Military dictatorship in Brazil

2082: 2470: 1881: 2280: 1782: 195: 180: 2131:, the "Brazilian death toll from government torture, assassination and 'disappearances' for 1964–81 was 333, which included 67 killed in the Araguaia guerrilla front in 1972–74". According to the Brazilian Army, 97 military and civilians were killed by terrorist and guerrilla actions made by leftist groups during the same period. In a 2014 report by Brazil's National Truth Commission, which documented the human rights abuses of the military government, it was noted that the United States "had spent years teaching the torture techniques to the Brazilian military during that period". 267: 851: 826: 1462: 1047:, being systematized by the so-called "National Security Doctrine", which was used to justify the military's actions as operating in the interest of national security in a time of crisis, creating an intellectual basis upon which other military regimes relied. In 2014, nearly 30 years after the regime collapsed, the Brazilian military recognized for the first time the excesses committed by its agents during the dictatorship, including the torture and murder of political dissidents. In May 2018, the United States government released a memorandum, written by 2023: 2349:" process that had begun in 1974. The Amnesty Law, signed by Figueiredo on 28 August 1979, amnestied those convicted of "political" or "related" crimes between 1961 and 1978. In the early 1980s, the military regime could no longer effectively maintain the two-party system established in 1966. The Figueiredo administration dissolved the government-controlled ARENA and allowed new parties to be formed. The president was often incapacitated by illness and took two prolonged leaves for health treatment in 1981 and 1983, but the civilian vice president 1733:

situation. Military hard-liners wanted a complete purge of left-wing and populist influences while civilian politicians obstructed Castelo Branco's reforms. The latter accused him of hard-line actions to achieve his objectives, and the former accused him of leniency. On 27 October 1965, after victory of opposition candidates in two state elections, he signed the Second Institutional act which purged Congress, removed objectionable state governors and expanded president's arbitrary powers at the expense of the legislative and

36: 1657: 1940: 1055:), confirming that the leadership of the Brazilian military regime was fully aware of the killing of dissidents. It is estimated that 434 people were either confirmed killed or went missing and 20,000 people were tortured during the military dictatorship in Brazil. While some human rights activists and others assert that the true figure could be much higher, and should include thousands of indigenous people who died because of the regime's negligence, the armed forces have always disputed this. 2233: 1675: 1621: 1639: 2401: 1110: 2155:. There had been intense behind-the-scenes maneuvering by the hard-liners against him, but also by the more moderate supporters of Castelo Branco in his support. Geisel's older brother, Orlando Geisel, was the Minister of Army, and his close ally, general João Batista Figueiredo, was chief of Médici's military staff. Once in power, Geisel adopted a more moderate stance with regard to political opposition than his predecessor Médici. 2569: 1693: 3726: 1069: 2454: 1176: 2326: 1579:...the big press and other institutions made a strong discursive dam in favor of the fall of Goulart, in which they mobilized to exhaustion the theme of red danger (communists) to increase the climate of panic. What is certain is that on leaving the HQs the Armed Forces unbalanced the situation and promoted the overthrow of Goulart, so their role was essential in the coup. 1362:, who based his electoral campaign on criticizing Kubitschek and government corruption. Quadros' campaign symbol was a broom, with which he would "sweep away the corruption". In his brief tenure as president, Quadros made moves to resume relations with Socialist countries and approved controversial laws, but without legislative support, he could not follow his agenda. 1377: 2002:

surpass censorship barriers through unconventional ways. Musicians would rely on word play to publish songs with veiled criticisms towards the government while famous newspapers would fill in empty spaces left blank due to censored articles with random cake recipes, a way to indicate to the population that the content had been censored by the government.

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government borrowed billions of dollars to see Brazil through the oil crisis. This strategy was effective in promoting growth, but it also raised Brazil's import requirements markedly, increasing the already large current-account deficit. The current account was financed by running up the foreign debt. The expectation was that the combined effects of

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pretext, an inter-ministerial system was created by Itamaraty and the Ministry of Planning, whose function was to select and coordinate international cooperation projects. To foster these innovations, in 1972 foreign minister Gibson Barboza visited Senegal, Togo, Ghana, Dahomey, Gabon, Zaïre, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Côte d'Ivoire.

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and the military intervention aimed at defending democracy against totalitarianism (I reiterate that I consider such arguments unfounded). If so, what justification, then, for having installed a dictatorship and ending up in power for two decades? Why did they not hand over power to civilians after the "threat" had been defeated?

2381:. The opposition vigorously struggled for passing a constitutional amendment that would allow direct popular presidential elections in November 1984, but the proposal failed to win passage in Congress. The opposition candidate Tancredo Neves succeeded Figueiredo when Congress held an election for the new president. 1815: 1338:, Júlio de Mesquita Filho), the Church, landowners, businessmen, and the middle class called for a coup d'état by the Armed Forces to remove the government. The old "hard-line" army officers, seeing a chance to impose their economic program, convinced the loyalists that Goulart was a Communist menace. 2363:

However, the political developments were overshadowed by increasing economic problems. As inflation and unemployment soared, the foreign debt reached massive proportions making Brazil the world's biggest debtor, owing about US$ 90 billion to international lenders. The austerity program imposed by the

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If the political regime established in 1964 was popular and had the majority support of the population, why the hell did it need authoritarian mechanisms to stay in power?". And he adds: "Let us consider for a moment, just to construct hypothetical reasoning, that there was a serious communist threat

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The presence of J.A. de Araújo Castro as ambassador to Washington contributed to the re-definition of relations with the American government. The strategic move was to try to expand the negotiation agenda by paying special attention to the diversification of trade relations, the beginning of nuclear

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Fending off nationalist objections, he opened Brazil to oil prospecting by foreign firms for the first time since the early 1950s. Geisel also tried to reduce Brazil's reliance on oil by signing a US$ 10 billion agreement with West Germany to build eight nuclear reactors in Brazil. During this time,

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was created in 2011 attempting to help the nation face its past and honor those who fought for democracy, and to compensate the family members of those killed or disappeared. Its work was concluded in 2014. It reported that under military regime at least 191 people were killed and 243 "disappeared".

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Despite the regime's efforts to censor any and all pieces of media that could hurt the government, the population found ways to get around it as much as possible. Even though artists and journalists needed permission from the counsel to publish any piece of communication, they sometimes were able to

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João Goulart's fall worried many citizens. Many students, Marxists, and workers formed groups that opposed military rule. A minority of these adopted direct armed struggle, while most supported political solutions to reverse the mass suspension of human rights in the country. In the first few months

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The Brazilian Army could not find an acceptable civilian politician to all of the factions that supported the ouster of João Goulart. On 9 April 1964, coup leaders published the First Institutional Act, which greatly limited the civil liberties of the 1946 constitution. The act granted the president

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This new emphasis of Brazil's international policy was followed by an appraisal of relations maintained with the United States in the previous years. It was observed that the attempted strengthening of ties had yielded limited benefits. A revision of the Brazilian ideological stand within the world

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of the international system. Interest in expanding state presence in the economy was accompanied by policies intended to transform Brazil's profile abroad. The relationship with the United States was still valued, but policy alignment was no longer total. Connections between Brazilian international

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elections, and the MDB won more votes than ever. When the opposition MDB party won more seats in the 1976 Congress elections, Geisel used the powers granted to him by AI-5 to dismiss Congress in April 1977, and introduced a new set of laws (April Package), that made gubernatorial elections indirect

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The armed forces' officer corps was divided between those who believed that they should confine themselves to their barracks, and the hard-liners who regarded politicians as willing to turn Brazil to Communism. The victory of the hard-liners dragged Brazil into what political scientist Juan J. Linz

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This new Brazilian stance served as a base for the revival of its relationship with the United States. Differentiation from other Latin American countries was sought, to mean special treatment from the United States. Nevertheless, not only was this expectation not fulfilled but military assistance

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A hardliner, Médici sponsored the greatest human rights abuses of the regime. During his government, persecution and torture of dissidents, harassment against journalists and press censorship became ubiquitous. The succession of kidnappings of foreign ambassadors in Brazil embarrassed the military

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Castelo Branco had intentions of overseeing a radical reform of the political-economic system and then returning power to elected officials. He refused to remain in power beyond the remainder of Goulart's term or to institutionalize the military in power. However, competing demands radicalized the

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provided the ideology that the authoritarians used to justify their hold on power. Washington also preached liberal democracy, which forced the authoritarians to assume the contradictory position of defending democracy, while destroying it. Their concern for appearances caused them to abstain from

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New demands and intentions appeared, related to the idea that the nation was strengthening its bargaining power in the world system. At international forums, its main demand became "collective economic security". The endeavor to lead Third World countries made Brazil value multilateral diplomacy.

