358:
758:
importing slaves was banned, and culminating in 1819 when Upper Canada
Attorney-General John Robinson declared all slaves in the colony to be freed, making Upper Canada the first place in the British Empire - and, in fact, the world - to unequivocally move towards formal abolition of chattel slavery. Most of these former slaves settled and integrated into the same communities where they were freed. By 1833, this process of liberation had succeeded throughout the Empire and all slaves in the British Empire were free. The British Empire was the first major state in world history to abolish slavery, and Ontario was the place where this process first bore fruit. John Baker, the last slave to be born into slavery in Canada, died in Cornwall.
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this initial history of pragmatic entrepreneurialism, beginning very early with the founding of the city, provincial and federal governments have typically neglected the area, treating it as little more than a transit corridor, an attitude which reached its apogee when the St. Lawrence Seaway was smashed through the region in the late 1950s, allowing the
Canadian and American national economies to permanently bypass the region, leaving it once again to become something of an economic backwater. From the beginning to the present day, those who remained in the region tended to be those who had the fortitude and energy to survive on their own, with little useful outside assistance.
53:
1813:
463:, many of those afraid for their lives or uncomfortable in the newly independent United States would become "United Empire Loyalists", as they were later called, and migrated to Canada. The British government helped them settle throughout the Canadas as a reward for their loyalty and to compensate them for their losses in the United States. One of the chief settlement regions was the St Lawrence River valley, from Kingston to Cornwall, which would later be known as "loyalist country".
785:, respectively). This was designed to accommodate Loyalists who had fled post-war reprisals and persecution in the new United States, though the 5,000 English-speaking settlers in the Eastern Township of Quebec were allowed to stay in the French-speaking area and many French settlers moved into Ontario, especially into Eastern Ontario. Along with the area's original inhabitants, this made the area a patchwork of intersecting ethnicities that would ultimately end up blending.
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513:
schools and medical services, and helped cement
Cornwall's position as a regional centre for a large, rapidly expanding and increasingly populated rural hinterland . The network of villages and towns surrounding Cornwall helped make the city a local entrepot for business, commerce, media and services, and the development of communication and travel networks turned what was originally a series of isolated towns into a cohesive economic and social region.
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1822:
1778:
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1769:
2402:
1793:
1761:
814:
1747:
717:, a generation after thirteen of the British colonies declared independence and became the United States, the region became a battleground between Americans and the people who would become today's Canadians. Formally founded under colonial British control to be a new home for refugees from the American Revolution, it remained a home for refugees and migrants for much of its history.
440:, primarily from the former British colony of New York. After the war for American independence, former colonial soldiers loyal to the Crown and other disbanded soldiers and their families began to settle at the site of Cornwall, then called New Johnstown. Many of the new arrivals were of German origin, with the town being named for
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rations, clothes, and agricultural provisions by regiment commanders. They were promised one cow for every two families, an axe, and other necessary tools in the near future. For the next three years, bateaux (boat) crews delivered rations to the township, after which residents were left to fend for themselves.
509:
located in
Cornwall, but there was little industry, except for a foundry and two tanneries. However, many independent tradesmen of various types worked in the "city" and in the surrounding counties. Other town-based amenities in Cornwall included two bank agencies, eight taverns and a ladies' school.
748:
migrants and, later, poor
Scottish and Irish immigrants and refugees who arrived from overseas and from other parts of Canada. These different groups mixed and integrated over time, with family names and histories reflecting a blending of different backgrounds that became typical of Eastern Ontario.
793:
The original 516 settlers arrived in Royal
Township #2 with minimal supplies and faced years of hard work and possible starvation. Upon their departure from military camps in Montreal, Pointe Claire, Saint Anne, and Lachine in the fall of 1784, Loyalists were given a tent, one month's worth of food
788:
Cornwall and the surrounding area, originally called "Royal
Settlement #2" and then "New Jamestown", was initially a rough place, and was largely left to its own devices by all levels of government. According to contemporaneous reports, this bred a local culture of intense self-reliance. Adding to
720:
Early settlement of the region is largely undocumented, although oral histories and early accounts suggest that
European settlers, traders and farmers lived in the area long before formal state recognition, and had been interacting with and/or mixing with the native population for most of that time.
