1122:
1052:
646:
2000 and 2009, the number of available openings in public universities rose 60 percent. During this same period, the number of available openings in private sector institutions rose 185 percent (see INEP, 2000 and 2009). In 2009, there were 2,069 private Higher
Education institutions compared to 1,004 private institutions in 2000 (see INEP, 2000 and 2009). The 15 largest companies in 2009 that ran private universities represented 27 percent of the total market, with yearly profits above 21 percent; and the country's private education sector became the tenth largest sector in the Brazilian economy, accounting for R$ 25 billion per year.
842:
1288:
1094:
1066:
59:
American colonies as early as the 17th century. Examples were the most important Jesuit colleges in
Portuguese colonial Brazil, particularly those located in the cities of Salvador and Rio de Janeiro, which - despite not being designated "universities" - offered liberal arts courses in Latin, Greek, philosophy and theology (likewise the Spanish American universities). Upon graduating, students had the option of either becoming priests or continuing their studies in Europe, usually at the University of Coimbra in
1164:
153:, allowed public funds to be allocated to private, community, religious, or philanthropic schools for their support on meeting the rights to education. This constitutional doctrine was an important turning point in the growth of Brazil's private Higher Education sector, one that is financed through private investors and public institutions. In support of this educational movement, the federal government established a new policy in 1996 to liberalize the Higher Education sector, known as the
1038:
1010:
786:
856:
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884:
954:
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912:
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introduced some night-only courses in combination with day-courses. Although public universities offer the best quality education and conduct research, there are continuous complaints from these institutions about being underfunded. Private universities tend to be smaller when compared to public universities, but often have more modern infrastructures and amenities (e.g., buildings and campuses).
1024:
982:
661:
meet, and is seen as an important player in helping Brazil move toward its policy goal of dramatically increasing higher education participation rates. The proportion of
Brazilian 18- to 24-year-olds enrolled in higher education (the country's net enrollment rate) is only in the teens, while the gross enrollment rate, which takes into account students of all ages, stands at around 30 percent.
968:
870:
814:
940:
898:
1136:
996:
926:
772:
157:. Under this reformed system, Higher Education institutions could begin functioning as for-profit entities. Private Higher Education institutions had existed since the 1600s, but most were affiliated with the Catholic Church or were non-profit in nature. This new policy paved the way for private enterprises to begin offering Higher Education degrees on a mass scale.
220:
courses in integrated faculties (see INEP, 2009). Most federal and state institutions are universities and tuition is free, while municipal governments tend to run smaller institutes, sometimes charging tuition. Private higher education institutions primarily fall within the latter two categories and charge wide-ranging fees, based on the degree programs offered.
564:(usually the candidate can choose between English, Spanish or French). Since public universities are free of charge and there are a limited number of open slots, there is high competition with the Vestibular. There are nearly 10 candidates for every place in public universities; in private universities the ratio is less than two-to-one (see INEP, 2000 - 2009).
736:
SENAC) receives 80% of its revenue through levy-based funds. SENAI (Serviço
Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial), the Brazilian industrial training scheme, has failed to increase participation rates, as has happened for other revenue-generating schemes, probably because it does not offer any incentives to employers to provide additional training.
552:, which usually lasts between 1 and 5 days and takes place once a year. Some universities may run Vestibular twice a year. Offering more frequent exams is popular among private universities, while public universities usually run the Vestibular only once a year (in November, December, or January). The Vestibular can be compared to the
522:. Brazilian and U.S. Master's and Doctoral degrees are roughly equivalent. Technology degrees of 3 year of length could be also compared to undergraduate technology courses or with 3 year bachelor's degree, depending on the field of study. Technologist degrees allows the undergraduate to pursue Master's and Doctoral courses.
94:(1808) and the Royal Military Academy (1810). Two medical schools were also established, these being the medical-chirurgical academies of Salvador (1808) and of Rio de Janeiro (1809). In addition, other technical courses in the fields of botany, chemistry, geology, mineralogy, and economy were created.
735:
for training in countries where there is a persistent shortage of funding available to promote skills development. They can also greatly reduce the cost to governments of training provision. For example, in Brazil a major body providing commercial training (Serviço
Nacional de Aprendizagem Comercial,
660:
Brazil’s for-profit colleges enroll about a third of all students in higher education. The for-profit sector, which predominantly enrolls students in social science, business, law, education and health care-related fields, absorbs demand that the public higher education system lacks the capacity to
645:
The 1996 law "Foundations and
Guidelines for National Education" (lei 9.394) opened the doors for many private universities to begin offering degrees on a mass scale. As a result, growth within the private Higher Education sector has provided more opportunities for students country-wide. Between
563:
Universities offer a limited number of places, and the best qualified candidates are selected for entrance. The vestibular includes many subjects offered in high school such as: Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, History, Geography, Literature, Portuguese language, and a foreign language
58:
and so, never created schools with that designation in Brazil. Nevertheless, they created several higher and secondary learning schools which provided a level of education comparable or even above that of the institutions denominated "universities" established in some of the neighboring
Spanish
219:
In 2009, the federal government was overseeing 94 higher education institutions with centralized control (spanning all three categories); state governments were managing 84 higher education institutions; and municipal governments ran 67 higher education institutions, mainly providing technical
641:
is fierce. Public universities usually run courses all-day, while private for-profit universities offer a mix of all-day long and night-only courses. The latter is increasingly popular for working adults to complete Higher
Education degrees in Brazil. Recently, some public universities have
628:
Exams are conducted by the professors and are decentralized: every professor is responsible for scheduling, applying, and scoring exams. In contrast to other countries, there is no equivalent in Brazil of centralized university departments that are in charge of scheduling and grading exams.
