 4328:Lebbar, Mohammed. 3169:Educational Review 3090:Shillington, Kevin 2874:Petersen, Andrew: 2741:, pp. 154–157 2392:Abdul Latif Tibawi 2125:Bab Guissa Mosques 2009: 1879: 1838: 1634: 1308: 1194: 1150: 1105: 1022: 957: 881:(d. 1542) and the 879:Nicolas Cleynaerts 823:Mohammed al-Idrisi 813: 663:Cherratine Madrasa 646: 584: 379: 351:French orthography 216:Islamic Golden Age 32: 10068: 10067: 10015:Africa University 9830:Mzumbe University 9657:Rhodes University 9513:University of Uyo 9358:Bayero University 9230:Maputo University 8835:Maseno University 8644:Ashesi University 8389:Helwan University 7910:Oran 1 University 7842: 7841: 7714:Lalla Abla Mosque 7688:Zawiya of Chellah 7581:Mosque of the Cat 7450:Bou Jeloud Mosque 7440:Bab Guissa Mosque 7435:Andalusian Mosque 7357: 7356: 7336: 7335: 7308:Jnan Sbil Gardens 6888:Sba'iyyin Madrasa 6815: 6814: 6746:Bou Jeloud Mosque 6741:Bab Guissa Mosque 6672: 6671: 6373:Tazi, Abdelhadi. 6261:; Bianquis, Th.; 6178:www.habous.gov.ma 6159:978-1-4985-9811-8 6130:978-0-241-19905-3 6000:Current Sociology 5897:978-92-871-4960-2 5811:bachelor's degree 5748:like it anywhere. 5694:978-0-521-54113-8 5670:978-1-57958-282-1 5627:Brill's New Pauly 5592:978-0-8047-1266-8 5566:978-0-1951-2559-7 5347:978-3-205-78310-7 5243:978-0-313-06866-9 5073:978-2-86906-317-4 5042:978-2-86770-152-8 5010:978-2-35906-182-6 4965:Mémorial du Maroc 4835:. Paris: LienArt. 4792:978-2-35906-335-6 4750:978-2-35031-490-7 4546:978-0-8108-5341-6 4470:978-1-5017-0424-6 4438:978-0-1951-2559-7 4406:978-0-241-19905-3 4184:. 20 October 2004 4152:978-3-902782-31-1 3963:978-2-7068-1507-2 3781:978-0-1951-2559-7 3541:978-3-902782-31-1 3507:978-0-415-96691-7 3260:978-0-521-54113-8 3104:978-1-57958-245-6 3067:978-0-313-32061-3 3057:Lulat, Y. G.-M.: 2886:978-0-415-06084-4 2854:978-90-8790-579-8 2767:978-0-8108-5341-6 2739:978-0-313-32061-3 2729:Lulat, Y. G.-M.: 2320:Emirate of Sicily 2279:earliest examples 1687:Current structure 1631:stucco decoration 1400:Muhammad al-Nasir 1300:The 12th-century 1241:Abd al-Rahman III 1229:Fatimid Caliphate 974:shahada alamiyha, 891:Pope Sylvester II 843:Abu Imran al-Fasi 752:(a commentary on 659:Mesbahiya Madrasa 657:in 1323, and the 297:Fatima al-Fihriya 188: 168: 167: 16:(Redirected from 10143: 10005: 10003: 10002: 9959: 9957: 9956: 9918: 9916: 9915: 9892: 9890: 9889: 9866: 9864: 9863: 9820:Ardhi University 9810: 9808: 9807: 9769: 9767: 9766: 9743: 9741: 9740: 9627: 9625: 9624: 9591: 9589: 9588: 9570:Njala University 9560: 9558: 9557: 9534: 9532: 9531: 9368:Bowen University 9318: 9316: 9315: 9282: 9280: 9279: 9246: 9244: 9243: 9210: 9208: 9207: 9174: 9172: 9171: 9138: 9136: 9135: 9112: 9110: 9109: 9086: 9084: 9083: 9045: 9043: 9042: 9009: 9007: 9006: 8983:Sabha University 8958: 8956: 8955: 8922: 8920: 8919: 8896: 8894: 8893: 8785: 8783: 8782: 8614: 8612: 8611: 8588: 8586: 8585: 8557:Jimma University 8522: 8520: 8519: 8496: 8494: 8493: 8470: 8468: 8467: 8434:Tanta University 8404:Minya University 8374:Cairo University 8369:Benha University 8339: 8337: 8336: 8296: 8294: 8293: 8265: 8263: 8262: 8239: 8237: 8236: 8213: 8211: 8210: 8182: 8180: 8179: 8156: 8154: 8153: 8100: 8098: 8097: 8074: 8072: 8071: 8043: 8041: 8040: 8007:Botho University 7997: 7995: 7994: 7971: 7969: 7968: 7945: 7943: 7942: 7932: 7890: 7888: 7887: 7869: 7862: 7855: 7846: 7845: 7829:Islam in Morocco 7740:Hassan II Mosque 7622:Nejjarine Mosque 7576:Mouassine Mosque 7571:Kutubiyya Mosque 7556:Ben Salah Mosque 7533: 7527: 7384: 7377: 7370: 7361: 7360: 7114:Hammam Ben Abbad 6883:Saffarin Madrasa 6706: 6705: 6699: 6698: 6623: 6622: 6574:Fès–Saïs Airport 6501: 6494: 6487: 6478: 6477: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6469: 6468: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6451: 6386: 6379: 6378: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6341: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6324:dar-us-salam.com 6316: 6310: 6309: 6301: 6295: 6294: 6250: 6244: 6243: 6237: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6218:arab-ency.com.sy 6210: 6204: 6203: 6195: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6114: 6103: 6102: 6090: 6077: 6076: 6052: 6046: 6042: 6036: 6029: 6023: 6022: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5952: 5946: 5945: 5918: 5909: 5885: 5879: 5757: 5751: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5721: 