752:
Smaller but nevertheless impressive contributions in the region were made by a host of other migrants, from Jewish traders, craftsmen and merchants, to
Eastern European refugees and even a significant body of former slaves. Many of these stories go unreported in standard histories, which pass over
704:
Despite being a rural area, the United
Counties have had a remarkably complex cultural history. Because of the usefulness of the St Lawrence river valley for transportation and the region's general fertility and access to water, the river basin is a natural corridor for people and goods, migration
508:
In 1846, the population of Cornwall was about 1,600 and there were many brick and stone houses as well as a stone courthouse and jail, but the surrounding region contained a large number of towns that had grown from what were, originally, quite isolated settlements. Several government offices were
512:
Canal and lock construction in the late 1800s and early 1900s brought work and international business. Railway connections, beginning in the 1850s, provided connections between Cornwall and local communities in the counties that required access to public services in Cornwall itself, such as high
757:
who died in Cornwall in 1871 at the age of 93. Born in Lower Canada, he was said to be the last Canadian born into slavery, and had been an active soldier in the War of 1812, fighting in both Canada and Europe. Slavery was ended in the colony of Upper Canada in stages, beginning in 1793 when
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493:: Lancaster, Charlottenburgh, Cornwall, Osnabruck, Williamsburgh and Matilda. These six townships were divided into 12 a few years after their creation. Each set of four townships became one of three separate counties: Lancaster, Charlottenburgh, Kenyon and Lochiel became
802:, the Welsh-Canadian explorer who mapped the Far West and was called the greatest land geographer in history, drew many of his traveling companions from Cornwall's rural hinterland, drawing on Scottish and native settlers, and himself lived in Williamstown.
435:
Though accounts suggest Europeans filtered into the area and had lived in poorly documented, unofficial and widely scattered settlements for some time, the first formally documented European settlement was established in 1784 by
712:
settled, raided and battled through the St. Lawrence valley. The French and British fought over the waterway, often both using and being used by native allies in highly complex economic and political competition. During the
421:
Iroquois pushed out or destroyed the St. Lawrence Iroquoians by 1600 and used the uninhabited territory as a hunting and trapping ground. In the 17th and early 18th century, some settled at
1060:
947:, a 0.7% change from its 2006 population of 64,374. With a land area of 3,247.32 km (1,253.80 sq mi), it had a population density of 20.0/km (51.7/sq mi) in 2011.
563:
66:
1100:
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at the western end of the city required a reservoir. The villages were flooded when it was filled. Much of the Cornwall region's local character also changed at this time.
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and Cameron's Point. They were gradually replaced about 1000–1300 AD by the Owasco people, who had migrated northward. They practised a more settled form of agriculture.
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More recently, Cornwall has seen an increase in the arrival of new immigrants, who tend to integrate and often fare better than immigrants in other parts of the country.
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As an upper-tier municipality that excludes the City of Cornwall, the United Counties had a population of 64,824 living in 25,580 of its 27,018 total dwellings in the
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further West (upriver) in what would become Ontario. As of 2019, Akwesasne was the largest Mohawk territory in Canada, with a population of about 12,000 people.
52:
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between 1834 and 1842 accelerated the community's development into a regional and industrial economic "capital" for a growing hinterland of towns and villages.
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to the south. The sovereign Mohawk Nation of Akwesasne straddles both borders, thus including territory partly within Ontario, Quebec and New York.
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1708:
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by French colonists and renamed it "Royal Settlement #2", and, later, "New Johnstown". It was later renamed Cornwall by the British for the
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named for the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry. The municipality's administrative office is located within Cornwall.
