United States presidential primary

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scale. However, the overall results of the primary season may not be representative of the U.S. electorate as a whole: voters in Iowa, New Hampshire and other less populous states which traditionally hold their primaries and caucuses in late-January/February usually have a major impact on the races, while voters in California and other large states which traditionally hold their primaries in June generally end up having a significantly reduced say because the races are usually over by then. As a result, more states vie for earlier primaries, known as "front-loading", to claim a greater influence in the process. The national parties have used penalties and awarded bonus delegates in efforts to stagger the system over broadly a 90-day window. Where state legislatures set the primary or caucus date, sometimes the out-party in that state has endured penalties in the number of delegates it can send to the national convention.

1890:). Changes in the rules before 2012 brought proportional representation to more states. The number of Republican pledged delegates allocated to each of the 50 U.S. states is 10 at-large delegates, plus three district delegates for each congressional district. Washington, D.C., and the five U.S. Territories are instead assigned a fixed number of pledged delegates. States and territories get bonus delegates based on whether it (if applicable) has a Republican governor, it has GOP majorities in one or all chambers of its state legislature, whether one or both of its U.S. senators are Republican, it has a GOP majority in its delegation to the U.S. House of Representatives, and whether its electoral college votes went to the Republican candidate in the last presidential election. 2812:, the country is divided into geographical regions. On each primary date from March to June, one state from each of six regions votes. Each election date would contain a wide variety of perspectives. The order of the states in each region is set by a lottery. In a 24-year cycle, every state would have a chance to be among the first primary states. The primary criticism of this plan is that travel costs would be quite high: in each round, candidates would essentially have to cover the entire country to campaign effectively. Contrary to most reform plans, this would reduce the ability of lesser-funded candidates to build up from small contests to large ones. 2569: 48: 115: 2121:, the first primary by tradition since 1920 and by New Hampshire state law. New Hampshire law states the primary shall be held "on the Tuesday at least seven days immediately preceding the date on which any other state shall hold a similar election." The Iowa caucuses are not considered to be "a similar election" under New Hampshire's law because the former uses caucuses instead of primary elections. Should any other state move its primary too close to New Hampshire's, or before, the New Hampshire secretary of state is required to reschedule the primary accordingly. 1321: 1730: 1332: 1664:– recommended that states adopt new rules to assure wider participation. A large number of states, faced with the need to conform to more detailed rules for the selection of national delegates, chose a presidential primary as an easier way to come into compliance with the new national Democratic Party rules. The result was that many more future delegates would be selected by a state presidential primary. The Republicans also adopted many more state presidential primaries. By 1992, Democrats had primaries in 40 states and Republicans in 39. 1795:, any voter may vote in any party's primary. A semi-open primary occurs when a voter must choose a party-specific ballot to cast, instead of being provided a single ballot where the voter must choose on the ballot itself which party's primary to vote in. In all of these systems, a voter may participate in only one primary; that is, a voter who casts a vote for a candidate standing for the Republican nomination for president cannot cast a vote for a candidate standing for the Democratic nomination, or vice versa. A few states once staged a 2095: 1918:, and thus voters residing in those areas are basically ineligible to vote in the general election. On the other hand, as stated above, the primaries and caucuses are non-governmental party affairs. Both the Democratic and Republican parties, as well as other third parties, have agreed to let these territories participate in the presidential nomination process. In the two major party's rules, "territories" are referred to as "states", which can be carried over in discussion and media implying there are more than 50 states. 120: 2039:. Each party sets its own calendar and rules, and in some cases actually administers the election. However, to reduce expenses and encourage turnout, the major parties' primaries are usually held the same day and may be consolidated with other state elections. The primary election itself is administered by local governments according to state law. In some cases, state law determines how delegates will be awarded and who may participate in the primary; where it does not, party rules prevail. 1264: 2603:. Also, candidates can ignore primaries that fall after the nomination has already been secured, and would owe less to those states politically. As a result, rather than stretching from March to July, most primaries take place in a compressed time frame in February and March. National party leaders also have an interest in compressing the primary calendar, as it enables the party to reduce the chance of a bruising internecine battle and to preserve resources for the general campaign. 1276: 2556:, the races were usually over well before June. California and New Jersey moved their primaries to February for the 2008 election, but in 2012 both states ended up moving them back to June. California lawmakers stated that consolidating their presidential and statewide primary election in June saves them about $ 100 million, and that it is not worth the cost when there is generally no competitive balance between the two political parties within California. 2747:, variations of which have been referred to as the American Plan or the California Plan. This plan starts with small primaries, and gradually moves up to larger ones, in 10 steps, with states chosen at random. The idea is that fewer initial primaries, typically in smaller states, would allow grassroots campaigns to score early successes and pick up steam. However, since states are chosen at random, travel costs may still be significant. 2578: 2079: 1846:, and how votes are transferred from local conventions to the state and national convention. Since the 2012 Democratic primaries, the number of pledged delegates allocated to each of the 50 U.S. states and Washington, D.C., is based on two main factors: (1) the proportion of votes each state gave to the Democratic candidate in the last three presidential elections, and (2) the number of electoral votes each state has in the 2290:, initially struggling among Republican Party contenders in 2007, decided to skip Iowa and concentrate on New Hampshire (the same primary where he had unexpectedly triumphed back in 2000) and McCain's win rejuvenated his presidential campaign and he became the Republican nominee. Rudy Giuliani and Mitt Romney, two candidates who had each led in the polls in 2007, did not perform as expected in Iowa and New Hampshire. 1582:

Oregon became the first state to establish a presidential preference primary, which requires delegates to the National Convention to support the winner of the primary at the convention. By 1912, twelve states either selected delegates in primaries, used a preferential primary, or both. By 1920 there were 20 states with primaries, but some went back, and from 1936 to 1968, 12 states used them.

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delegates to the national convention, and states that waited would get a higher proportional number of delegates to the convention. For example, the party allowed primaries before March 1 to send 40% of delegates; those during March could send 60%; those during April could send 80%; those during May could send 100%; and those during June could send 120%.

2358:" primary. For the Republicans, it is considered a "firewall" to protect establishment favorites and frontrunners in the presidential nomination race, being designed to stop the momentum of insurgent candidates who could have received a boost from strong showings in Iowa and New Hampshire. From its inception in 1980 through the 2283:. Clinton then pulled off a comeback victory in New Hampshire where Obama had been leading the polls. Although Obama and Clinton were largely well matched in most of the subsequent primaries, Obama's better organization and uncontested caucus victories were crucial to his winning the Democratic nomination. 2559:

In 2005, the primary commission of the Democratic National Committee began considering removing Iowa and New Hampshire from the top of the calendar, but this proposal never gained approval, so those two states remain as the first two contests. New Hampshire also fought back by obliging candidates who

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While most states hold primary elections, a handful of states hold caucuses. Instead of going to a polling place, voters attend local private events run by the political parties, and cast their selections there. One disadvantage of caucuses is that the state party runs the process directly instead of

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Because they are the states that traditionally hold their respective contests first, the Iowa caucuses and the New Hampshire primary usually attract the most media attention; however, critics, such as Mississippi secretary of state Eric Clark and Tennessee senator William Brock, point out that these

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argued in 1981 that these delegates, who at the time were predominantly white and male, had more power than other delegates because of their greater freedom to vote as they wish. The Democratic Party in particular has faced accusations that it conducts its nominating process in an undemocratic way,

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During the convention, there is generally a roll call of the votes. Each delegation announces its vote tallies, usually accompanied with some boosterism of their state or territory. The delegation may pass, nominally to retally their delegates' preferences, but often to allow a different delegation

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Each party's bylaws also specify which current and former elected officeholders and party leaders qualify as unpledged delegates. Because of possible deaths, resignations, or the results of intervening or special elections, the final number of these superdelegates may not be known until the week of

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as a way to measure popular opinion of candidates, as opposed to the opinion of the bosses. Florida enacted the first presidential primary in 1901. The Wisconsin direct open primary of 1905 was the first to eliminate the caucus and mandate direct selection of national convention delegates. In 1910,

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The staggered nature of the presidential primary season allows candidates to concentrate their resources in each area of the country one at a time instead of campaigning in every state simultaneously. In some of the less populous states, this allows campaigning to take place on a much more personal

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has never specified this process; political parties have developed their own procedures over time. Some states hold only primary elections, some hold only caucuses, and others use a combination of both. These primaries and caucuses are staggered, generally beginning sometime in January or February,

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The effect of such a plan would be clumping of primaries at the beginning of each month. It would still allow states to determine the timing of their own primaries, while giving them some incentive to hold primaries later. The disadvantage of the timing adjustment method is that it does not reduce

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to be held on one day. Others point out that requiring candidates to campaign in every state simultaneously would exacerbate the purported problem of campaigns being dominated by the candidates who raise the most money. The following proposals attempt to return the primary system to a more relaxed

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A customary ceremonial practice has been for the losing candidate(s) in the primary season to "release" their delegates at the convention and exhort them to vote for the winning nominee as a sign of party unity. Thus, the vote tallied on the convention floor is unanimous or nearly so. For example,

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was created deliberately to increase the influence of the South. When states cannot agree to coordinate primaries, however, attention flows to larger states with large numbers of delegates at the expense of smaller ones. Because the candidate's time is limited, paid advertising may play a greater

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in 2000. This plan had states grouped by size into four groups, with the smallest primaries first, then the next-smallest, and so on. Populous states objected to the plan, however, because it would have always scheduled their primaries at the end of the season. Other criticisms included the wide