5715: 5706: 5697: 5679: 5673: 5658:Lapidge, Michael 5651: 5645: 5637: 5631: 5623: 5617: 5601: 5595: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5549: 5543: 5536: 5530: 5518: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5448: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5362: 5356: 5355: 5333: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5201: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5164: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5056: 5047: 5046: 5028: 5015: 5014: 4996: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4975:on 19 April 2017 4957: 4951: 4950: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4828: 4797: 4796: 4778: 4755: 4754: 4736: 4707: 4706: 4691:The Muslim World 4686: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4593: 4582: 4581: 4564: 4563: 4555: 4549: 4534: 4528: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4454: 4443: 4442: 4424: 4415: 4414: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4334: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4308:Bright Continent 4299: 4293: 4292: 4274: 4250: 4241: 4240: 4228: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4174: 4157: 4156: 4138: 4119: 4118: 4106: 4097: 4096: 4088: 4077: 4076: 4068: 4057: 4056: 4048: 4039: 4038: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4003: 3968: 3967: 3950: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3921: 3912: 3911: 3905: 3900: 3898: 3890: 3888: 3879: 3870: 3869: 3861: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3744: 3723: 3722: 3714: 3703: 3702: 3684: 3673: 3672: 3644: 3631: 3630: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3607: 3572: 3571: 3561: 3546: 3545: 3527: 3510: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3465: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3438:. Archived from 3428: 3422: 3421: 3385: 3374: 3373: 3365: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3344:on 6 August 2012 3334: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3306: 3300: 3245: 3234: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3164: 3155: 3154: 3122: 3113: 3106:, p. 1025: 3087: 3076: 3055: 3044: 3043: 3035: 2894: 2872: 2863: 2862: 2838: 2823: 2789:Islamic sciences 2755: 2742: 2727: 2665: 2654: 2648: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2632: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2606: 2569: 2564: 2563: 2562: 2547: 2535:Fatima al-Kabbaj 2269:, with those of 2172: 2171: 2161: 2152: 2099:Funerary annex ( 2070: 2058: 1911:horseshoe arches 1813: 1812: 1770:Dar Batha Museum 1737:horseshoe arches 1720: 1704: 1586: 1573:Inner façade of 1570: 1554: 1521: 1503: 1487:Abu Salim Ali II 1424:Abu Ya'qub Yusuf 1109:Classical Arabic 1103: 1100: 1073: 1072: 903:Islamic sciences 875:Ali ibn Hirzihim 730:, a copy of the 686:Abu Yusuf Ya'qub 651:Saffarin Madrasa 530:Córdoban Umayyad 442: 324: 322:[awijiː] 318: 317: 264:Classical Arabic 232:Moroccan history 220:state university 194:), also written 193: 183: 181: 164: 155: 152: 73:State university 53: 43: 42: 35: 31: 21: 10151: 10150: 10146: 10145: 10144: 10142: 10141: 10140: 10071: 10070: 10069: 10064: 10000: 9998: 9993: 9954: 9952: 9947: 9913: 9911: 9906: 9887: 9885: 9880: 9861: 9859: 9854: 9805: 9803: 9798: 9764: 9762: 9757: 9738: 9736: 9731: 9622: 9620: 9615: 9586: 9584: 9579: 9555: 9553: 9548: 9529: 9527: 9522: 9313: 9311: 9306: 9277: 9275: 9270: 9241: 9239: 9234: 9205: 9203: 9198: 9169: 9167: 9162: 9133: 9131: 9126: 9107: 9105: 9100: 9081: 9079: 9074: 9040: 9038: 9033: 9004: 9002: 8997: 8953: 8951: 8946: 8917: 8915: 8910: 8891: 8889: 8884: 8870:Umma University 8780: 8778: 8773: 8609: 8607: 8602: 8583: 8581: 8576: 8517: 8515: 8510: 8491: 8489: 8484: 8465: 8463: 8458: 8334: 8332: 8327: 8299: 8291: 8289: 8284: 8260: 8258: 8253: 8234: 8232: 8227: 8208: 8206: 8201: 8177: 8175: 8170: 8151: 8149: 8144: 8095: 8093: 8088: 8069: 8067: 8062: 8038: 8036: 8031: 7992: 7990: 7985: 7966: 7964: 7959: 7940: 7938: 7933: 7924: 7885: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7843: 7838: 7815: 7764: 7728: 7692: 7653:As-Sunna Mosque 7636: 7600: 7534: 7528: 7519: 7425:Al-Hamra Mosque 7420:Al-Beida Mosque 7393: 7388: 7358: 7353: 7332: 7286:Other landmarks 7281: 7264:Place Seffarine 7259:Place Nejjarine 7237: 7171: 7162:Kasbah Cherarda 7157:Kasbah An-Nouar 7123: 7119:Hammam Saffarin 7097: 7088:Chouara Tannery 7071: 7052:Funduq Kettanin 7030: 6969: 6943: 6892: 6868:Madrasa el-Oued 6836: 6811: 6792:Al-Hamra Mosque 6787:Al-Beida Mosque 6770: 6688: 6668: 6647: 6614: 6583: 6562: 6539: 6510: 6505: 6466: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6444: 6407: 6369: 6367:Further reading 6364: 6363: 6353: 6351: 6343: 6342: 6338: 6328: 6326: 6318: 6317: 6313: 6302: 6298: 6291: 6283:. p. 634. 