31:
418:, contending that the Fourth Amendment was indeed intended by the framers to apply to any action undertaken by the federal government. They contended that the Constitution grants the government limited powers, and the application of rights is one such limitation. Therefore, no agent of the federal government could ever conduct a search that was not governed by the Fourth Amendment.
380:, contending that "the people" intended to be protected by the Fourth Amendment were the people of the United States, and that the defendant's "legal but involuntary presence" on U.S. soil (a direct result of his arrest) failed to create a sufficient relationship with the U.S. to allow him to call upon the Constitution for protection.
402:
apply in such cases, but concluding that this search and seizure was reasonable because it was done with the permission and assistance of the government of Mexico and because no U.S. court would have had the authority to issue a warrant for such a search.
359:
The Court held that the Fourth
Amendment's prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures did not apply where United States agents searched and seized property located in a foreign country owned by a nonresident alien in the United States.
320:. The DEA decided that it would be a good idea to search the defendant's home, so agents received authorization from the Mexican government to conduct the search. The agents found documents believed to be the defendant's records of his
391:
authored a concurring opinion, contending that the application of the Fourth
Amendment in cases such as this would interfere with the ability of the U.S. to engage in actions designed to protect the nation's interests abroad.
1454:
3009:
448:
2280:
2865:
133:
The Fourth
Amendment does not apply to the search and seizure by United States agents of property owned by a nonresident alien and located in a foreign country.
1414:
577:
481:
433:
116:
72:
443:
108:
3014:
3024:
672:
259:
424:
also dissented, contending that when a foreign national is charged with a violation of U.S. criminal law, he is being treated as one of the governed.
1348:
1027:
398:
also authored a concurring opinion, contending that the Fourth
Amendment and its accompanying prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures
2999:
347:
to suppress the documents (i.e., to prevent them from being used as evidence). The government appealed this ruling, which was affirmed by the
2186:
2178:
783:
3029:
2127:
3004:
2226:
1575:
438:
277:
2633:
663:
3019:
2323:
348:
2194:
2098:
1859:
2839:
2790:
273:
35:
2366:
911:
556:
2082:
2066:
2106:
1260:
588:
309:
2494:
2210:
2135:
2090:
948:
2691:
2374:
1211:
823:
506:
104:
2288:
799:
656:
624:
340:
2218:
1876:
1011:
711:
545:(1990) and limits to the applicability of the bill of rights geographically and as to only 'the people'"
2521:
1991:
964:
735:
2750:
1924:
1900:
1892:
1868:
1730:
1677:
1602:
1529:
1510:
1155:
1139:
719:
606:
2683:
2045:
1775:
1685:
1171:
1059:
313:
2933:
2710:
2342:
2234:
2057:
1959:
1766:
1709:
1446:
1372:
1364:
1340:
1292:
1035:
987:
876:
868:
775:
751:
649:
411:
361:
2625:
2440:
2162:
2074:
1754:
1626:
1316:
1300:
1179:
1067:
940:
807:
759:
377:
188:
156:
540:
2809:
2675:
2513:
2170:
1999:
1823:
1799:
1693:
1475:
1102:
1051:
903:
884:
767:
743:
727:
703:
581:
485:
120:
64:
597:
2925:
2722:
2666:
2459:
2253:
1884:
1807:
1746:
1669:
1438:
1232:
931:
859:
815:
458:
453:
641:
8:
2645:
2566:
2542:
2533:
2478:
2424:
2143:
1975:
1940:
1847:
1831:
1791:
1783:
1721:
1701:
1650:
1324:
1195:
1187:
831:
2777:
2358:
2350:
2202:
2037:
1908:
1618:
1610:
1550:
1541:
1466:
1430:
1422:
1356:
1284:
1268:
1043:
615:
488:
2960:
2654:
2609:
2382:
2272:
2118:
1815:
1642:
1203:
1163:
1094:
956:
552:
415:
395:
344:
180:
168:
148:
2968:
2917:
2574:
2550:
2432:
2315:
2018:
1983:
1839:
1738:
1634:
1594:
1491:
1380:
1332:
1308:
1147:
1075:
1019:
919:
839:
67:
2847:
2801:
2758:
2731:
2558:
2486:
2307:
1932:
1916:
847:
388:
373:
321:
200:
2871:
1967:
1483:
1276:
1127:
995:
421:
369:
328:
293:
192:
176:
331:
in court, the defendant objected, asserting that they were obtained without a
2993:
1401:
1252:
1231:
1003:
332:
317:
281:
2941:
633:
365:
336:
164:
1236:
112:
83:
284:
agents of property owned by a nonresident alien in a foreign country.