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and the Democrats moved their Florida primary to January 31, which was an earlier date than past election cycles. In response, other states also changed their primary election dates for 2012, in order to claim a greater influence, creating a cascade of changes in other states. This followed what

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as the Democratic Party presidential frontrunner. However, Hart had a respectable showing in Iowa and then stunned Mondale in New Hampshire, the latter where Hart had started campaigning months earlier. This resulted in a long primary battle, with Mondale eventually emerging as the nominee after

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In the 2008 Republican primary, states that ran early primaries were punished by a reduction of 50% in the number of delegates they could send to the national convention. Extension of this idea would set timing tiers, under which states that ran earlier primaries would send proportionally fewer

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Both parties then enacted more severe penalties in 2016 for violating their timing rules. For Republicans, states with more than 30 delegates that violate the timing rules will be deprived of all their delegates but nine; states with less than 30 will be reduced to six. For Democrats, states

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had entered the 1976 presidential race with extremely low name recognition and seemingly little chance against nationally better-known politicians but Carter became the Democratic Party front-runner early on by winning the Iowa caucuses and the New Hampshire primary and he went on to win the

1842:, which requires a candidate have a minimum of 15% of a state's popular vote to receive delegates. In addition, the Democratic Party may reject any candidate under their bylaws. Each state publishes a Delegate Selection Plan that notes the mechanics of calculating the number of delegates per 2675:. With the lack of serious competition, the incumbent president's party may also cancel several state primaries/caucuses to both save money and to show undivided support for the incumbent's candidacy. Furthermore, no incumbent president has participated in a primary debate since 2780:, with the country split into four regions: the West, the Midwest, the South, and the Northeast. Unlike the Delaware Plan and the American Plan, the Rotating Regional Primary System would lower campaigning costs by restricting groups of primaries to single, contiguous regions. 1766:, a state's delegation is allocated in proportion to the candidates' percent of the popular vote in a congressional district. In many of those states that have proportional vote primaries, a candidate must meet a certain threshold in the popular vote to be given delegates. 2787:

is also a proponent of this plan, but his proposal would have the order of regional primaries determined by lottery on January 1 of each presidential election year instead of on a rotating basis. In addition, his plan would allow for a few small population states, such as

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In recent elections, the Iowa caucuses and New Hampshire primary have garnered over half the media attention paid to the entire selection process. After Iowa and New Hampshire, the front runners then attempt to solidify their status, while the others fight to become #2.

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primary and its bloc of votes—the largest in the nation—from June to March. To retain its tradition as the first primary in the country (and adhere to a state law which requires it to be), New Hampshire moved their primary forward, from early March to early January.

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and ending about mid-June before the general election in November. State and local governments run the primary elections, while caucuses are private events that are directly run by the political parties themselves. A state's primary election or caucus is usually an

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Criticisms of the regional plan include the higher entry costs than the other plans (since 1/4 of the country would vote in the first regional), and the political bias of certain regions (the South or the Northeast) unduly influencing the selection of a nominee.

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role. Moreover, a compressed calendar limits the ability of lesser-known candidates to corral resources and raise their visibility among voters, especially when a better-known candidate enjoys the financial and institutional backing of the party establishment.

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status. America's increasing ethnic diversity, urbanization, and geographic redistribution made influential political leaders come to the realization that Iowa and New Hampshire were not representative of the rest of the country. Following the 2004 election,

3859: 2305:) and New Hampshire primary. However a final count released by the Iowa state party sixteen days after the caucus contest reported Santorum as the winner by 34 votes over Romney, but by then Romney had already won New Hampshire by a comfortable margin. 2181:. However, Reagan won the New Hampshire primary and several others to take the nomination. Eight years later, in the 1988 Republican presidential nomination battle, Bush, serving as Reagan's vice president, unexpectedly finished third in Iowa which 1533:

selected the party's presidential candidates. Before 1820, Democratic-Republican members of Congress would nominate a single candidate from their party. That system collapsed in 1824, and since 1832 the preferred mechanism for nomination has been a

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States vie for earlier primaries to claim greater influence in the nomination process, as the early primaries can act as a signal to the nation, showing which candidates are popular and giving those who perform well early on the advantage of the

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then emerged from Washington's immediate circle of advisors. Hamilton and Madison, who wrote the aforementioned Federalist Papers against political factions, ended up being the core leaders in this partisanship: Hamilton became the leader of

3600: 1707:(consisting of sitting Democratic governors, sitting Democratic members of Congress , former and current Democratic presidents and vice presidents, and a few leaders of Democratic National Committee-affiliated organizations, such as the 1601:. Roosevelt proved the most popular candidate, but as most primaries were non-binding "preference" shows and held in only fourteen of the-then forty-eight states, the Republican nomination went to Taft, who controlled the convention. 1433:" occurs: all pledged delegates are "released" after the first round of voting and are able to switch their allegiance to a different candidate, and then additional rounds take place until there is a winner with an absolute majority. 7057: 1775:

system, where voters may instead be choosing pledged delegates to a local, county or state party convention, which then in turn selects pledged delegates to the national convention. A handful of states may also practice

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decided not to run. McCain's new-found momentum ended after his defeat in the South Carolina primary (see below), and though he pulled out wins in Michigan and his home state of Arizona, his campaign was ended by Super

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With the broadened use of the primary system, states have tried to increase their influence in the nomination process. One tactic has been to create geographic blocs to encourage candidates to spend time in a region.

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state that a candidate who intends to receive contributions aggregating in excess of $ 5,000 or make expenditures aggregating in excess of $ 5,000, among others, must first file a Statement of Candidacy with the

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The Republican Party's rules since 2008 leave more discretion to the states in choosing a method of allocating pledged delegates. As a result, states variously applied the statewide winner-take-all method (e.g.,

2217:'s better-than-expected second-place finish in New Hampshire salvaged his campaign and he went on to win the Democratic Party's presidential nomination, following on to be elected president with a 43% plurality. 3181: 1550:

in 1831, as they could not use the caucus system because they had no congressmen. The party leaders instead called for a national meeting of supporters to set the party's candidate. This convention was held in

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Maps of the Democratic Party (left) and the Republican Party (right) primary and caucus dates, 2016. The staggered nature of the primary and caucus season is source of criticism of the presidential nomination

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A major reason states try to increase their influence, and vie for earlier primaries, is that in recent years the races have usually been decided before the primary season has ended in June. For example,

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Both parties then enacted stricter timing rules for 2016: primaries and caucuses cannot start until February 1; and only Iowa, New Hampshire, South Carolina and Nevada are entitled to February contests.

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selected in accordance with the given party's bylaws. The results of the presidential primaries and caucuses bind many of these delegates, known as pledged delegates, to vote for a particular candidate.

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of March 8, 1988, in which nine states united in the idea that a candidate would reflect regional interests. It failed as all but two of the eight major candidates won at least one primary on that day.

4242: 1944:" results. All pledged delegates are then "released" and are able to switch their allegiance to a different candidate. Thereafter, the nomination is decided through a process of alternating political 1756:

some or all of the delegates to vote for a particular candidate at the national convention, for a certain number of ballots or until the candidate releases the delegates. Some binding primaries are

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Both the Democratic Party and the Republican Party usually modify their delegate selection rules between presidential elections, including how delegates are allocated to each state and territory.

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win the Democratic presidential primary by eliminating several rivals and triggering strong wins across the country on Super Tuesday. Biden had previously struggled in Iowa and New Hampshire.

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won. Dole was also leading in New Hampshire polls but ended up losing that primary as he failed to counterattack ads from Bush. Bush had no serious trouble clinching the nomination afterward.

1390:: instead of voters directly selecting a particular person running for president, they determine the number of delegates a candidate will receive from their respective state for each party's 2900: 3718: 1780:"beauty contests", which are public opinion surveys for use by caucus delegates to select candidates to a state convention, which then in turn selects delegates to the national convention. 3802: 2622:

said about front-loading, "Today, too many people in too many states have no voice in the election of our major party nominees. For them, the nominations are over before they have begun."

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are instead assigned a fixed number of pledged delegates. States and territories who schedule their primary or caucus later in the primary season may also get additional bonus delegates.

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Delegates to the national convention were usually selected at state conventions whose own delegates were chosen by district conventions. Sometimes they were dominated by intrigue between

7087: 7072: 3113: 1715:, who ran as a Democrat, the party voted in favor of superdelegate reform, such that in future presidential elections most superdelegates will be bound to their state primary results. 2541: 2132:

to meet intimately with interested voters and perform better than expected. The Iowa caucuses and New Hampshire primary have produced a number of headline-making upsets in history:

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primary on the first Tuesday of March, but New Hampshire refused to participate so it could retain its traditional place as the first primary. The first regional primary was the

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Each party determines how many delegates it allocates to each state. Along with those "pledged" delegates chosen during the primaries and caucuses, state delegations to both the

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delegates selected at the state convention from all the states and territories, 168 in number. These are each states' two national committeepersons and the state chairperson.

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Historically, Iowa and New Hampshire account for about half the news media coverage of the entire primary season, with the winners absorbing the lion's share of the attention

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travel time as the regional plans do, although it does permit regional groups of states to voluntarily clump together in a single superprimary as they have done in the past.

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because superdelegates are generally chosen without regard to their preferences in the presidential race and are not obligated to support the candidate chosen by the voters.