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Brazil shifted its foreign policy to meet its economic needs. "Responsible pragmatism" replaced strict alignment with the United States and a worldview based on ideological frontiers and blocs of nations. Because Brazil was 80% dependent on imported oil, Geisel shifted the country from uncritical

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Despite the dictatorship's fall, no individual has been punished for the human rights violations, due to the 1979 Amnesty Law written by the members of the government who stayed in place during the transition to democracy. The law granted amnesty and impunity to any government official or citizen

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During this period, Brazil began to devote more attention to less-developed countries. Technical cooperation programs were initiated in Latin America and in Africa, accompanied in some cases by state company investment projects – in particular in the fields of energy and communication. With this

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in 1971 was followed by internal modernization. New departments were created, responding to the diversification of the international agenda and the increasing importance of economic diplomacy. Examples include the creation of a trade promotion system (1973) and the Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation

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The Higher Counsel of Censorship was overseen by the Ministry of Justice, which was in charge of analyzing and revising decisions put forward by the director of the Federal Police department. The ministry was also responsible for establishing guidelines and norms to implement censorship at local

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has been named the "patron of torturers" in Brazil. Advisors from the United States and United Kingdom trained Brazilian forces in interrogation and torture. To extinguish its left-wing opponents, the dictatorship used arbitrary arrests, imprisonment without trials, kidnapping, and most of all,

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After the military coup, the new government put forward a series of measures to strengthen its rule and weaken the opposition. The complex structure of the state's repression reached several areas of Brazilian society, and involved the implementation of measures of censorship, persecutions, and

1330:, while many thought that the reforms would greatly boost Brazil's growth and end its economical subservience with the U.S., or even that Goulart could be used to increase the popularity of the Communist agenda. Influential politicians, such as Carlos Lacerda and even Kubitschek, media moguls ( 2271:

Brazil suffered drastic reductions in its terms of trade as a result of the oil crisis. In the early 1970s, the performance of the export sector was undermined by an overvalued currency. With the trade balance under pressure, the oil shock led to a sharply higher import bill. Thus, the Geisel

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fought terrorism in the region. The second one criticized the distension process between the two superpowers, condemning the effects of American and Soviet power politics. The third requested support for development, considering that Brazil, with all its economic potential, deserved greater

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When the 1964 coup occurred, the most influential authorities of the Catholic Church in Brazil supported military intervention in politics, believing that the government of the deposed president, João Goulart (PTB), was a threat to the current social order because of its alleged reformist

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and João Goulart from taking office due to their supposed support for Communism. While Kubitschek proved to be friendly to capitalist institutions, Goulart promised far-reaching reforms, expropriated business interests, and promoted economical-political neutrality with the United States.

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However, the prospect of economic interests and the establishment of cooperation programs with these countries was not followed by a revision of the Brazilian position on the colonial issue. Traditional loyalty was still with Portugal. Attempts were made to consolidate the creation of a

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As early as 1964, the military government was already using the various forms of torture it devised systematically not only to gain information it used to crush opposition groups, but also to intimidate and silence any further potential opponents. This radically increased after 1968.

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The mainstream media, initially cooperating with the military intervention on the eve of the coup, later opposed the government and thus fell under heavy censorship. The management of all sectors of the country's communication was overseen by the Special Counsel of Public Relations

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called "an authoritarian situation". However, because the hard-liners could not ignore the counterweight opinions of their colleagues or resistance IN society, they were unable to institutionalize their agenda politically. In addition, they did not attempt to eliminate liberal

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Washington remained aloof at the time of President Médici's visit to the United States in 1971. In response, especially in the military and diplomatic spheres, nationalist ideas were kindled and raised questions about the alignment policy with the United States.

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Amendment limited American military assistance to countries with human rights violations. Brazilian right-wingers and military viewed this as an incursion on Brazilian sovereignty and Geisel renounced any future military aid from the United States in April 1977.

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later admitted that the embassy had given money to anti-Goulart candidates in the 1962 municipal elections, and had encouraged the plotters; many extra U.S. military and intelligence personnel were operating in four U.S. Navy oil tankers and the aircraft carrier

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Through the Institutional Acts, Castelo Branco gave the executive the unchecked ability to change the constitution and remove anyone from office as well as to have the president elected by Congress. A two-party system was created: the ruling government-backed

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Geisel sought to maintain the high economic growth rates of the Brazilian Miracle which were tied to maintaining the prestige of the regime, even while seeking to deal with the effects of the 1973 oil crisis. Geisel removed the long-time Minister of Finance

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By the end of his presidency Geisel had allowed exiled citizens to return, restored habeas corpus, repealed the extraordinary powers, ended the Fifth Institutional Act in December 1978, and imposed general João Figueiredo as his successor in March 1979.

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of 1964–80. Each of these structural changes forced a realignment in society and caused a period of political crisis. A period of right-wing military dictatorship marked the transition between the populist era and the current period of democratization.

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that gave the president dictatorial powers, dissolved Congress and state legislatures, suspended the constitution, and imposed censorship. On 31 August 1969 Costa e Silva suffered a stroke. Instead of his vice president, all state power was assumed by

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and the Amazon. The results of his economic policy consolidated the option for the national-development model. Because of these results, the country's foreign economic connections were transformed, allowing its international presence to be broadened.

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In this context, it became possible to think of substituting the concept of limited sovereignty for full sovereignty. Development was made a priority for Brazilian diplomacy. These conceptual transformations were supported by the younger segments of

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In November 1970 federal, state, and municipal elections were held. Most of the seats were won by ARENA candidates. In 1973, an electoral college system was established and in January 1974 general Ernesto Geisel was elected to be the next president.

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Brazil's intention to build nuclear reactors with West Germany's help created tensions with the U.S. which did not want to see a nuclear Brazil. After the election of Jimmy Carter as president, a greater emphasis was put on human rights. The new

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the authority to remove elected officials, dismiss civil servants, and revoke for 10 years the political rights of those found guilty of subversion or misuse of public funds. On 11 April 1964, Congress elected the Army Chief of Staff, marshal

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President João Figueiredo steered the country back to democracy and promoted the transfer of power to civilian rule, facing opposition from hardliners in the military. Figueiredo was an army general and former head of the secret service, the

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Goulart had low parliamentarian support, due to the fact that his centrist attempts to win support from both sides of the spectrum gradually came to alienate both. Over time, the president was forced to shift to the left of his mentor

2260:. He maintained massive state investments in infrastructure—highways, telecommunications, hydroelectric dams, mineral extraction, factories, and nuclear energy. All this required more international borrowing and increased state debt. 2053:

The military government murdered hundreds of others, although this was done mostly in secret and the cause of death often falsely reported as accidental. The government occasionally dismembered and hid the bodies. French general

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went down to US$ 40 a month, and the more than one-third of Brazilian workforce which had their wages tied to it lost about 50% of its purchasing power in relation to the 1960 levels of the Juscelino Kubitschek administration.

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levels. Institutionalized censorship affected all areas of communication in Brazilian society: newspaper, television, music, theater, and all industries related to mass communication activities, including marketing companies.

1435:, considered a legalist bastion. São Paulo's and Rio de Janeiro's generals were convinced to join the coup. In order to prevent a civil war and knowing that the United States would openly support the rebels, Goulart fled to 76:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge. 2169:

Although not immediately understood by civilians, Ernesto Geisel's accession signaled a move toward a less oppressive rule. He replaced several regional commanders with trusted officers and labeled his political programs

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Washington immediately recognized the new government in 1964, and hailed the coup as one of the "democratic forces" that had allegedly staved off the hand of international communism. American mass media outlets such as

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With Quadros' resignation, the high ranking military ministers tried to prevent Goulart, who was on a trip to China, from assuming the presidency, accusing him of being a Communist. The military's actions triggered the

5952: 3932: 2360:(43.22% of the vote), while the opposition Brazilian Democratic Movement Party received 42.96% of votes. The governorship of three major states, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Minas Gerais, was won by the opposition. 927: 2189:, Geisel devised a plan of gradual, slow democratization that would eventually succeed despite threats and opposition from the hard-liners. However, the torture of the regime's left-wing and Communist opponents by 1523:, the military dictatorship established in Brazil, the fifth most populous nation in the world, "played a crucial role in pushing the rest of South America into the pro-Washington, anticommunist group of nations." 1915:, the U.S. ambassador to Brazil. The resistance fighters demanded the release of imprisoned dissidents who were being tortured in exchange for Elbrick. The government responded by adopting more brutal measures of 2501:(UNCTAD) in 1968, in defense of non-discriminatory and preferential treatment for underdeveloped countries' manufactured goods, was noteworthy. The same level of concern distinguished the Brazilian stand at the 2544:

in the years 1968–69. Brazil tried to strengthen its position with nuclear cooperation negotiated settlements with countries such as Israel (1966), France (1967), India (1968) and the United States (1972).

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Foreign policy during the Gibson Barboza mandate (1969–74) united three basic positions. The first one, ideological, defended the existence of military governments in Latin America. To achieve that, the

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accused of political crimes during the dictatorship. Because of a certain "cultural amnesia" in Brazil, the victims have never garnered much sympathy, respect, or acknowledgement of their suffering.

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During this period Brazil's international agenda incorporated new perceptions. With nationalist military — who were state-control devotees — in power, there was increased energy for questioning the

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In 1977 and 1978 the presidential succession issue caused further political confrontation with the hard-liners. In October 1977 Geisel suddenly dismissed the far-right Minister of the Army, general

1931:, was wounded in the shoulder but escaped being kidnapped. Also in 1970, Ehrenfried von Holleben, the West German ambassador, was kidnapped in Rio de Janeiro and one of his bodyguards was killed. 5856: 1456: 4943: 2124:

The total number of deaths probably measures in the hundreds, not reaching but could be nearing one thousand, while more than 50,000 people were detained and 10,000 forced to go into exile.

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While other dictatorships in the region at the time killed more people, Brazil saw the widespread use of torture, as it also had during the Estado Novo of Getúlio Vargas. Vargas's enforcer

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of enterprises in various economic sectors. The reforms were considered Communist and Goulart sought to implement them regardless of assent from established institutions such as Congress.

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Essentially, this was the epic of the rise and fall of Brazilian populism from 1930 to 1964: Brazil witnessed over the course of this time period the change from export-orientation of the

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In 1981 Congress enacted a law on the restoration of direct elections of state governors. The general election of 1982 brought a narrow victory to ARENA's successor, pro-government

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Castelo Branco was succeeded to the presidency by general Artur da Costa e Silva who was a representative of the hard-line elements of the regime. On 13 December 1968 he signed the

6787: 2178:(decompression), meaning a gradual relaxation of authoritarian rule. It would be, in his words, "the maximum of development possible with the minimum of indispensable security". 1923:, a guerrilla leader, two months after Elbrick's kidnapping. This marked the beginning of the decline of armed opposition. In 1970, Nobuo Okuchi, the Japanese consul general in 1247:. Vargas' dictatorship and the presidencies of his democratic successors marked different stages of Brazilian populism (1930–1964), an era of economic nationalism, state-guided 6813: 1036:

was held, this time to indirectly elect a new president, being contested between civilian candidates for the first time since the 1960s and won by the opposition. In 1988, a

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Instead, Motta argued that the assertion of a "Communist threat" was fabricated to unify the Brazilian armed forces and increase their support among the general population.