366:): this takes 1 to 2 years of full time studies to complete. Often, a Master’s degree serves as an additional qualification for those in the job market, or for those who want to pursue a PhD. A stricto sensu master's degree in management is the equivalent of a full time MBA in North America.
132:
Higher
Education institutions expanded throughout the twentieth century in Brazil. However, many of the students who had access to Higher Education came from wealthier backgrounds. In 1912, the first Brazilian institution designated "university" is created, this being the
758:
SENAI, SENAC and SENAT all impose a 1% payroll levy on all industrial enterprises, while SENAI charges an additional 0.5% for companies with more than 500 employees. SENAR applies a 2.5% tax on the sale of agricultural goods, while SEBRAE imposes a 0.3% levy across all
475:. The Brazilian "Bachelor’s degree" takes 3 to 6 years to complete, which usually includes a written monograph or a final project; a European "Bachelor’s degree" can be completed in 3 years, after which many enroll in a 1 or 2-year-long "Master's degree" in the
417:), the livre-docência plays an important role for a career in the academia. Although, it has become rarer and almost unused outside São Paulo, as most federal universities don't require it anymore in order to apply for professor, with the exception of UNIFESP.
434:
in Brazil. The regulating bodies of the
Ministry of Education and associated legislation counts the hours of instruction. A full-time year of higher education usually takes between 800 and 1,200 contact hours in Brazil, which would be equivalent to 50-80
670:
Brazil presents some niches of excellence in higher education, both public and private. Some of those niches, in spite of being recognized nationwide, are not recognized as universities and often do not appear on official universities rankings.
3935:
78:
founded the "aulas-régias" (Royal public schools). In 1792, the Royal Academy of Artillery, Fortification and Drawing was founded in Rio de Janeiro, thereby becoming the first higher learning school of engineering in the Americas.
148:
emerged in 1988. It came to be known as the “Citizen Constitution” (Constituição Cidadã), promoting the right to work, the right to a decent wage, the right to social security, and the right to education. Furthermore, the new
176:(URAP) ranked USP 28th in the world, and in the Times Higher Education report, "Top Universities by Reputation 2012", ranked USP among the top 70 universities in the world. In the 2012 QS World University Rankings, under
700:
Training levies create a means for under-educated members of society to continue to train and build up their human capital. This is relevant for the informal sector, which tends to employ workers with low levels of
619:
Usually, the lowest passing grade in Brazil represents a 5 (5 out of 10 / 50% / "E"), but some universities adopt a 7 or 70% as the minimum passing grade. Universities are free to choose their own grading system.
299:. In private higher education institutions, however, the course fees and degree programs vary in price significantly. Although lower cost courses are available, fees for some degree avenues are very expensive.
284:): varies between 2 and 3 years of full-time studies to complete. This degree takes a shorter time period to obtain, with specific professional courses aimed at providing highly specialized knowledge (e.g.,
400:
and the level of scholarship has to be considered higher than a PhD. The livre-docência requires the candidate to write a professional thesis, based on independent scholarship. In the state universities of
3680:
90:, other schools of higher learning were founded in Brazil, although continuing to not formally be called "universities". These including those specialized in civil and military engineering such as the
917:
1237:
1899:
728:
is the revenue-generating scheme, which base their funding on a fixed-rate levy per working hour or per employee. The revenue is generally earmarked for regional or sectoral training programmes.
494:
would correspond to the Brazilian master's degree, which usually takes 1 to 2 years to complete and a "lato sensu postgraduate" degree, which requires the minimum of 360 hours of instruction.
274:): varies between 3 and 4 years to complete. Enables individuals to act as elementary or secondary school teachers in a certain area (e.g., licensed teacher of Math, English, Biology, etc.).
3687:
1216:
2242:
3666:
3673:
1509:
3699:
3496:
1810:
1264:
2289:
1426:
209:
are multi-course institutions that are not required to carry out research, but with autonomy to open new courses without seeking permission from the Ministry of Education.
2570:
739:
There are currently five training funds in Brazil, funded via the revenue-generating method, although there are some differences among them. Such training funds include:
1416:
Ranieri, N. B. 2010. States and the Right to Education in the 1988 Constitution: Comments on Federal Supreme Court Jurisprudence. Projeto Direito Educação Inglês, 37-56.
17:
2387:
2257:
3707:
1342:(Springer, 2015) ch 5 on "Demand and Supply for Higher Education in Brazil"; ch 14 on "Higher Education Policies in Brazil: A Case of Failure in Market Regulation."
39:
2005:
1232:
2107:
1983:
3824:
2943:
1562:
3034:
2630:
215:
are smaller institutions with little autonomy and must obtain approval from the Ministry of Education when opening new courses, certificates, or degrees.
30:
adopts a mixed system of public and privately funded universities. Public universities can be federally funded or financed by State governments (such as
2893:
2860:
479:. When comparing the former European national systems to the Brazilian system, the Brazilian "Bachelor’s degree" would be equivalent to the old German
2490:
2898:
2083:
2034:
1803:
1449:
McCowan, T. 2004. The growth of private higher education in Brazil: implications for equity and quality. Journal of Education Policy, 19(4), 452-472.