297:
79:
1240:
510:
301:
449:
List of United States
Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court
305:
30:
671:
551:. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. pp. 145–156.
101:
327:
When the government sought to introduce the documents as
3010:
United States
Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
549:
Latinos and
American Law: Landmark Supreme Court Cases
335:, and therefore could not constitutionally be used at
1574:
434:
List of United States
Supreme Court cases, volume 494
351:. The government then appealed to the Supreme Court.
280:
protections do not apply to searches and seizures by
217:
Rehnquist, joined by White, O'Connor, Scalia, Kennedy
444:
Lists of United States
Supreme Court cases by volume
1349:Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada
685:
2991:
2899:
364:authored the opinion for the Court, joined by
2187:National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab
657:
54:United States v. Rene Martin Verdugo-Urquidez
2128:Michigan Department of State Police v. Sitz
3015:Drug Enforcement Administration litigation
2227:Safford Unified School District v. Redding
664:
650:
3025:American Civil Liberties Union litigation
2179:Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n
784:Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n
439:List of United States Supreme Court cases
2634:Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States
3000:United States Fourth Amendment case law
2324:Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders
1400:
538:
354:
2992:
2617:
406:
383:
349:Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
2898:
2597:
2405:
2246:Property of probationers and parolees
2195:Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton
2099:United States v. Montoya De Hernandez
1573:
1399:
1230:
1125:
684:
645:
18:1990 United States Supreme Court case
2452:Seizure of premises awaiting warrant
13:
2840:Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents
1522:Warrants directed at third parties
1126:
532:
316:, was arrested and brought to the
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
3041:
3005:United States Supreme Court cases
2367:County of Riverside v. McLaughlin
2155:Students, employees, and patients
1952:Breathalyzers, blood samples, DNA
1576:Exceptions to warrant requirement
912:Dow Chemical Co. v. United States
792:United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez
584:259 (1990) is available from:
574:United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez
566:
502:United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez
478:United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez
269:United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez
24:United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez
2417:Distinguishing stops and arrests
2083:United States v. Martinez-Fuerte
2067:Almeida-Sanchez v. United States
292:Rene Martin Verdugo-Urquidez, a
29:
2910:Unreasonable search and seizure
2107:United States v. Flores-Montano
1503:Neutral and detached magistrate
1261:United States v. Brignoni-Ponce
3030:Mexico–United States relations
3020:1989 in United States case law
2211:Ferguson v. City of Charleston
2136:City of Indianapolis v. Edmond
1455:Los Angeles County v. Rettelle
673:United States Fourth Amendment
516:
494:
471:
276:decision that determined that
1:
2506:Detention during vehicle stop
2375:Atwater v. City of Lago Vista
2300:Searches in jails and prisons
1212:District of Columbia v. Wesby
686:Scope of the Fourth Amendment
464:
272:, 494 U.S. 259 (1990), was a
2900:Incorporation against States
2598:
2471:Detention incident to search
2406:
2289:City of Los Angeles v. Patel
341:United States District Court
7:
2219:Board of Education v. Earls
1877:United States v. Rabinowitz
1860:Searches incident to arrest
1012:United States v. Mendenhall
539:Soltero, Carlos R. (2006).