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because they feared disapproval of international opinion and damage to their alignment with the United States. The United States as bastion of anticommunism during the

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by resigning from the presidency, apparently with the intention of being reinstated by popular demand. Quadros' vice president, João Goulart, was a member of the

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Efforts in this direction can be observed at the UN Conference on Environment (1972), the GATT meeting in Tokyo (1973) and the Law of the Sea Conference (1974).

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The changes in Brazilian diplomacy were to be also reflected in other matters on the international agenda, such as the moderate stance taken with regard to the "

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But this is no military dictatorship. If it were, Carlos Lacerda would never be allowed to say the things he says. Everything in Brazil is free — but controlled.

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Based on the priorities of its foreign policy, Brazil adopted new positions in various international organizations. Its performance at the II Conference of the

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activity and its economic interests led foreign policy, conducted by foreign minister José de Magalhães Pinto (1966–67), to be labeled "Prosperity Diplomacy".

5112: 5030: 4758:[The coup of '64 didn't save the country from the communist threat because there was never any threat] (in Brazilian Portuguese). 22 September 2018. 3927: 1826:

government. The anti-government demonstrations and the action of guerrilla movements generated an increase in repressive measures. Urban guerrillas from the

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took over the country and epitomized the newly regained freedoms of assembly and expression, but the movement's primary objective was not attained, and the

1773:(MDB) party. In the new Constitution of 1967 the name of the country was changed from United States of Brazil to the current Federative Republic of Brazil. 1263:, a formula based on a strategy of reconciling the conflicting interests of the middle class, foreign capital, the working class, and the landed oligarchy. 4582: 1980: 1519:

magazine also gave positive remarks about the dissolution of political parties and salary controls at the beginning of Castelo Branco's term. According to

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disputes the assertion that communism was of sufficient strength in Brazil to threaten the democratic system in 1964. In an interview, Motta stated that:

6148: 3813:, a left-wing political party, lost. The government participated in Operation Condor, which involved various Latin American security services (including 2817: 2512:

In the security sphere, disarmament was defended and the joint control system of the two superpowers condemned. Brazil was particularly critical of the

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to a more neutral stance on Middle Eastern affairs. His government also recognized the People's Republic of China and the new socialist governments of

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The argument used to justify the establishment of a military dictatorship in Brazil was the imminence of a "Communist threat" in 1964. The historian

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and had been active in politics since the Vargas Era. At that time, Brazil's president and vice president were elected from different party tickets.

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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

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system was added to this perception. This state of affairs was further enhanced by the momentary relaxation of the bipolar confrontation during

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after the coup, thousands of people were detained, while thousands of others were removed from their civil service or university positions.

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The expansion of Brazil's international agenda coincided with the administrative reform of the Ministry of External Relations. Its move to

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The systematic repression during this period in the Brazilian history was dependent on and alternated between the so-called "moderates" ("

6595: 3754: 3676: 3666: 5681: 4143: 2785: 2775: 2760: 2635: 5004: 3385: 2494:(Ministry of External Relations), identified with the tenets of the Independent Foreign Policy adopted by country in the early 1960s. 6936: 3395: 2834: 1857:. In 1971 Médici presented the First National Development Plan aimed at increasing the rate of economic growth, especially in remote 1243:

Brazil's political crisis stemmed from the way in which the political tensions had been controlled in the 1930s and 1940s during the

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Schneider, Nina (2013). "'Too little too late' or 'Premature'? The Brazilian Truth Commission and the Question of 'Best Timing.'".

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and export expansion eventually would bring about growing trade surpluses, allowing the service and repayment of the foreign debt.

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in case rebel Brazilian troops required military assistance during the 1964 coup. A document from Gordon in 1963 to U.S. president

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for political crimes committed for and against the regime. While combating the "hardliners" inside the government and supporting a

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and received the support of almost all high-ranking members of the military, along with conservative sectors in society, like the

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and anti-communist civilian movements among the Brazilian middle and upper classes. The military regime, particularly after the

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After Goulart suddenly assumed power in 1961, society became deeply polarized, with the elites fearing that Brazil would, like

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Nevertheless, Médici was popular, as his term was met with the largest economic growth of any Brazilian president as the

1971:). The repressive characteristic of the regime, however, was present in Brazilian society throughout the military rule. 1892:

In 1968 there was a brief relaxation of the nation's repressive policies. Experimental artists and musicians formed the

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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Portuguese Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.

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Geisel allowed the opposition Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB) to run an almost free election campaign before the

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Work is underway to alter the Amnesty Law, which has been condemned by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. The

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also describes the ways João Goulart should be put down, and his fears of a communist intervention supported by the

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trade policies. Vargas' policies were intended to foster an autonomous capitalist development in Brazil, by linking

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branches. This gave him the latitude to repress the populist left but also provided the subsequent governments of

1656: 1347: 970: 884: 643: 6986: 6956: 5087: 4811: 4755: 3784: 3747: 3152: 2979: 2926: 2874: 2588: 4944:"Em meio à celebração do Sesquicentenário e do crescimento econômico, governo Médici experimentou apoio popular" 2279: 6648: 6232: 4280: 4039: 3601: 3536: 3234: 3209: 3076: 2911: 2894: 2686: 2422: 1827: 1135: 48: 6761: 5406: 4404:"Human Rights Watch: ditadura no Brasil torturou 20 mil pessoas; 434 foram mortas ou desapareceram - Política" 4381: 1408:, and, as Goulart's powers grew, it became evident that he would seek to implement his "base reforms" such as 266: 6848: 6843: 6756: 6438: 6133: 6046: 5967: 3706: 3701: 3681: 3651: 3636: 3606: 3496: 3415: 2869: 2647: 1798: 1770: 1742: 1666: 1370: 911: 670: 620: 475: 3967: 1390: 179: 6708: 6496: 6345: 6138: 4521: 3937: 3541: 3204: 3199: 2916: 2864: 2268:

was promoted as an alternative to gasoline and the first ethanol fueled cars were produced in the country.

1719: 1424:

and was forced to mobilize the working class and even the peasantry amid falling urban bourgeois support.

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The "ideological frontiers" of Brazilian foreign policy were reinforced. By the end of 1970, the official

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The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World

1611:

personal dictatorship by requiring each successive general-president to hand over power to a successor.

6703: 6533: 6448: 6433: 5091: 3740: 3656: 3621: 3433: 3214: 2986: 2839: 2552: 2212:, who had tried to become a candidate for the next presidency. In May 1978 Geisel had to deal with the 4216:[Military dictatorship - The role of the Catholic Church] (in Portuguese). Educacao.UOL.com.br 1043:

Brazil's military government provided a model for other military regimes and dictatorships throughout

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and created an electoral college for electing the next president, thus safeguarding ARENA positions.

2120: 1766: 1432: 1428: 907: 831: 314: 227: 3112: 3086: 2308:, both former Portuguese colonies. The government moved closer to Latin America, Europe, and Japan. 6951: 6946: 6941: 6519: 6279: 6215: 6158: 6061: 6020: 4182: 3064: 3051: 2462: 2249: 2186: 2182: 1858: 1590: 1394: 1267: 1120: 424: 95: 4471:"Índios, as maiores vítimas da ditadura - 31/03/2014 - Leão Serva - Colunistas - Folha de S.Paulo" 2780: 1584: 1314:) joined the elite and middle classes, and right-wing activists in attempts to prevent presidents 6826: 6605: 5258:

Telles, Janaina (2014). "DITADURA E REPRESSÃO. PARALELOS E DISTINÇÕES ENTRE BRASIL E ARGENTINA".

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We Cannot Remain Silent: Opposition to the Brazilian Military Dictatorship in the United States

3646: 3591: 3491: 3373: 3321: 3246: 2852: 2669: 1835: 1738: 1648: 1620: 1302:. Tensions escalated again in the 1950s, as important military circles (the "hard-liners", old 1037: 888: 727: 448: 200: 5902: 5751: 3546: 3486: 3471: 3276: 1638: 6653: 6580: 6428: 6360: 6227: 4782: 4337: 4121: 3922: 3809: 3521: 3105: 3031: 2676: 2657: 2630: 1912: 1692: 1486: 1452: 1000:

The dictatorship reached the height of its popularity in the early 1970s with the so-called "

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The Political System of Brazil: Emergence of a "Modernizing" Authoritarian Regime, 1964–1970

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reported that the asserted threat of Jango's "guerrillas", the weapons in possession of the

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in 1969. On this occasion, Brazil voiced its support of a Latin American union project.

2237: 2022: 6838: 6766: 6748: 6713: 6663: 6545: 6491: 6463: 6313: 6294: 5962: 5815: 5541: 4756:"O golpe de 64 não salvou o país da ameaça comunista porque nunca houve ameaça nenhuma" 4670: 4583:"Kennedy in 1963 considered a military intervention in Brazil; a coup followed in 1964" 3566: 3551: 3446: 3410: 3316: 3157: 3127: 2824: 2723: 2703: 2517: 2288: 1916: 1786: 1715: 389: 339: 6056: 4382:"Documento da CIA relata que cúpula do Governo militar brasileiro autorizou execuções" 3506: 1702: 1005: 1004:", even as the regime censored all media, and tortured, killed and exiled dissidents. 500: 6891: 6884: 6678: 6640: 6501: 6416: 6274: 6244: 6210: 6125: 6117: 6015: 5974: 5791: 5759: 5654: 5545: 5465: 5386: 5363: 5296: 5240: 4947: 4788: 4679: 4452: 4447: 4430: 4313: 4262: 4192: 4133: 4061: 4053: 4045: 4035: 3331: 3281: 3100: 3041: 3011: 2681: 2610: 2560: 2521: 2378: 2063: 1944: 1920: 1850: 1603: 1436: 1386: 1256: 1021: 1001: 982: 962: 935: 684: 552: 91: 6486: 5358: 5341: 5235: 5218: 4257: 4240: 2129:

Comissão de Direitos Humanos e Assistência Jurídica da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil

2050:

provides accounts of only a fraction of the atrocities committed by the government.