2815:
2056:
2625:
2095:
2039:
160:
Nowadays, the Brazilian university system reflects world standards, and some of Brazil's universities appear among the 200 best in the world. The
2615:
390:): this is not an academic title; it usually denotes excellency in a field of knowledge acquired through supervised research after a doctorate.
2635:
1700:
144:(1964 – 1985) and the re-democratization of the country. As part of Brazil's negotiated transition from authoritarianism to democracy, a new
2505:
1029:
1796:
1015:
682:(IME) (the Army's equivalent); both of those institutes belonging to the Engineering/STEM fields, or yet a Management/Economics institute:
1782:"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, or "CNPq")"
688:
3481:
2903:
2463:
1968:
1227:
777:
678:(ITA), a college sponsored by the Brazilian military, with graduates who are often employed within the Brazilian Aerospace Industry; the
2620:
1867:
1331:
Schwartzman, Simon. "Higher education, the academic profession, and economic development in Brazil." in Philip G. Altbach, et al. eds.
2605:
2078:
1121:
173:
87:
2610:
1973:
1729:
819:
2535:
2199:
2090:
1513:
1141:
675:
649:
There are currently more than 2,600 public and private universities distributed throughout Brazil, a number that is growing quickly.
323:
postgraduate" degree: this degree represents a specialization in a certain area, and takes approximately 1 to 2 years to complete. A
203:
are institutions that conduct research and community outreach, with at least one third of the teaching staff with PhD qualifications.
2878:
2500:
1619:
724:
development. They include: revenue-generating schemes, levy-subsidy schemes, and levy-exemption schemes. The type of system used in
3817:
2908:
1926:
1534:
1675:
1196:
2990:
2955:
2715:
2102:
1819:
1484:
1249:
2785:
1906:
1433:
140:
An important development that affected Brazil's Higher Education landscape transpired after the collapse of the twenty one year
3185:
3140:
2585:
2540:
2358:
2296:
2051:
1827:
1596:
1254:
109:(1827). Many of those institutions served as nuclei that subsequently developed into modern Brazilian universities, i.e., the
2725:
1317:
Mainardes, Emerson Wagner, et al. "Marketing in higher education: A comparative analysis of the Brazil and Portuguese cases."
3506:
2740:
1931:
1655:
1459:
1363:
1051:
2545:
2370:
2010:
3175:
3064:
2348:
2327:
2144:
2068:
2022:
2000:
1872:
1127:
122:
2695:
2660:
2426:
2382:
3958:
3810:
3283:
2730:
2399:
2308:
2301:
2279:
2149:
1877:
2775:
2166:
1978:
1183:
2770:
2475:
1953:
1938:
1113:
1001:
177:
2805:
2650:
2446:
2156:
3925:
2795:
2735:
2600:
2409:
2252:
2127:
1921:
1155:
692:
magazine ranked the OneMBA program offered by FGV as the 1st Executive MBA in Brazil (for the third year in a row).
410:
35:
2700:
2313:
2134:
1916:
573:
3367:
3125:
2441:
2247:
2122:
2046:
1963:
1211:
118:
114:
2237:
2017:
1948:
1766:"National Institute for Research in Education (Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais, or "INEP")"
1324:
Pedrosa, Renato HL, Eliana Amaral, and Marcello Knobel. "Assessing higher education learning outcomes in Brazil."
1275:
252:): varies between 3 and 6 years to complete. Enables individuals to act as professionals in a certain area (e.g.,
234:
3963:
3059:
2931:
2710:
2690:
2675:
2480:
2458:
2274:
2194:
2178:
1407:
Rizzini, I. 2011. The Promise of Citizenship for Brazilian Children: What Has Changed? ANNALS, AAPSS, 633, 66-79.
1394:
679:
2840:
2820:
2590:
2029:
1988:
959:
841:
683:
134:
3534:
3118:
2665:
2353:
1857:
1259:
577:). ENEM and the Vestibular co-exist in some universities, whereas in others ENEM has replaced the Vestibular.
448:
436:
414:
3647:
2555:
2436:
2269:
2063:
1911:
1889:
1852:
3734:
3729:
3642:
3324:
3019:
2913:
2855:
2790:
2750:
2685:
2655:
2404:
2173:
2139:
2117:
2073:
1943:
1847:
1169:
169:
141:
2835:
2515:
1995:
1099:
889:
3594:
3382:
3231:
3024:
2560:
2495:
2431:
2394:
1958:
1894:
185:
2850:
2565:
2264:
1575:
Banco Santander. 2009. Entrando no Jogo da Escala; Apresentando Preços-Alvos para 2010. São Pualo, Brazil.
