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to see him and were relieved above all that the succession had triggered neither unrest nor invasion. As James entered London, he was mobbed. The crowds of people, one observer reported, were so great that "they covered the beauty of the fields; and so greedy were they to behold the King that they injured and hurt one another". James's
1558:. By the middle of Henry's reign, the problems of the royal succession, which seemed so unimportant in 1503, acquired ever larger dimensions, when the question of Tudor fertility or the lack thereof entered directly into the political arena. Margaret's line was excluded from the English succession though during the reign of
1646:
heirs waiting in the wings. But James's honeymoon was of very short duration, and his initial political actions were to do much to create the rather negative tone, which was to turn a successful
Scottish king into a disappointing English one. The greatest and most obvious was the question of his exact status and title.
1663:
of parliaments was limited to the stage-managed and semi-feudal
Scottish variety, the self-assurance — and obduracy — of the English version, which had long experience of upsetting monarchs, was an obvious shock. He decided to side-step the whole issue by unilaterally assuming the title of King of Great Britain by a
2303:
Cecil wrote that James should "secure the heart of the highest, to whose sex and quality nothing is so improper as either needless expostulations or over much curiosity in her own actions, the first showing unquietness in yourself, the second challenging some untimely interest in hers; both which are
1815:
ambassador in London, noted that "the question of the Union will, I am assured, be dropped; for His
Majesty is now well aware that nothing can be effected, both sides displaying such obstinacy that an accommodation is impossible; and so his Majesty is resolved to abandon the question for the present,
1738:
proved contentious, as did the issue of equal rights before the law. Fears were openly expressed in the
Westminster Parliament that English jobs would be threatened by all the poor people of the realm of Scotland, who will "draw near to the Sonn, and flocking hither in such Multitudes, that death and
1613:
for London and promised to return every three years, which he failed to keep by returning only once, in 1617. He progressed slowly from town to town to arrive in the capital after
Elizabeth's funeral. Local lords received James with lavish hospitality along the route, and James's new subjects flocked
1596:
to prepare in advance for a smooth succession. Cecil advised James not to press the matter of the succession upon the queen but simply to treat her with kindness and respect. The approach proved effective: "I trust that you will not doubt", Elizabeth wrote to James, "but that your last letters are so
1662:
at best. James's ambitions were greeted with horror from the
English parliament who feared the loss of the ancient and famous name of England. Legal objections were raised, with legal opinion at the time being that a union would end all established laws of both countries. For James, whose experience
1730:
In
October 1604 English and Scottish MP's were appointed as commissioners to explore the creation of a perfect union. James closed the final session of his first parliament with a rebuke to his opponents in the House of Commons: "Here all things suspected.... He merits to be buried in the bottom of
1798:
And then you shal live freely there, without
Sergeants, or Courtiers, or Lawyers, or Intelligencers – onely a few industrious Scots perhaps, who indeed are disperst over the face of the whole earth. But as for them, there are no greater friends of Englishmen and England, when they are out an't, in
1709:
Lett it not begyne vith ane comedie, and end in ane tragedie; to be ane verball unioun in disparitie nor reall in conformity... hairby, to advance the ane kingdome, to great honor and beccome forȝetfull of the uther, sua to mak the samyn altogidder solitat and desoltat qhilk cannot stand vith your
1645:
Whatever residual fears that many in
England may have felt, James's arrival aroused a mood of high expectation. The twilight years of Elizabeth had been a disappointment, and for a nation troubled for so many years by the question of succession, the new king was a family man who already had male
1667:
on 20 October 1604 announcing that he did "assume to Our selfe by the cleerenesse of our Right, The Name and Stile of KING OF GREAT BRITTAINE, FRANCE AND IRELAND, DEFENDER OF THE FAITH, &c." . This only deepened the offence. Even in
Scotland there was little real enthusiasm for the project,
1653:
What God hath conjoined let no man separate. I am the husband and the whole isle is my lawful wife; I am the head and it is my body; I am the shepherd and it is my flock. I hope therefore that no man will think that I, a Christian King under the Gospel, should be a polygamist and husband to two
1694:
sought refuge in Scotland, as he had heard the Scottish king "protected all the Spaniards who reached his kingdom, clothed them, and gave them passages to Spain". However, following his six-month ordeal within the kingdom, he concluded "the King of Scotland is nobody: nor does he possess the
1803:
Anti-English satires proliferated, and in 1609, the king had an act passed that promised the direst penalties against the writers of "pasquillis, libellis, rymis, cockalanis, comedies and sicklyk occasiones whereby they slander and maligne and revile the estait and countrey of England..."