427:
274:United States Supreme Court
241:Brennan, joined by Marshall
10:
3046:
2522:Rodriguez v. United States
2265:Administrative inspections
1992:Birchfield v. North Dakota
965:Carpenter v. United States
736:Silverman v. United States
634:Oyez (oral argument audio)
2952:
2909:
2905:
2894:
2858:
2831:
2824:
2788:
2769:
2751:Wong Sun v. United States
2742:
2721:
2702:
2665:
2644:
2608:
2604:
2593:
2532:
2505:
2470:
2451:
2416:
2412:
2401:
2334:
2299:
2281:Camara v. Municipal Court
2264:
2245:
2154:
2117:
2056:
2029:
2010:
1951:
1925:Thornton v. United States
1901:United States v. Chadwick
1893:United States v. Robinson
1869:Trupiano v. United States
1858:
1765:
1731:Coolidge v. New Hampshire
1720:
1678:Schneckloth v. Bustamonte
1661:
1603:United States v. Chadwick
1586:
1582:
1569:
1540:
1530:Zurcher v. Stanford Daily
1521:
1511:Coolidge v. New Hampshire
1502:
1465:
1409:
1395:
1247:
1226:
1156:Spinelli v. United States
1140:Brinegar v. United States
1134:
1121:
1087:Fourth Amendment standing
1086:
979:
930:
895:
858:
720:Olmstead v. United States
695:
691:
680:
258:
253:
245:
237:
229:
221:
213:
208:
142:
137:
132:
127:
96:
91:
59:
49:
45:Decided February 28, 1990
42:
28:
23:
2684:Herring v. United States
2046:South Dakota v. Opperman
1776:Carroll v. United States
1686:United States v. Matlock
1415:Johnson v. United States
1237:Investigative detentions
1172:Ornelas v. United States
1060:United States v. Drayton
543:U.S. v. Verdugo-Urquidez
343:agreed, and invoked the
314:Enrique Camarena Salazar
296:citizen reputed to be a
287:
2934:Elkins v. United States
2711:Murray v. United States
2495:Bailey v. United States
2343:United States v. Watson
2235:City of Ontario v. Quon
2091:United States v. Ramsey
1960:Schmerber v. California
1710:Fernandez v. California
1447:United States v. Grubbs
1373:Heien v. North Carolina
1365:Navarette v. California
1341:United States v. Arvizu
1293:United States v. Cortez
1036:California v. Hodari D.
988:Counselman v. Hitchcock
949:United States v. Miller
877:Oliver v. United States
869:Hester v. United States
776:California v. Greenwood
752:United States v. Knotts
362:Chief Justice Rehnquist
43:Argued November 7, 1989
2692:Davis v. United States
2626:Weeks v. United States
2441:United States v. Place
2163:New Jersey v. T. L. O.
2075:United States v. Ortiz
1755:Minnesota v. Dickerson
1627:Brigham City v. Stuart
1317:Minnesota v. Dickerson
1301:United States v. Place
1180:Whren v. United States
1068:Brendlin v. California
941:United States v. White
824:United States v. Jones
808:Kyllo v. United States
760:United States v. Place
157:William J. Brennan Jr.