1043:
406:
3471:
3278:
3251:
3241:
3226:
3145:
2983:
2883:
2670:
2645:
2112:
1862:
1085:
1071:
327:
degree is not a door opener for the later pursuit of a doctoral degree. If one is interested in a PhD, a
110:
2705:
2421:
945:
3930:
3589:
3419:
3334:
3319:
2640:
2468:
2225:
1842:
1206:
2510:
2485:
1774:"Graduate Coordination Body (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, or "CAPES")"
1270:
1093:
875:
161:
126:
31:
3660:
3614:
3604:
3344:
3268:
3155:
3135:
3054:
2830:
2338:
2220:
2161:
987:
2377:
2365:
1884:
1340:
Higher education in the BRICS countries: Investigating the pact between higher education and society
531:
3839:
3405:
3165:
3101:
3044:
2760:
2720:
2453:
2230:
637:
Public universities usually offer the best quality education, and therefore competition during the
546:
In order to enter a university in Brazil, candidates must undergo a public open examination called
352:
postgraduate" degree: this degree enables one to pursue an academic career. In chronological order:
2416:
1333:
The global future of higher education and the academic profession: the BRICs and the United States
1201:
592:
Scale grading system: ranges from 0 to 10 (0 represents the lowest and 10 represents that highest)
3712:
3491:
2845:
2780:
2745:
1065:
380:): this takes 3 to 4 years to complete, and is usually used as a step-stone for an academic life.
2680:
1287:
3902:
3847:
3501:
3451:
3329:
3273:
3236:
3216:
3211:
2976:
2343:
568:
181:
150:
145:
46:). Private schools can be for-profit or, in the case of Catholic universities, not-for-profit.
1607:
652:
Elizabeth Redden in June 2015 reports that Professor Dante J. Salto has argued in the journal
308:
3892:
3882:
3867:
3539:
3466:
3314:
3246:
3113:
2825:
2755:
2204:
383:
66:
After the expulsion of the Jesuits from Portugal in 1759, other religious orders such as the
55:
3897:
3872:
3852:
3624:
3569:
3441:
3436:
3091:
2550:
710:
464:
396:: this is the highest academic qualification in Brazil. The livre-docência is similar to a
245:
1346:
Neves, Clarissa Eckert Baeta (2017). "Higher Education Systems and Institutions, Brazil".
277:
43:
8:
3913:
3877:
3857:
3609:
3584:
3476:
3456:
3397:
3288:
3258:
3221:
3108:
3074:
1623:
1222:
515:
468:
267:
172:, USP was ranked 11th in the world. Other ranking systems show similar results: the 2012
83:
1163:
571:
also admit students according to their high school performance as assessed in the ENEM (
3862:
3724:
3652:
3634:
3599:
3549:
3431:
3377:
3349:
3199:
3180:
2888:
1369:
1037:
359:
1788:
1551:. Ministério da Educação - Conselho Nacional de Educação, Câmara de Educação Superior.
1488:
1009:
686:(FGV), a foundation/think tank that offers Management and Economics courses. In 2010,
3887:
3777:
3770:
3564:
3526:
3387:
3302:
3160:
3130:
3096:
3011:
3003:
1651:
1645:
1373:
1359:
1296:
785:
98:
3372:
1355:
463:
the European First Cycle would correspond to the Brazilian undergraduate degrees of
3559:
3554:
3461:
3354:
3339:
3039:
2575:
1351:
883:
855:
511:
472:
75:
3511:
1730:"Subsidies and levies as policy instruments to encourage employer-proved training"
3786:
3719:
3619:
3579:
3516:
3446:
3029:
2284:
1243:
953:
911:
638:
537:
498:
491:
476:
456:
369:
1149:
1107:
3359:
3170:
827:
706:
452:
1395:"Constitutional Origins, Structure, and Change in Federal Democracies: Brazil"
1177:
3952:
3802:
3791:
3544:
3263:
1079:
799:
595:
Stage grading system: usually uses letters ranging from A (best) to E (worst)
519:
431:
165:
97:
Shortly after independence from Portugal in 1822, under the reign of Emperor
1781:
897:
3086:
1292:
397:
285:
67:
3739:
925:
402:
102:
3574:
1023:
981:
967:
869:
717:
2765:
939:
3486:
3049:
1348:
Encyclopedia of International Higher Education Systems and Institutions
813:
557:
548:
487:, or the French "Magistère", "Mastère" or "Diplôme des Grandes Ecoles".
296:
71:
1238:
Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira
1135:
585:
There is a myriad of grading systems in Brazil. The most popular are:
3744:
1584:
995:
702:
313:
In Brazil, these degrees are known as second degree (pós-graduação):
261:
257:
771:
3150:
2810:
2800:
1620:"About | OneMBA - Executive MBA Program, Global Executive MBA"
1298:
Funding skills development: the private sector contribution
903:
295:
Degree programs in public universities are totally financed by the
60:
2968:
3749:
931:
752:
SEBRAE – a training scheme focused on servicing small businesses;
732:
480:
155:
Foundations and Guidelines for National Education law (lei 9.394)
510:
A Brazilian bachelor's degrees could be compared to a four-year
2999:
2595:
973:
725:
484:
253:
106:
91:
27:
74:
were charged with education in Brazil. At the same time, the
2580:
1676:"Industry Support for Training: An International Perspective"
1265:
National Council for Scientific and Technological Development
1246:(database for indexing Brazilian research and researcher CVs)
1217:
Coordenadoria de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
833:
791:
721:
196:
Higher education in Brazil is divided into three categories:
1548:
1338:
Schwartzman, Simon, Rómulo Pinheiro, and Pundy Pillay, eds.
1773:
1647:
Funding skills development: the private sector contribution
1057:
861:
847:
805:
541:
1765:
1758:"Ministry of Education (Ministério da Educação, or "MEC")"
54:
The Portuguese reserved the status of "university" to the
1900:
International Integration of the Afro-Brazilian Lusophony
553:
373:
332:
164:(USP), for example, is considered the best university in
1757:
1472:
1295:
work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken from
1818:
1727:
1602:; citing Dante J. Salto, "Brazil: A For-Profit Giant."