1397:
940:. With a land area of 3,308.85 km (1,277.55 sq mi), it had a population density of 34.6/km (89.7/sq mi) in 2021.
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in 1791 into two, Upper Canada for English settlers fleeing persecution in the United States and Lower Canada for the French (later,
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2065:
1972:
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Most of the United Counties, with the exception of North Glengarry, constitutes the federal and provincial electoral district of
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1942:
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1854:
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In the late 1750s, some 30 Mohawk families who had converted to Christianity, who had previously lived at Kahnawake, founded
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1297:
Smith's Canadian Gazetteer - Statistical and General Information Respecting all parts of The Upper Province, or Canada West
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2002:
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From Great Wilderness to Seaway Towns: A Comparative History of Cornwall, Ontario, and Massena, New York, 1784-2001
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1559:"Census Profile: Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry, Ontario (Code 3501) and Cornwall, Ontario (Code 3501012) (table)"
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First Nations reserve is within the Stormont, Dundas, Glengarry census division but is independent of the county.
33:
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505:. The three counties were later amalgamated to form the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry.
1947:
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1992:
1193:"Census Profile, 2016 Census Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry, United counties [Census division]"
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1952:
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951:
Canada census – Census division: United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry* community profile
896:
799:
494:
478:, and in 1834 the town became one of the first incorporated municipalities in the British colony of
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857:
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Notes: *Includes the City of Cornwall while excludes the incompletely enumerated portion of the
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residents. To this mix was added an influx of American English Loyalists and refugees from the
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891:
798:
The region's energetic spirit of enterprise and fortitude was well known in the 19th century.
502:
2244:
1962:
1927:
1902:
1301:
1217:
James F. Pendergast. (1998). "The Confusing Identities Attributed to Stadacona and Hochelaga"
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840:
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The Warden is the head of County Council in SDG and is elected annually by council members.
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had been settled by indigenous peoples for thousands of years. About 2,000 years ago, the
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1401:
8:
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2199:
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1967:
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520:, west of Cornwall, were several smaller communities that no longer exist. Now known as
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are identified as having settled along the river valley of the same name. They spoke
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2015:
1917:
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the remarkable history of migration in the region. One good example is the story of
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1370:"The Early Settlement of Cornwall, Ontario and Massena, New York, 1784–1834"
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2146:
2045:
1907:
1117:
471:
342:
524:, the communities were permanently flooded in 1958 during the construction of the
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2300:
2229:
2141:
2126:
2020:
2010:
1922:
1892:
773:. In the aftermath of the American Revolution, the British authorities split the
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and conquest, and many groups who have traveled through have also settled there.
410:
331:
119:
2382:
2156:
1977:
1932:
1080:
872:
765:, and this included roughly the areas now covered by the Canadian provinces of
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187:
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2422:
1982:
1937:
1812:
1336:
1096:
1038:
733:
418:
346:
323:
81:
68:
924:, the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry had a population of
2259:
2136:
1897:
1887:
1416:
490:
489:
The united counties comprises six of the original eight Royal Townships of
479:
1839:
2254:
1912:
1380:
1088:
714:
134:
2204:
1376:
570: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2214:
2131:
1042:
879:
429:
422:
403:
391:
327:
249:
192:
1717:
Places adjacent to United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry
936:
total private dwellings, a change of 1% from its 2016 population of
676:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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417:
Five Nations based in present-day New York. Historians believe the
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311:
109:
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1166:"Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry United counties census profile"
782:
766:
729:
338:
315:
1533:"Population and dwelling counts: Canada and census divisions"
501:, and Williamsburgh, Matilda, Winchester and Mountain became
380:
330:. However, both Cornwall and Akwesasne form part of a larger
275:
254:
708:
Prior to European colonization, the Mohawks and Six Nations
1132:
The North Glengarry Prescott Russell (NGPR) Transport Board
516:
Situated on the southern border of the counties along the
57:
Location of Stormont Dundas and Glengarry United Counties
1067:. Both districts are currently represented federally by
459:. Following the success of rebellious colonists in the
290:
1679:
1551:
1063:. North Glengarry is part of the electoral district of
724:
The post-contact regional population was a mixture of
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They founded a settlement on the site formerly called
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These people are believed to have developed into the
1262:
361:
Plaque to the SDG Highlanders heroes at ‘‘Juno Beach
1231:
1229:
579:"United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry"
497:, Cornwall, Osnabruck, Finch and Roxborough became
1827:Le Haut-Saint-Laurent Regional County Municipality
1223:, Volume 32, pp. 149–159, accessed 3 February 2010
2429:United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry
761:"Canada" had been stripped from France after the
453:First Battalion King's Royal Regiment of New York
406:villages, such as those visited and described by
300:United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry
46:United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry
2420:
1783:Vaudreuil-Soulanges Regional County Municipality
1509:. Eastern Ontario Training Board. Archived from
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1226:
1146:Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry United Counties
447:The main group were led by Lieutenant-Colonel
1855:
1702:
1469:(published July 10, 2014). January 29, 2015.