6271:Heinrichs, W.P. 6251: 6247: 6231: 6230: 6223: 6221: 6212: 6211: 6207: 6196: 6192: 6182: 6180: 6172: 6171: 6167: 6160: 6142: 6138: 6131: 6115: 6106: 6091: 6080: 6053: 6049: 6043: 6039: 6030: 6026: 6006:(1): 112–132 , 5992: 5988: 5953: 5949: 5919: 5912: 5899:, p. 119: 5886: 5882: 5859:social sciences 5819:master's degree 5797:medieval Europe 5758: 5754: 5741:Studia Islamica 5737: 5733: 5722: 5718: 5711:Studia Islamica 5707: 5700: 5682:Verger, Jacques 5680: 5676: 5652: 5648: 5638: 5634: 5624: 5620: 5602: 5598: 5578: 5574: 5567: 5550: 5546: 5537: 5533: 5519: 5512: 5502: 5500: 5492: 5491: 5487: 5477: 5475: 5467: 5466: 5462: 5425: 5421: 5394:Pathophysiology 5390: 5386: 5363: 5359: 5348: 5334: 5327: 5317: 5315: 5307: 5306: 5302: 5292: 5290: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5267: 5265: 5256: 5255: 5251: 5244: 5228: 5224: 5214: 5212: 5202: 5195: 5185: 5183: 5165: 5158: 5148: 5146: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5123: 5121: 5111: 5107: 5097: 5095: 5086: 5085: 5081: 5074: 5057: 5050: 5043: 5029: 5018: 5011: 4997: 4988: 4978: 4976: 4959: 4958: 4954: 4943: 4939: 4928: 4924: 4913: 4909: 4899: 4897: 4889: 4888: 4884: 4874: 4872: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4844: 4840: 4829: 4800: 4793: 4779: 4758: 4751: 4737: 4710: 4687: 4683: 4673: 4671: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4619: 4615: 4605: 4603: 4595: 4594: 4585: 4578: 4556: 4552: 4535: 4531: 4516: 4512: 4489: 4485: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4455: 4446: 4439: 4425: 4418: 4407: 4391: 4387: 4377: 4375: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4351: 4347: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4326: 4322: 4312: 4310: 4300: 4296: 4259:Medical Teacher 4251: 4244: 4229: 4222: 4212: 4210: 4202: 4201: 4197: 4187: 4185: 4182:Muslim Heritage 4176: 4175: 4160: 4153: 4139: 4122: 4107: 4100: 4089: 4080: 4069: 4060: 4049: 4042: 4031: 4027: 4020: 4004: 3971: 3964: 3952: 3951: 3944: 3934: 3932: 3923: 3922: 3915: 3903: 3901: 3892: 3891: 3886: 3880: 3873: 3862: 3829: 3819: 3817: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3768: 3764: 3745: 3726: 3715: 3706: 3699: 3685: 3676: 3645: 3634: 3623: 3619: 3608: 3575: 3562: 3549: 3542: 3528: 3513: 3491: 3487: 3480: 3466: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3442:on 15 July 2019 3430: 3429: 3425: 3386: 3377: 3366: 3357: 3347: 3345: 3338:"Medina of Fez" 3336: 3335: 3328: 3318: 3316: 3308: 3307: 3303: 3248:Verger, Jacques 3246: 3237: 3216:Studia Islamica 3212: 3208: 3165: 3158: 3123: 3116: 3088: 3079: 3056: 3047: 3036: 2897: 2873: 2866: 2855: 2839: 2826: 2769:, p. 348 2756: 2745: 2728: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2668: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2628: 2624: 2613: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2565: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2541: 2531:(Muslim jurist) 2491:Ahmad ibn Idris 2477:Imam al-Bannani 2417: 2216: 2210: 2177: 2176: 2175: 2174: 2164: 2163: 2162: 2154: 2153: 2142: 2105: 2078: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2063: 2062: 2059: 2048: 2011:The courtyard ( 1997:The courtyard ( 1991: 1853:a niche in the 1824: 1816:Dar al-Muwaqqit 1774:Bab al-Shama'in 1754:Jama' al-Gna'iz 1740:northern gate, 1732: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1721: 1713: 1712: 1705: 1694: 1689: 1642:Ahmad al-Mansur 1623: 1596: 1587: 1578: 1571: 1562: 1555: 1525: 1522: 1513: 1509:Dar al-Muwaqqit 1504: 1446:Dar al-Muwaqqit 1436: 1378: 1279: 1186: 1181: 1142: 1101: 1091: 1019:Place Seffarine 949: 899: 767:(including the 742:Ahmad al-Mansur 575:dar al-muwaqqit 562: 471: 421:the same year. 406:Fatima al-Fihri 392:Idrisid dynasty 384: 363: 347:Al Quaraouiyine 285: 257:higher learning 212:Fatima al-Fihri 200:Al Quaraouiyine 149: 130:Fatima al-Fihri 103: 97: 84: 71: 59: 44: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10149: 