4257: 3019: 2964: 1429:", who are party leaders and elected officials (PLEO). If no single candidate has secured an absolute majority of delegates (including both pledged and unpledged), then a " 7067: 4743: 4738: 7194: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 4753: 4748: 2636:

The term "superdelegate" itself was used originally as a criticism of unpledged delegates. Superdelegates are only used by the Democratic Party. Political commentator

2503:: its western location, significant minority population, and strong labor population would be more representative of the country as a whole than Iowa and New Hampshire. 2202:'s 2nd place showing in the 1992 and win in the 1996 New Hampshire primaries coincided with the weakness of the future Republican Party presidential nominees, incumbent 1981: 158: 147: 6943: 3178: 3157: 2649:

An incumbent president seeking re-election usually faces no opposition during their respective party's primaries, especially if they are still popular. For presidents

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drew negative attention. Kerry went on to overcome Dean's initial lead in New Hampshire to win that primary, and eventually the Democratic presidential nomination.

1179: 429: 4130: 4392: 1307: 7155: 6908: 6873: 4839: 4192: 316: 4232: 1711:) who can vote for whomever they wish. Some superdelegates are former or current state or federal lobbyists. In 2016, following a push by independent Senator 7124: 6948: 6853: 6813: 4831: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4543: 1985: 439: 418: 136: 6913: 6903: 6898: 6878: 3708: 2606:

In such a primary season, however, many primaries will fall on the same day, forcing candidates to choose where to spend their time and resources. Indeed,

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Because these states are small, campaigning takes place on a much more personal scale. As a result, even a little-known, underfunded candidate can use

7213: 7208: 6953: 6918: 6823: 6798: 1814: 209: 1394:. These delegates then in turn select their party's presidential nominee. The first state in the United States to hold its presidential primary was 7145: 7006: 6938: 6888: 6868: 6843: 6833: 6818: 6808: 6793: 6773: 6743: 6733: 6723: 4847: 4303: 1681: 1535: 1391: 1138: 1134: 915: 6958: 6933: 6838: 6778: 6758: 6753: 6718: 6708: 6393: 5103: 4945: 3666: 2862: 2857: 1489: 401: 3244: 7238: 7200: 6893: 6848: 6788: 6763: 6713: 5397: 5392: 3569: 865: 4865: 3982: 3911: 3806: 3110: 2264:(the latter two had been trading negative attacks in the weeks leading up to the vote). Gephardt immediately ended his campaign, while Dean's 1703:

are "pledged delegates" who are apportioned to candidates according to the results of primaries and caucuses. The remaining 15% are unpledged

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In practice, however, this timing tier system did not prevent states from moving their primaries in 2008 and 2012. For example, during the

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Franchise in a primary or caucus is governed by rules established by the state party, although the states may impose other regulations.

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Another trend is to stage earlier and earlier primaries, given impetus by Super Tuesday and the mid-1990s move (since repealed) of the

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dropped his 1968 presidential reelection bid after performing far below expectations in the Democratic Party's New Hampshire primary.

1737:. In some states like Washington, voters attend local meetings run by the parties instead of polling places to cast their selections. 1242: 878: 780: 231: 220: 6689: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 4325: 4161: 3893: 2229: 1586: 1526: 1493: 1055: 910: 3967: 3509: 2374:. However, after suffering a decisive defeat to Romney in Florida, Gingrich's campaign was relegated back to third place, leaving 7233: 5329: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 4288: 3495: 2924: 2177:

won the Iowa caucus in 1980, leading him to claim that he had "Big Mo" (momentum) over Republican Party presidential frontrunner

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If no single candidate has secured a majority of delegates (including both pledged and unpledged) during the first vote, then a "

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happened in 2008 when Nevada moved its caucuses to January, causing other states to also move their primaries to earlier dates.

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but he had better-than-expected second-place finishes in Iowa and New Hampshire and eventually won the nomination; frontrunner

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presidential candidate, since the Iowa caucus started in 1976, to win both the Iowa caucus (albeit, by an 8-vote margin over

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having the state and local governments run them. Another is that most election laws do not normally apply to caucuses.

1613: 1227: 1207: 982: 977: 932: 620: 345: 337: 85: 2722:, but only received a handful of delegates; Bush too subsequently went on to lose in the general election to Clinton. 6113: 2399:

The Tuesday in February or March when the greatest number of states hold primary elections and caucuses is known as "

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Serious challenges are rare, but then generally presage failure to win the general election in the fall. During the

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was a major proponent of moving that state's caucuses to January, arguing that Nevada would be the perfect American

2117:, usually held in late January or early February of the presidential election year. It is generally followed by the 2052:

of scheduling rules, stripping states of delegates if they move their primaries early, such as the case in both the

6327: 3690: 2832:, Florida and several other states still moved their primaries to earlier dates despite being penalized delegates. 2777: 2370:

initially finished poorly in the early states, but then scored an upset victory in South Carolina over frontrunner

2016: 1911: 1851: 1677: 1673: 1414: 1410: 1355: 1161: 1146: 1122: 1037: 855: 837: 832: 2232:, Bush's frontrunner campaign had initially not expected serious opposition after other potential candidates like 2011:

During the first six months of the year, primaries and caucuses are separately held in each of the 50 states; the

1914:

can have a say in the presidential race. Under the U.S. Constitution, U.S. territories are not represented in the

7039: 5975: 4879: 2874: 2487: 2057: 2053: 1915: 1847: 1556: 1485: 1174: 1025: 967: 922: 750: 409: 4512: 4369: 6206: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 5747: 5487: 3480: 3438: 2761: 2098: 1700: 1661: 1367: 992: 987: 487: 467: 290: 256: 2836:

violating these rules will be penalized half of their pledged delegates and all of their unpledged delegates.

1799:, in which voters could vote for one candidate in multiple primaries, but the practice was struck down by the 6151: 6144: 6137: 6130: 6123: 3780: 2362:, the winner of the South Carolina Republican presidential primary has gone on to win the nomination. In the 2102: 2000: 1653: 1336: 972: 957: 675: 80: 35: 4304:"No incumbent president has participated in a primary debate since Ford. Democrats want to keep it that way" 7150: 7099: 6986: 4037: 2036: 1972:

This section is about a general overview of the primary calendar. For schedules of the 2024 primaries, see

1871: 1685: 1652:

secured the presidential nomination despite not winning a single primary under his own name. After this, a

414: 306: 2320:

In 2008 Nevada was given the official "First in the West" status reflecting the growing importance of the

1838:

Under the current Democratic Party selection rules, adopted in 2006, pledged delegates are selected under

2139:

ended his presidential re-election bid in 1952 after losing the Democratic Party's New Hampshire primary.

2005: 1839: 1510: 1247: 1061: 845: 770: 715: 680: 2340:. Since 2012, the Nevada caucuses have been the third race in the process after Iowa and New Hampshire. 7175: 6332: 4870: 2809: 1708: 1457: 1382: 755: 660: 2760:

geographic range of the states, necessitating high travel costs. The Delaware Plan was put to vote at

1752:

primary or caucus, in which the results of the election depending on state law or party rules legally

1363: 6053: 2690:, then-former California governor Reagan carried 23 states while running against incumbent president 2048:

below). In reaction to these moves, both the Democratic and Republican National Committees imposed a

1403: 720: 710: 705: 685: 4521: 4430: 3565: 2113:

The first binding event, in which a candidate can secure convention delegates, is traditionally the

1733:

A 2008 Washington state Democratic caucus held in the school lunchroom of Eckstein Middle School in

1425:

from each state and territory. Democrats have a more expansive group of unpledged delegates called "

3990: 2952:

Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815 (Oxford History of the United States)

2028: 1863: 785: 635: 550: 75: 3593:"Why Hillary Clinton might have just two more weeks or so to announce she's running for president" 2669:, for example, their respective paths to nomination became uneventful and the races become merely 4012: 3673: 2500: 2337: 1787:. In some states, a semi-closed primary is practiced, in which voters unaffiliated with a party ( 1783:

In many states, only voters registered with a party may vote in that party's primary, known as a

670: 665: 540: 4209: 4072: 4060:

The 1988 Presidential Election in the South: Continuity Amidst Change in Southern Party Politics

2568: 2252:, whose campaign had been sagging in prior months, won the Democratic Party's Iowa caucus while 1762:

contests, in which all of a state's delegates are required to vote for the same candidate. In a

4916: 3130: 2530: 2425: 2355: 2349: 2191:

was initially not considered a serious contender in 1984, which featured former vice president

2042:

Since the 1970s, states have held increasingly early primaries to maximize their leverage (see

1843: 1151: 760: 725: 630: 605: 106: 98: 3852:"Santorum finished 34 votes ahead of Romney in new Iowa tally; votes from 8 precincts missing" 6163: 4906: 4347:"National Association of Secretaries of State – National Association of Secretaries of State" 4098: 3762:"New Hampshire Primary -- Feb 06, 1976 -- CBS -- TV news: Vanderbilt Television News Archive" 2974: 2968: 2939:

The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780–1840

2526: 2321: 2118: 2106: 2073: 1992: 1633: 1598: 745: 695: 650: 640: 625: 615: 600: 580: 555: 545: 535: 392: 3029: 3023: 2521:

states are not representative of the United States as a whole: they are more overwhelmingly

47: 1617: 1268: 765: 740: 645: 585: 560: 530: 520: 190: 1566:

who controlled delegates; the national convention was far from democratic or transparent.

1421:

who have a vote. For Republicans, they consist of the three top party officials who serve

8: 7185: 7109: 7104: 7094: 7019: 2090:

are traditionally the first major electoral event of presidential primaries and caucuses.