1769:
the Countrey ... is too good for those that possesse yt, and too bad for others to be at the charge of conquering yt. The ayre might be wholesome, but for the stincking people that inhabit yt ... Their beasts be generallie small (women excepted) of which sort there are no greater in the
1417:, with the Crown of England and the Crown of Scotland remaining both distinct and separate despite James's best efforts to create a new imperial throne. England and Scotland continued as two separate states sharing a monarch, who directed their domestic and foreign policies, along with
1833:
sought to create their own 'Scotch' design, which saw the reverse superimposition take place. (that design was used in Scotland until 1707). For years afterwards, vessels of the two nations continued to fly their respective "flags", the royal proclamation notwithstanding. The
1597:
acceptably taken as my thanks cannot be lacking for the same, but yield them you in grateful sort". In March 1603, with the queen clearly dying, Cecil sent James a draft proclamation of his accession to the English throne. Strategic fortresses were put on alert, with
1824:
King James devised new coats of arms and a uniform coinage. The creation of a national flag proved contentious, designs acceptable to one side typically offending the other. James finally proclaimed the new Union Flag on 12 April 1606: Scots who saw in it a
1518:
our realme wald receive na damage thair thorow, for in that caise Ingland wald not accress unto Scotland, bot Scotland wald acress unto Ingland, as to the most noble heid of the hole yle...evin as quhan Normandy came in the power of Inglis men our
1397:
to the throne of the Kingdom of England as James I and the practical unification of some functions (such as overseas diplomacy) of the two separate realms under a single individual on 24 March 1603. It followed the death of James's cousin,
1630:
was deferred until 15 March 1604, when all London turned out for the occasion: "The streets seemed paved with men", wrote Dekker, "Stalls instead of rich wares were set out with children, open casements filled up with women".
1605:
were advising James in Edinburgh on forms of government. Elizabeth died in the early hours of 24 March. Within eight hours, James was proclaimed king in London, with the news received without protest or disturbance.
1799:
the world, then they are. And for my part, I would a hundred thousand of them were there, for wee are all one Countrymen now, yee know; and wee shoulde finde ten times more comfort of them there, then wee do here.
1510:, despite the improbability of a Scottish prince acceding the English throne at the time. However, many on the English side were concerned by the dynastic implications of matrimony, including some
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1718:; for any such hurt would mean that "it culd no more be a frie monarchie". James attempted to reassure his new English subjects that the new union would be much like that between England and
1714:
Those fears were echoed by the Scottish Parliament, whose members were telling the King that they were "confident" that his plans for an incorporating union would not prejudice the ancient
30:
This article is about England and Scotland coming under the rule of the same monarch. For the merger of the two sovereign countries into one sovereign country over a century later, see
1668:
though the two parliaments were eventually prodded into taking the whole matter 'under consideration'. Consider it they did for several years, never drawing the desired conclusion.
1360:
2897:
1682:
In Scotland there were early signs that many saw the risk of the "lesser being drawn by the greater", as Henry VII once predicted. An example before Scottish eyes was the case of
1686:, a kingdom in name, but since 1601, a subject nation in practice. The asymmetric relationship between Scotland and England had been evident for at least a decade. In 1589, the
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The Union Commission made some limited progress, on discrete issues such as hostile border laws, trade and citizenship. The borders were to become the "middle shires".
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1705:, lawyer and writer, an initial enthusiast for "the happie and blissed Unioun betuixt the tua ancienne realmes of Scotland and Ingland" was later to warn James:
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wives; that I being the head should have a divided or monstrous body or that being the shepherd to so fair a flock should have my flock parted in two.
318:
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230:
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and that if Scotland should refuse, "he would compel their assents, having a stronger party there than the opposite party of the mutineers".
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2392:, ed. Johann Sommerville, Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1995, 132–46, here 136.
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Parliament may very well have rejected polygamy; but the marriage, if marriage it was, between the realms of England and Scotland was to be
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Majestie's honor. As god hes heichlie advanceit your Majestie lett Scotland qhilk is ȝour auldest impyir be partakeris of ȝour blissings.
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Scottish aristocrats and other placeseekers made their way to London to compete for high positions in government. In 1617, Sir
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1499:, concluded the previous year, which, in theory, ended centuries of Anglo-Scottish war. The marriage brought Scotland's
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Brown, Keith M. (1994). "The vanishing emperor: British kingship and its decline, 1603–1707". In Roger A. Mason (ed.).
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authority or position of a king: and he does not move a step, nor eat a mouthful, that is not by order of the Queen (
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In his first speech to his southern assembly on 19 March 1604 James gave a clear statement of the royal manifesto:
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2776:"On this Day: 21 November 1606: The proposed union between England and Scotland | History of Parliament Online"
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From 1601, in the last years of Elizabeth I's life, certain English politicians, notably her chief minister,
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took place on 25 July though the festivities had to be restricted because of an outbreak of the plague. A
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The History of Scotland: From the Death of King James I, in the Year M. CCCC. XXXVI, to the Year M.D. LXI
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2450:"Captain Cuellar's Narrative of the Spanish Armada and of his Wanderings and Adventures in Ireland"
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1743:, those born after the Union of March 1603, was not decided by Parliament but in the courts by
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2484:"Debating Britain in Seventeenth-Century Scotland: Multiple Monarchy and Scottish Sovereignty"
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Keith M Brown, "Reformation to Union, 1560–1707," in R.A. Houston and W. W. J. Knox, eds.,
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338:
260:
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1638:"England and Scotland with Minerva and Love" Allegorical work of the Union of the Crowns by
1562:, concerns were once again raised. In the last decade of her reign it was clear to all that
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1947:
1839:
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1745:
1566:, great-grandson of James IV and Margaret, was the only generally acceptable heir.