10139: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10066: 10065: 10063: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10011: 10009: 9995: 9994: 9992: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9965: 9963: 9949: 9948: 9946: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9924: 9922: 9908: 9907: 9905: 9904: 9898: 9896: 9882: 9881: 9879: 9878: 9872: 9870: 9856: 9855: 9853: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9816: 9814: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9775: 9773: 9759: 9758: 9756: 9755: 9749: 9747: 9733: 9732: 9730: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9633: 9631: 9617: 9616: 9614: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9597: 9595: 9581: 9580: 9578: 9577: 9572: 9566: 9564: 9550: 9549: 9547: 9546: 9540: 9538: 9524: 9523: 9521: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9324: 9322: 9308: 9307: 9305: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9288: 9286: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9252: 9250: 9236: 9235: 9233: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9216: 9214: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9180: 9178: 9164: 9163: 9161: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9144: 9142: 9128: 9127: 9125: 9124: 9118: 9116: 9102: 9101: 9099: 9098: 9092: 9090: 9076: 9075: 9073: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9051: 9049: 9035: 9034: 9032: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9015: 9013: 8999: 8998: 8996: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8964: 8962: 8948: 8947: 8945: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8928: 8926: 8912: 8911: 8909: 8908: 8902: 8900: 8886: 8885: 8883: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8845:Moi University 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8791: 8789: 8775: 8774: 8772: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8620: 8618: 8604: 8603: 8601: 8600: 8594: 8592: 8578: 8577: 8575: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8528: 8526: 8512: 8511: 8509: 8508: 8502: 8500: 8486: 8485: 8483: 8482: 8476: 8474: 8460: 8459: 8457: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8345: 8343: 8329: 8328: 8326: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8304: 8302: 8286: 8285: 8283: 8282: 8277: 8271: 8269: 8255: 8254: 8252: 8251: 8245: 8243: 8229: 8228: 8226: 8225: 8219: 8217: 8203: 8202: 8200: 8199: 8194: 8188: 8186: 8172: 8171: 8169: 8168: 8162: 8160: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8106: 8104: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8086: 8080: 8078: 8064: 8063: 8061: 8060: 8055: 8049: 8047: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8003: 8001: 7987: 7986: 7984: 7983: 7977: 7975: 7961: 7960: 7958: 7957: 7951: 7949: 7935: 7934: 7927: 7925: 7923: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7896: 7894: 7880: 7879: 7872: 7871: 7864: 7857: 7849: 7840: 7839: 7837: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7772: 7770: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7762: 7757: 7755:Assunna Mosque 7752: 7750:Al-Quds Mosque 7747: 7742: 7736: 7734: 7730: 7729: 7727: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7700: 7698: 7694: 7693: 7691: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7678:Moulina Mosque 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7648:Ahl Fas Mosque 7644: 7642: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7634: 7632:Er-Roua Mosque 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7608: 7606: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7551:Barrima Mosque 7548: 7542: 7540: 7536: 7535: 7522: 7520: 7518: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7465:El-Oued Mosque 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7401: 7399: 7395: 7394: 7387: 7386: 7379: 7372: 7364: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7351: 7344: 7342: 7338: 7337: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7289: 7287: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7279: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7245: 7243: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7235: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7190:Bab Bou Jeloud 7187: 7181: 7179: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7169: 7167:Kasbah