National Weather Service

306: 1294:(NHC), a guidance center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). The NWS defines a warning as a "hazardous weather or hydrologic event is occurring, is imminent, or has a very high probability of occurring" and an advisory as " special weather conditions that are less serious than a warning for events that may cause significant inconvenience, and if caution is not exercised, could lead to situations that may threaten life and/or property." In earnest, they indicate that hazardous weather conditions are occurring that may pose a risk to life and property, and are intended to direct the general public to take immediate action and heed safety precautions; it also has the side purpose of directing emergency management personnel to be on standby in case the weather situation leads to property damage or casualties. Severe thunderstorm and flood warnings indicate that organized severe thunderstorms or flooding are occurring, whereas tornado warnings are issued if a storm is indicated to be producing an observed tornado or exhibits strong, low-level rotation. 1705: 1190:, respectively. As the radiosonde rises at about 300 meters/minute (1,000 ft/min), sensors on the radiosonde measure profiles of pressure, temperature, and relative humidity. These sensors are linked to a battery-powered radio transmitter that sends the sensor measurements to a ground receiver. By tracking the position of the radiosonde in flight, information on wind speed and direction aloft is also obtained. The flight can last longer than two hours, and during this time the radiosonde can ascend above 35 km (115,000 ft) and drift more than 200 km (120 mi) from the release point. When the balloon has expanded beyond its elastic limit and bursts (about 6 m or 20 ft in diameter), a small parachute slows the descent of the radiosonde, minimizing the danger to lives and property. Data obtained during the flights is coded and disseminated, at which point it can be plotted on a 1591:, is a data rich website operated by the NWS that serves as a portal to hundreds of thousands of webpages and more than 300 different NWS websites. Through its homepage, users can access local forecasts by entering a place name in the main forecast search bar, view a rapidly updated map of active watches and warnings, and select areas related to graphical forecasts, national maps, radar displays, river and air quality data, satellite images and climate information. Also offered are XML data feeds of active watches and warnings, ASOS observations and digital forecasts for 5x5 kilometer (3 x 3 mile) grids. All of NWS local weather forecast offices operate their own region-tailored web pages, which provide access to current products and other information specific to the office's local area of responsibility. Weather.gov superseded the 1048: 639: 794:

issued by local WFOs each day when thunderstorms producing such phenomena occur in a given area, and formats the data into text and graphical products. It also provides forecasts on convective activity through day eight of the forecast period (most prominently, the threat of severe thunderstorms, the risk of which is assessed through a tiered system conveyed among six categories – general thunderstorms, marginal, slight, enhanced, moderate, or high – based mainly on the expected number of storm reports and regional coverage of thunderstorm activity over a given forecast day), and is responsible for issuing fire weather outlooks, which support local WFOs in the determination of the need for Red Flag Warnings.

1025:(ASOS). The ASOS program is a joint effort of the National Weather Service (NWS), automatic weather station(AWS), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the Department of Defense (DOD). ASOS stations are designed to support weather forecast activities and aviation operations and, at the same time, support the needs of the meteorological, hydrological, and climatological research communities. ASOS was especially designed for the safety of the aviation community, therefore the sites are almost always located near airport runways. The system transmits routine hourly observations along with special observations when conditions exceed aviation weather thresholds (e.g. conditions change from 1383:; the pilot project – which would expand to 80 Weather Forecast Offices overseen by the Central, Eastern, Southern and Western Region Headquarters by the spring of 2015 – incorporate message tags within the main body of the product describing the source of the hazard report, damage potential, and if applicable, radar indications or physical observations of tornadoes or the possibility of a tornado; hazards are also summarized at the close of the product text (describing estimated maximum hail size and wind gusts, and if applicable, if a storm has the potential to produce a tornado or in the event of a tornado warning, the basis of the warning or its damage threat). The wording " 1014: 1258:– A special weather statement is issued when something rare or unusual is occurring. These are usually triggered by sudden changes in meteorological conditions. The statements are to be taken as warnings for residents of a specific area. Significant Weather Advisories are often issued for storms not severe enough for Severe Thunderstorm Warnings, but for strong winds and small hail. The warning generally states that an area might be at risk for a slight weather danger, though not all weather statements are warnings. Other times, statements describe informative facts about a weather system (such as local snowfall). 1246:– A watch is used when the risk of a hazardous weather or hydrologic event has increased significantly, but its occurrence, location or timing is still uncertain. It is intended to provide enough lead time so those who need to set their safety plans in motion can do so in advance if a forecasted event should occur. A watch means that hazardous weather is possible, but not imminent. People should have a plan of action in case a storm threatens and monitor various avenues that provide NOAA-disseminated data to listen for later information and possible warnings, especially when planning travel or outdoor activities. 1146:(WMO) marine auspices, the VOS has 49 countries as participants. The United States program is the largest in the world, with nearly 1,000 vessels. Observations are taken by deck officers, coded in a special format known as the "ships synoptic code", and transmitted in real-time to the NWS. They are then distributed on national and international circuits for use by meteorologists in weather forecasting, by oceanographers, ship routing services, fishermen, and many others. The observations are then forwarded for use by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) in 686: 3961: 825: 47: 949:. In addition to releasing routine outlooks and discussions, the guidance center initiates advisories and discussions on individual tropical cyclones, as needed. If a tropical cyclone threatens the United States or its territories, individual WFOs begin issuing statements detailing the expected effects within their local area of responsibility. The NHC and CPHC issue products including tropical cyclone advisories, forecasts, and formation predictions, and warnings for the areas in the Atlantic and parts of the Pacific. 953: 630:, and communications equipment, used for gathering and displaying weather data such as satellite imagery or numerical forecast model output. Remote weather stations are also used to gather specific data for the point of interest, and often receive direct support from the local WFO during such crises. IMETs, approximately 70 to 80 of which are employed nationally, can be deployed anywhere a disaster strikes and must be capable of working long hours for weeks at a time in remote locations under rough conditions. 1611: 2014: 1417:

communities and interstate highways) that will be impacted. For severe thunderstorm, tornado and flash flood warnings, the estimated population count of the warned area and approximate totals of public schools and hospitals within the warning area as well as the maximum forecast intensity of hail size, wind gusts and potential tornadoes; tornado warnings referenced in the impact product also denote whether the warning was issued based on radar indication or ground confirmation.

2026: 1159: 1110: 525: 1431: 863: 1497:, promoted as "The Voice of the National Weather Service", is a special radio system that transmits uninterrupted weather watches, warnings and forecasts 24 hours a day directly from a nearby NWS office, with the broadcasts covering across 95–97% of the United States' population. The system – which is owned and operated by the NWS – consists of 1,030 transmitters, covering all 50 states; adjacent coastal waters; 1347:

any warnings or weather statements that may be issued by their local National Weather Service office. A statement may be issued as a follow-up message to a warning, watch, or emergency, which may update, extend, or cancel the previously issued product or be used as a notification of significant weather for which no type of alert is currently in effect for a given location or is expected to be in effect.