86:1175; 58 U.S.L.W. 4263
2810:Kimmelman v. Morrison
2676:United States v. Leon
2646:Impeachment exception
2514:Pennsylvania v. Mimms
2000:Mitchell v. Wisconsin
1824:California v. Acevedo
1800:United States v. Ross
1694:Illinois v. Rodriguez
1587:Exigent circumstances
1476:Boyd v. United States
1103:Byrd v. United States
1052:Soldal v. Cook County
980:Definition of seizure
904:California v. Ciraolo
885:United States v. Dunn
800:Bond v. United States
768:United States v. Karo
744:Katz v. United States
728:Abel v. United States
704:Boyd v. United States
507:856 F.2d 1214
414:dissented, joined by
260:U.S. Const. amend. IV
233:Stevens (in judgment)
78:110 S. Ct. 1056; 108
2953:Warrant requirements
2926:Rochin v. California
2723:Inevitable discovery
2667:Good-faith exception
2460:Illinois v. McArthur
2254:Samson v. California
1885:Chimel v. California
1808:California v. Carney
1747:Horton v. California
1670:Stoner v. California
1439:Maryland v. Garrison
1233:Reasonable suspicion
932:Third-party doctrine
860:Open-fields doctrine
816:Illinois v. Caballes
712:United States v. Lee
696:Definition of search
459:Miguel Caro Quintero
454:Rafael Caro Quintero
355:Opinion of the Court
2567:Plumhoff v. Rickard
2543:Tennessee v. Garner
2479:Michigan v. Summers
2425:Dunaway v. New York
2335:Warrantless arrests
2144:Illinois v. Lidster
1976:Missouri v. McNeely
1941:Riley v. California
1848:Collins v. Virginia
1832:Wyoming v. Houghton
1792:Arkansas v. Sanders
1784:Chambers v. Maroney
1702:Georgia v. Randolph
1651:Lange v. California
1325:Illinois v. Wardlow
1196:Devenpeck v. Alford
1188:Maryland v. Pringle
896:Aerial surveillance
832:Florida v. Jardines
625:Library of Congress
407:Dissenting opinions
384:Concurring opinions
189:Sandra Day O'Connor
2778:Hudson v. Michigan
2703:Independent source
2359:Welsh v. Wisconsin
2351:Payton v. New York
2203:Chandler v. Miller
2171:O'Connor v. Ortega
2038:Cady v. Dombrowski
2030:Inventory searches
1909:New York v. Belton
1619:Welsh v. Wisconsin
1611:Payton v. New York
1551:Wilson v. Arkansas
1542:Knock-and-announce
1467:Mere evidence rule
1431:Ybarra v. Illinois
1423:Franks v. Delaware
1357:Arizona v. Johnson
1285:Ybarra v. Illinois
1269:Delaware v. Prouse
1044:Florida v. Bostick
153:Associate Justices
2987:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2961:Ker v. California
2890:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2820:
2819:
2770:No-knock searches
2655:James v. Illinois
2610:Exclusionary rule
2589:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2383:Virginia v. Moore
2273:Frank v. Maryland
2011:Protective sweeps
1816:Florida v. Jimeno
1643:Caniglia v. Strom
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1391:
1390:
1222:
1221:
1204:Florida v. Harris
1164:Illinois v. Gates
1117:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1095:Rakas v. Illinois
975:
974:
957:Smith v. Maryland
523:Verdugo-Urquidez,
345:exclusionary rule
265:
264:
169:Thurgood Marshall
149:William Rehnquist
3037:
2969:Aguilar v. Texas
2918:Wolf v. Colorado
2907:
2906:
2896:
2895:
2866:42 U.S.C. § 1983
2829:
2828:
2615:
2614:
2606:
2605:
2595:
2594:
2575:Mullenix v. Luna
2551:Graham v. Connor
2433:Florida v. Royer
2414:
2413:
2403:
2402:
2316:Hudson v. Palmer
2019:Maryland v. Buie
1984:Maryland v. King
1840:Florida v. White
1767:Vehicle searches
1739:Arizona v. Hicks
1662:Consent searches
1635:Kentucky v. King
1595:Warden v. Hayden
1584:
1583:
1571:
1570:
1492:Warden v. Hayden
1463:
1462:
1397:
1396:
1381:Kansas v. Glover
1333:Florida v. J. L.
1309:Michigan v. Long
1228:
1227:
1148:Aguilar v. Texas
1123:
1122:
1076:Torres v. Madrid
1020:Florida v. Royer
920:Florida v. Riley
856:
855:
840:Klayman v. Obama
693:
692:
682:
681:
666:
659:
652:
643:
642:
638:
632:
629:
623:
620:
614:
611:
605:
602:
596:
593:
587:
562:
526:
525:494 U.S. at 260.
520:
514:
504:
498:
492:
475:
422:Justice Blackmun
416:Justice Marshall
300:involved in the
278:Fourth Amendment
138:Court membership
123:1019 (1989).