Tamdert 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7133: 7131: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7105: 7103: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7079: 7077: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7038: 7036: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6977: 6975: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6967: 6965:Museum of Arms 6962: 6957: 6951: 6949: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6900: 6898: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6878:Sahrij Madrasa 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6844: 6842: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6823: 6821: 6817: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6778: 6776: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6768: 6763: 6761:El-Oued Mosque 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6712: 6710: 6703: 6696: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6686: 6680: 6678: 6674: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6666: 6661: 6655: 6653: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6629: 6627: 6620: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6591: 6589: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6581: 6576: 6570: 6568: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6560: 6555: 6549: 6547: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6537: 6532: 6531:Ville Nouvelle 6529: 6524: 6518: 6516: 6512: 6511: 6504: 6503: 6496: 6489: 6481: 6475: 6474: 6438: 6432: 6426: 6420: 6414: 6406: 6405:External links 6403: 6402: 6401: 6394: 6387: 6368: 6365: 6362: 6361: 6336: 6311: 6296: 6289: 6267:van Donzel, E. 6263:Bosworth, C.E. 6245: 6205: 6190: 6165: 6158: 6136: 6129: 6123:. Penguin UK. 6104: 6078: 6067:(3): 286–288. 6047: 6037: 6024: 5986: 5967:(2): 165–186. 5947: 5935:10.2307/604423 5910: 5880: 5785:par excellence 5752: 5731: 5716: 5698: 5674: 5654:Vauchez, André 5646: 5632: 5618: 5608:"Universities" 5596: 5572: 5565: 5553:Esposito, John 5544: 5531: 5510: 5485: 5460: 5419: 5400:(2): 129–133. 5384: 5373:(2): 106–110. 5357: 5346: 5325: 5300: 5275: 5264:. 1 March 2016 5249: 5242: 5222: 5204:Lewis, Danny. 5193: 5156: 5131: 5105: 5079: 5072: 5048: 5041: 5016: 5009: 4986: 4952: 4937: 4922: 4907: 4895:www.i24news.tv 4882: 4857: 4848:Ars Orientalis 4838: 4798: 4791: 4756: 4749: 4708: 4697:(2): 104–112. 4681: 4656: 4629:(2): 224–272. 4613: 4583: 4576: 4550: 4529: 4510: 4483: 4469: 4444: 4437: 4416: 4405: 4399:. Penguin UK. 4385: 4360: 4345: 4320: 4294: 4265:(9): 973–979. 4242: 4220: 4195: 4158: 4151: 4120: 4098: 4078: 4058: 4040: 4025: 4018: 3969: 3962: 3942: 3913: 3904:|journal= 3871: 3827: 3802: 3787: 3780: 3762: 3724: 3704: 3697: 3674: 3655:(3): 171–188. 3632: 3617: 3573: 3547: 3540: 3511: 3493:Meri, Josef W. 3485: 3478: 3453: 3423: 3396:(3): 470–484. 3375: 3355: 3326: 3301: 3276:, such as the 3235: 3206: 3156: 3134:(3): 286–288. 3114: 3077: 3069:, p. 70: 3045: 2895: 2864: 2853: 2824: 2743: 2676: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2666: 2649: 2640: 2622: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2567:Morocco portal 2554: 2551: 2550: 2549: 2532: 2522: 2516: 2513:Allal al-Fassi 2510: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2474: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2431: 2416: 2415:Notable alumni 2413: 2388:Abdelhadi Tazi 2361:Rawd al-Qirtas 2352:Rawd al-Qirtas 2267:Western Europe 2209: 2206: 2166: 2165: 2156: 2155: 2147: 2146: 2145: 2144: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2117:Jama' al-Gnaiz 2104: 2101:Jama' al-Gnaiz 2097: 2072: 2065: 2064: 2060: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2050: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2007:-era pavilions 1990: 1987: 1823: 1820: 1782:Bab al-Maqsura 1766:Bab Sbitriyyin 1746:Bab Sbitriyyin 1722: 1715: 1714: 1706: 1699: 1698: 1697: 1696: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1673:'Alawi dynasty 1650:Court of Lions 1622: 1619: 1598: 1597: 1588: 1581: 1579: 1572: 1565: 1563: 1556: 1549: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1516: 1514: 1505: 1498: 1435: 1432: 1387:Rawd al-Qirtas 1377: 1374: 1366:funerary rites 1362:Jama' al-Gnaiz 1278: 1275: 1198:Henri Terrasse 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1141: 1138: 1090: 1087: 1066:Abdelhadi Tazi 