666:, and winter weather watches and warnings, some aviation products, and local forecast grids. The forecasts issued by a WFO are available on their individual pages within the Weather.gov website, which can be accessed through either forecast landing pages (which identify the office that disseminates the weather data) or via the alert map featured on the main page of the National Weather Service website. 602: 1387:" (PDS), which originated by the Storm Prediction Center for use in tornado watch products during expected high-end severe weather outbreaks, is subjectively issued. It is occasionally issued with tornado warnings, normally if a large tornado capable of producing EF3 to EF5 damage or staying on the ground for long-duration – sometimes uninterrupted – paths has been reported (although a 1602:, which is accessible via dedicated telecommunications access lines in the Washington, D.C., area. All FOS data services are driven by the NWS Telecommunication Gateway computer systems located at NWS headquarters in Silver Spring, Maryland. Users may obtain any of the individual services from NWS for a one-time connection charge and an annual user fee. 817:

official rainfall forecast for areas within their warning area of responsibility. These products can and do emphasize different hydrologic issues depending on geographic area, land use, time of year, as well as other meteorological and non-meteorological factors (for example, during the early spring or late winter a Flood Warning can be issued for an

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smoke management for the next 12 to 48 hours, such as wind direction and speed, and precipitation. The appropriate crews use this information to plan for staffing and equipment levels, the ability to conduct scheduled controlled burns, and assess the daily fire danger. Once per day, NWS meteorologists issue a coded fire weather forecast for specific

1225:– Hazardous Weather Outlooks are issued daily by individual Weather Forecast Offices to address potentially hazardous weather or hydrologic events that may occur over the next seven days. The outlook will include information about the potential of convective thunderstorm activity (including the potential for severe thunderstorms), heavy rain or 1896:

forecasts of agricultural and economic importance would be eliminated. NOAA also proposed outsourcing weather observation stations, NOAA Weather Radio, and computerized surface analysis to private companies. The proposal was met with negative reactions among the public, members of Congress, and consumer advocacy groups (including most notably,

1900:), objecting to the possibility of weather information intended for the public domain being sold to private entities that would profit from the sale of the data. The proposal to sell the satellite network failed in a Congressional vote, while other aspects of the proposal to dismantle portions of NOAA's agencies were eventually scuttled. 1922:, a bill which would have prohibited the NWS from freely distributing weather data. The bill was widely criticized by users of the NWS's services, especially by emergency management officials relying on the National Weather Service for information during fires, flooding, or severe weather. Groups such as the 638: 1416:

office's WeatherReady Nation initiative. The product provides a graphical depiction of short-fuse warnings and watches (specifically, tornado and severe thunderstorm watches and warnings, and flash flood warnings), showing a map of the warning area (outlined as a red polygon) and locations (including

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included in the warning polygon, especially if they encompass a small geographical area. Warnings can be expanded, contracted (by removing jurisdictions where SPC and NWS forecasters no longer consider there to be a viable threat of severe weather, in which case, the storm-based warning may take on a

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issues fire weather analyses for days one and two of the forecast period that provide supportive information to the local WFO forecasts regarding particular critical elements of fire weather conditions. These include large-scale areas that may experience critical fire weather conditions including the

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issues severe thunderstorm and tornado watches in cooperation with local WFOs which are responsible for delineating jurisdictions affected by the issued watch, and SPC also issues mesoscale discussions focused upon possible convective activity. SPC compiles reports of severe hail, wind, or tornadoes

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incidents, by providing on-site support through Incident Meteorologists (IMET). IMETs are NWS forecasters specially trained to work with Incident Management Teams during severe wildfire outbreaks or other disasters requiring on-site weather support. IMETs travel quickly to the incident site and then

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and how to situate crews during the controlling phase. Officials send in a request, usually during the early morning, containing the position coordinates of the proposed burn, the ignition time, and other pertinent information. The WFO composes a short-term fire weather forecast for the location and

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as a science after becoming Weather Bureau chief. While a debate went on between the Signal Service and Congress over whether the forecasting of weather conditions should be handled by civilian agencies or the Signal Service's existing forecast office, a Congressional committee was formed to oversee

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is responsible for all of the NWS's climate-related forecasts. Their mission is to "serve the public by assessing and forecasting the impacts of short-term climate variability, emphasizing enhanced risks of weather-related extreme events, for use in mitigating losses and maximizing economic gains."

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The National Weather Service is divided into 122 local branches, known as Weather Forecast Offices (WFOs), to issue products specific to those areas. The NWS is divided into six regions. Each WFO maintains a specific area of responsibility spanning multiple counties, parishes or other jurisdictions

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shapes in map-based weather hazard products, which outline the specified sections of government sub-jurisdictions that the warning covers, based on the projected path of a storm as determined by Doppler radar at the time of the warning's issuance; however, entire counties/parishes may sometimes be

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and estimated speed and direction), associated hazards, impacts, municipalities and designated land areas (and, if applicable, highway mile markers) covered by the alert, and boilerplate action messages informing the public of safety precautions they need to take or advising them to be vigilant of

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within the United States – which, in some areas, cover multiple states – or individual possessions; the local offices handle responsibility of composing and disseminating forecasts and weather alerts to areas within their region of service. Some of the products that are only issued by the WFOs are

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The National Weather Service issues many products relating to wildfires daily. For example, a Fire Weather Forecast, which have a forecast period covering up to seven days, is issued by local WFOs daily, with updates as needed. The forecasts contain weather information relevant to fire control and

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send their graphical forecasts to a national server to be compiled in the National Digital Forecast Database (NDFD). The NDFD is a collection of common weather observations used by organizations and the public, including precipitation amount, temperature, and cloud cover among other parameters. In

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Abbe was appointed as the Bureau's first chief meteorologist. In his earlier role as the civilian assistant to the chief of the Signal Service, Abbe urged the Department of War to research weather conditions to provide a scientific basis behind the forecasts; he would continue to urge the study of

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activation to trigger public alert messages via television, radio stations, NOAA Weather Radio, and smartphone apps and messaging services. For local storm events, the warning or advisory product also outlines a meteorological summary of the most recent storm location or local storm report issued

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Additionally, Weather Forecast Offices issue daily and monthly climate reports for official climate stations within their area of responsibility. These generally include recorded highs, lows and other information (including historical temperature extremes, fifty-year temperature and precipitation

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Daily river forecasts are issued by the thirteen River Forecast Centers (RFCs) using hydrologic models based on rainfall, soil characteristics, precipitation forecasts, and several other variables. The first such center was founded on September 23, 1946. Some RFCs, especially those in mountainous

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The NWS, through a variety of sub-organizations, issues different forecasts to users, including the general public. Although, throughout history, text forecasts have been the means of product dissemination, the NWS has been using more forecast products of a digital, gridded, image or other modern

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in their jurisdiction. TAFs are concise, coded 24-hour forecasts (30-hour forecasts for certain airports) for a specific airport, which are issued every six hours with amendments as needed. As opposed to a public weather forecast, a TAF only addresses weather elements critical to aviation; these

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professor Cliff Mass have claimed that NWS forecasts are not as accurate as they could be, and that this has resulted in inaccurate daily weather forecasts and dangerously bad predictions concerning the location and intensity of extreme weather events like blizzards and hurricanes. In 2016, the

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In situations where a forecaster indicates a significant threat of extremely severe and life-threatening weather with an ongoing local weather event, enhanced wording may be used to note the heightened threat by a significant local storm event. In April 2012, the NWS introduced the Impact Based

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provides guidance for future precipitation amounts and areas where excessive rainfall is likely, while local NWS offices are responsible for issuing Flood Watches, Flash Flood Watches, Flood Warnings, Flash Flood Warnings, and Flood Advisories for their local County Warning Area, as well as the

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event that is either occurring at present (through radar imagery, reports from local television and radio stations, or ground observations by local law enforcement, civil defense officials, media outlets or storm spotters) or is forecast to occur within 12 to 24 hours. If after collaboration a

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and advisories issued by local NWS forecast offices are generally less than 500–5,000 square miles (1,300–12,900 km) in area. Warnings for severe local storms are intended to be issued preceding the arrival of severe weather at a particular locale by one hour or less; the NWS also issues

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officially lifted the agency's ban on public tornado alerts in a Circular Letter, noting to all first order stations that "Weather Bureau employees should avoid statements that can be interpreted as a negation of the Bureau's willingness or ability to make tornado forecasts", and that a "good

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announced a proposal to sell all of the agency's weather satellites at auction with the intent to repurchase the weather data from private contractors that would acquire the satellites. Under the proposal, 30% of NOAA's workforce would be reviewed for potential layoffs, and certain specialty

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is a satellite data collection and dissemination system operated by the National Weather Service, which was established in October 2000. Its purpose is to provide state and federal government, commercial users, media and private citizens with timely delivery of meteorological, hydrological,

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Until September 30, 2007, local offices of the National Weather Service issued warnings for severe thunderstorms, tornadoes, flash flooding and marine hazards using geopolitical boundaries. The implementation of storm-based warnings on October 1, 2007, saw alerts for these meteorological or

1240:– An advisory is issued when a hazardous weather or hydrologic event is occurring, imminent, or likely. Advisories are for less serious conditions than warnings, that cause significant inconvenience and if caution is not exercised, could lead to situations that may threaten life or property. 832:

In recent years, the NWS has enhanced its dissemination of hydrologic information through the Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service (AHPS). The AHPS allows anyone to view near real-time observation and forecast data for rivers, lakes and streams. The service also enables the NWS to provide

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The Next Generation Global Prediction System project at NWS aims to address some of these criticisms by running a unified high-quality model that takes advantage of more recent research results. In 2016, the NOAA announced to develop The Next Generation Global Prediction System.