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List of people killed by and disappeared during the Brazilian military dictatorship

3461: 2887: 2755: 2350: 2055: 1535: 1291: 947: 576: 347: 6625: 2086: 1359: 1335: 6900: 6833: 6733: 6693: 6630: 6560: 6143: 5537: 4570: 4307: 3441: 3026: 2991: 2696: 2623: 2194: 2148: 1515: 1494: 1466: 1413: 1331: 1048: 5729: 5436:"Brazil president weeps as she unveils report on military dictatorship's abuses" 2506: 1951:

agents in 1969, having previously survived a DOPS assassination attempt in 1964.

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movement during this time. However, some of the major popular musicians such as

1358:

After the presidency of Juscelino Kubitschek, the right wing opposition elected

1009: 896: 6473: 6284: 6066: 6051: 5291: 5275:""Ou vocês mudam ou acabam": aspectos políticos da censura teatral (1964-1985)" 5274: 4837: 4429:

Demetrio, André; Kozicki, Katya; Demetrio, André; Kozicki, Katya (March 2019).

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was the first prototype engineered with an ethanol-only engine. Exhibit at the

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Declassified documents from US Department of State and CIA about the 1964 coup

4241:"'Proíbo a publicação e circulação...' - censura a livros na ditadura militar" 3909: 2951: 2770: 6920: 6905: 6658: 6377: 5831: 5367: 5300: 5244: 4970:"'Salve-nos, Seleção': a relação entre a ditadura de Médici e a Copa de 1970" 4925: 4675: 4650: 4625: 4604: 4456: 4266: 4065: 4049: 3730: 3286: 3016: 2525: 2474: 2098: 2075: 1905: 1479: 1248: 1044: 892: 797: 368: 354: 6010: 4723:[1964: "Brazil was not on the verge of communism," says historian]. 4165:"Document No. 12. U.S. Support for the Brazilian Military Coup d'État, 1964" 3341: 2369: 2330: 1893: 1025: 6200: 5884: 4147: 3380: 3095: 2996: 2733: 2708: 2577: 2533: 2284: 2209: 2134: 2059: 1928: 1897: 1842: 1531: 1498: 1024:

and concurrent fall of other military dictatorships in South America. Amid

974: 540: 6853: 5561:"Truth Commission in Brazil: Individualizing Amnesty, Revealing the Truth" 4015: 3046: 1924: 1814: 1806:, which then chose general Emílio Garrastazu Médici as the new president. 1427:

On 1 April 1964, after a night of conspiracy, rebel troops led by general

6688: 5511: 5176: 5066:"1970: Brasil faz eleição para senadores, deputados federais e estaduais" 4857: 4841: 3845:

October 1965 - political parties abolished, creation of two party system.

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In the last days of August 1961, Quadros tried to break his impasse with

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Brazil, 1964-1985: The Military Regimes of Latin America in the Cold War

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In 1971 the military dictatorship helped rig Uruguayan elections, which

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Rodrigo Patto Sá Motta, 1964: "O Brasil não estava à beira do comunismo"

994: 899:. The Brazilian dictatorship lasted for 21 years, until 15 March 1985. 287: 6600: 6163: 4812:"Brazil - Military intervention and dictatorship - history - geography" 4563: 3400: 3185: 3122: 2425: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2313: 2305: 2094: 1757: 1756:– Minister of Transportation and colonel Mario Andreazza to journalist 1745:(1969–74) with a "legal" basis for their hard-line authoritarian rule. 1510: 1303: 1244: 902:

The coup was planned and executed by the most senior commanders of the

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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

5031:"Governo Médici (1969-1974) - "Milagre econômico" e a tortura oficial" 5008: 3796:

and the MEC-USAID educational cooperation agreement were interrupted.

2483: 2012:

Human rights abuses of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964–1985)

1947:, a Marxist–Leninist guerrilla fighter. He was ambushed and killed by 1380:

João Goulart was the left-leaning president ousted by the Armed Forces

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Torture in Brazil § During the Military Dictatorship (1964–1985)

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in 20 years were held for the national legislature in 1982. In 1985,

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The Brazilian Armed Forces acquired great political clout after the

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cooperation, and the inclusion of new international policy themes.

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government brought no signs of recovery for the Brazilian economy.

2190: 2151:. Geisel was a well-connected army general and former president of 1607: 792: 630: 6082: 5850:

Eroding Military Influence in Brazil: Politicians Against Soldiers

5604:"Brazil's torture report brings President Dilma Rousseff to tears" 3905:

April 1984 - amendment for direct presidential elections defeated.

1834:

were suppressed, and military operations undertaken to finish the

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Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart government

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Presidents Emílio Médici (left) and Richard Nixon, December 1971

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became president in March 1979; in the same year he passed the

4428: 1341: 1286:. The politicization of the Armed Forces was evidenced by the 5682:"Ernesto Geisel, 88, Is Dead; Eased Military Rule in Brazil" 4543:"Brazil - Kubitschek's administration - history - geography" 1927:, was kidnapped, while Curtis C. Cutter, the U.S. consul in 4431:"Transitional Injustice For Indigenous Peoples From Brazil" 4191:]. 12. Vol. 1. Revista Akropolis. pp. 49–51. 3822: 1948: 1502: 1404:

Brazil returned to presidential government in 1963 after a

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and thereafter supported the regime through its embassy in

5135:"1969 e 1973/74: Duas sucessões presidenciais da ditadura" 3902:

November 1982 - opposition wins Lower house of Parliament.

2536:. Its initial detailing was influenced by the presence of 1876:

Armed struggle against the Brazilian military dictatorship

1709: 5260:

Revista de Sociedad, Cultura y Política en América Latina

5219:"Versões e controvérsias sobre 1964 e a ditadura militar" 4879:"Situation in Brazil. CIA analysis and full text of AI-5" 4126:

State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South

1911:

In 1969 the 8th October Revolutionary Movement kidnapped

1776: 1527: 5459: 5385:. Durham and London: Duke University Press. p. 89. 5157: 3899:

November 1979 - two party system of ARENA and MDB ended.

2516:, with a view to guarantee the right to develop its own 1376: 1040:

was passed and Brazil officially returned to democracy.

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European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies

3779:(1971) to develop studies and research foreign policy. 1904:, for instance, were arrested, imprisoned, and exiled. 1274:

of the populist era (1930–1964) and then to a moderate

5844:

Mission in Mufti: Brazil's Military Regimes, 1964–1985

2320: 2046:

torture, which included rape and castration. The book

1884:

Students march against the military dictatorship, 1966

1028:

on the streets of the main cities of the country, the

5828:

The Military in Politics: Changing Patterns in Brazil

3928:

Films depicting Latin American military dictatorships

3875:

June 1973 - Medici announces Geisel as his successor.

3848:

October 1965 - Presidential elections to be indirect.

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in support of Goulart. The crisis was solved by the "

5005:"A seleção que 'presenteou' a ditadura com uma taça" 1981:

Censorship under the military dictatorship in Brazil

1051:, dating back to April 1974 (when he was serving as 69: 5754:. In John J. Crocitti; Monique M. Vallance (eds.). 3857:

November 1967 - opposition starts armed resistance.