948: 945: 898: 895: 883:Jacobus Golius 809:medical degree 712:in al-Andalus/ 670:Abu Inan Faris 561: 558: 510:Abdelhadi Tazi 486:Rawd al-Qirtas 470: 467: 397:Rawd al-Qirtas 383: 380: 362: 359: 284: 281: 180:جامعة القرويين 166: 165: 157: 156: 147: 143: 142: 139: 133: 132: 127: 123: 122: 119: 115: 114: 109: 105: 104: 99: 93: 91: 87: 86: 81: 77: 76: 65: 61: 60: 54: 46: 45: 41:جامعة القرويين 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10148: 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5951: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5917: 5915: 5907: 5905: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5884: 5877: 5875: 5871: 5866: 5864: 5863:technological 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5775: 5774:0-521-36105-2 5771: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5760:Rüegg, Walter 5756: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5735: 5727: 5720: 5713: 5712: 5705: 5703: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5678: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5650: 5643: 5642: 5636: 5629: 5628: 5622: 5615: 5614: 5609: 5605: 5600: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5576: 5568: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5548: 5541: 5535: 5528: 5524: 5523: 5517: 5515: 5499: 5495: 5489: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5456: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5423: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5388: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5361: 5354: 5349: 5343: 5339: 5332: 5330: 5314: 5313:en.unesco.org 5310: 5304: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5263: 5262:ideas.ted.com 5259: 5253: 5245: 5239: 5235: 5234: 5226: 5211: 5207: 5200: 5198: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5163: 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4286: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4249: 4247: 4239:(3): 679–683. 4238: 4234: 4227: 4225: 4209: 4205: 4199: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4154: 4148: 4144: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4116: 4112: 4105: 4103: 4094: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4074: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4054: 4047: 4045: 4036: 4029: 4021: 4019:2-7233-0159-1 4015: 4011: 4010: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3965: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3947: 3930: 3929:Inside Arabia 3926: 3920: 3918: 3909: 3896: 3885: 3878: 3876: 3867: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3816: 3812: 3806: 3798: 3791: 3783: 3777: 3773: 3766: 3759:(3): 286–288. 3758: 3754: 3750: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3720: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3700: 3698:9789004161658 3694: 3690: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3628: 3621: 3613: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3569: 3568: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3543: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3481: 3479:0-521-33767-4 3475: 3471: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3371: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3343: 3339: 3333: 3331: 3315: 3311: 3305: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3218: 3217: 3210: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3163: 3161: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3121: 3119: 3111: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3074: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3041: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2878: 2871: 2869: 2861: 2856: 2850: 2846: 2845: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2677: 2663: 2659: 2658:Bab al-Gna'iz 2653: 2644: 2637: 2626: 2619: 2605: 2601: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2557: 2545: 2540: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527:(1910–1993), 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505:(1882–1963), 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2479:(1727–1780), 2478: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2450:Leo Africanus 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436:(1165–1240), 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2421:Mediterranean 