426:" from being used in any of its weather products out of concern for inciting panic (a move contradicted in its intentions by the high death tolls in past tornado outbreaks due to the lack of advanced warning) until 1938, when it began disseminating tornado warnings exclusively to 724:. Their main responsibility is to provide up-to-the-minute weather information and briefings to the Traffic Management Units and control room supervisors. Special emphasis is given to weather conditions that could be hazardous to aviation or impede the flow of air traffic in the 767:

Convective – Issued for an area of thunderstorms affecting an area of 3,000 square miles (7,800 km) or greater, a line of thunderstorms at least 60 nmi (110 km) long, or severe or embedded thunderstorms affecting any area that are expected to last 30 minutes or

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condemned the bill's restrictions on weather forecasting as threatening the safety of air traffic, noting that 40% of all aviation accidents are at least partially weather-related. The bill attracted no cosponsors, and died in committee during the 2005 Congressional session.

728:. Besides scheduled and unscheduled briefings for decision-makers in the ARTCC and other FAA facilities, CWSU meteorologists also issue two unscheduled products. The Center Weather Advisory (CWA) is an aviation weather warning for thunderstorms, icing, turbulence, and low 442:

probability of verification" exist when issuing such forecasts due to the difficulty in accurately predicting tornadic activity. However, it would not be until it faced criticism for continuing to refuse to provide public tornado warnings and preventing the release of the

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Non-convective – Issued for severe turbulence over a 3,000 square miles (7,800 km) area, severe icing over a 3,000 square miles (7,800 km), or instrument meteorological conditions over a 3,000 square miles (7,800 km) area due to dust, sand, or volcanic

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sites in operation in the U.S., its various territorial possessions and selected overseas locations. This technology, because of its high resolution and ability to detect intra-cloud motions, is now the cornerstone of the agency's severe weather warning operations.

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proposed to auction off all of the weather satellites, to repurchase data from private buyers, outsourcing weather observation stations, NOAA Weather Radio and computerized surface analysis to private companies but the proposal failed in a Congressional vote.

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Getting more information on the atmosphere, more frequently, and from more locations is the key to improving forecasts and warnings. Due to the large installation and operating costs associated with ASOS, the stations are widely spaced. Therefore, the

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Their products cover time scales from a week to seasons, extending into the future as far as technically feasible, and cover the land, the ocean and the atmosphere, extending into the stratosphere. Most of the products issued by the center cover the

1063:, a network of approximately 11,000 mostly volunteer weather observers, provides much of the meteorological and climatological data to the country. The program, which was established in 1890 under the Organic Act, currently has a twofold mission: 1579:

is a one-way broadcast communication system which provides NOAA environmental data and information in near real-time to NOAA and external users. This broadcast service is implemented by a commercial provider of satellite communications utilizing

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may be issued in such cases if the tornado is expected to track into a densely populated area). PDS warnings for other alerts occur with even less frequency, and their criteria varies depending on the alert type to which the wording is applied.

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operates a network of about 90 buoys and 60 land-based coastal observing systems (C-MAN). The stations measure wind speed, direction, and gust; barometric pressure; and air temperature. In addition, all buoy and some C-MAN stations measure

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Provide observational meteorological data, usually consisting of daily maximum and minimum temperatures, snowfall, and 24-hour precipitation totals, required to define the climate of the United States and to help measure long-term climate

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as needed, in addition to issuing the daily fire weather forecasts for the local service area. These products alert the public and other agencies to conditions which create the potential for extreme fires. On the national level, the NWS

1252:– A warning is issued when a hazardous weather or hydrologic event is occurring, imminent or likely. A warning means weather conditions pose a threat to life or property. People in the path of the storm need to take protective action. 261:

that is tasked with providing weather forecasts, warnings of hazardous weather, and other weather-related products to organizations and the public for the purposes of protection, safety, and general information. It is a part of the

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NWS forecasters need frequent, high-quality marine observations to examine conditions for forecast preparation and to verify their forecasts after they are produced. These observations are especially critical to the output of

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Coastal Waters Forecast (CWF) – a text product issued by all coastal WFOs to explicitly state expected weather conditions within their marine forecast area of responsibility through day five; it also addresses expected wave

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is a system designed to provide the emergency management community with access to a set of NWS warnings, watches, forecasts and other products at no recurring cost. It can receive data via radio, internet, or a dedicated

402:. Under the oversight of that branch, the Bureau began issuing flood warnings and fire weather forecasts, and issued the first daily national surface weather maps; it also established a network to distribute warnings for 4531: 1233:

agencies on the recommendation of activation during severe weather situations in areas prone to such events. Other outlooks are issued on an event-driven basis, such as the Flood Potential Outlook and Severe Weather

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and thus available to anyone for free under United States law. From time to time, the situation receives official review to ascertain if a leaner, more efficient approach may be had by some degree of privatization.

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with a mission to "provide for taking meteorological observations at the military stations in the interior of the continent and at other points in the States and Territories... and for giving notice on the northern

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climatological and geophysical information. All products in the NWWS data stream are prioritized, with weather and hydrologic warnings receiving the highest priority (watches are next in priority). NWWS delivers

1229:, winter weather, and extremes of heat or cold. It is intended to provide information to those who need considerable lead time to prepare for the event, including notification to storm spotter groups and local 1952:

Lack of sufficient computing power to run simulations known to be better (including higher-resolution simulations and "ensemble" forecasts where multiple runs tweak variables slightly to detect low-confidence

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Map of NWS Weather Forecast Offices. Colors indicate area of responsibility, letters indicate each office's call sign. Alaska, Pacific and Puerto Rico offices are only indicated with call sign letters in the

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Offshore Waters Forecast (OFF) – a text product issued by the OPC that provides forecast and warning information to mariners who travel on the oceanic waters adjacent to the U.S. coastal waters through day

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because large bodies of water have a profound impact on the weather. Other users rely on the observations and forecasts for commercial and recreational activities. To help meet these needs, the NWS's

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Since 1983, the NWS has provided external user access to weather information obtained by or derived from the U.S. Government through a collection of data communication line services called the

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State and federal forestry officials sometimes request a forecast from a WFO for a specific location called a "spot forecast", which are used to determine whether it will be safe to ignite a

4511: 3694: 2192: 1948:(ECMWF), and the Northwest Regional Modeling Consortium in Seattle have been cited as producing more accurate predictions in certain circumstances. According to critics, causes include: 1044:

METAR KNXX 121155Z 03018G29KT 1/4SM +TSSN FG VV002 M05/M07 A2957 RMK PK WND 01029/1143 SLP026 SNINCR 2/10 RCRNR T2 SET 6///// 7//// 4/010 T10561067 11022 21056 55001 PWINO PNO FZRANO