33:
32:
21:
20:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3034:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2975:
2948:
2901:
2878:
2854:
2848:Egbert v. Boule
2816:
2802:Stone v. Powell
2784:
2765:
2759:Utah v. Strieff
2738:
2732:Nix v. Williams
2717:
2698:
2661:
2640:
2600:
2581:
2559:Scott v. Harris
2534:Excessive force
2528:
2501:
2487:Muehler v. Mena
2466:
2447:
2408:
2389:
2330:
2308:Bell v. Wolfish
2295:
2260:
2241:
2150:
2113:
2058:Border searches
2052:
2025:
2006:
1947:
1933:Arizona v. Gant
1917:Knowles v. Iowa
1854:
1761:
1716:
1657:
1578:
1557:
1536:
1517:
1498:
1461:
1405:
1387:
1243:
1218:
1130:
1109:
1082:
971:
926:
891:
854:
848:ACLU v. Clapper
687:
676:
670:
636:
630:
627:
621:
618:
612:
609:
603:
600:
594:
591:
585:
569:
559:
535:
533:Further reading
530:
529:
521:
517:
500:
499:
495:
476:
472:
467:
430:
412:Justice Brennan
409:
396:Justice Stevens
389:Justice Kennedy
386:
357:
290:
201:Anthony Kennedy
191:
181:John P. Stevens
179:
167:
87:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3043:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2965:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2913:
2911:
2903:
2902:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2872:Monroe v. Pape
2868:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2844:
2835:
2833:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2806:
2797:
2795:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2755:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2727:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2688:
2680:
2671:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2650:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2630:
2621:
2619:
2612:
2602:
2601:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2571:
2563:
2555:
2547:
2538:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2518:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2491:
2483:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2420:
2418:
2410:
2409:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2379:
2371:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2320:
2312:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2167:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2140:
2132:
2123:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2103:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2071:
2062:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1968:Cupp v. Murphy
1964:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1929:
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1488:
1484:Hale v. Henkel
1480:
1471:
1469:
1460:
1459:
1451:
1443:
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1427:
1419:
1410:
1407:
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1361:
1353:
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1305:
1297:
1289:
1281:
1277:Brown v. Texas
1273:
1265:
1257:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1208:
1200:
1192:
1184:
1176:
1168:
1160:
1152:
1144:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1128:Probable cause
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1099:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1072:
1064:
1056:
1048:
1040:
1032:
1028:INS v. Delgado
1024:
1016:
1008:
1000:
996:Hale v. Henkel
992:
983:
981:
977:
976:
973:
972:
970:
969:
961:
953:
945:
936:
934:
928:
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916:
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864:
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844:
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764:
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724:
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669:
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607:Google Scholar
568:
567:External links
565:
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534:
531:
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366:Justices White
356:
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289:
286:
263:
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193:Antonin Scalia
177:Harry Blackmun
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98:
94:
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61:
57:
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51:
50:Full case name
47:
46:
40:
39:
34:
26:
25:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3042:
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3018:
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3008:
3006:
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2791:Habeas corpus
2787:
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2035:
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2028:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1957:
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1954:
1950:
1943:
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1938:
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1930:
1927:
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1262:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1253:Terry v. Ohio
1250:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1205:
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1053:
1049:
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1038:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:Terry v. Ohio
1001:
998:
997:
993:
990:
989:
985:
984:
982:
978:
967:
966:
962:
959:
958:
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950:
946:
943:
942:
938:
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935:
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929:
922:
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917:
914:
913:
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905:
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894:
887:
886:
882:
879:
878:
874:
871:
870:
866:
865:
863:
861:
857:
851:(D.D.C. 2013)
850:
849:
845:
843:(D.D.C. 2013)
842:
841:
837:
834:
833:
829:
826:
825:
821:
818:
817:
813:
810:
809:
805:
802:
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797:
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789:
786:
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749:
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738:
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733:
730:
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721:
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714:
713:
709:
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679:
674:
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648:
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635:
626:
617:
608:
599:
590:
589:CourtListener
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:
560:
558:0-292-71411-4
554:
550:
546:
544:
537:
536:
524:
519:
512:
508:
503:
497:
490:
487:
483:
479:
474:
470:
460:
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455:
452:
450:
447:
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442:
440:
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431:
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397:
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390:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
318:United States
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
285:
283:
282:United States
279:
275:
271:
270:
261:
257:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
209:Case opinions
207:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:Chief Justice
144:
143:
141:
136:
131:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
103:
99:
95:
90:
85:
81:
75:
74:
69:
66:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
41:
37:
27:
22:
16:
2967:
2959:
2942:Mapp v. Ohio
2940:
2932:
2924:
2916:
2870:
2846:
2838:
2808:
2800:
2789:
2776:
2757:
2749:
2730:
2709:
2690:
2682:
2674:
2653:
2632:
2624:
2573:
2565:
2557:
2549:
2541:
2520:
2512:
2493:
2485:
2477:
2458:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2357:
2349:
2341:
2322:
2314:
2306:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2252:
2233:
2225:
2217:
2209:
2201:
2193:
2185:
2177:
2169:
2161:
2142:
2134:
2126:
2105:
2097:
2089:
2081:
2073:
2065:
2044:
2036:
2017:
1998:
1990:
1982:
1974:
1966:
1958:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1915:
1907:
1899:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1846:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1774:
1753:
1745:
1737:
1729:
1708:
1700:
1692:
1684:
1676:
1668:
1649:
1641:
1633:
1625:
1617:
1609:
1601:
1593:
1549:
1528:
1509:
1490:
1482:
1474:
1453:
1445:
1437:
1429:
1421:
1413:
1379:
1371:
1363:
1355:
1347:
1339:
1331:
1323:
1315:
1307:
1299:
1291:
1283:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1251:
1210:
1202:
1194:
1186:
1178:
1170:
1162:
1154:
1146:
1138:
1101:
1093:
1074:
1066:
1058:
1050:
1042:
1034:
1026:
1018:
1010:
1002:
994:
986:
963:
955:
947:
939:
918:
910:
902:
883:
875:
867:
846:
838:
830:
822:
814:
806:
798:
791:
790:
782:
774:
766:
758:
750:
742:
734:
726:
718:
710:
702:
573:
548:
542:
522:
518:
501:
496:
491: (1990).
477:
473:
420:
410:
399:
394:
387:
358:
326:
291:
268:
267:
266:
254:Laws applied
196:
184:
172:
160:
92:Case history
71:
53:
15:
2743:Attenuation
2119:Checkpoints
1404:requirement
513: 1988).
324:shipments.
230:Concurrence
222:Concurrence
165:Byron White
115:. granted,
2994:Categories
2825:Civil suit
1722:Plain view
465:References
84:U.S. LEXIS
82:222; 1990
322:marijuana
298:drug-lord
80:L. Ed. 2d
60:Citations
2599:Remedies
2407:Seizures
675:case law
572:Text of
511:9th Cir.
428:See also
378:O'Connor
329:evidence
249:Blackmun
214:Majority
109:9th Cir.