2216:. Over 500,000 workers led by the future president 2193:was still ongoing as demonstrated by the murder of 969:(who had already participated in the conspiracy to 5429: 5427: 3890:October 1977 - Head of the Armed Forces dismissed. 2499:United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 1729:as president for the remainder of Goulart's term. 5812:The Politics of Military Rule in Brazil 1964-1985 5113:"LEI COMPLEMENTAR Nº 15, DE 13 DE AGOSTO DE 1973" 5055:. São Paulo:Cia. da Letras, 2002; ISBN 8535902996 4806: 4804: 4338:"Brazil Shatters Its Wall of Silence on the Past" 3893:January 1979 - Institutional Act Nr. 5 dismissed. 2147:with Médici's approval in 1974, a year after the 6918: 5653:. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. 4626:"Brazil Marks 50th Anniversary of Military Coup" 4605:"Brazil Marks 40th Anniversary of Military Coup" 4331: 4329: 3788:responsibility within the international system. 2345:As president, Figueiredo continued the gradual " 2106: 928:extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances 5749: 5424: 4340:. International Center for Transitional Justice 4214:"Ditadura militar - O papel da Igreja católica" 4146:from the original on 26 April 2023 – via 3825:) in the assassination of political opponents. 1541: 1534:campaign against left-wing dissidents known as 5526:Journal of Iberian and Latin American Research 4801: 4522:"Janio da Silva Quadros - president of Brazil" 3866:September 1969 - Medici selected as president. 1489:. These ships had positioned off the coast of 94:accompanying your translation by providing an 60:Click for important translation instructions. 47:expand this article with text translated from 6098: 5918: 5508:Marie-Moniques de la mort - l'école française 4992:O Milagre Brasileiro - Causas e Conseqüências 4326: 3884:November 1974 - MDB wins in Senate elections. 3881:August 1974 - political relaxation announced. 3748: 2522:Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 2143:Retired general Ernesto Geisel (1974–79) was 106:{{Translated|pt|Ditadura militar brasileira}} 5273:Souza, Miliandre Garcia de (December 2010). 4700:"Jair Bolsonaro, Brazil's Would-be Dictator" 2062:, came to Brazil in 1973. Aussaresses used " 1908:left the country, in self-proclaimed exile. 1769:(ARENA) and the mild not-leftist opposition 1446: 5708:"Geisel - Brazil: Five Centuries of Change" 5601: 5315:"O Ministério da Justiça no regime militar" 4362:(in Portuguese). O Globo. 19 September 2018 4281:"Brazil: Prosecute Dictatorship-Era Abuses" 3872:January 1973 - armed resistance suppressed. 3860:March 1968 - beginning of student protests. 1615:Presidents during the military dictatorship 1342:Goulart and the fall of the Fourth Republic 1138:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1097:Learn how and when to remove these messages 883:, was established on 1 April 1964, after a 6105: 6091: 5925: 5911: 5627:"Get to Know a Brazilian – Ernesto Geisel" 5491:Sur: International Journal on Human Rights 4496:"Massacre de índios pela ditadura militar" 3755: 3741: 2786:Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil 2477:riding horses in Brasília, 1 December 1982 2005: 1306:whose origins could be traced back to the 973:in 1945), then governors of the states of 922:. Those abuses included institutionalized 265: 5523: 5464:. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. 5357: 5319:Ministério da Justiça e Segurança Pública 5290: 5234: 5175: 4897:"Brazil: Love It, Leave It, or Change It" 4729:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 1 April 2019. 4446: 4256: 4180: 3887:April 1977 - National Congress dismissed. 2441:Learn how and when to remove this message 2070:, including the systemic use of torture, 2030:, dedicated to the victims of torture in 1231:Learn how and when to remove this message 1213:Learn how and when to remove this message 1158:Learn how and when to remove this message 6001:March of the Family with God for Liberty 5565:The Yale Review of International Studies 4994:, Caderno Cebrap, nº 6, 1972, São Paulo. 4894: 4502:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 13 April 2017 4335: 4119: 4092:"5ª República (09.04.1964 - 05.10.1988)" 3854:March 1967 - Costa e Silva takes office. 2468: 2452: 2324: 2278: 2231: 2080: 2021: 1988:Assessoria Especial de Relações Públicas 1938: 1879: 1813: 1809: 1780: 1460: 1443:, where his family owned large estates. 1375: 1354:1964 vacancy in the Presidency of Brazil 5838:Brazil and the Quiet Intervention: 1964 4780: 4774: 4715: 4713: 4562:"Brasil: Uma Historia - Eduardo Bueno" 4309:Brazil and the Quiet Intervention, 1964 4211: 3968:"Brazil's Changing Religious Landscape" 3863:December 1968 - Institutional Act Nr.5. 2158: 1710:Establishing the regime, Castelo Branco 14: 6919: 5782: 5646: 5624: 5589: 5577: 5339: 5257: 5088:"Relatório Final das Eleições de 1970" 5068:. Folha de Sao Paulo. 14 November 2020 4750: 4748: 4733:from the original on 26 September 2019 4667: 4305: 4238: 4159: 4157: 4072:from the original on 27 September 2006 4009: 2220:demanded and won a 11% wage increase. 1777:Hardening of the regime, Costa e Silva 148:República dos Estados Unidos do Brasil 6086: 5906: 5872: 5625:Snider, Colin M. (24 February 2013). 5558: 5484: 5433: 5380: 5272: 5212: 5210: 4858:"Brazil - The Political Party System" 4762:from the original on 21 February 2020 4384:(in Portuguese). El País. 10 May 2018 4336:Gonzalez, Eduardo (6 December 2011). 4189:The Catholic Church and the 1964 Coup 3896:March 1979 - Figueiredo takes office. 2503:Economic Commission for Latin America 2353:did not enjoy major political power. 2274:import substitution industrialization 5434:Watts, Jonathan (10 December 2014). 5216: 5155: 5137:. Folha de Sao Paulo. September 2018 4710: 4564:http://www.brasilumahistoria.com.br/ 4306:Parker, Phyllis R. (4 August 2014). 4115: 4113: 2423:adding citations to reliable sources 2394: 2384: 2377:was held indirectly, via a selected 1526:Brazil actively participated in the 1169: 1136:adding citations to reliable sources 1103: 1062: 29: 6179:Sixth (New) Republic (1985–present) 6112: 4745: 4273: 4184:A Igreja Católica e o Golpe de 1964 4181:Gonçalves, Angelo Barreiro (2012). 4154: 3970:. Pew Research Center. 18 July 2013 2972:Declaration of majority of Pedro II 2321:Transition to democracy, Figueiredo 1016:, Figueiredo could not control the 879:), occasionally referred to as the 27:1964–1985 military regime in Brazil 24: 6037:Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco 5805: 5559:Filho, Paulo Coelho (March 2012). 5207: 4928:. 21 December 1970. Archived from 4922:"Brazil: Raising the Ransom Price" 4653:. 31 December 1965. Archived from 4232: 3869:October 1969 - a new Constitution. 3851:January 1967 - a new Constitution. 2776:Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777) 2761:Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737) 1919:, leading to the assassination of 1832:8th October Revolutionary Movement 1727:Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco 1597:Divisions within the officer corps 1185:tone or style may not reflect the 957:The military coup was fomented by 25: 6998: 6174:Military dictatorship (1964–1985) 6006:March of the One Hundred Thousand 5891: 5727: 5460:Archdiocese of São Paulo (1998). 4895:Lewitzke, Chris (16 April 2014). 4122:"Decolonisation and the Cold War" 4110: 3878:March 1974 - Geisel takes office. 3327:March of the One Hundred Thousand 2542:president of the Security Council 1853:unfolded and the country won the 1078:This article has multiple issues. 6937:1985 disestablishments in Brazil 6159:First (Old) Republic (1889–1930) 5824:, by Ronald M. Schneider (1973). 5602:Adam Taylor (12 December 2014). 4972:. Revista Esquinas. 21 June 2022 4212:Cancian, Renato (9 March 2014). 4016:"The Military Republic, 1964-85" 3948:Brazilian Military Criminal Code 3833:Portuguese-Brazilian community. 3724: 2567: 2514:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 2399: 2242:Memorial Aeroespacial Brasileiro 1821:a slogan of the military regime. 1691: 1673: 1655: 1637: 1619: 1298:(lieutenants' movement) and the 1195:guide to writing better articles 1174: 1108: 1067: 849: 824: 239: 193: 178: 34: 6927:Military dictatorship in Brazil 5934:Military dictatorship in Brazil 5846:, by Wilfred A. Bacchus (1990). 5743: 5721: 5700: 5674: 5640: 5618: 5595: 5583: 5571: 5552: 5517: 5501: 5478: 5453: 5399: 5374: 5359:10.1590/s0104-87752009000100014 5333: 5307: 5266: 5251: 5236:10.1590/S0102-01882004000100003 5191: 5149: 5127: 5105: 5080: 5058: 5045: 5023: 4997: 4984: 4962: 4936: 4914: 4888: 4871: 4850: 4825: 4692: 4661: 4639: 4618: 4597: 4575: 4556: 4535: 4514: 4488: 4463: 4422: 4396: 4374: 4352: 4299: 4258:10.1590/S0103-40142014000100008 3990:"Human Development Report 2014" 3785:Organization of American States 2410:needs additional citations for 2367:In 1984, the movement known as 1086:or discuss these issues on the 869:military dictatorship in Brazil 5840:, by Phyllis R. Parker (1979). 5223:Revista Brasileira de História 4205: 4174: 4096:Portal da Câmara dos Deputados 4084: 4003: 3982: 3960: 3396:1993 Constitutional referendum 3386:Impeachment of Fernando Collor 2835:Conquest of the Banda Oriental 2805:Invasion of the Banda Oriental 2214:first labor strikes since 1964 1026:massive popular demonstrations 895:government, against president 162:República Federativa do Brasil 104:You may also add the template 13: 1: 6932:1964 establishments in Brazil 5650:Dictatorship in South America 4833:"A Troubling Trend in Brazil" 4312:. University of Texas Press. 4239:Reimão, Sandra (April 2014). 4010:Hudson, Rex A.; et al. ( 3953: 3416:Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff 2648:Letter of Pero Vaz de Caminha 2636:Pedro Álvares Cabral's voyage 2538:João Augusto de Araújo Castro 2064:counter-revolutionary warfare 1974: 1934: 1869: 1771:Brazilian Democratic Movement 1485:, in an operation code-named 1058: 932:new, restrictive Constitution 914:in 1968, practiced extensive 152:Federative Republic of Brazil 18:Brazilian military government 6972:Far-right politics in Brazil 5538:10.1080/13260219.2013.806017 5512:See here, starting at 24 min 5340:Biroli, Flávia (June 2009). 4448:10.1590/2179-8966/2017/28186 3938:Nuclear activities in Brazil 3205:Constitutionalist Revolution 3072:Proclamation of the Republic 2917:Confederation of the Equator 2818:United Kingdom with Portugal 2540:as ambassador to the UN and 2340:National Information Service 1992:Conselho Superior de Censura 1956:violations of human rights. 