3410:"Enhanced Product – Tornado Warnings and Associated Follow-up Statements Modified to Emphasize Impacts, Intensity, and Recommended Actions via Bulleted Messages and Coded Tag Lines" 4362: 4339: 112: 4436: 1645:), to complete their work. These workstations allow them to easily view a multitude of weather and hydrologic information, as well as compose and disseminate products. The NWS 1533:

have begun to take advantage of NWR's ability to efficiently reach a large portion of the U.S. population. When necessary, the system can also be used (in conjunction with the

4526: 3779: 1517:. NWR requires a scanner or special radio receiver capable of picking up the signal. Individual NWR stations broadcast any one of seven allocated frequencies centered on 162 1553:

and storm warnings to users in ten seconds or less from the time of their issuance, making it the fastest delivery system available. Products are broadcast to users via the

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NAVTEX forecast – a text forecast issued by the OPC (combining data from the Coastal Waters and Offshore Waters Forecasts) designed to accommodate broadcast restrictions of

1537:) to broadcast civil, natural and technological emergency and disaster alerts and information, in addition to those related to weather – hence the addition of the phrasing 1641:

National Weather Service meteorologists use an advanced information processing, display and telecommunications system, the Advance Weather Interactive Processing System (

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and Major Ernest Fawbush) beyond military personnel that the Bureau issued its first experimental public tornado forecasts in March 1952. In 1957, the Bureau began using

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High Seas Forecast (HSF) – routine text product issued every six hours by OPC to provide warning and forecast information to mariners who travel on the oceanic waters.

1828: 648: 534: 290: 4190: 577:(NFDRS). This computer model outputs the daily fire danger that is then conveyed to the public in one of five ratings: low, moderate, high, very high, or extreme. 1633:, was developed by the National Weather Service during the mid-1980s, and fully deployed throughout the majority of the United States by 1997. There are 158 such 497:. At this time, the Weather Bureau became the National Weather Service. At the beginning of the 1980s the NWS used the same radar equipment as in the 1950s, and 732:

and visibilities. The Meteorological Impact Statement (MIS) is a two- to 12-hour forecast that outlines weather conditions expected to impact ARTCC operations.

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warning or advisory is deemed necessary, the Weather Forecast Office will generate a bulletin product via the Advance Weather Interactive Processing System (

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addition to viewing gridded weather data via the internet, users can download and use the individual grids using a "GRIB2 decoder" which can output data as

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as Congress felt "military discipline would probably secure the greatest promptness, regularity, and accuracy in the required observations." Within the

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in 2005 as competing unfairly with the private sector. National Weather Service forecasts and data, being works of the federal government, are in the

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for areas that are within the national waters of the United States. NWS national centers or Weather Forecast Offices issue several marine products:

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program. It is organized for the purpose of obtaining weather and oceanographic observations from transiting ships. An international program under

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In 2016, the NWS significantly increased the computational power of its supercomputers, spending $ 44 million on two new supercomputers from

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assemble a mobile weather center capable of providing continuous meteorological support for the duration of the incident. The kit includes a

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The NWS supports the aviation community through the production of several forecasts. Each area's WFO has responsibility for the issuance of

4470: 437:. In 1941, Margaret Smagorinsky (née Knoepfel) was hired as the Weather Bureau's first female statistician. On July 12, 1950, Bureau chief 17: 4795: 3725: 1218:

The National Weather Service has developed a multi-tier concept for forecasting or alerting the public to all types of hazardous weather:

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deployed to improve the detection and warning time of severe local storms, replaced the WSR-57 and WSR-74 systems between 1988 and 1997.

4536: 3886: 1135:, and wave height and period. Conductivity and water current are measured at selected stations. All stations report on an hourly basis. 842:

regions, also provide seasonal snow pack and peak flow forecasts. These forecasts are used by a wide range of users, including those in

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accounts maintained by local forecast offices as well as the Enhanced Data Display (EDD), an experimental pilot project created by the

1268: 1207: 1033:). The basic weather elements observed are: sky condition, visibility, present weather, obstructions to vision, pressure, temperature, 3565: 1306:) and then disseminate the alert through various communication routes accessed by the media and various agencies, on the internet, to 1071:

Provide observational meteorological data in near real-time to support forecast, warning and other public service programs of the NWS.

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in 1937, which prompted a switch from routine aircraft observation to radiosondes within two years. The Bureau prohibited the word "

386:. General Myer gave the National Weather Service its first name: The Division of Telegrams and Reports for the Benefit of Commerce. 4946: 4750: 4066: 3409: 1870:

While respected as one of the premier weather organizations in the world, the National Weather Service has been perceived by some

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the matter, recommending that the office's operations be transferred to the Department of War following a two-year investigation.

4398: 4281: 4200: 4099: 3669: 2533: 1684:' model predicted landfall correctly at seven days. The new supercomputers increased computational processing power from 776 tera 399: 258: 96: 764:(Significant Meteorological Information) – Issued for significant weather that may affect an airport of flight path in an area: 4775: 4233: 2640: 1923: 1037:, wind direction and speed, precipitation accumulation, and selected significant remarks. The coded observations are issued as 3827: 4639: 4587: 3097: 2819: 2743: 2679: 2565: 2509: 2465: 2424: 2379: 2257: 1287: 4835: 4674: 4567: 4562: 4124: 3015: 1030: 755: 434: 267: 4720: 4629: 4624: 4577: 4311: 4089: 4034: 1526: 1084: 1047: 4521: 3141: 2909: 478:), with a network of WSR systems being deployed nationwide through the early 1960s; some of the radars were upgraded to 4790: 4634: 4546: 4169: 3221: 580:

The local Weather Forecast Offices of the NWS also, under a prescribed set of criteria, issue Fire Weather Watches and

574: 3980: 3062: 739:, is a central aviation support facility operated by the National Weather Service, which issues two primary products: 4936: 4915: 4907: 4501: 4237: 4142: 4084: 2615:"Transcript of Oral History Interview of Margaret Smagorinsky - American Meteorological Society Oral History Project" 1871: 1478: 1143: 494: 353:

introduced a bill to provide the funding. In 1870, the Weather Bureau of the United States was established through a

1460: 1286:, intense heat or cold, fire weather and marine hazards, which vary in timepsan depending on the weather situation ( 4956: 4735: 4659: 4604: 4506: 4446: 4372: 2044: 1384: 1330: 1322: 1080: 1026: 930: 1405:

representation in map-based watch products) or canceled before their set time of expiration by local NWS offices.

4755: 4725: 4594: 4104: 3456: 3353: 2041:– known for proving the practicality of using a network of coastal radio stations to transmit weather information 1850: 1770: 718: 550:, float files, and comma-separated value files. Specific points in the digital database can be accessed using an 375: 209: 3535: 2787: 2589: 821:

that occurs on a river, while in the summer a Flood Warning will most likely be issued for excessive rainfall).

4710: 4669: 4664: 4460: 3487: 1844: 1456: 1337:). Some products – particularly for severe thunderstorm, tornado and flood warnings – include a tag requesting 1194:

or Stuve diagram for analysis. In recent years, the National Weather Service has begun incorporating data from

371: 3923: 2301: 1676:

model, compared to other global weather models. This was most notable in the GFS model incorrectly predicting

1178:. A small, expendable instrument package is suspended below a 2 metres (6.6 ft) wide balloon filled with 4881: 4609: 4475: 4393: 4319: 4208: 4137: 2628: 1858: 1749: 1646: 997: 454:

for short-term forecasting of local storms and hydrological events, using modified versions of those used by

4961: 4876: 4815: 4329: 4248: 4228: 3167: 2367: 1673: 1502: 1119: 570: 279: 2879: 2854: 4866: 4820: 4614: 4465: 4048: 1835: 1127: 694: 655: 2281: 406:

as well as a data exchange service that relayed European weather analysis to the Bureau and vice versa.