2411: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2395: 2394:states that: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2379: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2353: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2316:Islamic Spain 2313: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2300:modernization 2297: 2296:Islamic world 2293: 2288: 2284: 2281:. The modern 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2253: 2248: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2237: 2232: 2231:Western world 2228: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2205: 2203: 2202:Aziza Chaouni 2198: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2182: 2170:قاعة المطالعة 2160: 2151: 2137: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2115:axis, is the 2114: 2110: 2102: 2096: 2094: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2069: 2057: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2031: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2019: 2014: 2006: 2002: 2001: 1995: 1986: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1835: 1834: 1828: 1819: 1817: 1807: 1806: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1762:Bab al-Gna'iz 1759: 1755: 1751: 1750:Bab al-Gna'iz 1747: 1743: 1738: 1726: 1725:Bab al-Gna'iz 1719: 1710: 1709:Bab al-Gna'iz 1703: 1684: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1632: 1627: 1618: 1616: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1594: 1593: 1585: 1580: 1576: 1569: 1564: 1560: 1553: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1520: 1515: 1511: 1510: 1502: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1453: 1448: 1447: 1442: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1393: 1389: 1388: 1383: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1305: 1304: 1298: 1294: 1292: 1291:Mellah of Fez 1288: 1284: 1283:Ali ibn Yusuf 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1263: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1221: 1219: 1218: 1213: 1212: 1207: 1206:square meters 1203: 1199: 1190: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1146: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1095: 1086: 1084: 1079: 1077: 1071:جامع القرويين 1067: 1063: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 987: 985: 981: 980: 975: 971: 965: 963: 953: 944: 942: 937: 933: 930: 929:Abd al-Rahman 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 909: 904: 894: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 867:Ibn al-Khatib 864: 861:(d.1166 AD), 860: 856: 855:Leo Africanus 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 819: 810: 805: 801: 799: 795: 794: 789: 785: 782: 778: 777: 772: 771: 766: 762: 758: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 734: 729: 725: 721: 720: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 666: 664: 660: 656: 652: 643: 638: 634: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 595: 590: 581: 577: 576: 571: 566: 557: 555: 554: 549: 548:Friday mosque 545: 541: 537: 536: 531: 527: 522: 520: 516: 511: 507: 506: 500: 496: 492: 488: 487: 481: 477: 469:Early history 466: 464: 460: 456: 452: 451: 446: 438: 434: 433: 428: 422: 420: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 398: 393: 389: 376: 372: 367: 358: 356: 352: 348: 344: 343:anglicization 341:, a standard 340: 339:al-Qarawiyyin 336: 332: 328: 323: 312: 308: 304: 303: 298: 294: 290: 280: 278: 274: 271: 270: 265: 260: 258: 254: 253: 248: 244: 240: 235: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 192: 186: 177: 173: 163: 158: 154: 148: 144: 140: 138: 134: 131: 128: 124: 120: 116: 113: 110: 106: 102: 96: 92: 88: 82: 78: 74: 69: 66: 62: 58: 52: 47: 36: 30: 19: 9629:South Africa 9562:Sierra Leone 9193: 8300:of the Congo 8045:Burkina Faso 7769:Other cities 7658:Hassan Tower 7495:R'cif Mosque 7460:Diwan Mosque 7429: 7293:Borj Neffara 7273: 7229: 7057:Funduq Sagha 7047:Funduq Barka 7021:Jamai Palace 7006:Dar Belghazi 7001:Dar el-Beida 6955:Batha Museum 6766:R'cif Mosque 6756:Diwan Mosque 6715: 6652:Sport venues 6638:Wydad de Fès 6594: 6515:Subdivisions 6508:Fez, Morocco 6397: 6390: 6382: 6374: 6352:. 