382:. Here the members took hostage of the lodge keeper’s wife. A nine-day siege ensued which saw the mountain sealed off and 3 000 riot police on scene. The police did not close in on the group despite several exchanges of gunfire in order to protect the hostage. Before the police cut off power to the lodge after a few days, group members watched media coverage of the siege on TV. On the 28th of February, the tenth and final day of the incident, the police brought in a wrecking ball to destroy the entrance of the lodge and fired water mixed with teargas into the building to assist police in their room-by-room search. After a battle that lasted eight hours and the killing of two police officers, the members and their hostage were found taking shelter behind a mattress on the top floor of the building. This event was viewed on 90% of Japan's television screens and became known as the
416:
as an act of weakness by other members of the group, who felt betrayed given that Mori had punished other members for more trivial matters. Following his speaking up, other members began to cooperate with police by providing statements. Each group member was given two options to choose from in how they could be tried by the courts. He or she could remain as in the collective and face a group trial given that the crimes were committed together, or be tried individually although this would result in being perceived as a traitor. Seven members, including Mori, opted to be tried together. However, Mori committed suicide in prison on 1 January 1973 before making it to trial. Bando, one of the seven who had opted to be tried as a group, was released by authorities before trial at the demand of the
Japanese Red Army (JRA). The JRA also demanded the release of
289:. This split came as a result of a tense disagreement regarding the militant policies the Red Army Faction had adopted. The group consisted mainly of students from regional Japan that attended elite universities with the intention to "do something bold and different that would move the process of revolution forward". These actions were targeted towards police, the group’s ultimate enemies and motivation for attack. The Red Army Faction lost its numbers over time due to deaths resulting from violent missions and protests, as well as arrests. Despite this, the group was able to amass large amounts of money from their ‘Operation M’ which involved a series of robberies.
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refused food, and from 26–27 December Kato was tied up and beaten by group members. Kojima was also beaten by group members. As Kato had not lost consciousness during the beatings, Mori concluded that he had not achieved self-criticism and so he was tied to a post outside in the harsh mountain climate to suffer further beatings. Once the leaders Nagata and Mori were satisfied that Kato had achieved self-critique he was brought inside. However, he died from his injuries on 4 January 1972. This was not before another member, Ozaki Mitsuo, was killed in the self-critique process initiated against him on 28 December that resulted in his death two days later.
395:
407:. This student remarked "When they were captured without being completely defeated, I thought that they were definitely revolutionaries, and I felt a sense of resistance when adults labelled them a crazed group. But I can’t understand the logic of the lynchings. I lost the will to defend them". Further, another student reported "Although I am, if anything, right wing, I understand the United Red Army members’ feelings ... Whichever way you look at it, Japan resembles a police state. In challenging the system, their battles have to take such forms".
273:, a 9-day siege and hostage situation that occurred at the group’s mountain hideout in the Nagano Prefecture in February 1972. This event was widely publicized, with viewers across Japan able to view the shoot-out between the radicals and riot police on TV. Public perception of the group was varied. Many were strongly opposed to the group and their tendency toward violence, whilst others sympathized with them and their desire to bring down the police state. The United Red Army had 29 members and lost 14 due to killings in less than a year.
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would allow for them to be reborn with true "communistic subjectivity" when they were brought back to consciousness. Members of the URA expressed their concerns to Mori regarding this practice and the unpredictability as to the consequences of beatings, unsure of an exact way to achieve sending a member into unconsciousness. As such, it was through this process that several group members were killed.
309:. The purpose of the group was initially outlined as to “carry out hit-and-run attacks” on the Japanese imperialist bourgeoise. However, after troubleshooting their conflicting underlying beliefs and purposes, a unified resolve “to fight a war of annihilation of guns, against the Japanese authorities” was decided to be the group’s manifesto.
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violent toward police. The group also instilled an element of performance, allowing themselves, in some instances, to be beaten violently to convey metaphorically that they were the victims. The
Revolutionary Left escalated their violent approaches with the intentions of obtaining weaponry, such as with their gun shop robbery of 1971.