1941: 1931: 1810: 1724: 1590: 1430: 1320: 700: 655: 595: 570: 525: 1964:'s approximate 72%) moved to nominate Obama by acclamation, making it a unanimous vote. 1729: 6348: 4497:

The American Direct Primary: Party Institutionalization and Transformation in the North

4103: 3963: 3513: 2631: 1594: 1547: 1473: 1331: 895: 730: 610: 575: 4280: 4162:"Long battle still ahead for top Democrats: Contest could extend beyond Super Tuesday" 3894:"Long battle still ahead for top Democrats: Contest could extend beyond Super Tuesday" 114: 7119: 7114: 7024: 4431:

Jeremias, Ralf. "Primary Elections in the USA: Between Republicanism and Democracy".

3713: 3647: 3033: 2978: 2730:

There are several proposals for reforming the primary system. Some have called for a

2715: 2203: 2174: 2142: 1788: 1771: 1546:

The first national convention to nominate a presidential candidate was called by the

1497: 1481: 1469: 1387: 905: 775: 735: 690: 590: 492: 387: 3761: 3232:

Voting at the political fault line: California's Experiment with the Blanket Primary

2094: 1632:, leading the latter to decide not to run for another term. The first-in-the-nation 7190: 7170: 6337: 4936: 4884: 2731: 2600: 2560:

wanted to campaign in the state to pledge to uphold that primary as the first one.

2552:

state), usually end up having no say in who the presidential candidate will be. As

2525:, rural, and wealthy than the national average, and neither is in the fast-growing 2381:

In 2020, a decisive win in the South Carolina primary helped former Vice President

2012: 1879: 1792: 1784: 1758: 1578: 1514: 1506: 1501: 1465: 1375: 1359: 1351: 497: 3622: 3535: 3383: 3354: 3312: 3283: 1644:

The impetus for national adoption of the binding primary election was the chaotic

4911: 4516: 4471: 4425:

Let the People Rule: Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of the Presidential Primary

3336: 3202: 3185: 3161: 3137: 3117: 2881:

List of United States presidential candidates by number of primary votes received

2315: 2272: 2153: 2136: 2129: 2083: 1957: 1796: 1657: 1649: 1629: 1574: 1280: 900: 382: 365: 355: 298: 234: 161: 4441:

Communication in the Presidential Primaries: Candidates and the Media, 1912–2000

1982:

2024 Libertarian Party presidential primaries § Primary and caucus calendar

4464: 2735:

schedule, and would help less-funded candidates by lowering the cost of entry.

2658: 2233: 2225: 2192: 2020: 1978:

2024 Republican Party presidential primaries § Primary and caucus calendar

1974:

2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries § Primary and caucus calendar

1855: 1712: 1625: 1621: 1563: 1199: 1126: 2925:"New Hampshire Historical Society - New Hampshire: A Proven Primary Tradition" 1692:

Both parties also have a group of unpledged delegates. Republicans have three

1616:

laws in 1949. In the ensuing non-binding "beauty contest" of 1952, Republican

1370:. This process is designed to choose the candidates that will represent their 7253: 7029: 6996: 6976: 6322: 4921: 4901: 4447: 2845: 2793: 2756: 2650: 2637: 2607: 2428: 2417: 2400: 2394: 2375: 2367: 2302: 2261: 2178: 2161: 2114: 2087: 2069: 1945: 1937:

to give the leading candidate the honor of casting the majority-making vote.

1887: 1704: 1609: 1605: 1477: 1426: 1418: 1325: 281: 223: 201: 150: 119: 3111:

The Reason Why Dozens of Lobbyists Will Be Democratic Presidential Delegates

2755:

A commission empaneled by the Republican National Committee recommended the

1335:

Voters checking in at a 2008 Washington State Democratic caucus held at the

4326:"Republicans to scrap primaries and caucuses as Trump challengers cry foul" 2784: 2711: 2707: 2695: 2666: 2662: 2654: 2522: 2453: 2280: 2276: 2253: 2214: 2199: 2167: 1961: 1395: 377: 360: 348: 212: 139: 3408: 3025:

Bifurcated Politics: Evolution and Reform in the National Party Convention

2970:

Bifurcated Politics: Evolution and Reform in the National Party Convention

1986:

2024 Green Party presidential primaries § Primary and caucus calendar

7180: 3672:

2016-02-12 at Wikiwix. Nominations & Conventions: Current Practices.

2699: 2691: 2676: 2536:

Conversely, states that traditionally hold their primaries in June, like

2473: 2445: 2421: 2371: 2294: 2287: 2257: 2221: 2032: 1903: 1867: 370: 16:

Nominating process of candidates for United States presidential elections

3686: 1275: 4857: 4418:

First in the Nation: New Hampshire and the Premier Presidential Primary

2619: 2545: 2537: 2496: 2436: 2333: 2325: 2249: 2237: 2157: 1883: 1680:—officially nominate their candidate for president at their respective 1347: 3803:"Recent history of primaries suggests it's Mitt Romney's race to lose" 3078:"Everything you need to know about how the presidential primary works" 1999:. This is largely because federal campaign finance laws including the 19:

Further information on the United States primary election system:

4551: 4509: 4365: 2877:

on a Saturday in August prior to the election year, from 1979 to 2011

2671: 2382: 2188: 1552: 264: 4131:"RNC officially names Mitt Romney the party's 'presumptive nominee'" 3472: 3430: 2901:"Primary education: How Oregon blazed the way for primary elections" 1902:

The primary and caucus system is the only method in which voters in

1699:

In Democratic primaries through 2016, about 85% of delegates to the

4490:

Stormy Weather: The New Hampshire Primary and Presidential Politics

3179:

Democrats vote to bind most superdelegates to state primary results

2210:

respectively; Bush and Dole subsequently lost the general election.

2207: 2182: 2078: 1464:

did not originally intend for American politics to be partisan. In

1636:

has since become a widely observed test of candidates' viability.

3020:"Emergence of the Presidential The Nomination and the Convention" 2965:"Emergence of the Presidential The Nomination and the Convention" 2577: 2413: 1734: 1480:, respectively, wrote specifically about the dangers of domestic 1340: 3687:"NH.gov – New Hampshire Almanac – First-in-the-Nation – Genesis" 2378:

as the main challenger to Romney for the rest of the primaries.

1991:

Campaigning for president often begins almost a year before the

4931: 2702:

then carried 12 states while running against Carter during the

1620:

demonstrated his broad voter appeal by out-polling the favored

1530: 1456:

There is no provision for the role of political parties in the

1399: 3006:

Emergence of the Presidential Nominating Convention, 1789–1832

1928:

United States presidential nominating convention § Voting

1639: 3829:"Mitt Romney tries to make history in Iowa and New Hampshire" 4459:

The New Hampshire Primary and the American Electoral Process

3850:

Fahrenthold, David A.; Wilgoren, Debbi (January 20, 2012).

3384:"The Math Behind the Republican Delegate Allocation – 2020" 3376: 3313:"The Math Behind the Democratic Delegate Allocation – 2020" 3305: 2796:, to hold their primaries in advance of the first region. 2789: 2024: 1907: 1859: 1189: 3912:"5 Things to Watch in South Carolina's Republican Primary" 3278: 3276: 4281:"If Superdelegates Pick Nominee, Democrats Face Backlash" 2694:; Ford then went on to lose the presidential election to 1569: 1194: 6378: 4233:"A History of 'Super-Delegates' in the Democratic Party" 2899:

Gazette-Times, ANTHONY RIMEL Corvallis (17 April 2016).

2297:

was initially reported to be the first Republican Party

1541: 3347: 3273: 2336:

began making a case for Nevada as the perfect American

1684:. Each of these conventions is attended by a number of 1520: 5418:

List of candidates by number of primary votes received

3155:

Sanders' anti-superdelegate push gains steam in Senate

2750: 1960:(who only captured about 22% of delegates compared to 3337:"Republican Delegate Selection and Voter Eligibility" 1791:) may choose a party primary in which to vote. In an 1452:

Political parties in the United States § History

4420:. Portsmouth, NH: Peter E. Randall Publishers, 1987. 3934:"South Carolina's Key Role in the Presidential Race" 2456:

held a substantial lead in pledged delegates in the

1921: 1882:), district- and state-level winner-take-all (e.g., 1484:. Thus in the first two presidential elections, the 7058:

elections in which the winner lost the popular vote

4452:

State of New Hampshire Manual for the General Court

4185:"California will move presidential primary to June" 3849: 3827:Cillizza, Chris; Blake, Aaron (December 29, 2011). 2767: 2271:In 2008, Democratic Party presidential frontrunner 2256:unexpectedly finished second, over heavily favored 2228:in the Republican Party's New Hampshire primary in 1529:, congressional party or a state legislature party 4433:Topos. Journal for Philosophy and Cultural Studies 3702: 3700: 2738: 2460:. In 2012, Obama faced no major challenger in the 2044: 1718: 4553:United States presidential primaries and caucuses 4410: 3875:"Meet the New Bellwether States: Ohio and Nevada" 3709:"Iowa and New Hampshire: It's win one or go home" 2406: 1831:Republican National Convention § Delegations 1827:Democratic National Convention § Delegations 1585:The primary received its first major test in the 445:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review 7251: 3512:. Democratic National Convention. Archived from 3355:"Republican Detailed Delegate Allocation – 2012" 3284:"Democratic Detailed Delegate Allocation – 2012" 2593: 4479:Politics: America's Missing Constitutional Link 3697: 3590: 2105:, the site of the first "midnight vote" in the 4204: 4202: 3778: 3584: 3568:(Press release). Federal Election Commission. 3071: 3069: 2803: 2354:South Carolina is generally the "First in the 1324:2016 presidential primary election ballots in 6364: 4537: 3826: 3779:Baker, Peter; Rutenberg, Jim (June 8, 2008). 3451: 2898: 2015:, and each of the five permanently inhabited 1672:Both major political parties of the U.S.—the 1301: 6318:Graduated Random Presidential Primary System 4279:Chaddock, Gail Russell (February 20, 2008). 4182: 4099:"Clinton Facing Narrower Path to Nomination" 2774:National Association of Secretaries of State 2745:graduated random presidential primary system 2467: 2164:who won both contests instead lost momentum. 4385:"RNC tightens 2016 primary calendar, rules" 4199: 3195: 3066: 2706:; Reagan then defeated Carter in the fall. 2476:gained enough delegates to be declared the 1820: 1640:National binding primary era (1972–present) 1366:to help nominate individual candidates for 6371: 6357: 4544: 4530: 4448:"First-In-The-Nation Presidential Primary" 4090: 3872: 3409:"Nominating, but not voting for president" 2644: 1308: 1294: 4323: 4096: 4065: 3061:Presidential Nominating Politics in 1952. 2625: 2464:since he had the advantage of incumbency 2063: 1488:handled the nominations and elections in 7073:electoral vote changes between elections 4866:Conservative Political Action Conference 4376: 4363: 4301: 4278: 4159: 4013:"South Carolina's Role as GOP Kingmaker" 3891: 2093: 2077: 1728: 1555:, on September 26, 1831, which selected 1330: 1319: 4291:from the original on February 28, 2008. 4230: 4224: 3980: 3791:from the original on November 15, 2015. 3706: 3667:"Front-Loading, Caucuses and Primaries" 3230:Bruce E. Cain and Elisabeth R. Gerber, 3105: 3103: 2863:Republican Party presidential primaries 2858:Democratic Party presidential primaries 2452:in March, while during that same month 2450:2008 Republican presidential nomination 440:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court 430:Multidistrict Litigation Judicial Panel 29:This article is part of a series on the 7252: 4382: 4128: 3944:from the original on February 20, 2016 3873:Ostermeier, Eric (February 17, 2011). 3862:from the original on January 19, 2012. 3652:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3546:from the original on September 1, 2008 3088:from the original on February 17, 2016 3075: 3017: 2962: 2049: 1897: 1570:Mixed primary and caucus era (1912–68) 21:Primary elections in the United States 6352: 4525: 4465:"Reid, labor aided Nevada with Demos" 4255: 4231:Karmack, Elaine (February 14, 2008). 4129:Memoli, Michael A. (April 24, 2012). 4010: 3721:from the original on February 4, 2012 3470: 3406: 3153:Burgess Everett & Seung Min Kim, 2515: 1948:, and additional rounds of re-votes. 1886:), or proportional allocation (e.g., 1542:Caucus and convention era (1832–1912) 800:Elections in the District of Columbia 7260:United States presidential primaries 6380:United States presidential elections 6312:California Democratic Party v. Jones 4474:, Arizona Daily Star, July 24, 2006. 4454:, (Department of State) No.55, 1997. 4245:from the original on March 27, 2008. 4238:John F. Kennedy School of Government 4214:The National Symposium Series Report 4048:from the original on April 20, 2012. 3892:Milligan, Susan (January 20, 2008). 3839:from the original on March 13, 2016. 3493: 3428: 3203:"Primary/Caucus/Convention Glossary" 3100: 3028:. Harvard University Press. p. 2973:. Harvard University Press. p. 2815: 2082:A 2008 Democratic caucus meeting in 1806:California Democratic Party v. Jones 1521:Congressional caucus era (1796–1832) 1170:United States and the United Nations 402:Inferior Courts of the United States 6992:South Carolina presidential primary 4383:Joseph, Cameron (January 1, 2014). 4195:from the original on March 2, 2016. 4141:from the original on April 25, 2012 2751:Delaware Plan (Fourfold Round Plan) 2725: 1954:2008 Democratic National Convention 1656:-commissioned panel led by Senator 1646:1968 Democratic National Convention 1624:, "Mr. Republican." Also, Democrat 274:Vice President of the United States 13: 7068:Electoral College results by state 6982:New Hampshire presidential primary 4395:from the original on June 17, 2015 4038:"Romney routs Gingrich in Florida" 3983:"Huckabee Looks to South Carolina" 3572:from the original on April 8, 2015 2710:captured a decent percentage of a 338:Supreme Court of the United States 46: 14: 7271: 7205:Vice presidential confirmations: 4503: 4302:Shepherd, Brittany (2023-06-02). 4256:Snell, Teddye (January 9, 2008). 3781:"The Long Road to a Clinton Exit" 3707:Mellman, Mark (January 5, 2012). 3603:from the original on May 10, 2015 3591:Jose A. DelReal (April 3, 2015). 3566:"2016 Presidential Form 2 Filers" 3536:"Bill Clinton hails Barack Obama" 3498:. Courier-Post. Associated Press. 3496:"Post-primary questions answered" 3261:from the original on 15 June 2007 2343: 1922:Delegate voting at the convention 1559:as their presidential candidate. 1500:. The beginnings of the American 68:Constitution of the United States 6328:Rotating Regional Primary System 4372:from the original on 2008-01-26. 4353:from the original on 2013-01-23. 4220:from the original on 2009-10-11. 4172:from the original on 2008-04-22. 3970:from the original on 2012-03-06. 3964:"South Carolina Primary Results" 3768:from the original on 2009-08-13. 3693:from the original on 2012-07-28. 3483:from the original on 2008-03-04. 3441:from the original on 2008-02-28. 3343:from the original on 2008-05-14. 2778:rotating regional primary system 2768:Rotating regional primary system 2576: 2567: 2388: 1356:territories of the United States 1274: 1262: 513:Elections by State and Territory 118: 113: 4357: 4339: 4317: 4295: 4272: 4249: 4176: 4153: 4122: 4111:from the original on 2012-10-18 4079:from the original on 2012-11-04 4052: 4030: 4019:from the original on 2012-01-21 4004: 3981:Scherer, Michael (2008-01-09). 3974: 3956: 3926: 3904: 3885: 3866: 3843: 3820: 3795: 3772: 3754: 3745: 3736: 3679: 3660: 3635:from the original on 2008-05-15 3615: 3558: 3528: 3502: 3487: 3464: 3445: 3422: 3400: 3365:from the original on 2012-01-31 3329: 3294:from the original on 2012-02-02 3237: 3224: 3213:from the original on 2012-01-31 3171: 3147: 3123: 3120:, ABC News (February 29, 2016). 2783:Author and political scientist 2739:California Plan (American Plan) 2704:1980 Democratic Party primaries 2688:1976 Republican Party primaries 1848:United States Electoral College 1719:Types of primaries and caucuses 1175:United Nations Security Council 1078:District of Columbia Government 7015:List of nominating conventions 4411:References and further reading 4324:Isenstadt, Alex (2019-09-06). 4183:David Siders (July 29, 2011). 4160:Milligan, Susan (2008-01-20). 4097:Nagourney, Adam (2008-03-20). 3676:. Retrieved February 10, 2016. 3053: 3011: 2998: 2956: 2944: 2931: 2917: 2892: 2762:Republican National Convention 2632:Superdelegate § Criticism 2407:Front-loading and coordination 2324:as well as Nevada's electoral 2099:The Balsams Grand Resort Hotel 1995:, almost two years before the 1769:Some states may use a binding 1701:Democratic National Convention 1368:president of the United States 291:United States Attorney General 257:President of the United States 1: 4499:(2002), a British perspective 4058:Laurence W. Moreland, et al. 3914:. ABC Newa. February 20, 2016 3471:Clift, Eleanor (2008-02-06). 3076:Putnam, Josh (May 12, 2015). 2594:Front-loading and compression 2103:Dixville Notch, New Hampshire 2045:Front-loading and compression 2001:Federal Election Campaign Act 1725:Primary election § Types 1654:Democratic National Committee 1628:defeated incumbent president 1445: 1337:Nathan Eckstein Middle School 435:Alien Terrorist Removal Court 7100:Certificate of ascertainment 6987:Nevada presidential caucuses 4073:"McCain wins GOP nomination" 3938:U.S. News & World Report 3494:Gold, Jeffrey (2008-02-09). 3452:Eun Kyung Kim (2008-02-10). 2553: 2510: 1667: 1589:pitting incumbent president 1509:while Madison co-helmed the 1404:implementation of its system 425:Court of International Trade 7: 7146:Historical election polling 3063:(1954) Volume: 1: pp 37–40. 2852:Lists of primaries by party 2839: 2804:Inter regional primary plan 2420:attempted to stage a joint 2156:was initially considered a 2006:Federal Election Commission 1967: 1840:proportional representation 1511:Democratic-Republican Party 10: 7276: 7176:Red states and blue states 6333:Interregional Primary Plan 3429:Paul, Katie (2008-02-07). 3245:"Delegate Selection Rules" 2810:interregional primary plan 2743:One reform concept is the 2629: 2462:Democratic Party primaries 2458:Democratic Party primaries 2392: 2347: 2313: 2067: 2058:Florida Republican primary 2054:Florida Democratic primary 1971: 1925: 1824: 1722: 1709:Young Democrats of America 1662:McGovern–Fraser Commission 1458:United States Constitution 1449: 1440: 1383:United States Constitution 18: 7224: 7133: 7078:electoral vote recipients 7063:Electoral College margins 7038: 7005: 6967: 6699: 6386: 6303: 6240: 6204: 6161: 6111: 6102: 6052: 5974: 5746: 5486: 5477: 5410: 5385: 5339: 5301: 5260: 5102: 4944: 4930: 4894: 4856: 4762: 4731: 4664: 4602: 4559: 4483:Virginia Quarterly Review 4427:(WW Norton, 2016) on 1912 4285:Christian Science Monitor 4011:Rudin, Ken (2008-01-16). 