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the sea that shall but think of separation, where God had made such a Union".
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27:
Personal union of the kingdoms of Scotland, England, and Ireland from 1603
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2838:
Wormald, Jenny (2007). "Union of the Crowns". In Lynch, Michael (ed.).
2017:
1999:
1835:
1779:
1735:
1627:
4949:
2558:
Politics, Transgression, and Representation at the Court of Charles II
2193:. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications. Archived from
1523:
The peace did not last in "perpetuity"; it was disturbed in 1513 when
1445:
created the Commonwealth of England and Scotland which ended with the
3702:
3645:
3607:
3577:
3164:
3139:
1932:
Arms of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Ireland, 1603–1707.
1765:
wrote of the poverty of Scotland, as conceived by English courtiers:
1749:(1608), which extended property rights to all the King's subjects in
1610:
3265:
1985:
used in the Kingdom of Scotland from the early 17th century to 1707.
5267:
4059:
3597:
3538:
3144:
2969:
2601:
Scots and Britons: Scottish Political Thought and the Union of 1603
2173:
A History of the Modern British Isles, 1603–1707: The Double Crown
2137:. Julius Groos Verlag. 26 September 1995 – via Google Books.
1622:
featuring elaborate allegories provided by dramatic poets such as
1527:, who had succeeded his father four years before, declared war on
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5127:
3876:
3515:
3421:
2388:
James I, speech to the Westminster parliament, 19 March 1603, in
1463:
2691:
The "Inevitable" Union and Other Essays on Early Modern Scotland
3307:
3255:
2979:
2974:
1598:
1514:. In countering these fears Henry VII is reputed to have said:
1286:
3958:
3227:
2294:
James described Cecil as "king there in effect". Croft, p 48.
1719:
76:
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3011:
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Union of the Crowns 400th anniversary − educational website
2865:
1739:
dearth is very probable to ensue". The exact status of the
1485:, and the spirit of the new age was celebrated by the poet
2905:
2149:
4926:
2871:
Ulster-Scots Agency.com: "1603 — The Union of the Crowns"
2513:
1539:, her ancient bond with Scotland. James duly invaded
2538:
2041:
1584:
James in the year of his coronation in England, 1603
2637:
Scotland's Relations with England: A Survey to 1707
2395:
1790:. In enthusing over the good life to be had in the
1753:and allowed them to bring cases before the courts.
2674:Galloway, Bruce, & Levack, Brian, ed., (1985)
2634:
2556:Julia Marciari Alexander & Catharine MacLeod,
1665:Proclamation concerning the Kings Majesties Stile
5613:
2428:"Royal Arms, Styles and Titles of Great Britain"
1816:in hope that time may consume the ill-humours".
2830:Wormald, Jenny (1994). "The Union of 1603", in
2727:Marshall, T. (July 2005). "United We Stand?".
2621:Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
2407:
1838:entered into common use only under Cromwell's
1535:. In response France invoked the terms of the
4965:
3661:
2891:
2693:. East Linton, East Lothian: Tuckwell Press.
2147:
1601:placed under guard. English agents including
1354:
2658:The Union of England and Scotland, 1603–1608
3458:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the
2471:(Edinburgh: SHS, 1985), pp. liv-lxi, 75-141
2339:
2337:
2335:
1918:Arms of the Kingdom of Scotland, 1603–1707.
4972:
4958:
3668:
3654:
3635:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.
2898:
2884:
2425:
2002:used in the Kingdom of England, 1606–1707.
1774:A wounding observation came in the comedy
1361:
1347:
1057:Parl. Voting System and Constituencies Act
2794:
2757:The Cradle King: A Life of James VI and I
2603:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2586:, vol. 10 (London, 1900), p. 280 no. 433.
2519:
2466:Bruce R. Galloway & Brian P. Levack,
1317:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act
466:Eire (Confirmation of Agreement) Act 1929
52:and events relevant to the status of the
37:For the 2012 album by Bury Tomorrow, see
2841:The Oxford companion to Scottish history
2726:
2655:
2632:
2584:Calendar State Papers, Venice: 1603–1607
2332:
1633:
1579:
1569:
1462:
1267:Early Parliamentary General Election Act
1047:Constitutional Reform and Governance Act
428:Ireland (Confirm. of Agreement) Act 1925
4979:
2837:
2754:
2678:, Edinburgh, Scottish History Society.
2401:
2390:King James VI and I: Political Writings
369:Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act
14:
5614:
3675:
2676:The Jacobean Union, Six tracts of 1604
2488:Journal of Scottish Historical Studies
2469:The Jacobean Union: Six Tracts of 1604
2215:
2186:
1495:. The marriage was the outcome of the
997:Parties, Elections and Referendums Act
897:Referendums (Scotland & Wales) Act
4953:
3649:
2879:
2844:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2735:
2707:
2598:
2544:
2481:
2170:
2150:"The Union of The Crowns 1603 – 2003"
1756:
987:Representation of the People Act 2000
847:Representation of the People Act 1985
837:Representation of the People Act 1983
747:House of Commons Disqualification Act
521:Representation of the People Act 1948
484:HM Declaration of Abdication Act 1936
457:Representation of the People Act 1928
359:Representation of the People Act 1918
221:Representation of the People Act 1867
2329:(London: Camden Society, 1840), 364.