1819:Brazil: love it or leave it, 1720:Presidency of Castelo Branco 1542:The alleged Communist threat 1439:, and then went to exile in 1308:Brazilian Integralist Action 1288:Proclamation of the Republic 565:Adalberto Pereira dos Santos 7: 6982:Political history of Brazil 6621:Water supply and sanitation 6169:Fourth Republic (1946–1964) 6144:Colonial Brazil (1500–1815) 5606:. The Sydney Morning Herald 3916: 3836: 2875:Recognition of Independence 2865:Declaration of Independence 2391:Foreign relations of Brazil 2165:Political opening of Brazil 1994:) later on that same year. 1789:tanks along the streets of 1433:their way to Rio de Janeiro 989:supported the coup through 234:"Brazilian National Anthem" 10: 7003: 6977:Military history of Brazil 6149:United Kingdom (1815–1822) 5776: 5292:10.1590/2237-101x011021013 4787:. Penguin UK. p. 34. 3307:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 3230:1937 Brazilian coup d'état 3215:Communist uprising of 1935 2987:Liberal rebellions of 1842 2840:Constituent Cortes of 1820 2388: 2375:1985 presidential election 2266:ethanol production program 2227: 2162: 2015: 2009: 1978: 1873: 1828:National Liberation Action 1713: 1450: 1351: 1348:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 1345: 68:Machine translation, like 6878: 6747: 6639: 6541: 6532: 6510: 6424: 6415: 6403:President of the Republic 6321: 6312: 6196: 6187: 6124: 6029: 5993: 5985:National Truth Commission 5943: 5852:, by Wendy Hunter (1997). 5790:. New York: Basic Books. 5758:. ABC-CLIO. p. 396. 5321:(in Brazilian Portuguese) 4647:"BRAZIL Toward Stability" 4410:(in Brazilian Portuguese) 4098:(in Brazilian Portuguese) 4012:Federal Research Division 3367:1988 Constituent Assembly 3312:Vacancy in the Presidency 3252:Ousting of Getúlio Vargas 3193:Second Brazilian Republic 3118:Coffee with milk politics 3052:Post–abolition of slavery 2902:1823 Constituent Assembly 2830:Conquest of French Guiana 2145:elected to the presidency 2121:National Truth Commission 1767:National Renewal Alliance 1447:United States involvement 985:, respectively. The U.S. 832:Fourth Brazilian Republic 803: 791: 781: 761: 757: 747: 737: 733: 726: 722: 709: 694: 681: 666: 653: 640: 636: 626: 611: 596: 586: 582: 570: 558: 546: 534: 522: 518: 510: 506: 494: 482: 468: 454: 442: 430: 418: 414: 406: 338: 303: 293: 283: 273: 264: 233: 221: 209: 174: 169: 134: 49:the corresponding article 6962:Anti-communism in Brazil 6326:Administrative divisions 6062:Golbery do Couto e Silva 6047:Emílio Garrastazu Médici 6021:Death of Vladimir Herzog 5750:Nobile, Rodrigo (2012). 5407:"Filinto Müller - CPDOC" 5381:Green, James N. (2010). 5092:Regional Electoral Court 4901:Georgia Political Review 4668:Bevins, Vincent (2020). 4435:Revista Direito e Práxis 3277:Construction of Brasília 3272:Lott's preventative coup 2187:Golbery do Couto e Silva 2139:, and the 1973 oil shock 2111:protest in February 1968 1743:Emílio Garrastazu Médici 1667:Emílio Garrastazu Médici 1268:First Brazilian Republic 1014:redemocratization policy 891:, with support from the 881:Fifth Brazilian Republic 845:Sixth Brazilian Republic 476:Emílio Garrastazu Médici 228:Hino Nacional Brasileiro 5953:List of the disappeared 5752:"Military Dictatorship" 4120:Blakeley, Ruth (2009). 4020:Brazil: A Country Study 2781:Minas Gerais Conspiracy 2358:Democratic Social Party 2135:Geisel administration, 2006:Human rights violations 1799:Fifth Institutional Act 959:José de Magalhães Pinto 912:Institutional Act No. 5 671:Institutional Act No. 5 138:United States of Brazil 115:For more guidance, see 6987:Military dictatorships 6957:20th century in Brazil 6482:Science and technology 6164:Vargas Era (1930–1946) 6042:Artur da Costa e Silva 5647:Dávila, Jerry (2013). 5279:Topoi (Rio de Janeiro) 5053:A Ditadura Escancarada 4781:Chomsky, Noam (2011). 3842:April 1964 - the coup. 3411:Car Wash investigation 3322:Araguaia Guerrilla War 3002:Eusébio de Queirós Law 2478: 2458: 2334: 2333:demonstration in 1984. 2292: 2252: 2112: 2108:Cultura contra Censura 2107: 2034: 1963:) and "hard-liners" (" 1952: 1885: 1836:Araguaia Guerrilla War 1822: 1794: 1753: 1739:Artur da Costa e Silva 1582: 1572: 1548:Rodrigo Patto Sá Motta 1470: 1397:, which was filled by 1391:parliamentary solution 1381: 1371:Brazilian Labour Party 1290:, which overthrew the 889:Brazilian Armed Forces 876: 5493:. Sur. Archived from 5217:Fico, Carlos (2004). 5156:Goes, Iasmin (2013). 4838:Youngstown Vindicator 4657:on 12 September 2012. 3923:Corinthians Democracy 3300:Military dictatorship 3106:Federalist Revolution 3082:Republic of the Sword 3032:Revolt of the Muckers 2927:Abdication of Pedro I 2719:Quilombo dos Palmares 2631:Treaty of Tordesillas 2472: 2456: 2328: 2282: 2235: 2084: 2066:" methods during the 2025: 1942: 1913:Charles Burke Elbrick 1883: 1817: 1810:Years of Lead, Médici 1784: 1747: 1576: 1559: 1464: 1453:Operation Brother Sam 1379: 991:Operation Brother Sam 971:depose Getúlio Vargas 942:. The regime adopted 934:in 1967, and stifled 397:military dictatorship 393:presidential republic 379:military dictatorship 375:presidential republic 358:military dictatorship 351:presidential republic 294:Common languages 278:Military dictatorship 117:Knowledge:Translation 88:copyright attribution 6300:World Heritage Sites 6233:Environmental issues 6206:Brazilian Antarctica 6072:Antônio Delfim Netto 5866:Francisco Vidal Luna 5788:Revolution in Brazil 5177:10.18352/erlacs.8395 4846:. 17 September 1967. 4569:26 June 2014 at the 3943:Volkswagen do Brasil 3421:Coronavirus pandemic 3242:Integralist Uprising 3047:Abolition of Slavery 2791:Opening of the ports 2419:improve this article 2258:Antônio Delfim Netto 2159:Decompression policy 1473:The U.S. ambassador 1429:Olímpio Mourão Filho 1316:Juscelino Kubitschek 1132:improve this section 1030:first free elections 948:economic development 940:political opposition 644:Military coup d'état 216:"Order and Progress" 6849:Syncretic Religions 6757:Freedom of religion 6439:Automotive industry 5880:Beyond Citizen Kane 5730:"Uruguay - English" 5688:. 13 September 1996 5485:Mezarobba, Glenda. 4784:How the World Works 4032:Library of Congress 3537:Rio Grande do Norte 2947:1834 Additional Act 2870:War of Independence 2746:War of the Emboabas 2250:São José dos Campos 2058:, a veteran of the 1272:import substitution 1270:(1889–1930) to the 1253:import substitution 954:as its guidelines. 920:human rights abuses 621:Chamber of Deputies 213:"Ordem e Progresso" 6809:Eastern Orthodoxy 6802:Ukrainian Catholic 6497:Telecommunications 6154:Empire (1822–1889) 6139:Indigenous peoples 5963:Institutional Acts 5873:Film documentaries 5816:Thomas E. Skidmore 5686:The New York Times 5567:. Yale University. 4950:. 11 December 2008 4932:on 5 January 2013. 4706:. 12 October 2018. 4500:ISTOÉ Independente 4475:m.folha.uol.com.br 4285:Human Rights Watch 3821:and the Argentine 3497:Mato Grosso do Sul 3434:By federative unit 3317:Institutional Acts 3200:Revolution of 1930 3173:Lieutenant revolts 3158:Revolt of the Lash 3138:Annexation of Acre 3128:Amazon rubber boom 2724:France Equinoxiale 2704:France Antarctique 2643:European discovery 2596:Indigenous Peoples 2518:nuclear technology 2505:(ECLA) meeting in 2479: 2459: 2335: 2293: 2289:Brazilian Congress 2253: 2181:Together with his 2113: 2035: 2028:Tortura Nunca Mais 1953: 1917:counter-insurgency 1886: 1823: 1795: 1787:M41 Walker Bulldog 1716:Institutional Acts 1471: 1382: 1300:Revolution of 1930 1053:Secretary of State 713:Democracy restored 96:interlanguage link 6914: 6913: 6874: 6873: 6816: 6804: 6797: 6790: 6783: 6781:Armenian Catholic 6586:Income inequality 6528: 6527: 6411: 6410: 6398:Political parties 6393:National Congress 6356:Freedom of speech 6341:Foreign relations 6308: 6307: 6080: 6079: 6016:Riocentro bombing 5980:Political opening 5938: 5797:978-0-19-506316-5 5580:, pp. 269 and 395 5497:on 26 April 2014. 5471:978-0-292-70484-8 5462:Torture in Brazil 5392:978-0-8223-4735-4 5225:(in Portuguese). 5198:Pattern of Terror 4319:978-1-4773-0162-3 4247:(in Portuguese). 4245:Estudos Avançados 3765: 3764: 3731:Brazil portal 3652:Jewish Brazilians 3542:Rio Grande do Sul 3374:1988 Constitution 3337:Redemocratization 3332:Brazilian Miracle 3282:Legality Campaign 3265:Populist Republic 3235:1937 Constitution 3210:1934 Constitution 3148:Taubaté Agreement 3077:1891 Constitution 3042:Military Question 2980:Reign of Pedro II 2912:1824 Constitution 2825:Pernambuco Revolt 2611:Marajoara culture 2561:History of Brazil 2451: 2450: 2443: 2385:Foreign relations 2379:electoral college 2127:According to the 2068:Battle of Algiers 2048:Torture in Brazil 1945:Carlos Marighella 1921:Carlos Marighella 1851:Brazilian Miracle 1761: 1700: 1682: 1664: 1646: 1628: 1604:constitutionalism 1437:Rio Grande do Sul 1387:Legality Campaign 1257:industrialization 1241: 1240: 1233: 1223: 1222: 1215: 1189:used on Knowledge 1187:encyclopedic tone 1168: 1167: 1160: 1101: 1022:chronic inflation 1018:crumbling economy 1002:Brazilian Miracle 963:Adhemar de Barros 936:freedom of speech 865: 864: 861: 860: 857: 856: 837: 836: 591:National Congress 572:• 1979–1985 560:• 1974–1979 553:Augusto Rademaker 548:• 1969–1974 536:• 1967–1969 529:José Maria Alkmin 524:• 1964–1967 496:• 1979–1985 484:• 1974–1979 470:• 1969–1974 444:• 1967–1969 432:• 1964–1967 257: 217: 164: 158: 150: 144: 128: 127: 61: 57: 16:(Redirected from 6994: 6967:Authoritarianism 6894: 6887: 6812: 6800: 6793: 6786: 6779: 6704:National symbols 6539: 6538: 6477: 6449:Economic history 6434:Animal husbandry 6422: 6421: 6319: 6318: 6194: 6193: 6107: 6100: 6093: 6084: 6083: 5975:Economic miracle 5948:1964 coup d'état 5936: 5927: 5920: 5913: 5904: 5903: 5862:Herbert S. Klein 5801: 5770: 5769: 5747: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5728:Evans, Michael. 5725: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5599: 5593: 5587: 5581: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5556: 5550: 5549: 5521: 5515: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5431: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5361: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5294: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5238: 5214: 5205: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5179: 5170:(April): 83–96. 5153: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5062: 5056: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5001: 4995: 4988: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4808: 4799: 4798: 4778: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4752: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4717: 4708: 4707: 4696: 4690: 4689: 4678:. pp. 1–2. 4665: 4659: 4658: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4585:. 