3510:"Securing the Nomination" 3407:Curry, Tom (2008-05-28). 3131:Superdelegates, explained 2732:single nationwide primary 2720:1992 Republican primaries 2364:2012 Republican primaries 2309: 2150:1972 Democratic primaries 1748:Nearly all states have a 1417:conventions also include 866:List of political parties 4603:National opinion polling 3018:Shafer, Byron E (1988). 2963:Shafer, Byron E (1988). 2886: 2448:officially clinched the 2029:Northern Mariana Islands 1864:Northern Mariana Islands 1821:Delegate selection rules 1577:reformers looked to the 1269:United States portal 781:Northern Mariana Islands 129:House of Representatives 7239:Gubernatorial elections 4258:"A Presidential Primer" 3674:Northeastern University 2905:Corvallis Gazette Times 2830:2012 Republican primary 2645:Advantage of incumbency 2213:In 1992, then-Governor 1466:Federalist Papers No. 9 998:Individualist anarchism 170:Congressional districts 7083:popular votes received 7007:Nominating conventions 6969:Primaries and caucuses 4917:South Carolina primary 4485:, Summer 2006, 149–61. 3454:"Convention Q & A" 2875:Ames (Iowa) Straw Poll 2764:of 2000 and rejected. 2626:Role of superdelegates 2550:most densely populated 2493:Senate majority leader 2350:South Carolina primary 2331:Senate majority leader 2266:post-concession speech 2110: 2091: 2064:Iowa and New Hampshire 1844:congressional district 1738: 1398:in 1912, following on 1343: 1328: 1135:Diplomatic missions of 1013:Political polarization 483:Presidential elections 107:United States Congress 51: 4907:New Hampshire primary 4665:State opinion polling 4439:Kendall, Kathleen E. 4262:Tahlequah Daily Press 3940:. February 17, 2016. 3460:. Detroit Free Press. 2143:Lyndon Baines Johnson 2119:New Hampshire primary 2107:New Hampshire primary 2097: 2081: 2074:New Hampshire primary 1997:presidential election 1993:New Hampshire primary 1825:Further information: 1732: 1634:New Hampshire primary 1419:"unpledged" delegates 1334: 1323: 210:President Pro Tempore 50: 7166:Presidential debates 7088:popular-vote margins 6749:District of Columbia 4435:, 1/2021, pp. 55-72. 4044:. February 1, 2012. 3458:Gannett News Service 2937:Richard Hofstadter, 2620:William (Bill) Brock 2618:, Tennessee Senator 2013:District of Columbia 1803:in the 2000 case of 1682:national conventions 1593:against challengers 1352:District of Columbia 1139:in the United States 879:Political ideologies 503:Presidential primary 7186:Tipping-point state 7156:Major party tickets 7110:Contingent election 7105:Certificate of vote 7095:Electoral Count Act 7020:Brokered convention 4268:on January 9, 2010. 4210:"Nominating Report" 4075:. CNN. 2008-03-04. 3856:The Washington Post 3833:The Washington Post 3542:. August 28, 2008. 3431:"Convention Wisdom" 2614:In an article from 2544:state overall) and 2495:and Nevada senator 1942:brokered convention 1932:Brokered convention 1898:In U.S. territories 1811:freedom of assembly 1591:William Howard Taft 1553:Baltimore, Maryland 1536:national convention 1431:brokered convention 1392:national convention 1281:Politics portal 1116:Department of State 791:U.S. Virgin Islands 7161:Major party losers 6701:Elections by state 6231:1900 • 1904 • 1908 5386:Constitution Party 4763:Debates and forums 4560:Election timelines 4515:2007-11-29 at the 4470:2009-08-14 at the 4416:Brereton Charles. 4189:The Sacramento Bee 4104:The New York Times 3785:The New York Times 3184:2016-07-25 at the 3160:2016-12-16 at the 3136:2016-12-03 at the 3116:2016-08-12 at the 2516:Representativeness 2486:In 2012, both the 2481:Republican nominee 2196:Super Tuesday III. 2111: 2092: 2050:timing tier system 1813:guaranteed by the 1801:U.S. Supreme Court 1739: 1599:Robert La Follette 1595:Theodore Roosevelt 1548:Anti-Masonic Party 1525:Starting with the 1482:political factions 1474:Alexander Hamilton 1344: 1329: 1123:Secretary of State 493:Off-year elections 475:National Elections 182:Non-voting members 60:Federal government 52: 7247: 7246: 7120:Unpledged elector 7115:Faithless elector 7040:Electoral College 7025:Convention bounce 6387:Elections by year 6346: 6345: 6299: 6298: 6295: 6294: 6242:Progressive Party 5976:Libertarian Party 5411:Results breakdown 5406: 5405: 5261:Libertarian Party 4836:Libertarian Party 4457:Palmer, Niall A. 4423:Cowan, Geoffrey. 4135:Los Angeles Times 3714:Los Angeles Times 3473:"A Ticking Clock" 2816:Timing adjustment 2204:George H. W. Bush 2175:George H. W. Bush 2037:US Virgin Islands 1916:Electoral College 1872:US Virgin Islands 1809:as violating the 1772:walking subcaucus 1764:proportional vote 1648:. Vice President 1618:Dwight Eisenhower 1604:Seeking to boost 1498:George Washington 1486:Electoral College 1388:indirect election 1372:political parties 1360:primary elections 1318: 1317: 1157:Visa requirements 1109:Foreign relations 1008:Political culture 948:Constitutionalism 826:Political parties 811:List of Elections 498:Primary elections 488:Midterm elections 410:Courts of appeals 38: 7267: 7234:Senate elections 7191:Election recount 7171:October surprise 7141:Campaign slogans 7043:and popular vote 6373: 6366: 6359: 6350: 6349: 6338:National Primary 6109: 6108: 5748:Republican Party 5488:Democratic Party 5484: 5483: 5445:Republican Party 5422:Democratic Party 5104:Republican Party 4946:Democratic Party 4942: 4941: 4807:Republican Party 4770:Democratic Party 4699:Republican Party 4671:Democratic Party 4632:Republican Party 4609:Democratic Party 4546: 4539: 4532: 4523: 4522: 4488:Scala, Dante J. 4405: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4333: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4311: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4264:. Archived from 4253: 4247: 4246: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4206: 4197: 4196: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4166:The Boston Globe 4157: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4116: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4084: 4069: 4063: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4024: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3998: 3989:. Archived from 3978: 3972: 3971: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3898:The Boston Globe 3889: 3883: 3882: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3814: 3805:. Archived from 3799: 3793: 3792: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3758: 3752: 3749: 3743: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3728: 3726: 3704: 3695: 3694: 3683: 3677: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3651: 3643: 3641: 3640: 3634: 3627: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3416: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3394: 3388:The Green Papers 3380: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3370: 3359:The Green Papers 3351: 3345: 3344: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3323: 3317:The Green Papers 3309: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3299: 3288:The Green Papers 3280: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3260: 3249: 3241: 3235: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3218: 3207:The Green Papers 3199: 3193: 3192:(July 23, 2016). 3175: 3169: 3168:(June 21, 2016). 3151: 3145: 3144:(April 4, 2016). 3127: 3121: 3107: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3073: 3064: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3015: 3009: 3004:James S. Chase; 3002: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2960: 2954: 2950:Gordon S. Wood, 2948: 2942: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2911: 2896: 2726:Reform proposals 2716:George H.W. Bush 2601:bandwagon effect 2580: 2571: 2360:election of 2008 2262:Richard Gephardt 1912:U.S. territories 1894:the convention. 1852:U.S. Territories 1678:Republican Party 1674:Democratic Party 1579:primary election 1564:political bosses 1515:Thomas Jefferson 1507:Federalist Party 1502:two-party system 1462:Founding Fathers 1376:general election 1310: 1303: 1296: 1279: 1278: 1267: 1266: 1265: 1086:District Council 1069:Local government 953:Environmentalism 317:Executive Office 312:Federal agencies 122: 117: 37:Politics of the 36: 25: 24: 7275: 7274: 7270: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7265: 7264: 7250: 7249: 7248: 7243: 7229:House elections 7220: 7201:Guam straw poll 7129: 7042: 7034: 7001: 6963: 6695: 6382: 6377: 6347: 6342: 6291: 6236: 6200: 6164:Greenback Party 6157: 6098: 6048: 5970: 5742: 5479: 5473: 5402: 5381: 5335: 5297: 5256: 5098: 4934: 4926: 4912:Nevada caucuses 4890: 4871:Iowa State Fair 4852: 4758: 4727: 4660: 4598: 4555: 4550: 4517:Wayback Machine 4506: 4477:Sabato, Larry, 4472:Wayback Machine 4413: 4408: 4398: 4396: 4381: 4377: 4362: 4358: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4331: 4329: 4322: 4318: 4309: 4307: 4300: 4296: 4277: 4273: 4254: 4250: 4229: 4225: 4208: 4207: 4200: 4181: 4177: 4158: 4154: 4144: 4142: 4127: 4123: 4114: 4112: 4095: 4091: 4082: 4080: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4057: 4053: 4036: 4035: 4031: 4022: 4020: 4009: 4005: 3996: 3994: 3979: 3975: 3962: 3961: 3957: 3947: 3945: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3917: 3915: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3890: 3886: 3871: 3867: 3848: 3844: 3825: 3821: 3812: 3810: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3777: 3773: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3724: 3722: 3705: 3698: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3665: 3661: 3645: 3644: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3623:"Archived copy" 3621: 3620: 3616: 3606: 3604: 3597:Washington Post 3589: 3585: 3575: 3573: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3549: 3547: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3516:on May 28, 2008 3508: 3507: 3503: 3492: 3488: 3469: 3465: 3450: 3446: 3427: 3423: 3414: 3412: 3405: 3401: 3392: 3390: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3368: 3366: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3321: 3319: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3297: 3295: 3282: 3281: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3229: 3225: 3216: 3214: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3190:Washington Post 3186:Wayback Machine 3176: 3172: 3162:Wayback Machine 3152: 3148: 3138:Wayback Machine 3128: 3124: 3118:Wayback Machine 3108: 3101: 3091: 3089: 3082:Washington Post 3074: 3067: 3059:Paul T. David. 