2304:best forborne". Willson, pp 154–155.
1452:
887:Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act
2688:
2533:The New Penguin History of Scotland
2242:
1552:England repeatedly invaded Scotland
1217:EU (Notification of Withdrawal) Act
577:European Convention on Human Rights
24:
2815:Willson, David Harris ( 1963 ed).
2773:
2413:
2190:William Dunbar: The Complete Works
1433:. However, there was a republican
447:Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act
25:
5693:
2859:
2782:. The History of Parliament Trust
1157:HL (Expulsion and Suspension) Act
707:UK joins the European Communities
419:Irish Free State Constitution Act
2573:, vol. 3 (London, 1828), p. 338.
2072:
2058:
2044:
2008:
1991:
1974:
1956:
1938:
1924:
1910:
1889:
1868:
1847:
1594:secret correspondence with James
1127:Scottish independence referendum
1117:Succession to the Crown Act 2013
645:Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968
615:Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962
541:Statute of the Council of Europe
409:Irish Free State (Agreement) Act
107:Succession to the Crown Act 1707
64:
3737:England in the late Middle Ages
2935:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603
2759:. London: Chatto & Windus.
2738:Scotland and England, 1286–1815
2576:
2563:
2550:
2525:
2475:
2460:
2442:
2419:
2382:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2346:
2316:
2307:
2297:
1437:in the 1650s, during which the
1237:European Union (Withdrawal) Act
717:Local Government (Scotland) Act
157:HC (Disqualifications) Act 1801
5657:Unionism in the United Kingdom
5627:Monarchy of the United Kingdom
2932:Monarchs of England until 1603
2288:
2274:The Stuart Successions Project
2262:
2236:
2209:
2180:
2171:Smith, David Lawrence (1998).
2164:
2141:
2127:
2109:
1725:
1716:laws and liberties of Scotland
1550:In the decades that followed,
907:Scottish devolution referendum
807:Scottish devolution referendum
329:Government of Ireland Act 1914
137:Constitution of Ireland (1782)
13:
1:
2736:Mason, Roger A., ed. (1987).
2571:Progresses of James the First
2103:
2027:, James used the device as a
1671:
1425:during the reign of the last
1277:EU (Withdrawal Agreement) Act
1177:European Union Referendum Act
676:NI (Temporary Provisions) Act
5106:Colonization of the Americas
1678:Jacobean debate on the Union
1609:On 5 April 1603, James left
1533:War of the League of Cambrai
1307:EU (Future Relationship) Act
1287:UK leaves the European Union
1017:Government of Wales Act 2006
877:Local Government (Wales) Act
596:HC Disqualification Act 1957
511:British Nationality Act 1948
7:
3542:British monarchs after the
2819:London: Jonathan Cape Ltd.
2535:(2002) pp. 182–275, p. 236
2037:
1950:of the Kingdom of Scotland.
1077:Alternative Vote referendum
1067:Welsh devolution referendum
917:Welsh devolution referendum
817:Welsh devolution referendum
437:Balfour Declaration of 1926
399:Church of Scotland Act 1921
212:Judicial Committee Act 1844
204:Judicial Committee Act 1843
196:Judicial Committee Act 1833
10:
5698:
5667:Ireland–Scotland relations
5662:England–Scotland relations
5101:Economy in the Middle Ages
5062:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
3742:Economy in the Middle Ages
2633:Ferguson, William (1977).
2592:
2187:Conlee, John, ed. (2004).
2093:Catholic Monarchs of Spain
1968:of the Kingdom of England.
1819:
1778:, a collaboration between
1675:
1573:
1456:
1402:, the last monarch of the
1097:Fixed-term Parliaments Act
349:Royal Proclamation of 1917
271:Appellate Jurisdiction Act
231:Reform Act (Scotland) 1868
36:
29:
5682:Succession to Elizabeth I
5525:
5462:
5414:
5379:
5336:
5281:
5204:Convention of the Estates
5174:
5126:
4987:
4865:
4817:
4774:
4744:
4701:
4647:
3938:
3875:
3683:
3630:
3553:
3537:
3533:
3470:
3453:
3449:
2926:
2922:
2780:The History of Parliament
2689:Lee, Maurice Jr. (2003).
1576:Succession to Elizabeth I
1497:Treaty of Perpetual Peace
1492:The Thrissil and the Rois
1257:EU Withdrawal (No. 2) Act
1227:Invocation of Article 50
1137:House of Lords Reform Act
1027:Northern Ireland Act 2009
1007:Constitutional Reform Act
379:Government of Ireland Act
319:Status of Aliens Act 1914
241:Reform Act (Ireland) 1868
5677:17th century in Scotland
2740:. Edinburgh: J. Donald.
2660:. Edinburgh: J. Donald.
2656:Galloway, Bruce (1986).
2641:. Edinburgh: J. Donald.
1187:EU membership referendum
767:EC membership referendum
687:European Communities Act
177:Scottish Reform Act 1832
50:Constitutional documents
5672:17th century in England
3806:Commonwealth of England
2710:Scotland: a new history
2708:Lynch, Michael (1992).