1312:
International Higher Education: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1
589:
Percentage point grading system: ranges from 0% to 100%
1319:
International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing
1233:
Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology
731:
Revenue-generating schemes are reliable in generating
501:
would be equivalent to the Brazilian Doctoral degree.
1240:(INEP, National Institute for Research in Education)
239:
In Brazil, these degrees are known as first degree:
213:
Integrated Faculties and Schools of Higher Education
188:
were ranked 228 and 333 in the world, respectively.
1485:"URAP - University Ranking by Academic Performance"
749:
SENAT – a fund specifically for transport training;
746:
SENAC – a training fund which is commerce-specific;
615:"E": < 50% or < 60% (Failing grade)
288:
technical degree, tourism management degree, etc.).
1350:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 1–11.
632:
2899:International Institute for Neuroscience of Natal
3950:
2894:Instituto Nacional de Matemática Pura e Aplicada
1595:Elizabeth Redden, "U.S. For-Profits in Brazil,"
447:There is no formal treaty between the Brazilian
235:Undergraduate education § Brazilian system
3832:
1549:"Resolução CES/CNE nº 2/2007 Resolução 4/2009"
3818:
2984:
1804:
1585:Universidades e Faculdades autorizadas no MEC
705:. They provide a useful tool in a context of
3937:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
1460:"QS Latin American University Rankings 2018"
1291: This article incorporates text from a
1698:
1673:
1228:Federal Centers for Technological Education
716:There are several types of scheme that use
599:Below is a summary of the grading systems:
18:Universities and Higher Education in Brazil
3825:
3811:
2991:
2977:
2951:
1811:
1797:
755:SENAR – a training scheme for rural areas.
174:University Ranking by Academic Performance
168:. In the 2012 SIR World Report from the
88:Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil
331:master's degree should be taken instead.
2909:National Institute of Amazonian Research
228:
1250:List of universities in Brazil by state
665:
459:. The following are rough comparisons:
14:
3951:
2904:Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron
2879:Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas
1643:
1326:Higher education management and policy
1255:List of federal universities of Brazil
3806:
2972:
1792:
1701:"A Review of National Training Funds"
1669:
1667:
1510:"Top Universities by Reputation 2012"
1345:
743:SENAI – the national training scheme;
695:
335:programs in Brazil are classified as
2939:
2200:Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica
1527:
1314:(Routledge, 2014), entry on "Brazil"
676:Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica
123:Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
3065:Sixth (New) Republic (1985–present)
2998:
1820:Brazilian universities and colleges
1734:OECD Education Working Paper No. 80
1473:SIR - SCImago Institutions Rankings
532:University admissions § Brazil
302:
101:, faculties of law were founded in
24:
1728:Muller, N.; Behringer, F. (2012).
1664:
1304:
178:Rankings of universities in Brazil
25:
3975:
3060:Military dictatorship (1964–1985)
1750:
1276:Undergraduate education in Brazil
580:
411:Universidade Estadual de Campinas
3045:First (Old) Republic (1889–1930)
2950:
2938:
2927:
2926:
1286:
1212:Brazilian science and technology
1176:
1162:
1148:
1134:
1120:
1106:
1092:
1078:
1064:
1050:
1036:
1022:
1008:
994:
980:
966:
952:
938:
924:
910:
896:
882:
868:
854:
840:
826:
812:
798:
784:
770:
505:
309:Graduate education § Brazil
119:Federal University of Ouro Preto
115:Federal University of Pernambuco
2195:Instituto Militar de Engenharia
2108:Health Sciences of Porto Alegre
1984:Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri
1721:
1692:
1637:
1612:
1589:
1578:
1569:
1555:
1541:
1356:10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_401-1
720:to raise resources for funding
680:Instituto Militar de Engenharia
633:Public and private universities
92:Royal Academy of the Midshipmen
1604:International Higher Education
1502:
1477:
1466:
1452:
1443:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1387:
1260:Ministry of Education (Brazil)
654:International Higher Education
574:Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio
425:
415:Universidade Estadual Paulista
82:Following the arrival of King
13:
1:
2096:Rural of the Semi-arid Region
1381:
1301:, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO.
525:
191:
170:SCImago Institutions Rankings
142:Brazilian military government
186:University of Rio de Janeiro
7:
3507:Water supply and sanitation
3055:Fourth Republic (1946–1964)
3030:Colonial Brazil (1500–1815)
2884:Instituto Benjamin Constant
1202:Bachelor's degree in Brazil
1190:
612:"D": 60%–69% (Satisfactory)
111:Federal University of Bahia
10:
3980:
3959:Higher education in Brazil
3833:Education in South America
3035:United Kingdom (1815–1822)
2035:Latin American Integration
1281:
1271:Graduate degrees in Brazil
1207:Brazil university rankings
763:
709:and the underprovision of
535:
529:
306:
232:
223:
49:
3911:
3838:
3764:
3633:
3525:
3427:
3418:
3396:
3310:
3301:
3289:President of the Republic
3207:
3198:
3082:
3073:
3010:
2922:
2869:
2526:
2326:
2213:
2187:
2006:Southern and Southeastern
1835:
1826:
1708:Washington DC, World Bank
1535:"Pos-graduacao no Brasil"
1427:"World Data on Education"
603:"A": 90%–100% (Excellent)
442:
407:Universidade de São Paulo
3212:Administrative divisions
1432:. Unesco. Archived from
1197:Academic ranks in Brazil
623:
606:"B": 80%–89% (Very good)
490:the Second Cycle in the
2084:State of Rio de Janeiro
1598:Inside Higher Education
684:Fundação Getúlio Vargas
674:Some examples include:
497:the Third Cycle in the
162:University of São Paulo
127:University of São Paulo
3964:Universities in Brazil
3368:Science and technology
3050:Vargas Era (1930–1946)
569:universities in Brazil
432:academic credit system
182:University of Campinas
151:Constitution of Brazil
146:Constitution of Brazil
536:Further information:
449:Ministry of Education
384:Postdoctoral research
229:Undergraduate degrees
56:University of Coimbra
3186:World Heritage Sites
3119:Environmental issues
3092:Brazilian Antarctica
2914:National Observatory
2057:São Francisco Valley
1699:Johanson, R (2009).