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the groups co-operating with some of their rallies and demonstrations. This ultimately led to the groups forming an alliance. The formation of their United Red Army was publicly announced on 15 July 1971 in the magazine that the groups had created, entitled Jūka, meaning "Gunfire". This new group was led by Red Army
Faction leader
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The alliance between the
Revolutionary Left and Red Army Faction began as each had resources that the other desired. The Revolutionary Left were able to provide guns that the Red Army needed to support their ‘armed conflict’, for which they received much needed funds. This relationship developed with
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In the initial stages of the investigation, group members refused to give information to police. Mori wrote to police in the month following the Asama Sanso incident to take responsibility for the killings and to ask for the group members bodies to be returned to their families. This was interpreted
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Two members originally from the
Revolutionary Left were the first victims of self-criticism. Kato Yoshitaka was selected for self-criticism as he had spoken to police during an earlier interrogation, and Kojima Kazuko for lacking the ability to fight her “bourgeois thinking”. Initially the pair were
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In early
February 1972, Mori and Nagata took a trip to Tokyo. Whilst they were away, several URA members took the opportunity to desert the group. On 15 February, remaining group members discovered that police were aware of their whereabouts which led them to leave their training base. During their
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These violent beatings ultimately saw the death of 12 members of the URA who had been deemed not sufficiently revolutionary. Many of the twelve victims died tied to posts in the open, exposed to the elements, but others were beaten to death or slaughtered with knives. The last death occurred on 12
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However, Mori quickly introduced an element of violence to this process in keeping with the New Left’s demand for individuals to demonstrate their commitment. The purpose of this violence against members was to test their devotion to the cause. Mori argued that beating members into unconsciousness
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after World War II. They reached the peak of their popularity in the 1960s where they garnered support from university and high school students for their controversial view that such higher education institutions were acting only to serve the state. Much like the Red Army, their protests grew more
402:
Initially after the siege, public perception of the group was markedly less negative than what it would become. In the month following the Asama-Sanso incident, there was significant coverage relating to the interrogation of group members. With police having provided information about the group’s
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killings, media communicated an image of the URA that associated “armed resistance with the murder of comrades”. This saw a shift in public perception. This sentiment was conveyed by a student who was interviewed for one of Japan’s most noteworthy news publications, the
321:
In
December 1971, by the order of their leader Mori, the URA moved its headquarters to the training camps that the Red Army Faction had previously made use of. Aside from the preparation of their next movements and missions, the group underwent a process known as
420:; however, he chose to remain to face trial, Another two of the seven defected before trial, leaving only Nagata, Sakaguchi and Uegaki to face collective trial. Nagata and Sakaguchi were ultimately sentenced to death, whilst Uegaki received a 20-year sentence.
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escape, two members were arrested. Mori and Nagata were also arrested upon return to the base to determine whether any group members remained. The members that had fled the training base took a dangerous route through the mountains to
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in order to avoid leaving traces of footsteps and the strong odor of dead bodies that they carried due to lack of bathing facilities. The following day, the group members split into two groups. One group was arrested shortly after at
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Soon after the United Red Army’s formation, two members originally from the
Revolutionary Left deserted the group. In order to make an example of the defectors, Nagata arranged their murders with the assistance of other URA members.
326:’, a ritual that had become normalized among Left groups in Japan at the time. The original intention of this practice was to allow members of the group to strengthen their alignment with the values and purpose of the cause.
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was a militant organization that operated in Japan between July 1971 and March 1972. The URA was formed as the result of a merger that began on 13 July 1971 between two extremist groups, the
Marxist–Leninist–Maoist
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Nagata died on 5 February 2011 from brain cancer while still being held in a detention facility. As of 2013, Sakaguchi is still alive in prison after an unsuccessful appeal of his sentence.
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The police were able to trace the URA to their mountain hideout. In the surrounding areas, they located the bodies of members that had fallen victim to self-criticism sessions.
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Igarashi, Yoshikuni (September 2007). "Dead Bodies and Living Guns: The United Red Army and Its Deadly
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was an organization led by Japanese college students after having split from its parent group, Bund, otherwise known as the
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Steinhoff, Patricia G. (23 March 2011). "Hijackers, Bombers, and Bank Robbers: Managerial Style in the Japanese Red Army".
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Steinhoff, Patricia (23 March 2011). "Hijackers, Bombers, and Bank Robbers: Managerial Style in the Japanese Red Army".
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Shigematsu, Setsu (June 2012). "The Japanese Women's Liberation Movement and the United Red Army".
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The remaining group, consisting of five members, were chased by police into a lodge at the base of
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The United Red Army on screen : cinema, aesthetics and the politics of memory
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Riot police eating cup noodles outside the lodge under siege by URA members
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in the state. The URA came to a sudden end with the
782:"Top court rejects United Red Army member's appeal"
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553:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
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1148:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1095:
1089:
1087:
1085:Multi-tendency
1081:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1025:Mitsuko Tokoro
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
976:
974:
970:
969:
967:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
901:
896:
890:
888:
884:
883:
876:
875:
868:
861:
853:
847:
846:
822:
821:
798:
772:
730:
711:(4): 724–740.
695:
676:(2): 163–179.
653:
646:
628:
609:(2): 119–137.
566:
559:
520:
501:(4): 724–740.