2617:Croft, Pauline (2003).
2482:Mason, Roger A (2015).
2245:"The Battle of Flodden"
1393:) was the accession of
1390:
1087:European Union Act 2011
947:Government of Wales Act
827:British Nationality Act
587:Interpretation Act (NI)
291:Interpretation Act 1889
5557:Court of the Lord Lyon
2817:King James VI & 1.
2755:Stewart, Alan (2003).
2500:10.3366/jshs.2015.0138
2276:. University of Exeter
2117:"Aonadh nan Crùintean"
1801:
1772:
1712:
1656:
1642:
1585:
1521:
1470:
1400:Elizabeth I of England
1382:
1297:UK Internal Market Act
1247:EU Withdrawal Act 2019
665:EC Treaty of Accession
475:Statute of Westminster
310:Aliens Restriction Act
5194:Estates of Parliament
2797:"Union of the Crowns"
1796:
1767:
1707:
1651:
1637:
1583:
1570:Accession of James VI
1525:Henry VIII of England
1516:
1481:, eldest daughter of
1466:
1423:Acts of Union of 1707
927:Good Friday Agreement
567:Royal Titles Act 1953
261:Royal Titles Act 1876
187:Irish Reform Act 1832
127:Wales and Berwick Act
5301:Early modern warfare
5032:Wars of Independence
4657:Anglo-Saxon military
3845:Overseas possessions
3512:William III & II
3077:Henry the Young King
3027:Edward the Confessor
2995:Æthelred the Unready
2729:BBC History Magazine
2560:(Yale, 2007), p. 50.
2135:"English World-wide"
2029:royal heraldic badge
1829:superimposed upon a
1692:Francisco de Cuellar
1564:James VI of Scotland
1483:Henry VII of England
1475:James IV of Scotland
1395:James VI of Scotland
1383:Aonadh nan Crùintean
937:Northern Ireland Act
697:Local Government Act
5091:Glorious Revolution
5052:Union of the Crowns
5027:Davidian Revolution
4981:Kingdom of Scotland
4071:Acts of Parliament:
3838:Union with Scotland
3833:Glorious Revolution
3779:Union of the Crowns
3769:English Renaissance
3757:English Reformation
3698:Anglo-Saxon England
3460:Union of the Crowns
2712:. London: Pimlico.
2148:John Daniel McVey.
2098:Imperial Federation
1860:Kingdom of Scotland
1831:St Andrew's Saltire
1690:shipwreck survivor
1556:burning its capital
1459:Treaty of Greenwich
1375:Union of the Crowns
857:Single European Act
737:NI Constitution Act
550:Parliament Act 1949
39:The Union of Crowns
5637:Kingdom of England
5594:Saint Andrew's Day
5564:Royal coat of arms
5429:Church of Scotland
5256:Secretary of State
5246:Acts of Parliament
5118:Union with England
4028:Secretary of State
3710:Kingdom of England
3677:Kingdom of England
3544:Acts of Union 1707
3507:James II & VII
3200:Kenneth I MacAlpin
2985:Edgar the Peaceful
2379:Stewart, pp 172–3.
2327:The Egerton Papers
2323:John Payne Collier
2152:. Uotc.scran.ac.uk
2088:Commonwealth realm
1902:Kingdom of Ireland
1881:Kingdom of England
1794:, it is observed:
1792:Colony of Virginia
1757:National animosity
1751:English common law
1643:
1616:English coronation
1586:
1508:line of succession
1471:
1447:Stuart Restoration
1391:Union o the Crouns
977:House of Lords Act
777:Interpretation Act
389:Anglo-Irish Treaty
147:Acts of Union 1800
5632:Scottish monarchy
5609:
5608:
5512:Scottish baronial
5321:Lord High Admiral
5262:Regiam Majestatem
5012:Early Middle Ages
4947:
4946:
4789:Church of England
3747:Wars of the Roses
3643:
3642:
3626:
3625:
3529:
3528:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3439:
2990:Edward the Martyr
2832:Scots and Britons
2766:978-0-7011-6984-8
2747:978-0-85976-177-2
2719:978-0-712-69893-1
2700:978-1-86232-107-6
2667:978-0-85976-143-7
2648:978-0-85976-022-5
2610:978-0-521-42034-1
2454:Project Gutenburg
2032:
2003:
1986:
1969:
1951:
1933:
1919:
1905:
1884:
1863:
1827:St George's Cross
1640:Peter Paul Rubens
1545:Battle of Flodden
1512:Privy Councillors
1453:Early unification
1371:
1370:
1335:
1334:
1197:Scotland Act 2016
1167:Recall of MPs Act
1107:Scotland Act 2012
867:Maastricht Treaty
787:Scotland Act 1978
605:Life Peerages Act
16:(Redirected from
5689:
5647:1603 in Scotland
5311:Royal Scots Navy
5306:Royal Scots Army
5296:Medieval warfare
5096:Maritime history
5037:Late Middle Ages
5022:Late Middle Ages
5017:High Middle Ages
4974:
4967:
4960:
4951:
4950:
4907:Royal supporters
4754:English language
4001:Council of State
3991:King's Secretary
3984:House of Commons
3969:Magnum Concilium
3867:Maritime history
3828:Exclusion Crisis
3811:The Protectorate
3670:
3663:
3656:
3647:
3646:
3535:
3534:
3495:Richard Cromwell
3485:The Protectorate
3475:James I & VI
3451:
3450:
3032:Harold Godwinson
2952:Edward the Elder
2945:Alfred the Great
2929:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2877:
2876:
2855:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2774:Thrush, Andrew.