4223: 2004: 1978: 1187: 885: 289:

The NWS performs its primary task through a collection of national and regional centers, and 122 local

2122: 4271: 4109: 4079: 3226: 1782: 1755: 1743: 1615: 1413: 1291: 1147: 1123: 1013: 972: 966: 926: 920: 901: 809: 803: 1595:, the agency's early internet service which provided NWS data from the 1990s through the mid-2000s. 4730: 4334: 4114: 4074: 2541: 2241: 1936: 1514: 1441: 981: 725: 4496: 4243: 4055: 3846:"Air Traffic Services Brief – National Weather Service Duties Act of 2005 – Santorum Bill S. 786" 2636: 2059: 1776: 1761: 1737: 1717: 1445: 1376: 1132: 877: 871: 784: 586: 443: 310: 271: 106: 3726:"Emergency center now ready to weather storm / The high-tech facility is built higher, stronger" 1977:

Lack of focus on a small number of high-quality models compared to the Met Office and the ECMWF

1021:

The primary network of surface weather observation stations in the United States is composed of

293:(WFOs). As the NWS is an agency of the U.S. federal government, most of its products are in the 4765: 4745: 4147: 3783: 2371: 2359: 1669: 1654: 1534: 1338: 1318: 1317:

The product outlines the alert type, the issuing WFO, the sections of government subdivisions (

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when that agency was formed. The Environmental Science Services Administration was renamed the

379: 342: 1166:

Upper air weather data is essential for weather forecasting and research. The NWS operates 92

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began developing probabilistic forecasts using daily weather data sent via telegraph by the

151: 3572: 2774: 2018: 1297:

The process of issuing a warning or advisory begins with observations of a hydrological or

1230: 1191: 1058: 427: 322: 2989: 833:

long-range probabilistic information which can be used for long-range planning decisions.

370:

and marine signals, of the approach and force of storms." The agency was placed under the

8: 4218: 3420: 2412: 2329:"In the Nineteenth Century, Scientists Set Out to Solve the "Problem of American Storms"" 1368: 721: 685: 663: 513: 4414: 3960: 2778: 617:

The NWS assists officials at the scene of large wildfires or other disasters, including

446:

Severe Weather Warning Center's tornado forecasts (pioneered in 1948 by Air Force Capt.

4010: 3966: 3735: 2188: 2048: 2038: 1492: 1311: 1278:

warnings and advisories for various hydrological and non-hydrological events including

455: 338: 321:

Calls for the creation of a government weather bureau began as early as 1844, when the

3283: 1967:

data from commercial airliners. (Due to budget cuts, this could not be purchased from

1708:

Specially designed hurricane-proof building constructed to house joint offices of the

4740: 4185: 3802: 3730: 3309: 2825: 2815: 2739: 2685: 2675: 2571: 2561: 2515: 2505: 2471: 2461: 2430: 2420: 2385: 2375: 2263: 2253: 1960: 1388: 254: 3542:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. February 26, 2008. Archived from 2632: 824: 3831: 3335: 2782: 2557: 2553: 2545: 2245: 1522: 938: 847: 790: 747: 581: 447: 403: 358: 354: 350: 398:

The agency first became a civilian enterprise in 1890, when it became part of the

345:

to create such a service, having witnessed the destructive power of storms in the

3970: 3092: 2960: 2939: 2030: 1677: 1352: 1298: 1274: 952: 851: 729: 659: 627: 614:

sends it back to the officials, usually within an hour of receiving the request.

610: 46: 3905: 1198:

in its numerical models (however, the raw data is not available to the public).

1075:

The National Weather Service also maintains connections with privately operated

866:

The National Weather Service areas of marine weather forecasting responsibility.

3119: 1623: 1570: 1550: 1506: 1356: 942: 934: 623: 383: 326: 4760: 27:

U.S. forecasting agency of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

4930: 3145: 3070: 2917: 1915: 1892: 1875: 1626: 1610: 1581: 1408:

The NWS also releases Experimental Severe Weather Impact products for use on

1175: 1171: 946: 502: 419: 334: 127: 114: 3361: 3235: 2159:"Final FY21 Appropriations: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration" 337:, which he convinced to back the collection of such information. Meanwhile, 3756: 3257: 2328: 1554: 1409: 1343: 1283: 1104: 1100: 717:

Twenty-one NWS Center Weather Service Units (CWSU) are collocated with the

3618:"The European forecast model already kicking America's butt just improved" 1956:

Not using techniques shown to improve accuracy by recent academic research

3803:"Education privatization: causes, consequences and planning implications" 3644:"National Weather Service will boost its supercomputing capacity tenfold" 3480:"National Weather Service introduces impact-based warnings for tornadoes" 3451: 1984: 1897: 1498: 843: 391: 363: 346: 3910:

Office of Science and Technology Integration - Modeling Program Division

2238:

Large-scale Biomedical Science: Exploring Strategies for Future Research

2025: 1525:

band. In recent years, national emergency response agencies such as the

1158: 1109: 4871: 4840: 4830: 4110:

Office of the Assistant Secretary for Insular and International Affairs

2532: 1941: 1333:) covered by the alert, and its time of expiration (based on the local 1167: 1113:

3-metre (9.8 ft) discus buoy located off the Southeast U.S. coast.

993: 751: 711: 703: 524: 415: 330: 213: 165: 3543: 2704: 1824:

6 Regions (Eastern, Central, Southern, Western, Alaska & Pacific)

1968: 1713: 1518: 1402: 1334: 1034: 996:). This information is considered preliminary until certified by the 539: 367: 2760: 2305: 1430: 601: 3513: 3383: 3264:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. January 28, 2009 2538:

Aviation Weather Services: A Call For Federal Leadership and Action

2249: 2097: 1380: 1342:

prior to the product's issuance (including the approximate area in

1179: 563: 498: 275: 3859: 2829: 2689: 2590:"Obituary of Margaret Smagorinsky | The Mather-Hodge Funeral Home" 2549: 2519: 2475: 2434: 2267: 1724:

As of 2016, the National Weather Service was organized as follows

3780:"Taking the Initiative: Public/Private Weather Debate Continues…" 3516:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. April 18, 2004 3419:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from 3360:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from 1709: 1657:(GFS) is one of the applications that is built on the framework. 1397: 1326: 1076: 862: 818: 698: 423: 3199: 3177: 2887: 2575: 2389: 2144: 669: 4644: 3670:"Supercomputer quietly puts U.S. weather resources back on top" 3040: 1964: 1696: 1630: 1360: 1183: 1091:

volunteer weather observer network through parent agency NOAA.

985: 904: 761: 743: 618: 543: 509: 479: 459: 3447:"'CATASTROPHIC': Experimental Tornado Warnings to be Explicit" 1680:

turning out to sea until four days before landfall; while the

590:

occurrence of "dry thunderstorms", which usually occur in the

1685: 1642: 1634: 1563: 1303: 1279: 1226: 1195: 1038: 707: 595: 547: 451: 2886:. National Weather Service. November 8, 2008. Archived from 4041: 3954: 3695:"NOAA completes weather and climate supercomputer upgrades" 2788:

10.1175/1520-0477(1993)074<1669:twatwo>2.0.co;2

2214: 1661: 1650: 1510: 1256:

Special Weather Statement (or Significant Weather Advisory)

1138:

Supplemental weather observations are acquired through the

147: 3887:"Why Isn't the U.S. Better at Predicting Extreme Weather?" 3599:"The US weather model is now the fourth best in the world" 3514:"Storm Prediction Center Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)" 2761:"The WSR-88D and the WSR-88D Operational Support Facility" 227: 4444: 2123:"Guide to Federal Records: Records of the Weather Bureau" 1865: 1665: 941:, are responsible for monitoring tropical weather in the 649:

List of National Weather Service Weather Forecast Offices

551: 1186:, then released daily at or shortly after 1100 and 2300 689:

Meteorologists preparing a forecast, early 20th century.