3058: 3054: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3016: 3012: 3003: 2999: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2961: 2957: 2949: 2945: 2936: 2932: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2909: 2907: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2842: 2818: 2806: 2785:Larry J. Sabato 2776:has endorsed a 2770: 2753: 2741: 2728: 2647: 2634: 2628: 2596: 2591: 2590: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2582: 2581: 2573: 2572: 2518: 2513: 2483:by late April. 2409: 2397: 2391: 2352: 2346: 2318: 2316:Nevada caucuses 2312: 2273:Hillary Clinton 2154:George McGovern 2137:Harry S. Truman 2130:retail politics 2084:Iowa City, Iowa 2076: 2068:Main articles: 2066: 1989: 1970: 1958:Hillary Clinton 1934: 1926:Main articles: 1924: 1900: 1833: 1823: 1815:First Amendment 1797:blanket primary 1759:winner-take-all 1727: 1721: 1670: 1658:George McGovern 1650:Hubert Humphrey 1642: 1630:Harry S. Truman 1612:simplified its 1575:Progressive Era 1572: 1544: 1523: 1454: 1448: 1443: 1346:Each of the 50 1314: 1285: 1273: 1263: 1261: 1253: 1252: 1204: 1186: 1166: 1147:Nationality law 1143: 1131: 1111: 1101: 1100: 1073: 1028: 1018: 1017: 1004: 939: 881: 871: 870: 862: 842: 828: 818: 817: 805: 795: 517: 509: 479: 470: 460: 459: 454:Other tribunals 449: 415:District courts 397: 332: 322: 321: 303: 299:Merrick Garland 251: 241: 240: 235:Mitch McConnell 232:Minority Leader 221:Majority Leader 186: 162:Hakeem Jeffries 159:Minority Leader 148:Majority Leader 124: 101: 91: 90: 62: 39: 23: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7273: 7263: 7262: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7218: 7217: 7216: 7211: 7203: 7198: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7137: 7135: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7091: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7046: 7044: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7011: 7009: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6973: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6909:South Carolina 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6874:North Carolina 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6705: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6694: 6693: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6390: 6388: 6384: 6383: 6376: 6375: 6368: 6361: 6353: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6307: 6305: 6301: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6289: 6282: 6275: 6268: 6261: 6254: 6246: 6244: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6227: 6220: 6212: 6210: 6207:Populist Party 6202: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6191: 6184: 6177: 6169: 6167: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6155: 6148: 6141: 6134: 6127: 6119: 6117: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6096: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6058: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5980: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5752: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5492: 5490: 5481: 5475: 5474: 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4772: 4766: 4764: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4695: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4666: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4604: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4596: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4563: 4561: 4557: 4556: 4549: 4548: 4541: 4534: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4505: 4504:External links 4502: 4501: 4500: 4493: 4486: 4475: 4462: 4455: 4444: 4437: 4428: 4421: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4406: 4375: 4364:FairVote.org. 4356: 4338: 4316: 4294: 4271: 4248: 4223: 4198: 4175: 4152: 4121: 4089: 4064: 4062:(1991) pp 3–20 4051: 4029: 4003: 3973: 3955: 3925: 3903: 3884: 3879:Smart Politics 3865: 3842: 3819: 3794: 3771: 3753: 3744: 3735: 3696: 3678: 3659: 3614: 3583: 3557: 3527: 3501: 3486: 3463: 3444: 3421: 3399: 3375: 3346: 3328: 3304: 3272: 3236: 3223: 3194: 3177:David Weigel, 3170: 3146: 3129:Becca Stanek, 3122: 3099: 3065: 3052: 3039:978-0674072565 3038: 3010: 2997: 2984:978-0674072565 2983: 2955: 2943: 2930: 2916: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2883: 2878: 2871: 2870: 2869:Related topics 2866: 2865: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2849: 2848: 2841: 2838: 2817: 2814: 2805: 2802: 2769: 2766: 2752: 2749: 2740: 2737: 2727: 2724: 2659:George W. Bush 2646: 2643: 2630:Main article: 2627: 2624: 2595: 2592: 2585: 2584: 2575: 2574: 2566: 2565: 2564: 2563: 2562: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2408: 2405: 2393:Main article: 2390: 2387: 2348:Main article: 2345: 2344:South Carolina 2342: 2314:Main article: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2306: 2291: 2284: 2269: 2246:2004 primaries 2242: 2234:Elizabeth Dole 2226:George W. Bush 2218: 2211: 2206:, and Senator 2197: 2193:Walter Mondale 2186: 2172: 2165: 2146: 2140: 2065: 2062: 2021:American Samoa 2017:US territories 1969: 1966: 1923: 1920: 1899: 1896: 1856:American Samoa 1822: 1819: 1785:closed primary 1720: 1717: 1713:Bernie Sanders 1705:superdelegates 1669: 1666: 1641: 1638: 1626:Estes Kefauver 1622:Robert A. Taft 1571: 1568: 1543: 1540: 1522: 1519: 1496:that selected 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1427:superdelegates 1402:'s successful 1316: 1315: 1313: 1312: 1305: 1298: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1284: 1283: 1271: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1238:European Union 1235: 1233:United Kingdom 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1177: 1165: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1142: 1141: 1130: 1129: 1127:Antony Blinken 1119: 1118: 1112: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1096:Superior Court 1093: 1088: 1082: 1081: 1072: 1071: 1065: 1064: 1059: 1049: 1043: 1042: 1029: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1003: 1002: 1001: 1000: 995: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 963:Libertarianism 960: 955: 950: 945: 938: 937: 936: 935: 930: 920: 919: 918: 916:Traditionalist 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 882: 877: 876: 873: 872: 869: 868: 861: 860: 859: 858: 853: 841: 840: 835: 829: 824: 823: 820: 819: 816: 815: 804: 803: 794: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 771:American Samoa 768: 763: 758: 753: 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7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7132: 7126: 7125:Voter turnout 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7031: 7030:Superdelegate 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7008: 7004: 6998: 6997:Super Tuesday 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6977:Iowa caucuses 6975: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6966: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6949:West Virginia 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6854:New Hampshire 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6814:Massachusetts 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6692: 6691: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6374: 6369: 6367: 6362: 6360: 6355: 6354: 6351: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6323:Delaware Plan 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6313: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6302: 6288: 6287: 6283: 6281: 6280: 6276: 6274: 6273: 6269: 6267: 6266: 6262: 6260: 6259: 6255: 6253: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6239: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6221: 6219: 6218: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6203: 6197: 6196: 6192: 6190: 6189: 6185: 6183: 6182: 6178: 6176: 6175: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6165: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6149: 6147: 6146: 6142: 6140: 6139: 6135: 6133: 6132: 6128: 6126: 6125: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6115: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6095: 6094: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6051: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5745: 5739: 5738: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5482: 5476: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5259: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4933: 4929: 4923: 4922:Super Tuesday 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4902:Iowa caucuses 4900: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4697: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4547: 4542: 4540: 4535: 4533: 4528: 4527: 4524: 4518: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4487: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4473: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4456: 4453: 4449: 4446:Hugh, Gregg. 4445: 4442: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4429: 4426: 4422: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4379: 4371: 4367: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4342: 4327: 4320: 4305: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4252: 4244: 4240: 4239: 4234: 4227: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4205: 4203: 4194: 4191:. McClatchy. 