2770:
2751:
2732:
2723:
2704:
2671:
2652:
2640:
2614:
2587:
2580:
2574:
2567:
2561:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2479:
2473:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2426:Francois Velde.
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2344:
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2330:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2305:
2301:
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2283:
2281:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2240:
2234:
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2229:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2197:on 14 March 2007
2184:
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2161:
2159:
2157:
2145:
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2138:
2131:
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2077:
2076:
2075:
2068:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2025:Scottish thistle
2015:
2012:
1998:
1995:
1981:
1978:
1963:
1960:
1945:
1942:
1931:
1928:
1917:
1914:
1896:
1893:
1875:
1872:
1854:
1851:
1807:In October 1605
1590:Sir Robert Cecil
1541:Northern England
1473:In August 1503,
1363:
1356:
1349:
957:Human Rights Act
678:
635:Royal Assent Act
558:Regency Act 1953
531:Ireland Act 1949
502:Regency Act 1943
493:Regency Act 1937
339:Welsh Church Act
251:Irish Church Act
83:
82:
77:
68:
46:
45:
21:
5697:
5696:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5652:1603 in Ireland
5642:1603 in England
5612:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5521:
5458:
5410:
5399:Scottish people
5394:Scottish Gaelic
5375:
5332:
5277:
5251:Lord Chancellor
5199:General Council
5178:
5170:
5122:
4983:
4978:
4948:
4943:
4937:St George's Day
4912:Royal standards
4895:College of Arms
4861:
4813:
4770:
4740:
4697:
4643:
3952:
3934:
3871:
3818:The Restoration
3762:Elizabethan era
3715:Norman Conquest
3679:
3674:
3644:
3639:
3622:
3549:
3525:
3490:Oliver Cromwell
3466:
3441:
3436:
3283:Constantine III
3192:
3017:Harold Harefoot
3007:Edmund Ironside
2918:
2913: and
2904:
2862:
2852:
2806:
2804:
2803:. UK Parliament
2795:UK Parliament.
2785:
2783:
2767:
2748:
2720:
2701:
2668:
2649:
2611:
2595:
2590:
2582:Horatio Brown,
2581:
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2551:
2543:
2539:
2530:
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2518:
2514:
2504:
2502:
2480:
2476:
2465:
2461:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2430:. Heraldica.org
2424:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2370:Stewart, p 169.
2369:
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2360:
2356:
2351:
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2342:
2333:
2321:
2317:
2313:Willson, p 155.
2312:
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2214:
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2198:
2185:
2181:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2146:
2142:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2121:www.faclair.com
2115:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2080:Scotland portal
2078:
2073:
2071:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2033:
2013:
2004:
1996:
1987:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1929:
1920:
1915:
1906:
1894:
1885:
1873:
1864:
1852:
1822:
1759:
1728:
1680:
1674:
1603:Thomas Chaloner
1592:, maintained a
1578:
1572:
1543:leading to the
1503:into England's
1461:
1455:
1443:Oliver Cromwell
1439:Tender of Union
1379:Scottish Gaelic
1367:
1338:
1337:
1336:
674:
655:Immigration Act
281:Reform Act 1884
167:Reform Act 1832
87:Treaty of Union
79:
75:
42:
35:
32:Treaty of Union
28:
23:
22:
18:Union of Crowns
15:
12:
11:
5:
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5607:
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5444:Highland dance
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5389:Scots language
5385:
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5376:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5363:
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5291:Gaelic warfare
5287:
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4832:English Gothic
4829:
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4812:
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4786:
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4778:
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4771:
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4768:
4767:
4766:
4759:English people
4756:
4750:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4707:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4674:New Model Army
4666:
4665:
4664:
4653:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4636:
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4626:
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4015:
4010:
4009:
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4006:Lord Protector
4003:
3993:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3979:House of Lords
3971:
3966:
3961:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3945:
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3365:
3361:
3359:
3358:Alexander III
3356:
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3344:
3341:
3339:
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3331:
3329:
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3225:
3223:
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3218:
3216:
3215:
3214:Constantine I
3211:
3209:
3208:
3204:
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3201:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3189:
3186:
3184:
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2867:
2864:
2863:
2853:
2851:9780191727481
2847:
2843:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2825:0-224-60572-0
2822:
2818:
2814:
2802:
2801:parliament.uk
2798:
2793:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2684:0-906245-06-0
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2631:
2628:
2627:0-333-61395-3
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2596:
2585:
2579:
2572:
2566:
2559:
2553:
2546:
2541:
2534:
2528:
2521:
2520:UK Parliament
2516:
2501:
2497:
2493:
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2485:
2478:
2472:
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2463:
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2349:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2310:
2300:
2291:
2275:
2271:
2270:"Elizabeth I"
2265:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2183:
2174:
2167:
2151:
2144:
2136:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2108:
2099:
2096:
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2089:
2086:
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2081:
2070:
2067:
2056:
2053:
2042:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1941:
1936:
1927:
1922:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1866:
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1857:
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1837:
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1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1746:Calvin's Case
1742:
1737:
1732:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1693:
1689:
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1679:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1624:Thomas Dekker
1621:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1577:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1537:Auld Alliance
1534:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1488:
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1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1404:Tudor dynasty
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1330:
1328:
1327:Elections Act
1325:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1295:
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1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1265:
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1258:
1255:
1254:
1250:
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1245:
1244:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1195:
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1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1168:
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1164:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1088:
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1084:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1037:Lisbon Treaty
1035:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
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985:
984:
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865:
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835:
834:
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828:
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824:
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815:
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795:
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790:
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730:
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724:
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623:
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590:
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584:
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568:
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560:
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549:
548:
544:
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512:
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360:
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352:
350:
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346:
342:
340:
337:
336:
332:
330:
327:
326:
322:
320:
317:
316:
312:
309:
308:
304:
302:
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294:
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289:
288:
284:
282:
279:
278:
274:
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269:
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264:
262:
259:
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254:
252:
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242:
239:
238:
234:
232:
229:
228:
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219:
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214:
211:
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206:
203:
202:
198:
195:
194:
190:
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185:
184:
180:
178:
175:
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170:
168:
165:
164:
160:
158:
155:
154:
150:
148:
145:
144:
140:
138:
135:
134:
130:
128:
125:
124:
120:
118:
115:
114:
110:
108:
105:
104:
100:
98:
97:Acts of Union
95:
94:
90:
88:
85:
84:
78:List per year
72:
71:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
51:
48:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
5574:Crown Jewels
5569:Royal Banner
5482:Early Modern
5464:Architecture
5381:Demographics
5260:
5239:Early Modern
5128:Royal Houses
5074:Commonwealth
5057:Jacobean era
5051:
4917:Crown Jewels
4902:Royal badges
4890:Coat of arms
4819:Architecture
4804:Morris dance
4746:Demographics
4669:English Army
4466:
4090:
4055:Star Chamber
3877:Royal Houses
3860:Protectorate
3789:Jacobean era
3778:
3752:Tudor period
3634:
3613:Elizabeth II
3541:
3459:
3457:
3384:
3362:
3353:Alexander II
3270:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3180:
3169:
3092:
3075:
3063:
3036:
2999:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2840:
2831:
2816:
2805:. Retrieved
2800:
2784:. Retrieved
2779:
2756:
2737:
2728:
2709:
2690:
2675:
2657:
2636:
2618:
2600:
2583:
2578:
2570:
2565:
2557:
2552:
2540:
2532:
2527:
2515:
2505:14 September
2503:. Retrieved
2491:
2487:
2477:
2468:
2462:
2453:
2444:
2432:. Retrieved
2421:
2409:
2402:Wormald 2007
2397:
2389:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2361:Croft, p 50.
2357:
2348:
2326:
2318:
2309:
2299:
2290:
2280:14 September
2278:. Retrieved
2273:
2264:
2254:14 September
2252:. Retrieved
2248:
2238:
2226:. Retrieved
2221:
2217:Leslie, John
2211:
2199:. Retrieved
2195:the original
2189:
2182:
2172:
2166:
2154:. Retrieved
2143:
2129:
2120:
2111:
1904:, 1541–1603.
1883:, 1558–1603.
1862:, 1565–1603.
1840:Protectorate
1823:
1809:Nicolò Molin
1806:
1802:
1797:
1788:John Marston
1775:
1773:
1768:
1760:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1729:
1713:
1708:
1703:John Russell
1701:
1681:
1664:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1608:
1587:
1554:, including
1549:
1522:
1517:
1490:
1472:
1421:, until the
1408:
1374:
1372:
967:Scotland Act
43:
5273:Covenanters
5230:Government
5086:Popish Plot
5081:Restoration
5069:Interregnum
5047:Reformation
5042:Renaissance
5007:Roman times
5002:Prehistoric
4842:Elizabethan
4827:Anglo-Saxon
4048:Elizabethan
4038:Anglo-Saxon
3964:Curia regis
3905:Plantagenet
3855:Proprietary
3823:Popish Plot
3801:Interregnum
3725:The Anarchy
3618:Charles III
3603:Edward VIII
3333:Alexander I
3313:Malcolm III
3288:Kenneth III
3188:Elizabeth I
3150:Richard III
2619:King James.