8 January 2014 4579: 4573: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4450: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4333: 4324: 4323: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4260: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4223: 4221: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4161: 4152: 4151: 4117: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3994: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3964: 3757: 3750: 3743: 3729: 3728: 3727: 3472:Federal District 3090: 2895:Reign of Pedro I 2888:Empire of Brazil 2799: 2766:Treaty of Madrid 2756:Vila Rica Revolt 2673: 2665:Brazilwood cycle 2571: 2548: 2547: 2446: 2439: 2435: 2432: 2426: 2403: 2395: 2351:Aureliano Chaves 2174:" (opening) and 2110: 2056:Paul Aussaresses 1755: 1698: 1695: 1680: 1677: 1662: 1659: 1644: 1641: 1626: 1623: 1570: 1556: 1536:Operation Condor 1292:Brazilian Empire 1236: 1229: 1218: 1211: 1207: 1204: 1198: 1197:for suggestions. 1193:See Knowledge's 1178: 1177: 1170: 1163: 1156: 1152: 1149: 1143: 1112: 1104: 1093: 1071: 1070: 1063: 1038:new Constitution 1034:another election 987:State Department 877:ditadura militar 853: 852: 841: 840: 828: 827: 821: 820: 805: 804: 777: 776: 768: 701: 685:Economic Miracle 677:13 December 1968 673: 657:New Constitution 577:Aureliano Chaves 478: 425:Ranieri Mazzilli 402: 384: 363: 269: 259: 258: 235: 215: 197: 182: 160: 157: 154: 146: 143: 140: 132: 131: 107: 101: 74:Google Translate 59: 56:(September 2024) 55: 38: 37: 30: 21: 7002: 7001: 6997: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6992: 6991: 6952:1980s in Brazil 6947:1970s in Brazil 6942:1960s in Brazil 6917: 6916: 6915: 6910: 6897: 6890: 6883: 6870: 6743: 6729:Science fiction 6719:Public holidays 6635: 6596:Life expectancy 6524: 6506: 6475: 6407: 6383:Law enforcement 6304: 6290:Water resources 6270:Protected areas 6183: 6120: 6111: 6081: 6076: 6057:João Figueiredo 6025: 5989: 5939: 5931: 5894: 5875: 5808: 5806:Further reading 5798: 5784:Kirsch, Bernard 5779: 5774: 5773: 5766: 5748: 5744: 5734: 5732: 5726: 5722: 5712: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5701: 5691: 5689: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5645: 5641: 5631: 5629: 5623: 5619: 5609: 5607: 5600: 5596: 5588: 5584: 5576: 5572: 5557: 5553: 5522: 5518: 5506: 5502: 5483: 5479: 5472: 5458: 5454: 5444: 5442: 5432: 5425: 5415: 5413: 5405: 5404: 5400: 5393: 5379: 5375: 5352:(41): 269–291. 5338: 5334: 5324: 5322: 5313: 5312: 5308: 5285:(21): 235–259. 5271: 5267: 5256: 5252: 5215: 5208: 5196: 5192: 5182: 5180: 5154: 5150: 5140: 5138: 5133: 5132: 5128: 5118: 5116: 5115:. Camara.leg.br 5111: 5110: 5106: 5096: 5094: 5086: 5085: 5081: 5071: 5069: 5064: 5063: 5059: 5051:GASPARI, Elio. 5050: 5046: 5036: 5034: 5029: 5028: 5024: 5014: 5012: 5003: 5002: 4998: 4989: 4985: 4975: 4973: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4953: 4951: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4905: 4903: 4893: 4889: 4881: 4877: 4876: 4872: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4855: 4851: 4831: 4830: 4826: 4816: 4814: 4810: 4809: 4802: 4795: 4779: 4775: 4765: 4763: 4754: 4753: 4746: 4736: 4734: 4726:Agência Pública 4719: 4718: 4711: 4698: 4697: 4693: 4686: 4666: 4662: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4623: 4619: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4588: 4586: 4581: 4580: 4576: 4571:Wayback Machine 4561: 4557: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4505: 4503: 4494: 4493: 4489: 4479: 4477: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4427: 4423: 4413: 4411: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4387: 4385: 4380: 4379: 4375: 4365: 4363: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4343: 4341: 4334: 4327: 4320: 4304: 4300: 4290: 4288: 4287:. 14 April 2009 4279: 4278: 4274: 4237: 4233: 4219: 4217: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4179: 4175: 4167: 4163: 4162: 4155: 4140: 4118: 4111: 4101: 4099: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4075: 4073: 4042: 4024:Country Studies 4008: 4004: 3992: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3973: 3971: 3966: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3919: 3839: 3761: 3725: 3723: 3718: 3717: 3716: 3712:Years in Brazil 3696: 3688: 3687: 3686: 3612:Catholic Church 3592:Afro-Brazilians 3586: 3578: 3577: 3576: 3436: 3426: 3425: 3357: 3347: 3346: 3302: 3292: 3291: 3267: 3257: 3256: 3219: 3188: 3178: 3177: 3153:Naval arms race 3084: 3067: 3057: 3056: 3027:Religious Issue 3012:Christie Affair 2992:Praieira revolt 2976: 2931: 2890: 2880: 2879: 2855: 2845: 2844: 2820: 2810: 2809: 2793: 2729:Dutch invasions 2714:Jesuit missions 2697:State of Brazil 2693: 2667: 2654: 2626: 2624:Colonial Brazil 2616: 2615: 2591: 2581: 2473:Figueiredo and 2447: 2436: 2430: 2427: 2416: 2404: 2393: 2387: 2323: 2291:, 30 March 1978 2283:U.S. President 2230: 2195:Vladimir Herzog 2167: 2161: 2141: 2020: 2014: 2008: 1983: 1977: 1937: 1878: 1872: 1812: 1779: 1762: 1722: 1714:Main articles: 1712: 1705: 1703:João Figueiredo 1701: 1696: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1633: 1629: 1624: 1599: 1591:Peasant Leagues 1571: 1568: 1550: 1544: 1495:John F. Kennedy 1467:John F. Kennedy 1465:U.S. President 1459: 1449: 1414:nationalization 1356: 1350: 1344: 1332:Roberto Marinho 1237: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1219: 1208: 1202: 1199: 1192: 1183:This section's 1179: 1175: 1164: 1153: 1147: 1144: 1129: 1113: 1072: 1068: 1061: 1049:Henry Kissinger 1006:João Figueiredo 908:Catholic Church 850: 825: 774: 773: 772: 766: 750: 740: 715: 702: 697: 687: 674: 669: 662:24 January 1967 659: 646: 617: 602: 573: 561: 549: 537: 525: 501:João Figueiredo 497: 485: 474: 471: 457: 445: 433: 421: 400: 399: 385: 382: 381: 364: 361: 360: 334: 307: 260: 240: 237: 231: 214: 205: 204: 203: 198: 190: 189: 183: 165: 159: 155: 153: 151: 145: 141: 139: 137: 136:Republic of the 124: 123: 122: 105: 99: 62: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7000: 6990: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6908: 6903: 6896: 6895: 6888: 6880: 6879: 6876: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6868: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6830: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6818: 6817: 6807: 6806: 6805: 6798: 6791: 6784: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6753: 6751: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6645: 6643: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6542: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6520:Rail transport 6516: 6514: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6425: 6419: 6413: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6369: 6368: 6366:Women's rights 6363: 6358: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6322: 6316: 6310: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6255:Largest cities 6252: 6247: 6242: 6240:Extreme points 6237: 6236: 6235: 6225: 6220: 6219: 6218: 6216:Climate change 6208: 6203: 6197: 6191: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6130: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6110: 6109: 6102: 6095: 6087: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6074: 6069: 6067:Roberto Campos 6064: 6059: 6054: 6052:Ernesto Geisel 6049: 6044: 6039: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5997: 5995: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5971: 5970: 5960: 5958:Armed struggle 5955: 5950: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5930: 5929: 5922: 5915: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5893: 5892:External links 5890: 5889: 5888: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5869: 5853: 5847: 5841: 5835: 5825: 5819: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5802: 5796: 5778: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5764: 5742: 5720: 5699: 5673: 5659: 5639: 5617: 5594: 5582: 5570: 5551: 5532:(1): 149–162. 5516: 5500: 5477: 5470: 5452: 5423: 5398: 5391: 5373: 5346:Varia Historia 5332: 5306: 5265: 5250: 5206: 5190: 5158:"Explorations" 5148: 5126: 5104: 5079: 5057: 5044: 5033:. Educação UOL 5022: 4996: 4990:SINGER, Paul. 4983: 4961: 4935: 4913: 4887: 4870: 4849: 4824: 4800: 4794:978-0241961155 4793: 4773: 4744: 4709: 4691: 4685:978-1541742406 4684: 4660: 4638: 4617: 4596: 4574: 4555: 4534: 4513: 4487: 4462: 4441:(1): 129–169. 4421: 4395: 4373: 4351: 4325: 4318: 4298: 4272: 4231: 4204: 4197: 4173: 4153: 4138: 4132:. p. 94. 4109: 4083: 4040: 4002: 3981: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3913: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3838: 3835: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3759: 3752: 3745: 3737: 3734: 3733: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3672:Rail transport 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3584: 3583: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3557:Santa Catarina 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3532:Rio de Janeiro 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3477:Espírito Santo 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3432: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3424: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3364: 3358: 3353: 3352: 3349: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3303: 3298: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3268: 3263: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3238: 3237: 3226: 3225: 3218: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3189: 3184: 3183: 3180: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3163:Contestado War 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3143:Vaccine Revolt 3140: 3135: 3133:War of Canudos 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3079: 3074: 3068: 3063: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3022:Paraguayan War 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2975: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2962:Ragamuffin War 2959: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2935:Regency Period 2930: 2929: 2924: 2922:Cisplatine War 2919: 2914: 2909: 2907:Night of Agony 2904: 2898: 2897: 2891: 2886: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2878: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2856: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2821: 2816: 2815: 2812: 2811: 2808: 2807: 2802: 2801: 2800: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2737: 2736: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2692: 2691: 2690: 2689: 2679: 2674: 2661: 2660: 2653: 2652: 2651: 2650: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2627: 2622: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2592: 2587: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2574:Terra Brasilis 2572: 2564: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2449: 2448: 2407: 2405: 2398: 2389:Main article: 2386: 2383: 2329:Pro-democracy 2322: 2319: 2287:addresses the 2229: 2226: 2183:Chief of Staff 2160: 2157: 2140: 2133: 2103:Cacilda Becker 2043:Filinto Müller 2010:Main article: 2007: 2004: 1979:Main article: 1976: 1973: 1969:Anos de Chumbo 1936: 1933: 1902:Caetano Veloso 1874:Main article: 1871: 1868: 1855:1970 World Cup 1811: 1808: 1804:military junta 1793:in April 1968. 