1674:Gasskov, V. (2002).
711:continuing education
666:Niches of excellence
430:There is no unified
135:University of Paraná
3735:Syncretic Religions
3643:Freedom of religion
3325:Automotive industry
2091:Rio Grande do Norte
1328:24.2 (2013): 55–71.
1223:Education in Brazil
609:"C": 70%–79% (Good)
516:Bachelor of Science
84:John VI of Portugal
3695:Eastern Orthodoxy
3688:Ukrainian Catholic
3383:Telecommunications
3040:Empire (1822–1889)
3025:Indigenous peoples
2889:Instituto Butantan
2506:São Caetano do Sul
2400:Mato Grosso do Sul
1927:Mato Grosso do Sul
1606:74 (2014): 21-22.
1321:9.1 (2012): 43–63.
696:Skills development
207:University centers
3946:
3945:
3918:other territories
3800:
3799:
3760:
3759:
3702:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3667:Armenian Catholic
3472:Income inequality
3414:
3413:
3297:
3296:
3284:Political parties
3279:National Congress
3242:Freedom of speech
3227:Foreign relations
3194:
3193:
2966:
2965:
2476:Rio Grande do Sul
2322:
2321:
2302:Sul-Rio-Grandense
2297:Rio Grande do Sul
2103:Rio Grande do Sul
2001:Rural of Amazonia
1974:Triângulo Mineiro
1657:978-92-3-100269-4
1397:. 15 August 2006.
1365:978-94-017-9553-1
1310:Altbach, Philip.
99:Peter I of Brazil
16:(Redirected from
3971:
3938:
3926:Falkland Islands
3840:Sovereign states
3827:
3820:
3813:
3804:
3803:
3780:
3773:
3698:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3590:National symbols
3425:
3424:
3363:
3335:Economic history
3320:Animal husbandry
3308:
3307:
3205:
3204:
3080:
3079:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2970:
2969:
2954:
2953:
2942:
2941:
2930:
2929:
2388:Região Tocantina
2349:Feira de Santana
1969:São João del-Rei
1833:
1832:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1776:(in Portuguese).
1769:
1768:(in Portuguese).
1761:
1760:(in Portuguese).
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1705:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1671:
1662:
1661:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1622:. Archived from
1616:
1610:
1593:
1587:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1537:(in Portuguese).
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1512:. Archived from
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1487:. Archived from
1481:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1431:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1377:
1290:
1180:
1166:
1152:
1138:
1124:
1110:
1096:
1082:
1068:
1054:
1040:
1026:
1012:
998:
984:
970:
956:
942:
928:
914:
900:
886:
872:
858:
844:
830:
816:
802:
788:
774:
512:Bachelor of Arts
405:, for instance (
303:Graduate degrees
76:Portuguese Crown
42:in the State of
21:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3936:
3919:
3917:
3907:
3834:
3831:
3801:
3796:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3756:
3629:
3615:Science fiction
3605:Public holidays
3521:
3482:Life expectancy
3410:
3392:
3361:
3293:
3269:Law enforcement
3190:
3176:Water resources
3156:Protected areas
3069:
3006:
2997:
2967:
2962:
2918:
2871:
2865:
2528:
2522:
2331:
2318:
2285:Carioca Arena 2
2209:
2183:
1932:Grande Dourados
1822:
1817:
1780:
1772:
1764:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1644:UNESCO (2018).
1642:
1638:
1629:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1494:
1492:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1467:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1366:
1307:
1305:Further reading
1284:
1244:Lattes Platform
1193:
1186:
1181:
1172:
1167:
1158:
1153:
1144:
1139:
1130:
1125:
1116:
1111:
1102:
1097:
1088:
1083:
1074:
1069:
1060:
1055:
1046:
1041:
1032:
1027:
1018:
1013:
1004:
999:
990:
985:
976:
971:
962:
957:
948:
943:
934:
929:
920:
915:
906:
901:
892:
887:
878:
873:
864:
859:
850:
845:
836:
831:
822:
817:
808:
803:
794:
789:
780:
775:
766:
698:
668:
635:
626:
583:
544:
538:Vestibular exam
534:
528:
508:
499:Bologna process
492:Bologna process
477:Bologna process
457:Bologna process
445:
428:
370:Doctoral degree
360:Master's degree
311:
305:
294:
237:
231:
226:
194:
52:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3977:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3933:
3928:
3922:
3920:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3844:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3807:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3782:
3781:
3774:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3406:Rail transport
3402:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3252:Women's rights
3249:
3244:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3141:Largest cities
3138:
3133:
3128:
3126:Extreme points
3123:
3122:
3121:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3102:Climate change
3094:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3008:
3007:
2996:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2973:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2948:
2936:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2483:
2481:Santa Catarina
2478:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2459:Rio de Janeiro
2456:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2371:Vale do Acaraú
2363:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2309:Santa Catarina
2306:
2305:
2304:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2280:Rio de Janeiro
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2223:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2145:Santa Catarina
2142:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2069:Rio de Janeiro
2066:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2023:Campina Grande
2015:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1907:Espírito Santo
1904:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1887:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1778:
1770:
1762:
1752:
1751:External links
1749:
1747:
1746:
1720:
1691:
1663:
1656:
1636:
1611:
1588:
1577:
1568:
1554:
1540:
1526:
1501:
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1465:
1451:
1442:
1439:on 2023-03-14.