2343:Croft, p 49
2249:Historic UK
2228:26 November
2177:, Chapter 2
1776:Eastward Ho
1726:Commissions
1697:Elizabeth I
1620:Royal Entry
1560:Elizabeth I
1435:interregnum
625:Peerage Act
5616:Categories
5579:Scots pine
5540:Union Flag
5517:Neoclassic
5472:Vernacular
4922:Tudor rose
4852:Queen Anne
4681:Royal Navy
4033:Governance
4023:Ministries
3974:Parliament
3593:Edward VII
3583:William IV
3573:George III
3502:Charles II
3397:Robert III
3343:Malcolm IV
3318:Donald III
3293:Malcolm II
3278:Kenneth II
3160:Henry VIII
3120:Richard II
3115:Edward III
3049:William II
3022:Harthacnut
2545:Lynch 1992
2434:25 October
2156:25 October
2104:References
2021:dimidiated
2018:Tudor rose
2000:Union Flag
1983:Union Flag
1836:Union Flag
1780:Ben Jonson
1736:Free trade
1672:Opposition
1660:morganatic
1628:Ben Jonson
1574:See also:
1519:forbearis.
1457:See also:
5589:St Andrew
5497:Palladian
5449:Mythology
5338:Geography
4932:St George
4703:Geography
4468:1642–1660
4117:1422–1460
4112:1413–1421
4107:1399–1411
4102:1377–1397
4097:1327–1376
4085:1308–1325
4080:1275–1307
4075:1225–1267
3910:Lancaster
3890:Knýtlinga
3794:Civil War
3703:Heptarchy
3608:George VI
3578:George IV
3568:George II
3480:Charles I
3462:from 1603
3412:James III
3392:Robert II
3348:William I
3323:Duncan II
3251:Malcolm I
3241:Donald II
3165:Edward VI
3155:Henry VII
3140:Edward IV
3110:Edward II
3100:Henry III
3083:Richard I
3044:William I
2965:Æthelstan
2834:, op cit.
2201:26 August
2023:with the
1741:post nati
1611:Edinburgh
58:countries
5552:Heraldry
5507:Georgian
5502:Jacobean
5492:Churches
5477:Medieval
5454:Religion
5283:Military
5234:Medieval
5214:Guardian
5209:Monarchy
5176:Politics
4997:Timeline
4927:Oak tree
4885:Heraldry
4857:Georgian
4847:Jacobean
4799:Folklore
4784:Religion
4711:Counties
4649:Military
4043:Medieval
3996:Monarchy
3943:Politics
3895:Normandy
3693:Timeline
3598:George V
3588:Victoria
3563:George I
3432:James VI
3417:James IV
3407:James II
3380:David II
3375:Robert I
3364:Margaret
3298:Duncan I
3207:Donald I
3145:Edward V
3135:Henry VI
3125:Henry IV
3105:Edward I
3071:Henry II
2970:Edmund I
2959:Ælfweard
2917:monarchs
2911:Scottish
2494:: 1–24.
2219:(1570).
2038:See also
1813:Venetian
1479:Margaret
1477:married
1415:dynastic
1411:personal
56:and its
5601:Unicorn
5584:Thistle
5527:Symbols
5487:Castles
5439:Cuisine
5416:Culture
5361:Palaces
5356:Islands
5351:Castles
5316:History
5221:Peerage
5151:Balliol
5141:Dunkeld
4989:History
4867:Symbols
4794:Cuisine
4776:Culture
4736:Palaces
4731:Castles
4716:Islands
4691:History
4662:Warfare
4013:Peerage
3900:Angevin
3685:History
3516:Mary II
3422:James V
3402:James I
3338:David I
3303:Macbeth
3235:Eochaid
3130:Henry V
3065:Matilda
3059:Stephen
3054:Henry I
2915:British
2909:,
2907:English
2807:16 June
2786:16 June
2593:Sources
1900:of the
1879:of the
1858:of the
1820:Symbols
1684:Ireland
1531:in the
1501:Stuarts
1419:Ireland
5371:Shires
5366:Places
5346:Burghs
5161:Stuart
5146:Sverre
4721:Places
4065:Tories
3925:Stuart
3885:Wessex
3427:Mary I
3308:Lulach
3272:Amlaíb
3266:Cuilén
3256:Indulf
3182:Philip
3177:Mary I
2980:Eadwig
2975:Eadred
2848:
2823:
2763:
2744:
2716:
2697:
2682:
2664:
2645:
2625:
2607:
2414:Thrush
1811:, the
1770:world.
1599:London
1529:France
5326:Ships
5268:Whigs
5189:Court
5156:Bruce
5136:Alpin
4837:Tudor
4726:Towns
4686:Ships
4060:Whigs
3959:Witan
3920:Tudor
3850:Crown
3328:Edgar
3228:Giric
3094:Louis
3001:Sweyn
1720:Wales
1505:Tudor
1387:Scots
5545:list
5404:list
5179:and
4879:list
4764:list
4639:1706
4634:1705
4629:1704
4624:1703
4619:1702
4614:1701
4609:1700
4604:1698
4599:1697
4594:1696
4589:1695
4584:1694
4579:1693
4574:1692
4569:1691
4564:1690
4559:1689
4554:1688
4549:1685
4544:1680
4539:1679
4534:1678
4529:1677
4524:1675
4519:1672
4514:1670
4509:1667
4504:1666
4499:1665
4494:1664
4489:1663
4484:1662
4479:1661
4474:1660
4462:1640
4457:1627
4452:1625
4447:1623
4442:1620
4437:1609
4432:1606
4427:1605
4422:1603
4417:1601
4412:1597
4407:1592
4402:1588
4397:1586
4392:1584
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