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1400:. Ontario Archaeology Society. Archived from
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1869:
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988:3,308.84 km (1,277.55 sq mi)
985:3,309.87 km (1,277.95 sq mi)
808:
223:3,309.87 km (1,277.95 sq mi)
1862:
1848:
1709:
1695:
1525:
1300:. Toronto: H. & W. ROWSELL. pp.
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950:
817:County Courthouse and offices in Cornwall
692:Learn how and when to remove this message
630:Learn how and when to remove this message
1398:"THE ENGLISH PERIOD (A.D. 1760 TO 1867)"
812:
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1421:Lunenburgh, or the Old Eastern District
413:. They were a group distinct from the
306:) is an upper-tier municipality in the
2421:
1647:
1627:
1600:
1573:
1561:. Statistics Canada. November 27, 2015
1473:from the original on November 4, 2016.
1318:. The Lost Villages Historical Society
1268:
1158:
885:
1843:
1690:
1643:. Statistics Canada. August 20, 2019.
1451:from the original on August 19, 2016.
1427:from the original on August 16, 2016.
1355:from the original on August 19, 2016.
1293:
1142:List of secondary schools in Ontario
1724:
1589:. Statistics Canada. August 12, 2021
641:
568:adding citations to reliable sources
539:
2401:
1803:Leeds and Grenville United Counties
1663:. Statistics Canada. July 18, 2021.
1616:. Statistics Canada. March 21, 2019
402:, practised agriculture, and built
337:The United Counties of SDG borders
13:
19:United counties in Ontario, Canada
14:
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1113:List of municipalities in Ontario
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1444:. The Harriet Tubman Institute.
1130:operated under the authority of
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314:that comprises three historical
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1061:Stormont—Dundas—South Glengarry
907:
834:
740:(now the United States), other
555:needs additional citations for
394:-speaking people, of which the
1988:Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry
1765:Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry
1507:"Update on Cornwall's Economy"
1349:"Cornwall and the War of 1812"
1330:
1308:
1287:
1269:Parham, Claire Puccia (2013).
1251:
1210:
1047:References: 2016 2011 earlier
26:Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry
1:
1808:St. Lawrence County, New York
1792:
1746:
1484:Abolition of slavery timeline
1463:"Slavery Abolition Act, 1833"
1151:
457:84th Royal Highland Emigrants
363:, Calvados, Normandy, France.
1768:
1760:
1137:List of townships in Ontario
846:
7:
2358:Ontario electoral districts
1237:"Founding of Cornwall, The"
1221:Journal of Canadian Studies
1123:Census divisions of Ontario
1106:
1051:
672:the claims made and adding
482:. The construction of the
451:and were soldiers from the
10:
2450:
2434:United counties in Ontario
2363:Former counties of Ontario
2119:Single-tier municipalities
1273:. SUNY Press. p. 46.