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776:
769:
765:
762:
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747:
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707:market failure
697:
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664:
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634:
631:
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622:
617:
616:
613:
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607:
604:
597:
596:
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590:
582:
581:Grading System
579:
530:Main article:
527:
524:
518:(B.S.) in the
507:
504:
503:
502:
495:
488:
483:, the Italian
453:European Union
444:
441:
427:
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423:
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394:Livre-docência
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51:
48:
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6:
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3:
2:
3976:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3939:
3934:
3932:
3931:French Guiana
3929:
3927:
3924:
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3921:
3915:
3910:
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3899:
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3808:
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1626:on 2013-02-09
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1600:June 16, 2015
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718:payroll taxes
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350:Stricto sensu
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329:stricto sensu
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166:Ibero-America
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37:
33:
29:
19:
3914:Dependencies
3502:Unemployment
3452:Demographics
3330:Central Bank
3237:Human rights
3217:Constitution
3087:Amazon basin
2956:
2944:
2932:
2606:PUC-Campinas
2442:Ponta Grossa
2405:Minas Gerais
2359:Southwestern
2253:Minas Gerais
2205:Naval School
1954:Juiz de Fora
1939:Minas Gerais
1836:Universities
1739:22 September
1737:. Retrieved
1733:
1723:
1711:. Retrieved
1707:
1694:
1684:22 September
1682:. Retrieved
1646:
1639:
1628:. Retrieved
1624:the original
1614:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1580:
1571:
1557:
1543:
1529:
1518:. Retrieved
1514:the original
1504:
1493:. Retrieved
1489:the original
1479:
1468:
1454:
1445:
1434:the original
1421:
1412:
1403:
1389:
1347:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1297:
1293:free content
1285:
738:
730:
715:
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687:
673:
669:
653:
651:
648:
644:
636:
627:
618:
598:
584:
572:
566:
562:
560:in the U.S.
547:
545:
509:
469:licenciatura
446:
429:
398:Habilitation
393:
387:
377:
363:
349:
336:
328:
324:
320:
312:
293:
286:agribusiness
281:
278:Technologist
272:licenciatura
271:
249:
238:
218:
212:
206:
201:Universities
200:
195:
159:
154:
139:
131:
96:
81:
68:Benedictines
65:
53:
26:
3661:Catholicism
3575:Malandragem
3540:Archaeology
3467:Immigration
3373:Stock index
3315:Agriculture
3114:Environment
2776:UNINOVAFAPI
2527:Private and
2395:Mato Grosso
2248:Mato Grosso
2128:Santa Maria
1922:Mato Grosso
465:bacharelado
426:Equivalence
250:bacharelado
105:(1827) and
3953:Categories
3700:Antiochian
3625:Television
3595:Newspapers
3570:Literature
3442:Corruption
3437:Censorship
3362:(currency)
3232:Government
2529:non-profit
2454:Pernambuco
2354:Santa Cruz
2275:Pernambuco
2214:Institutes
2167:São Carlos
2162:ABC Region
2123:Rio Grande
2074:Fluminense
2047:Pernambuco
2040:Technology
1979:Uberlândia
1964:Ouro Preto
1650:. UNESCO.
1630:2013-02-10
1520:2012-11-28
1495:2012-11-28
1382:References
639:Vestibular
549:Vestibular
526:Admissions
514:(B.A.) or
473:tecnologia
437:US credits
337:lato sensu
325:lato sensu
321:Lato sensu
307:See also:
297:government
268:Licentiate
246:Bachelor's
233:See also:
192:Categories
72:Carmelites
3903:Venezuela
3848:Argentina
3745:Quimbanda
3740:Candomblé
3610:Sculpture
3585:Mythology
3535:Animation
3477:Languages
3457:Education
3398:Transport
3259:Judiciary
3222:Elections
3171:Time Zone
3146:Mountains
3109:Coastline
3075:Geography
2791:UNISANTOS
2786:UNIRITTER
2611:PUC-Goiás
2601:MACKENZIE
2486:São Paulo
2469:West Zone
2332:municipal
2314:São Paulo
2179:Tocantins
2157:São Paulo
1868:Recôncavo
1713:5 January
1374:226940234
703:education
403:São Paulo
378:doutorado
339:programs.