479:
478:
476:
473:
472:
471:
466:
461:
454:
451:
439:Kōji Wakamatsu
437:, directed by
428:
425:
412:
409:
391:
388:
343:
340:
324:self-criticism
314:
311:
278:
275:
179:
178:
168:
167:
164:
163:
160:
156:
155:
153:
152:
145:
139:Mooka, Tochigi
134:
132:
128:
127:
118:
114:
113:
104:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
80:
76:
75:
73:
72:
67:
61:
59:
55:
54:
52:
51:
46:
42:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2003:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
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1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1936:
1926:
1924:
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1910:
1904:
1901:
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1801:
1798:
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1757:
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1700:
1696:
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1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1646:Tomoko Tamura
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1611:Michiko Kanba
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1586:Seiji Yoshida
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1556:Hotsumi Ozaki
1554:
1552:
1551:Daisuke Nanba
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1498:
1493:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1467:Laju incident
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1302:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1213:International
1210:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1015:Takaya Shiomi
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
995:Hiroko Nagata
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
980:Michiko Kanba
978:
977:
975:
971:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
909:
908:Shinjuku riot
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
894:Anpo protests
892:
891:
889:
885:
881:
874:
869:
867:
862:
860:
855:
854:
851:
837:
833:
832:
826:
825:
810:
809:
802:
787:
783:
776:
768:
764:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
699:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
664:
662:
660:
658:
649:
643:
639:
632:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
583:
581:
579:
577:
575:
573:
571:
562:
556:
552:
545:
543:
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
489:
487:
485:
480:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
456:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:
424:
421:
419:
408:
406:
405:Asahi Shimbun
396:
387:
385:
381:
372:
368:
366:
361:
351:
347:
339:
335:
331:
327:
325:
319:
310:
308:
307:Hiroko Nagata
304:
298:
295:
290:
288:
284:
274:
272:
268:
263:
261:
260:Hiroko Nagata
254:
253:
240:
236:
233:
229:
222:
221:
208:
200:
199:
198:Rengō Sekigun
186:
175:
171:
165:
161:
157:
150:
146:
144:
140:
136:
135:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
117:Major actions
115:
112:
108:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
71:
70:Hiroko Nagata
68:
66:
63:
62:
60:
56:
47:
44:
43:
40:
37:
33:
26:
22:
1934:Japan portal
1854:
1744:
1606:Tetsuzo Fuwa
1531:Sanzō Nosaka
1511:Sen Katayama
1427:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1291:
1283:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1074:
1020:Mitsu Tanaka
839:, retrieved
830:
815:29 September
813:, retrieved
807:
801:
789:. Retrieved
785:
775:
766:
708:
704:
698:
673:
669:
637:
631:
606:
602:
550:
498:
494:
442:
432:
430:
422:
414:
401:
377:
356:
345:
336:
332:
328:
320:
316:
299:
291:
280:
264:
251:
238:
219:
197:
184:
182:
169:
36:
1651:Kohei Saito
1626:Yū Kikumura
1160:Ideological
1101:(post–1958)
990:Tsuneo Mori
973:Key figures
411:Convictions
380:Mount Asama
303:Tsuneo Mori
228:Tsuneo Mori
65:Tsuneo Mori
1950:Categories
1779:Zengakuren
1636:Kazuo Shii
1631:Haruo Wakō
1571:Jun Takami
1566:Ineko Sata
1502:Key people
1305:Literature
1198:Trotskyism
1152:Influences
1116:Trotskyist
1098:Zengakuren
1000:Makoto Oda
475:References
1764:Kakurōkyō
1710:Hantenren
1440:Red Purge
841:18 August
690:143414497
623:144992687
418:Sakaguchi
277:Formation
267:Communism
258:, led by
220:Sekigunha
174:Sekigunha
162:Dissolved
107:Communism
1903:Zenkyōtō
1682:Feminism
1541:Kozo Uno
1188:Pacifism
1106:Zenkyōtō
834:(News),
453:See also
111:New Left
102:Ideology
1735:members
1005:Ryū Ōta
725:2058111
515:2058111
121:Robbery
79:Motives
1384:Events
1296:(2010)
1288:(2007)
1280:(2004)
1272:(1972)
1264:(1960)
1183:Maoism
1039:Groups
887:Events
791:25 May
723:
688:
644:
621:
557:
513:
427:Legacy
245:京浜安保共闘
159:Status
125:murder
58:Leader
721:JSTOR
686:S2CID
619:S2CID
511:JSTOR
96:Japan
1252:Film
843:2016
817:2019
793:2020
767:ECPR
642:ISBN
555:ISBN
342:Fall
281:The
191:連合赤軍
183:The
85:and
49:連合赤軍
713:doi
678:doi
611:doi
503:doi
445:by
213:赤軍派
23:or
1952::
1314:69
1277:69
784:.
765:.
733:^
719:.
709:48
707:.
684:.
674:12
672:.
656:^
617:.
607:27
605:.
569:^
523:^
509:.
499:48
497:.
483:^
386:.
262:.
248:,
216:,
194:,
141:,
123:,
1424:"
1420:"
1367:e
1360:t
1353:v
910:)
906:(
872:e
865:t
858:v
795:.
769:.
727:.
715::
692:.
680::
650:.
625:.
613::
563:.
517:.
505::
322:‘
256:)
242:(
224:)
210:(
202:)
188:(
151:.
34:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