3976:

National Weather Service Employees Organization (NWSEO)

3063:"AWC – Center Weather Service Unit Products (CWA, MIS)" 2047:– a Canadian weather forecasting agency operated under 1668:. This was driven by relatively lower accuracy of NWS' 1573:, depending on the needs and capabilities of the user. 746:(Airmen's Meteorological Information) – Information on 605:

NWS IMET Chris Gibson taking observations in the field.

4404:

White House Office of Energy and Climate Change Policy

4115:

Office of Surface Mining, Reclamation, and Enforcement

3828:"S.786 – National Weather Services Duties Act of 2005" 485:

In August 1966, the Weather Bureau became part of the

2702: 2002: 493:(NOAA) on October 1, 1970, with the enactment of the 286:

from 1890 until it adopted its current name in 1970.

30:"Weather Bureau" redirects here. For other uses, see 3975: 2984: 2982: 2759:

Crum, Timothy D.; Alberty, Ron L. (September 1993).

2364:

Scanning the Skies: A History of Tornado Forecasting

4302:

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

3033: 4903:European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 3906:"Next Generation Global Prediction System (NGGPS)" 3885: 3358:NWS Office of Climate, Water, and Weather Services 2946:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2055:NOAA's Environmental Real-time Observation Network 1946:European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 1682:European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 1351:Warning system at its Weather Forecast Offices in 1262: 4898:Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology 3536:"Storm-Based Warnings: Why Storm-Based Warnings?" 3444: 3390:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 3316:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 3290:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2996:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2979: 2967:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2727: 2725: 1903: 1716:National Weather Service Forecast Office and the 1288:inland and coastal warnings for tropical cyclones 4928: 4292:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 4178:Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 3757:"Organization - NOAA's National Weather Service" 3258:"The WMO Voluntary Observing Ships (VOS) Scheme" 3016:"15 advantages and disadvantages of remote work" 2487: 2485: 1990:Resistance to change by powerful employee unions 1562:Emergency Managers Weather Information Network ( 594:, and are not accompanied by any rain due to it 501:for communication. In 1983, NOAA administrator 4133:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 3402: 3232:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2766:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2236:Nass, Sharyl J.; Stillman, Bruce, eds. (2003). 1974:Lack of updated equipment on weather satellites 1882: 1051:A Cooperative Observer Program weather station. 573:observation sites that are then input into the 491:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 264:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 180:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2722: 2296: 2294: 2125:. National Archives and Records Administration 1593:Interactive Weather Information Network (IWIN) 1521:(known collectively as "weather band") in the 754:, mountain obscuration, low-level wind shear, 735:The Aviation Weather Center (AWC), located in 4430: 4389:Environmental Science Services Administration 4042:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 3996: 3883: 3800: 3566:"Experimental Severe Weather Impact Graphics" 3477: 3346: 3173:National Centers for Environmental Prediction 2795: 2655: 2482: 2441: 2396: 2351: 1732:National Centers for Environmental Prediction 1085:Meteorological Assimilated Data Ingest System 1017:An Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS). 676:National Centers for Environmental Prediction 670:National Centers for Environmental Prediction 528:Sample maximum temperature map from the NDFD. 519: 487:Environmental Science Services Administration 193:National Centers for Environmental Prediction 4191:National Laboratories and Technology Centers 3801:Belfield, Clive R.; Levin, Henry M. (2002). 3771: 2836: 2808:Storm Warning: The Story of a Killer Tornado 2735:Storm Warning: The Story of a Killer Tornado 2731: 2668:Storm Warning: The Story of a Killer Tornado 2498:Storm Warning: The Story of a Killer Tornado 2454:Storm Warning: The Story of a Killer Tornado 2409:Storm Warning: The Story of a Killer Tornado 2235: 1791:Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch (TAFB) 1718:Galveston County Emergency Management Office 1140:United States Voluntary Observing Ship (VOS) 960: 914: 797: 4368:U.S. Special Presidential Envoy for Climate 3723: 3528: 2758: 2291: 1920:National Weather Service Duties Act of 2005 1910:National Weather Service Duties Act of 2005 1816:Meteorological Development Laboratory (MDL) 1459:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 633: 4437: 4423: 4363:Clean Energy Innovation and Implementation 4297:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4214:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 4003: 3989: 3959: 3924:"NOAA to develop new global weather model" 3571:. National Weather Service. Archived from 3336:"Watch vs. Warning: What's the Difference" 3176:. National Weather Service. Archived from 3144:. National Weather Service. Archived from 3069:. National Weather Service. Archived from 2955: 2953: 2916:. National Weather Service. Archived from 2853:. National Weather Service. Archived from 2526: 2339:(4). National Endowment for the Humanities 2304:. National Weather Service. Archived from 1269:Severe weather terminology (United States) 1208:Severe weather terminology (United States) 1083:for data collection, in part, through the 857: 778: 4325:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency 2786: 2098:"History of the National Weather Service" 1479:Learn how and when to remove this message 1153: 1087:(MADIS). Funding is also provided to the 956:Sample CPC 3.5-month temperature outlook. 836: 722:Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCC) 433:The Bureau would in 1940 be moved to the 4952:1870 establishments in the United States 3820: 3777: 3717: 3192: 3112: 3085: 3055: 2902: 2872: 2357: 1703: 1695: 1609: 1420: 1201: 1157: 1108: 1046: 1012: 951: 861: 823: 684: 600: 523: 304: 4942:Government agencies established in 1870 4399:United States Coast and Geodetic Survey 4340:Combat Capabilities Development Command 4100:United States Fish and Wildlife Service 3641: 3160: 3134: 2950: 2752: 2534:United States National Research Council 2145:"About NOAA's National Weather Service" 1971:Weather Solutions on an ongoing basis.) 1008: 596:evaporating before reaching the surface 14: 4929: 4234:Natural Resources Conservation Service 3615: 3596: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3310:"National Weather Service Glossary: A" 3284:"National Weather Service Glossary: W" 3214: 2801: 2661: 2536:(1995). "Current Roles and Missions". 2491: 2447: 2402: 2326: 2207: 2177: 1924:Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association 1866:Privatization and dismantling attempts 1505:; and the U.S. Pacific Territories of 1396:hydrological threats be delineated by 1094: 4418: 3984: 3830:. Library of Congress. Archived from 3540:NOAA Warning Decision Training Branch 3098:Hydrometeorological Prediction Center 2932: 789:The Storm Prediction Center (SPC) in 719:Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) 512:(Next Generation Radar), a system of 3967:Operations, Research, and Facilities 3838: 3667: 3250: 2940:"National Fire Danger Rating System" 2229: 1963:from all available sources, such as 1930: 1653:common modeling infrastructure. The 1457:adding citations to reliable sources 1424: 1031:instrument meteorological conditions 756:instrument meteorological conditions 3501: 3445:y Jillian MacMath (April 5, 2012). 3376: 2643:from the original on March 26, 2018 2627: 1821:Climate, Water and Weather Services 1618:, composed of many regional radars. 1614:A NWS composite radar image of the 1527:Federal Emergency Management Agency 1023:Automated Surface Observing Systems 1003: 535:122 Weather Forecast Offices (WFOs) 24: 4267:Science and Technology Directorate 4182:Office of Environmental Management 3884:Michael Behar (October 17, 2016). 