1791:Rio de Janeiro 1778: 1775: 1754: 1741:(1967–69) and 1711: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1697: 1690: 1688: 1685:Ernesto Geisel 1679: 1672: 1670: 1661: 1654: 1652: 1643: 1636: 1634: 1631:Castelo Branco 1625: 1618: 1616: 1598: 1595: 1566: 1543: 1540: 1521:Vincent Bevins 1491:Rio de Janeiro 1475:Lincoln Gordon 1448: 1445: 1422:Getúlio Vargas 1399:Tancredo Neves 1395:prime minister 1346:Main article: 1343: 1340: 1328:Communist Bloc 1284:Paraguayan War 1239: 1238: 1221: 1220: 1182: 1180: 1173: 1166: 1165: 1116: 1114: 1107: 1102: 1076: 1075: 1073: 1066: 1060: 1057: 967:Carlos Lacerda 952:anti-communism 918:and committed 904:Brazilian Army 863: 862: 859: 858: 855: 854: 847: 838: 835: 834: 829: 817: 816: 811: 801: 800: 795: 789: 788: 783: 779: 778: 769: 759: 758: 755: 754: 751: 748: 745: 744: 741: 738: 735: 734: 731: 730: 724: 723: 720: 719: 716: 710: 707: 706: 703: 699:Liberalization 695: 692: 691: 688: 682: 679: 678: 675: 667: 664: 663: 660: 654: 651: 650: 647: 641: 638: 637: 634: 633: 628: 627:Historical era 624: 623: 618: 612: 609: 608: 606:Federal Senate 603: 597: 594: 593: 588: 584: 583: 580: 579: 574: 571: 568: 567: 562: 559: 556: 555: 550: 547: 544: 543: 538: 535: 532: 531: 526: 523: 520: 519: 516: 515: 512: 511:Vice President 508: 507: 504: 503: 498: 495: 492: 491: 489:Ernesto Geisel 486: 483: 480: 479: 472: 469: 466: 465: 462:Military Junta 458: 455: 452: 451: 446: 443: 440: 439: 437:Castelo Branco 434: 431: 428: 427: 422: 419: 416: 415: 412: 411: 408: 404: 403: 372:dominant-party 342: 336: 335: 333: 332: 326: 323: 317: 310: 308: 305: 301: 300: 295: 291: 290: 285: 281: 280: 275: 271: 270: 262: 261: 238: 219: 218: 207: 206: 199: 192: 191: 184: 177: 176: 175: 172: 171: 167: 166: 135: 126: 125: 121: 120: 113: 102: 80: 77: 66: 63: 44: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6999: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6893: 6889: 6886: 6882: 6881: 6877: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6851: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6828: 6827:Protestantism 6825: 6823: 6820: 6815: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6803: 6799: 6796: 6792: 6789: 6785: 6782: 6778: 6777: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6771:Christianity 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6750: 6746: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6638: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6611:States by HDI 6609: 6607: 6606:Social issues 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6531: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6509: 6503: 6500: 6498: 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5284: 5280: 5276: 5269: 5261: 5254: 5246: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5229:(47): 29–60. 5228: 5224: 5220: 5213: 5211: 5203: 5199: 5194: 5178: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5152: 5136: 5130: 5114: 5108: 5093: 5089: 5083: 5067: 5061: 5054: 5048: 5032: 5026: 5011:. 7 June 2020 5010: 5006: 5000: 4993: 4987: 4971: 4965: 4949: 4945: 4939: 4931: 4927: 4926:Time Magazine 4923: 4917: 4902: 4898: 4891: 4880: 4874: 4859: 4853: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4828: 4813: 4807: 4805: 4796: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4777: 4761: 4757: 4751: 4749: 4732: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4716: 4714: 4705: 4701: 4695: 4687: 4681: 4677: 4676:PublicAffairs 4673: 4672: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4651:TIME Magazine 4648: 4642: 4627: 4621: 4606: 4600: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4568: 4565: 4559: 4544: 4538: 4523: 4517: 4501: 4497: 4491: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4425: 4409: 4405: 4399: 4383: 4377: 4361: 4355: 4339: 4332: 4330: 4321: 4315: 4311: 4310: 4302: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4251:(80): 75–90. 4250: 4246: 4242: 4235: 4228: 4215: 4208: 4200: 4198:9788582290651 4194: 4190: 4186: 4185: 4177: 4166: 4160: 4158: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4139:9781134042463 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4116: 4114: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4006: 3998: 3991: 3985: 3969: 3963: 3959: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3912:takes office. 3911: 3908:March 1985 - 3907: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3840: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3811: 3810:Frente Amplio 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3786: 3780: 3777: 3772: 3770: 3758: 3753: 3751: 3746: 3744: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3735: 3732: 3722: 3721: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3692: 3691: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3641:Football Team 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3582: 3581: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3429: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3356: 3351: 3350: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3304: 3301: 3296: 3295: 3288: 3287:Plano Trienal 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3269: 3266: 3261: 3260: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3190: 3187: 3182: 3181: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3066: 3061: 3060: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3017:Uruguayan War 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2889: 2884: 2883: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2854: 2849: 2848: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2822: 2819: 2814: 2813: 2806: 2803: 2797: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2688: 2685: 2684: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2625: 2620: 2619: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2590: 2589:Pre-Cabraline 2585: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2526:Latin America 2523: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2487: 2485: 2476: 2475:Ronald Reagan 2471: 2467: 2464: 2455: 2445: 2442: 2434: 2431:November 2023 2424: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2408:This section 2406: 2402: 2397: 2396: 2392: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2371: 2365: 2361: 2359: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2341: 2332: 2327: 2318: 2315: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2275: 2269: 2267: 2261: 2259: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2225: 2221: 2219: 2218:Lula da Silva 2215: 2211: 2206: 2203: 2202:November 1974 2198: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2166: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2138: 2132: 2130: 2125: 2122: 2117: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2099:Norma Bengell 2096: 2092: 2088: 2087:Tônia Carrero 2083: 2079: 2077: 2076:death flights 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2051: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2013: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1982: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1907: 1906:Chico Buarque 1903: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1882: 1877: 1867: 1863: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1844: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1820: 1816: 1807: 1805: 1800: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1759: 1752: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1730: 1728: 1721: 1717: 1704: 1694: 1689: 1686: 1676: 1671: 1668: 1658: 1653: 1650: 1649:Costa e Silva 1640: 1635: 1632: 1622: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1586:The Intercept 1581: 1580: 1575: 1565: 1564: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1512: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1483: 1476: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1423: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1378: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1360:Jânio Quadros 1355: 1349: 1339: 1337: 1336:Octávio Frias 1333: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1277: 1276:structuralism 1273: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1249:modernization 1246: 1235: 1232: 1217: 1214: 1206: 1196: 1190: 1188: 1181: 1172: 1171: 1162: 1159: 1151: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1127: 1126: 1122: 1117:This section 1115: 1111: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1065: 1064: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1045:Latin America 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 998: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 955: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 900: 898: 894: 893:United States 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 848: 846: 843: 842: 839: 833: 830: 823: 822: 819: 818: 815: 812: 810: 807: 806: 802: 799: 796: 794: 793:ISO 3166 code 790: 787: 784: 780: 770: 764: 760: 756: 752: 746: 742: 736: 732: 729: 725: 721: 718:15 March 1985 717: 714: 708: 704: 700: 693: 689: 686: 680: 676: 672: 665: 661: 658: 652: 649:31 March 1964 648: 645: 639: 635: 632: 629: 625: 622: 619: 616: 610: 607: 604: 601: 595: 592: 589: 585: 581: 578: 575: 569: 566: 563: 557: 554: 551: 545: 542: 539: 533: 530: 527: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 502: 499: 493: 490: 487: 481: 477: 473: 467: 464: 463: 459: 453: 450: 449:Costa e Silva 447: 441: 438: 435: 429: 426: 423: 417: 413: 409: 405: 398: 394: 391: 388: 380: 376: 373: 370: 369:authoritarian 367: 359: 356: 355:authoritarian 352: 349: 346: 343: 341: 337: 331: 327: 324: 322: 318: 316: 312: 311: 309: 302: 299: 296: 292: 289: 286: 282: 279: 276: 272: 268: 263: 230: 229: 224: 220: 212: 208: 202: 196: 187: 181: 173: 168: 163: 149: 133: 130: 118: 114: 111: 103: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 78: 75: 71: 67: 65: 64: 58: 52: 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