4190: 4186: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4125: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4100: 4093: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4061: 4055: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4033: 4018: 4014: 4007: 3993:on 2012-01-16 3992: 3988: 3984: 3977: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3913: 3907: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3880: 3876: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3846: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3809:on 2012-01-13 3808: 3804: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3775: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3751:Sacala (2003) 3748: 3739: 3732: 3720: 3716: 3715: 3710: 3703: 3701: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3675: 3671: 3668: 3663: 3655: 3649: 3631: 3624: 3618: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3587: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3515: 3511: 3505: 3497: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3425: 3410: 3403: 3389: 3385: 3379: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3318: 3314: 3308: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3277: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3240: 3233: 3227: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3198: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3180: 3174: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3156: 3150: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3126: 3119: 3115: 3112: 3106: 3104: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3070: 3062: 3056: 3041: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3026: 3021: 3014: 3007: 3001: 2986: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2971: 2966: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2940: 2934: 2926: 2920: 2906: 2902: 2895: 2891: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2846:White primary 2844: 2843: 2837: 2833: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2813: 2811: 2801: 2797: 2795: 2794:New Hampshire 2791: 2786: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2765: 2763: 2758: 2757:Delaware Plan 2748: 2746: 2736: 2733: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2673: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2651:Ronald Reagan 2642: 2639: 2638:Susan Estrich 2633: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2609: 2608:Super Tuesday 2604: 2602: 2579: 2570: 2561: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2542:most populous 2539: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2508: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2469: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2441: 2438: 2433: 2430: 2429:Super Tuesday 2427: 2423: 2419: 2418:Massachusetts 2415: 2404: 2402: 2401:Super Tuesday 2396: 2395:Super Tuesday 2389:Super Tuesday 2386: 2384: 2379: 2377: 2376:Rick Santorum 2373: 2369: 2368:Newt Gingrich 2365: 2361: 2357: 2351: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2317: 2304: 2303:Rick Santorum 2300: 2299:non-incumbent 2296: 2292: 2289: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2216: 2212: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2180: 2179:Ronald Reagan 2176: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2162:Edmund Muskie 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2133: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2089: 2088:Iowa caucuses 2085: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2070:Iowa caucuses 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2046: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2007: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1949: 1947: 1946:horse trading 1943: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1895: 1891: 1889: 1888:Massachusetts 1885: 1881: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1779: 1774: 1773: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1614:ballot access 1611: 1610:New Hampshire 1607: 1606:voter turnout 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1587:1912 election 1583: 1580: 1576: 1567: 1565: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1539: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1527:1796 election 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1478:James Madison 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1453: 1438: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1358:holds either 1357: 1353: 1349: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1327: 1326:Massachusetts 1322: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1299: 1297: 1292: 1291: 1289: 1288: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1260: 1259: 1257: 1256: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1243:Latin America 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1105: 1104: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1075: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1022: 1021: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1005: 999: 996: 994: 991: 990: 989: 986: 984: 983:Republicanism 981: 979: 978:Protectionism 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 940: 934: 933:Progressivism 931: 929: 926: 925: 924: 921: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 888: 887: 884: 883: 880: 875: 874: 867: 864: 863: 857: 854: 852: 849: 848: 847: 846:Third parties 844: 843: 839: 836: 834: 831: 830: 827: 822: 821: 814: 812: 807: 806: 802: 801: 797: 796: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 756:West Virginia 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 661:New Hampshire 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 621:Massachusetts 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 518: 514: 511: 510: 504: 501: 500: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 480: 476: 473: 472: 469: 464: 463: 456: 455: 451: 450: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 420: 416: 413: 411: 408: 407: 404: 403: 399: 398: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 375: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 353: 350: 347: 346:Chief Justice 344: 343: 340: 339: 335: 334: 331: 326: 325: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 304: 300: 297: 296: 293: 292: 288: 287: 283: 282:Kamala Harris 280: 279: 276: 275: 271: 270: 266: 263: 262: 259: 258: 254: 253: 250: 245: 244: 236: 233: 230: 229: 225: 224:Chuck Schumer 222: 219: 218: 214: 211: 208: 207: 203: 202:Kamala Harris 200: 197: 196: 193: 192: 188: 187: 183: 180: 179: 175: 171: 168: 167: 163: 160: 157: 156: 152: 151:Steve Scalise 149: 146: 145: 141: 138: 135: 134: 131: 130: 126: 125: 123: 121: 116: 109: 108: 104: 103: 100: 95: 94: 87: 84: 82: 79: 77: 74: 73: 70: 69: 65: 64: 61: 56: 55: 49: 45: 44: 41: 40:United States 34: 33: 30: 27: 26: 22: 7151:Election Day 6968: 6914:South Dakota 6904:Rhode Island 6899:Pennsylvania 6879:North Dakota 6688: 6310: 6284: 6277: 6270: 6263: 6256: 6249: 6241: 6229: 6222: 6215: 6205: 6193: 6186: 6179: 6172: 6162: 6150: 6143: 6136: 6129: 6122: 6112: 6103: 6092: 5736: 5340:Reform Party 5328: 4895:Major events 4876: 4592: 4552: 4510:Fairvote.org 4496: 4495:Ware, Alan. 4489: 4482: 4458: 4451: 4440: 4432: 4424: 4417: 4397:. Retrieved 4388: 4378: 4359: 4341: 4330:. Retrieved 4319: 4308:. Retrieved 4297: 4284: 4274: 4266:the original 4261: 4251: 4236: 4226: 4213: 4188: 4178: 4165: 4155: 4143:. Retrieved 4134: 4124: 4113:. Retrieved 4102: 4092: 4081:. Retrieved 4067: 4059: 4054: 4041: 4032: 4021:. Retrieved 4006: 3995:. Retrieved 3991:the original 3986: 3976: 3958: 3948:February 21, 3946:. Retrieved 3937: 3928: 3918:February 21, 3916:. Retrieved 3906: 3897: 3887: 3878: 3868: 3855: 3845: 3832: 3822: 3811:. Retrieved 3807:the original 3797: 3784: 3774: 3756: 3747: 3742:Scala (2003) 3738: 3730: 3723:. Retrieved 3712: 3681: 3662: 3637:. Retrieved 3617: 3605:. Retrieved 3596: 3586: 3574:. Retrieved 3560: 3550:September 1, 3548:. Retrieved 3539: 3530: 3518:. Retrieved 3514:the original 3504: 3489: 3476: 3466: 3457: 3447: 3434: 3424: 3413:. Retrieved 3402: 3391:. Retrieved 3387: 3378: 3367:. Retrieved 3358: 3349: 3331: 3320:. Retrieved 3316: 3307: 3296:. Retrieved 3287: 3263:. Retrieved 3251: 3239: 3231: 3226: 3215:. Retrieved 3206: 3197: 3189: 3173: 3165: 3149: 3141: 3125: 3092:February 17, 3090:. Retrieved 3081: 3060: 3055: 3043:. Retrieved 3024: 3013: 3005: 3000: 2988:. Retrieved 2969: 2958: 2951: 2946: 2938: 2933: 2919: 2908:. Retrieved 2904: 2894: 2834: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2807: 2798: 2782: 2771: 2754: 2742: 2729: 2712:protest vote 2708:Pat Buchanan 2696:Jimmy Carter 2685: 2670: 2667:Donald Trump 2663:Barack Obama 2655:Bill Clinton 2648: 2635: 2616:Detroit News 2615: 2613: 2605: 2597: 2558: 2554:stated above 2535: 2519: 2505: 2485: 2477: 2465: 2454:Barack Obama 2442: 2434: 2410: 2398: 2380: 2353: 2319: 2298: 2281:John Edwards 2277:Barack Obama 2254:John Edwards 2215:Bill Clinton 2200:Pat Buchanan 2168:Jimmy Carter 2127: 2123: 2112: 2043: 2041: 2010: 1990: 1962:Barack Obama 1950: 1939: 1935: 1910:, and other 1901: 1892: 1876: 1837: 1834: 1804: 1793:open primary 1789:independents 1782: 1777: 1770: 1768: 1763: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1698: 1693: 1691: 1671: 1643: 1603: 1584: 1573: 1561: 1557:William Wirt 1545: 1524: 1460:, since the 1455: 1435: 1422: 1408: 1396:North Dakota 1380: 1345: 1076: 1052:Legislatures 1032: 943:Abolitionism 886:Conservatism 808: 798: 721:South Dakota 711:Rhode Island 706:Pennsylvania 686:North Dakota 512: 502: 474: 452: 400: 349:John Roberts 336: 289: 272: 255: 213:Patty Murray 189: 140:Mike Johnson 127: 112: 105: 66: 28: 7181:Swing state 6829:Mississippi 6739:Connecticut 6054:Green Party 5480:conventions 5302:Green Party 4858:Straw polls 4844:Green Party 4732:Fundraising 3725:February 3, 3520:January 26, 3109:Jeff Naft, 3045:February 1, 2990:February 1, 2718:during the 2700:Ted Kennedy 2692:Gerald Ford 2677:Gerald Ford 2488:Republicans 2478:presumptive 2474:Mitt Romney 2446:John McCain 2422:New England 2372:Mitt Romney 2295:Mitt Romney 2288:John McCain 2258:Howard Dean 2222:John McCain 2171:nomination. 2115:Iowa caucus 2033:Puerto Rico 1952:during the 1904:Puerto Rico 1868:Puerto Rico 1778:non-binding 1348:U.S. states 1248:Arab League 1162:Visa policy 1038:Territorial 851:Libertarian 786:Puerto Rico 636:Mississippi 551:Connecticut 99:Legislature 6944:Washington 6864:New Mexico 6859:New Jersey 6729:California 6114:Whig Party 4880:Ames, Iowa 4366:"FairVote" 4332:2019-09-06 4328:. Politico 4310:2023-12-03 4306:. Politico 4115:2012-07-08 4083:2012-07-08 4023:2012-01-05 3997:2012-01-05 3813:2012-04-21 3639:2008-05-07 3415:2012-02-15 3411:. NBC News 3393:2019-09-19 3369:2012-01-29 3322:2019-09-19 3298:2012-01-05 3252:akamai.net 3217:2012-01-28 2910:2020-03-12 2698:. 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