282:tecnólogo
262:physician
258:economist
103:São Paulo
44:São Paulo
3893:Suriname
3883:Paraguay
3868:Colombia
3787:Category
3725:Hinduism
3674:Maronite
3653:Buddhism
3635:Religion
3600:Painting
3550:Carnaval
3432:Abortion
3378:Taxation
3350:Industry
3274:Military
3200:Politics
3181:Wildlife
3151:Pantanal
3020:Timeline
3004:articles
2933:Category
2870:Research
2861:Unileste
2811:UNIVATES
2801:UNISINOS
2766:UniÍtalo
2566:FMP/FASE
2496:Campinas
2464:Northern
2432:Londrina
2383:Maranhão
2339:Amazonas
2290:CEFET-RJ
2258:CEFET-MG
2238:Brasília
2188:Colleges
2135:Rondônia
1917:Maranhão
1885:Brasília
1873:Southern
1858:Amazonas
1191:See also
904:Unisinos
759:sectors.
451:and the
364:mestrado
184:and the
125:and the
86:and the
61:Portugal
3898:Uruguay
3873:Ecuador
3853:Bolivia
3771:Outline
3750:Umbanda
3730:Judaism
3681:Melkite
3565:Cuisine
3527:Culture
3512:Welfare
3420:Society
3388:Tourism
3345:Exports
3303:Economy
3161:Regions
3136:Islands
3131:Geology
3097:Climate
3012:History
2945:Commons
2872:centers
2756:UNIFACS
2751:UNIDERP
2746:UNICRUZ
2741:UNICEUB
2626:PUC-Rio
2551:FEEVALE
2511:Taubaté
2447:Western
2437:Maringá
2422:Paraíba
2174:Sergipe
2140:Roraima
2118:Pelotas
2018:Paraíba
2011:Western
1949:Itajubá
1944:Alfenas
1878:Western
1848:Alagoas
1828:Federal
1563:"CAPES"
1335:(2013).
1282:Sources
1219:(CAPES)
932:Unicamp
764:Gallery
733:funding
689:Você SA
481:Diploma
224:Degrees
50:History
36:Unicamp
3878:Guyana
3858:Brazil
3792:Portal
3648:Baháʼí
3620:Sports
3560:Comics
3555:Cinema
3487:People
3462:Health
3355:Mining
3340:Energy
3166:Rivers
3002:
3000:Brazil
2821:UNOPAR
2816:UNIVEM
2806:UNIVAP
2781:UNIPAR
2771:UNIMEP
2761:UNIFRA
2736:UNICAP
2726:UNIBAN
2721:UNIARA
2701:UNAERP
2636:PUC-SP
2631:PUC-RS
2621:PUC-PR
2616:PUC-MG
2596:INSPER
2427:Paraná
2270:Paraná
2231:Baiano
2030:Paraná
1989:Viçosa
1959:Lavras
1895:Cariri
1654:
1608:online
1372:
1362:
1267:(CNPq)
1184:UFSCar
974:UFCSPA
918:Unilab
726:Brazil
722:skills
656:that:
485:Laurea
471:, and
443:Europe
413:, and
254:lawyer
180:, the
121:, the
117:, the
113:, the
107:Olinda
28:Brazil
3863:Chile
3778:Index
3720:Islam
3580:Music
3517:Youth
3447:Crime
3360:Real
2796:UNISC
2731:UNIBH
2716:UNESC
2711:UNESA
2706:UNAMA
2696:UMESP
2686:ULBRA
2676:UCSAL
2666:UCPEL
2581:IBMEC
2576:FUMEC
2546:FACHA
2516:UNESP
2501:FATEC
2491:Assis
2378:Goiás
2366:Ceará
2344:Bahia
2328:State
2243:Ceará
2226:Bahia
2113:Pampa
2079:Rural
2064:Piauí
2052:Rural
1912:Goiás
1890:Ceará
1863:Bahia
1853:Amapá
1704:(PDF)
1679:(PDF)
1437:(PDF)
1430:(PDF)
1370:S2CID
1030:UTFPR
1016:UFRRJ
988:UFABC
890:UNESP
834:UFRGS
792:PUCRS
624:Exams
567:Most
40:Unesp
3888:Peru
3545:Arts
3247:LGBT
2957:List
2841:USJT
2656:UCDB
2646:UCAM
2586:IESB
2541:FAAP
2536:ESPM
2417:Pará
2265:Pará
2221:Acre
1996:Pará
1843:Acre
1741:2015
1715:2015
1686:2015
1652:ISBN
1360:ISBN
1156:UFMT
1142:UFRN
1128:UFSC
1114:UFMG
1100:UFPA
1086:UFBA
1058:UFPE
1044:UECE
1002:UFOP
862:UFRJ
848:UFPR
820:UFTM
806:UERJ
778:UFSJ
542:ENEM
540:and
70:and
38:and
3916:and
3708:LDS
3264:Law
2856:UVA
2851:USU
2846:USS
2836:USF
2831:UPF
2691:UMC
2681:UIT
2671:UCS
2661:UCP
2651:UCB
2641:UAM
2591:IMT
2571:FMU
2561:FGV
2556:FEI
2330:and
1352:doi
1170:UFF
1072:UFC
960:FGV
946:UnB
876:USP
558:ACT
556:or
554:SAT
455:'s
374:PhD
333:MBA
32:USP
3955::
2826:UP
1732:.
1706:.
1666:^
1368:.
1358:.
713:.
467:,
439:.
409:,
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260:,
256:,
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1798:v
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