1101:Glengarry—Prescott—Russell
1065:Glengarry—Prescott—Russell
352:
2343:
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2185:
2117:
2064:
2001:
1878:
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1655:"2001 Community Profiles"
1635:"2006 Community Profiles"
1608:"2011 Community Profiles"
1581:"2016 Community Profiles"
1495:David Thompson (explorer)
1467:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1171:2011 Census of Population
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974:113,429 (+2.0% from 2011)
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16:County in Ontario, Canada
2187:Separated municipalities
1239:. Ontario Heritage Trust
977:111,164 (0.7% from 2006)
809:Administrative divisions
530:Moses-Saunders Power Dam
455:and a contingent of the
2066:Regional municipalities
1423:. Judge Country Court.
1128:Transit Eastern Ontario
1026:Median household income
1010:45.6 (M: 44.9, F: 46.3)
1007:47.1 (M: 46.1, F: 48.1)
999:33.6/km (87/sq mi)
996:34.3/km (89/sq mi)
821:
438:United Empire Loyalists
396:St. Lawrence Iroquoians
374:Point Peninsula complex
244:34.3/km (89/sq mi)
2353:Ontario municipalities
1415:J. F. Pringle (1890).
1294:Smith, Wm. H. (1846).
1083:, and provincially by
818:
796:
444:where many came from.
365:
1021:48,290 (total)
1018:47,829 (total)
816:
791:
425:, south of Montreal.
360:
267: • Summer (
2407:WikiProject: Ontario
2368:Geography of Ontario
2333:Northwestern Ontario
2328:Northeastern Ontario
2316:Southwestern Ontario
1973:Prescott and Russell
1948:Lennox and Addington
1735:Prescott and Russell
1660:2001 Canadian Census
1640:2006 Canadian Census
1613:2011 Canadian Census
1586:2016 Canadian Census
564:improve this article
370:Saint Lawrence River
241: • Density
2348:Ontario communities
1943:Leeds and Grenville
1439:"John Baker Report"
1351:. Choose Cornwall.
1174:. Statistics Canada
886:Historical counties
526:St. Lawrence Seaway
474:by proclamation of
461:American Revolution
442:Johnstown, New York
385:Serpent Mounds Park
383:, such as those at
368:The area along the
207: • Warden
78: /
2383:Ontario portal
1731:(single-tier city)
1539:. February 9, 2022
1513:on August 13, 2016
993:Population density
819:
775:Province of Canada
657:possibly contains
518:St. Lawrence River
366:
233: • Total
2416:
2415:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1537:Statistics Canada
1404:on March 8, 2013.
1386:on June 11, 2014.
1337:Akwesasne#History
1197:Statistics Canada
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1034:
1015:Private dwellings
922:Statistics Canada
738:Thirteen Colonies
702:
701:
694:
659:original research
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632:
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522:the Lost Villages
318:and excludes the
308:Canadian province
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220: • Land
82:45.167°N 74.950°W
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2395:Category:Ontario
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2323:Northern Ontario
2311:Golden Horseshoe
2296:Southern Ontario
1870:Subdivisions of
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553:This section
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503:Dundas County
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376:people built
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347:United States
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324:Mohawk Nation
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291:www.sdg.on.ca
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63:Coordinates:
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2260:Smiths Falls
2245:Peterborough
2137:Chatham-Kent
1987:
1968:Peterborough
1764:
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1649:
1638:
1629:
1618:. Retrieved
1611:
1602:
1591:. Retrieved
1584:
1575:
1565:December 13,
1563:. Retrieved
1553:
1541:. Retrieved
1527:
1515:. Retrieved
1511:the original
1501:
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1479:
1457:
1433:
1420:
1410:
1402:the original
1392:
1381:the original
1343:
1332:
1320:. Retrieved
1310:
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1258:5 Star Flags
1253:
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1220:
1212:
1200:. Retrieved
1187:
1176:. Retrieved
1169:
1160:
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1131:
1085:Conservative
1069:Conservative
1058:
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908:Demographics
877:
853:North Dundas
841:South Dundas
835:Municipality
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562:Please help
557:verification
554:
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480:Upper Canada
467:
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178:South Dundas
163:North Dundas
2255:Quinte West
2056:Timiskaming
2051:Thunder Bay
2041:Rainy River
2036:Parry Sound
1517:November 4,
1322:January 17,
1243:January 17,
1089:Nolan Quinn
1073:Eric Duncan
945:2011 Census
830:(separated)
715:War of 1812
210:Tony Fraser
135:County seat
126:Established
85: /
2423:Categories
2270:St. Thomas
2205:Brockville
2200:Belleville
2026:Manitoulin
1993:Wellington
1918:Haliburton
1620:2012-03-21
1593:2019-06-03
1377:SUNY Press
1280:0791485676
1178:2012-03-21
1152:References
1004:Median age
971:Population
928:living in
755:John Baker
666:improve it
590:newspapers
400:Laurentian
228:Population
202:Government
38:upper-tier
2275:Stratford
2265:St. Marys
2215:Gananoque
2147:Haldimand
2132:Brantford
2031:Nipissing
2003:Districts
1953:Middlesex
1908:Frontenac
1043:Akwesasne
982:Land area
880:Akwesasne
847:Townships
670:verifying
430:Akwesasne
423:Kahnawake
404:fortified
392:Iroquoian
328:Akwesasne
250:Time zone
193:Akwesasne
2250:Prescott
2240:Pembroke
2225:Kingston
2210:Cornwall
2152:Hamilton
2104:Waterloo
2016:Cochrane
1923:Hastings
1893:Dufferin
1880:Counties
1543:April 2,
1471:Archived
1446:Archived
1425:Archived
1353:Archived
1107:See also
1052:Politics
1029:$ 59,526
828:Cornwall
710:Iroquois
415:Iroquois
408:explorer
343:New York
322:and the
316:counties
158:Cornwall
140:Cornwall
106:Province
2289:Regions
2280:Windsor
2235:Orillia
2177:Toronto
2162:Norfolk
2089:Niagara
2084:Muskoka
2046:Sudbury
1978:Renfrew
1933:Lambton
1872:Ontario
1417:"XXXVI"
1202:June 3,
1093:Liberal
1077:Liberal
938:113,448
932:of its
926:114,637
916:in the
779:Ontario
771:Ontario
746:Acadian
664:Please
604:scholar
378:earthen
353:History
345:in the
312:Ontario
287:Website
236:113,429
110:Ontario
98:Country
73:74°57′W
70:45°10′N
2230:London
2220:Guelph
2195:Barrie
2167:Ottawa
2094:Oxford
2079:Halton
2074:Durham
2021:Kenora
2011:Algoma
1983:Simcoe
1938:Lanark
1729:Ottawa
1277:
934:50,802
930:48,692
783:Quebec
767:Quebec
734:Mohawk
730:Ojibwe
606:
599:
592:
585:
577:
419:Mohawk
381:mounds
339:Quebec
116:Region
101:Canada
2127:Brant
1963:Perth
1928:Huron
1903:Essex
1898:Elgin
1888:Bruce
1449:(PDF)
1442:(PDF)
1384:(PDF)
1373:(PDF)
912:As a
611:JSTOR
597:books
276:UTC-4
255:UTC-5
2109:York
2099:Peel
1913:Grey
1567:2015
1545:2022
1519:2014
1324:2019
1304:–39.
1275:ISBN
1245:2019
1204:2019
1095:MPP
1091:and
1087:MPP
1075:and
965:2011
960:2016
878:The
822:City
781:and
769:and
744:and
732:and
583:news
298:The
215:Area
152:List
129:1850
1099:in
1079:MP
1071:MP
1041:of
668:by
566:by
326:of
310:of
304:SDG
280:EDT
269:DST
259:EST
2425::
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1361:^
1302:38
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36:(
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