2832:Federal
2618:Origins
1402:Warrant
598:Findlaw
374:Kennedy
333:warrant
302:torture
294:Mexican
246:Dissent
238:Dissent
225:Kennedy
128:Holding
111:1988);
2972:(1964)
2964:(1963)
2945:(1961)
2937:(1960)
2929:(1952)
2921:(1949)
2875:(1961)
2851:(2022)
2843:(1971)
2813:(1986)
2805:(1976)
2794:review
2781:(2006)
2762:(2016)
2754:(1963)
2735:(1984)
2714:(1988)
2695:(2011)
2687:(2009)
2679:(1984)
2658:(1990)
2637:(1920)
2629:(1914)
2578:(2015)
2570:(2014)
2562:(2007)
2554:(1989)
2546:(1985)
2525:(2015)
2517:(1977)
2498:(2013)
2490:(2005)
2482:(1981)
2463:(2001)
2444:(1983)
2436:(1983)
2428:(1979)
2386:(2008)
2378:(2001)
2370:(1991)
2362:(1983)
2354:(1980)
2346:(1976)
2327:(2012)
2319:(1984)
2311:(1979)
2292:(2015)
2284:(1967)
2276:(1959)
2257:(2006)
2238:(2010)
2230:(2009)
2222:(2002)
2214:(2001)
2206:(1997)
2198:(1995)
2190:(1989)
2182:(1989)
2174:(1987)
2166:(1985)
2147:(2004)
2139:(2000)
2131:(1990)
2110:(2004)
2102:(1985)
2094:(1977)
2086:(1976)
2078:(1975)
2070:(1973)
2049:(1976)
2041:(1973)
2022:(1990)
2003:(2019)
1995:(2016)
1987:(2013)
1979:(2013)
1971:(1973)
1963:(1966)
1944:(2014)
1936:(2009)
1928:(2004)
1920:(1998)
1912:(1981)
1904:(1977)
1896:(1973)
1888:(1969)
1880:(1950)
1872:(1948)
1851:(2018)
1843:(1999)
1835:(1999)
1827:(1991)
1819:(1991)
1811:(1985)
1803:(1982)
1795:(1979)
1787:(1970)
1779:(1925)
1758:(1993)
1750:(1990)
1742:(1987)
1734:(1971)
1713:(2014)
1705:(2006)
1697:(1990)
1689:(1974)
1681:(1973)
1673:(1968)
1654:(2021)
1646:(2021)
1638:(2011)
1630:(2006)
1622:(1986)
1614:(1980)
1606:(1977)
1598:(1967)
1554:(1995)
1533:(1978)
1514:(1971)
1495:(1967)
1487:(1906)
1479:(1886)
1458:(2006)
1450:(2006)
1442:(1987)
1434:(1979)
1426:(1978)
1418:(1948)
1384:(2020)
1376:(2014)
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1328:(2000)
1320:(1996)
1312:(1983)
1304:(1983)
1296:(1981)
1288:(1979)
1280:(1979)
1272:(1979)
1264:(1975)
1256:(1968)
1241:frisks
1215:(2018)
1207:(2013)
1199:(2004)
1191:(2003)
1183:(1996)
1175:(1996)
1167:(1983)
1159:(1969)
1151:(1964)
1143:(1949)
1106:(2018)
1098:(1978)
1079:(2021)
1071:(2007)
1063:(2002)
1055:(1992)
1047:(1991)
1039:(1991)
1031:(1984)
1023:(1983)
1015:(1980)
1007:(1968)
999:(1906)
991:(1892)
968:(2018)
960:(1979)
952:(1976)
944:(1971)
923:(1989)
915:(1986)
907:(1986)
888:(1987)
880:(1984)
872:(1924)
835:(2013)
827:(2012)
819:(2005)
811:(2001)
803:(2000)
795:(1990)
787:(1989)
779:(1988)
771:(1984)
763:(1983)
755:(1983)
747:(1967)
739:(1961)
731:(1960)
723:(1928)
715:(1927)
707:(1886)
637:
631:
628:
622:
619:
616:Justia
613:
610:
604:
601:
595:
592:
586:
555:
509: (
505:,
480:,
370:Scalia
339:. The
312:agent
306:murder
199:
197:·
195:
187:
185:·
183:
175:
173:·
171:
163:
161:·
159:
2859:State
580:
484:
337:trial
288:Facts
119:
97:Prior
1239:and
582:U.S.
553:ISBN
486:U.S.
400:does
376:and
304:and
121:U.S.
113:cert
105:1214
102:F.2d
100:856
73:more
65:U.S.
63:494
578:494
489:259
482:494
310:DEA
308:of
117:490
68:259
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576:,
547:.
372:,
368:,
665:e
658:t
651:v
561:.
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107:(
76:)
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