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Retrieved 3313: 3304: 3278:Roman Empire 3264: 3251: 3221: 3214: 3209: 3200: 3172: 3168: 3151: 3131: 3127: 3108: 3093: 3071: 3058: 3039: 2890: 2875: 2858: 2843: 2773:al-qarawiyin 2772: 2771: 2758: 2730: 2657: 2652: 2643: 2631:القَيْرَوَان 2625: 2604: 2418: 2397: 2376: 2373:Zahrat al-As 2372: 2360: 2357:Zahrat al-As 2356: 2350: 2348: 2343: 2324: 2308: 2286: 2258: 2256: 2244: 2234: 2217: 2192: 2189:al-Ahmadiyya 2188: 2186: 2180: 2178: 2133: 2128: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2106: 2100: 2090: 2079: 2032: 2026: 2022: 2016: 2012: 2010: 1998: 1983: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1952: 1930: 1914: 1906: 1904: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1880: 1874: 1866: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1839: 1831: 1815: 1805:Borj Neffara 1803: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1791:Adjacent to 1790: 1781: 1778:Bab Chemaine 1777: 1773: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1733: 1724: 1708: 1681: 1676: 1670: 1665: 1656:palaces (in 1635: 1611: 1607:Abu al-Hasan 1599: 1590: 1574: 1558: 1542: 1534: 1530: 1528: 1507: 1506:View of the 1482: 1474: 1468: 1465:Zahrat al-As 1464: 1461:water clocks 1450: 1444: 1437: 1412: 1397: 1391: 1385: 1379: 1369: 1361: 1355: 1344: 1339: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1301: 1280: 1270: 1260: 1250: 1222: 1215: 1209: 1201: 1195: 1166: 1151: 1133: 1126: 1118:Central Asia 1106: 1080: 1075: 1059: 1027:royal decree 1023: 1000:R'cif mosque 996:Berber Dahir 991: 988: 977: 973: 969: 966: 958: 938: 934: 906: 900: 863:Ibn al-Arabi 816: 814: 797: 791: 774: 768: 764: 756: 753: 749: 731: 717: 667: 647: 592: 585: 573: 551: 533: 523: 503: 495:Zahrat al-As 494: 484: 472: 450:Dhu al-Qadah 448: 441:"هذا المسجد" 430: 427:Kufic script 423: 395: 385: 355:Al-Karaouine 354: 349:, following 346: 338: 335:romanization 300: 286: 267: 261: 250: 236: 204:Fez, Morocco 199: 196:Al-Karaouine 195: 171: 169: 29: 9745:South Sudan 7215:Bab Mahrouk 7185:Bab al-Amer 7152:Dar Dbibegh 6775:Fes el-Jdid 6709:Fes el-Bali 6659:Fez Stadium 6527:Fes el-Jdid 6522:Fes el-Bali 6465: / 6281:E. J. BRILL 6259:Bearman, P. 5870:Universitas 5594:, p. 5 5186:14 December 5144:arab.com.ua 4875:21 February 3267:Middle Ages 2542: [ 2444:Ibn Khaldun 2440:philosopher 2365:Ibn Abi Zar 2336:al-Zaytouna 2191:behind the 2121:Chrabliyine 2023:Bab al-Ward 1822:Prayer hall 1811:برج النفارة 1797:Bab al-Hafa 1793:Bab al-Ward 1758:Bab al-Ward 1742:Bab al-Ward 1589:The wooden 1575:Bab al-Ward 1559:Bab al-Ward 1543:Bab al-Ward 1271:Bab al-Ward 1253:al-Muzaffar 1102: 1953 1039:Islamic law 1008:Fes el-Bali 887:orientalist 869:(d. 1374), 841:(d. 1336), 837:(d. 1321), 831:Renaissance 829:during the 761:Ibn Khaldun 682:Middle East 655:al-Attarine 615:mathematics 570:water clock 542:(today the 491:Ibn Abi Zar 402:Ibn Abi Zar 371:Fes el-Bali 277:West Africa 80:Established 10075:Categories 9868:The Gambia 9212:Mozambique 9114:Mauritania 9011:Madagascar 8158:Cape Verde 7733:Casablanca 7210:Bab Guissa 7195:Bab Chorfa 7137:City walls 7011:Dar Glaoui 6986:Dar Adiyel 6820:Synagogues 5904:university 5843:humanities 5835:philosophy 5821:, and the 5815:licentiate 5098:10 January 4854:: 135–147. 4338:24 January 4111:MELA Notes 3229:university 3175:(3): 343. 2672:References 2614:pronounced 2428:Maimonides 2408:Muhammad V 2402:under the 2369:Al-Jazna'i 2287:university 2259:university 2252:pre-modern 2212:See also: 2197:Mohammed V 1965:wall. 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Brill. 3669:161308864 3418:147461138 3410:1362-9387 3282:Byzantium 3197:144718475 3189:0013-1911 3140:0271-3519 2814:Marrakech 2794:graduates 2664:in Paris. 2434:Ibn Arabi 1989:Courtyard 1976:arabesque 1707:Doors of 1615:Abu Salim 1603:Gibraltar 1479:Abu Sa'id 1441:whitewash 1404:ablutions 1351:marquetry 1257:al-Mansur 1163:hypostyle 1083:Hassan II 1053:and near 1043:Marrakech 1035:faculties 972:with the 960:(Arab or 911:(Quranic 784:parchment 746:Ibn Rushd 738:Ibn Ishaq 728:parchment 631:chemistry 623:geography 619:astronomy 572:from the 185:romanized 10007:Zimbabwe 9812:Tanzania 8524:Ethiopia 8498:Eswatini 8102:Cameroon 7999:Botswana 7824:Category 7147:Borj Sud 6841:Madrasas 6553:Timeline 6413:(French) 6354:9 August 6273:(eds.). 6234:cite web 6224:9 August 6073:41859050 5855:theology 5851:medicine 5781:European 5660:(eds.): 5555:(2003). 5414:24290618 5149:16 March 4412:elusive. 4313:9 August 4281:32608301 4117:: 15–88. 3799:. 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