3759:. Nws.noaa.gov. September 19, 2016 3642:Kravets, David (January 5, 2015). 3234:. February 4, 2008. Archived from 2914:National Digital Forecast Database 2884:National Digital Forecast Database 1649:was one of the early users of the 1162:A radiosonde shortly after launch. 637: 575:National Fire Danger Rating System 25: 4973: 4916:World Meteorological Organization 4908:European Severe Storms Laboratory 4350:Executive Office of the President 4238:National Water and Climate Center 4085:Bureau of Ocean Energy Management 4012:United States government agencies 3946: 3668:Rice, Doyle (February 22, 2016). 3455:. AccuWeather Inc. Archived from 2844:"NWS Strategic Plan PDF Overview" 2703:US Department of Commerce, NOAA. 2215:"NOAA's National Weather Service" 1144:World Meteorological Organization 495:National Environmental Policy Act 4373:Council on Environmental Quality 4153:Oceanic and Atmospheric Research 3478:Nick Luchetti (April 15, 2013). 2288:, v. 8, n. 3, March 1897, p. 67. 2286:The National Geographic Magazine 2045:Meteorological Service of Canada 2024: 2012: 1546:NOAA Weather Wire Service (NWWS) 1429: 1385:Particularly Dangerous Situation 1081:Citizen Weather Observer Program 1027:visual meteorological conditions 931:Central Pacific Hurricane Center 366:and on the seacoast by magnetic 357:of Congress signed by President 259:United States federal government 97:United States federal government 45: 4947:Organizations based in Maryland 4259:Department of Homeland Security 4105:United States Geological Survey 4028:Environmental Protection Agency 3916: 3898: 3877: 3852: 3794: 3749: 3687: 3661: 3635: 3616:Berger, Eric (March 11, 2016). 3609: 3590: 3558: 3471: 3438: 3328: 3302: 3276: 3041:"AWC – Aviation Weather Center" 3008: 2994:NWS Western Region Headquarters 2944:NWS Western Region Headquarters 2696: 2621: 2607: 2582: 2320: 1851:National Tsunami Warning Center 1841:13 River Forecast Centers (RFC) 1788:Hurricane Specialist Unit (HSU) 1771:Space Weather Prediction Center 1691: 1531:Department of Homeland Security 1282:, non-thunderstorm high winds, 1263:Weather warnings and advisories 557: 409: 4035:Global Change Research Program 3597:Berger, Eric (June 21, 2016). 3488:American Geosciences Institute 2738:. Touchstone. pp. 90–91. 2274: 2151: 2137: 2115: 2090: 2072: 1914:In 2005, Pennsylvania Senator 1904:Failed Santorum proposal, 2005 1845:Pacific Tsunami Warning Center 1794:Technical Support Branch (TSB) 1493:NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards 933:(CPHC), respectively based in 297:and available free of charge. 282:. The agency was known as the 13: 1: 4394:United States Fish Commission 4320:Air Force Research Laboratory 4209:Agricultural Research Service 2360:"Tornado Forecasting to 1940" 2185:"Silver Spring CDP, Maryland" 2065: 1859:Spaceflight Meteorology Group 1750:Environmental Modeling Center 1700:Typical forecast office (WFO) 1647:Environmental Modeling Center 1605: 1587:The agency's online service, 998:National Climatic Data Center 876:The National Weather Service 32:Meteorological Administration 4447:meteorological organizations 4330:Joint Typhoon Warning Center 4229:Foreign Agricultural Service 3724:Kevin Moran (May 23, 2005). 3354:"NWS Dissemination Services" 2368:University of Oklahoma Press 2327:Foster, Alyson (Fall 2023). 2282:Storms and Weather Forecasts 1883:Aborted Byrne proposal, 1983 1836:Center Weather Service Units 1674:numerical weather prediction 695:Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts 571:United States Forest Service 316: 284:United States Weather Bureau 280:Washington metropolitan area 84:United States Weather Bureau 18:United States Weather Bureau 7: 4049:National Science Foundation 1998: 1128:Hancock County, Mississippi 758:, and strong surface winds. 680: 10: 4978: 4224:Food and Nutrition Service 4067:Department of the Interior 3778:J. Gratz (June 21, 2005). 3202:. National Weather Service 3122:. National Weather Service 3043:. National Weather Service 2358:Bradford, Marlene (2001). 2217:. National Weather Service 1979:Integrated Forecast System 1907: 1266: 1211: 1205: 1098: 1041:and look similar to this: 964: 945:, and central and eastern 918: 869: 801: 782: 673: 646: 561: 520:Forecast sub-organizations 482:models beginning in 1974. 300: 270:, and is headquartered in 29: 4890: 4854: 4698: 4555: 4484: 4453: 4381: 4348: 4310: 4280: 4272:United States Coast Guard 4257: 4201:Department of Agriculture 4199: 4168: 4123: 4080:Bureau of Land Management 4065: 4022: 3860:"Cliff Mass Weather Blog" 3262:National Data Buoy Center 3227:National Data Buoy Center 3168:"Ocean Prediction Center" 2851:NWS Strategic Plan – 2011 1783:National Hurricane Center 1756:Weather Prediction Center 1744:Climate Prediction Center 1728:Chief Information Officer 1616:Continental United States 1414:Charleston, West Virginia 1292:National Hurricane Center 1148:Asheville, North Carolina 1124:National Data Buoy Center 973:Climate Prediction Center 967:Climate Prediction Center 961:Climate Prediction Center 927:National Hurricane Center 921:National Hurricane Center 915:National Hurricane Center 810:Weather Prediction Center 804:Weather Prediction Center 798:Weather Prediction Center 414:The first Weather Bureau 400:Department of Agriculture 378:, it was assigned to the 325:was introduced. In 1869, 239: 234: 222: 201: 185: 175: 158: 143: 102: 92: 76: 58: 53: 44: 4937:National Weather Service 4335:Office of Naval Research 4143:Marine Fisheries Service 4075:Bureau of Indian Affairs 3417:National Weather Service 3388:National Weather Service 3314:National Weather Service 3288:National Weather Service 2910:"NDFD Database Contents" 2633:"The Online Tornado FAQ" 2542:National Academies Press 2242:National Academies Press 2102:National Weather Service 1937:University of Washington 1829:Weather Forecast Offices 1600:Family of Services (FOS) 1515:Northern Mariana Islands 1120:numerical weather models 726:National Airspace System 634:Weather Forecast Offices 439:Francis W. Reichelderfer 382:under Brigadier General 380:U.S. Army Signal Service 333:Chamber of Commerce and 291:Weather Forecast Offices 247:National Weather Service 40:National Weather Service 4957:Silver Spring, Maryland 4244:Rural Utilities Service 4056:Smithsonian Institution 3892:New York Times Magazine 3848:. AOPA. April 28, 2005. 3384:"Impact Based Warnings" 3067:Aviation Weather Center 2965:Storm Prediction Center 2810:. Touchstone. pp. 2637:Storm Prediction Center 2558:2027/ien.35556021395504 2500:. Touchstone. pp. 2060:Radar Operations Center 1891:and NOAA administrator 1810:Science and Technology 1801:Chief Financial Officer 1777:Storm Prediction Center 1767:NCEP Central Operations 1762:Ocean Prediction Center 1738:Aviation Weather Center 1133:sea surface temperature 878:Ocean Prediction Center 872:Ocean Prediction Center 858:Ocean Prediction Center 785:Storm Prediction Center 779:Storm Prediction Center 587:Storm Prediction Center 458:aircraft to create the 349:region. Representative 311:Silver Spring, Maryland 107:Silver Spring, Maryland 64:; 154 years ago 4125:Department of Commerce 3864:Cliffmass.blogspot.com 3807:UNESCO Digital Library 3784:University of Colorado 2961:"SPC and its Products" 2802:Mathis, Nancy (2007). 2670:. Touchstone. p. 2662:Mathis, Nancy (2007). 2492:Mathis, Nancy (2007). 2456:. Touchstone. p. 2448:Mathis, Nancy (2007). 2403:Mathis, Nancy (2007). 1807:Hydrologic Development 1721: 1701: 1670:Global Forecast System 1655:Global Forecast System 1619: 1535:Emergency Alert System 1339:Emergency Alert System 1163: 1154:Upper air observations 1114: 1052: 1018: 977:College Park, Maryland 957: 882:College Park, Maryland 867: 837:River Forecast Centers 829: 814:College Park, Maryland 690: 644: 606: 529: 435:Department of Commerce 313: 268:Department of Commerce 4358:Climate Policy Office 4312:Department of Defense 4282:Department of Health 4095:National Park Service 4090:Bureau of Reclamation 4016:environmental science 3790:on September 7, 2005. 3222:"Moored Buoy Program" 2732:Nancy Mathis (2007). 1889:Reagan administration 1707: 1699: 1613: 1421:Product dissemination 1214:Valid Time Event Code 1202:Event-driven products 1161: 1112: 1050: 1016: 955: 865: 827: 737:Kansas City, Missouri 688: 641: 604: 527: 341:of Wisconsin lobbied 308: 266:(NOAA) branch of the 128:38.99167°N 77.03000°W 62:February 9, 1870 4685:United Arab Emirates 4170:Department of Energy 3364:on December 12, 2012 3073:on December 26, 2012 2890:on December 16, 2008 2494:"A Tornado Forecast" 2450:"A Tornado Forecast" 2405:"A Tornado Forecast" 1629:system, also called 1453:improve this section 1231:emergency management 1059:Cooperative Observer 1009:Surface observations 533:format. Each of the 428:emergency management 323:electrical telegraph 4962:Weather forecasting 4219:Farm Service Agency 3969:account of NOAA on 3705:on January 14, 2016 3578:on February 8, 2017 3546:on January 24, 2010 3148:on January 24, 2003 2779:1993BAMS...74.1669C 1804:Operational Systems 1688:to 5.78 petaflops. 1503:U.S. Virgin Islands 1310:satellites, and on 1095:Marine observations 656:severe thunderstorm 133:38.99167; -77.03000 124: / 41: 4284:and Human Services 3834:on August 6, 2013. 3736:Hearst Corporation 3238:on January 3, 2011 3200:"NWS ASOS Program" 3180:on October 6, 2007 3142:"History of OHRFC" 2189:U.S. Census Bureau 2165:. January 27, 2021 2049:Environment Canada 2039:Reginald Fessenden 1813:Programs and Plans 1722: 1702: 1620: 1331:independent cities 1312:NOAA Weather Radio 1290:are issued by the 1164: 1115: 1053: 1019: 958: 868: 830: 828:National AHPS map. 691: 645: 607: 530: 339:Increase A. Lapham 314: 39: 4924: 4923: 4412: 4411: 4186:Office of Science 3731:Houston Chronicle 3426:on April 13, 2012 2860:on April 25, 2012 2821:978-0-7432-8053-2 2745:978-0-7432-8053-2 2681:978-0-7432-8053-2 2567:978-0-309-05380-8 2511:978-0-7432-8053-2 2467:978-0-7432-8053-2 2426:978-0-7432-8053-2 2381:978-0-8061-3302-7 2280:Moore, Willis L. 2259:978-0-309-08912-8 2051:, founded in 1876 1961:assimilating data 1931:Accuracy problems 1489: 1488: 1481: 1389:tornado emergency 1174:and ten sites in 848:hydroelectric dam 662:warnings, flood, 582:Red Flag Warnings 404:tropical cyclones 376:Department of War 243: 242: 16:(Redirected from 4969: 4439: 4432: 4425: 4416: 4415: 4005: 3998: 3991: 3982: 3981: 3963: 3958: 3957: 3955:Official website 3940: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3889: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3786:. Archived from 3775: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3701:. Archived from 3691: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3577: 3570: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3510: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3459:on April 4, 2012 3442: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3425: 3414: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3012: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2986: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2957: 2948: 2947: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2920:on July 31, 2004 2906: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2880:"NDFD Home Page" 2876: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2859: 2848: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2790: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2729: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2489: 2480: 2479: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2298: 2289: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2191:. 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2244:. p. 224. 2234: 2230: 2220: 2218: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2198: 2196: 2195:on June 7, 2011 2183: 2182: 2178: 2168: 2166: 2157: 2156: 2152: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2128: 2126: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2106: 2104: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2078: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2035: 2023: 2013: 2011: 2003: 2001: 1983:Organizational 1933: 1918:introduced the 1912: 1906: 1885: 1868: 1694: 1678:Hurricane Sandy 1608: 1529:(FEMA) and the 1485: 1474: 1468: 1465: 1450: 1434: 1423: 1299:extreme weather 1271: 1265: 1216: 1210: 1204: 1156: 1107: 1097: 1045: 1011: 1006: 982:Contiguous U.S. 969: 963: 923: 917: 886:marine products 874: 860: 850:operation, and 839: 806: 800: 787: 781: 683: 678: 672: 651: 636: 628:laptop computer 611:prescribed burn 566: 560: 522: 412: 319: 303: 226: 218: 197: 171: 150:1.204 billion ( 132: 130: 126: 123: 118: 115: 113: 111: 110: 109: 88: 83: 68: 66: 63: 54:Agency overview 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4975: 4965: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4910: 4905: 4900: 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Myer 327:Cleveland Abbe 318: 315: 302: 299: 241: 240: 237: 236: 232: 231: 224: 220: 219: 217: 216: 205: 203: 199: 198: 196: 195: 189: 187: 183: 182: 177: 173: 172: 170: 169: 166:Kenneth Graham 162: 160: 156: 155: 145: 141: 140: 104: 100: 99: 94: 90: 89: 87: 86: 80: 78: 74: 73: 60: 56: 55: 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4974: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4892: 4889: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4853: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4697: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4580: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4542:United States 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4440: 4435: 4433: 4428: 4426: 4421: 4420: 4417: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4167: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4148:Ocean Service 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4135: 4134: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4053: 4051: 4050: 4046: 4044: 4043: 4039: 4037: 4036: 4032: 4030: 4029: 4025: 4024: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4006: 4001: 3999: 3994: 3992: 3987: 3986: 3983: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3956: 3951: 3950: 3929: 3925: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3901: 3893: 3888: 3880: 3869:September 24, 3865: 3861: 3855: 3847: 3841: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3808: 3804: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3763:September 24, 3758: 3752: 3737: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3720: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3690: 3675: 3671: 3664: 3649: 3645: 3638: 3623: 3619: 3612: 3604: 3600: 3593: 3574: 3567: 3561: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3515: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3474: 3458: 3454: 3453: 3448: 3441: 3422: 3418: 3411: 3405: 3389: 3385: 3379: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3315: 3311: 3305: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3223: 3217: 3201: 3195: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3169: 3163: 3147: 3143: 3137: 3121: 3115: 3100: 3099: 3094: 3088: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3042: 3036: 3021: 3017: 3011: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2983: 2966: 2962: 2956: 2954: 2945: 2941: 2935: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2875: 2856: 2852: 2845: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2798: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2767: 2762: 2755: 2747: 2741: 2737: 2736: 2728: 2726: 2710: 2706: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2658: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2624: 2616: 2610: 2595: 2591: 2585: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2550:10.17226/5037 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2529: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2488: 2486: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2444: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2399: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2354: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2323: 2307: 2303: 2302:"NWS History" 2297: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2277: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2232: 2216: 2210: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2180: 2164: 2160: 2154: 2146: 2140: 2124: 2118: 2103: 2099: 2093: 2085: 2081: 2075: 2071: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2020: 2019:United States 2010: 2009: 2006: 1996: 1989: 1987:and turf wars 1986: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1955: 1951: 1950: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1928: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1916:Rick Santorum 1911: 1901: 1899: 1894: 1893:John V. 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