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reduce the number of airfields available to the aircraft. Braking will also become less effective due to a reduction in the frictional force between the tires and the ground. In addition, the decrease in the size of the tire, and hence the size of the wheel, could pose a problem if internal brakes are to be fitted inside the wheel rims. The arguments against higher pressure are of such a nature that commercial operators generally prefer the lower pressures in order to maximize tire life and minimize runway stress. To prevent punctures from stones
Philippine Airlines had to operate their
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2068:). The connection may be a firm one in which any movement of the controls turns the steering wheel (and vice versa), or it may be a soft one in which a spring-like mechanism twists the steering wheel but does not force it to turn. The former provides positive steering but makes it easier to skid the steering wheel; the latter provides softer steering (making it easy to overcontrol) but reduces the probability of skidding. Aircraft with retractable gear may disable the steering mechanism wholly or partially when the gear is retracted.
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triggered if the aircraft touches the ground with forward or lateral motion, or touches down on one corner of the landing gear due to sloping ground or the craft's flight attitude. The resulting violent oscillations may cause the rotors or other parts to catastrophically fail, detach, and/or strike other parts of the airframe; this can destroy the aircraft in seconds and critically endanger persons unless the pilot immediately initiates a takeoff or closes the throttle and reduces rotor pitch. Ground resonance was cited in 34
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miles from touchdown and the landing gear is the dominant airframe noise source, followed by deployed highlift devices. With engines at a reduced power setting on the approach it is necessary to reduce airframe noise to make a significant reduction to total aircraft noise. The addition of add-on fairings is one approach for reducing the noise from the landing gear with a longer term approach to address noise generation during initial design.
1559:) with sideways retracting main gear, the main gear that retracted into the wings was raked forward in the "down" position for better ground handling, with a retracted position that placed the main wheels at some distance aft of their position when downairframeâthis led to a complex angular geometry for setting up the "pintle" angles at the top ends of the struts for the retraction mechanism's axis of rotation. with some aircraft, like the
466:
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162:
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3258:, built in early 2019âhad three fixed landing legs with replaceable shock absorbers. In order to reduce mass of the flight vehicle and the payload penalty for a reusable design, the long-term plan is for Super Heavy to land directly back at the launch site on special ground equipment that is part of the launch mount, but initial testing of the large booster is expected to occur with landing legs.
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the boosters turn back to Earth, landing each softly on the ground. The center core will continue to fire until stage separation, after which its legs will deploy and land it back on Earth as well. The landing legs are made of state-of-the-art carbon fiber with aluminum honeycomb. The four legs stow along the sides of each core during liftoff and later extend outward and down for landing.
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mounted on the cross-axle. During the retraction cycle a folding strut was raised by a hydraulic jack. The bottom part of the folding strut drew the Y-bearer upwards. Functioning via a lever-and-gear arrangement, a pushrod positioned parallel to the Y-bearer acted upon another gear segment mounted to the oleo leg's hinge pin and rotated it about this as the Y-bearer was drawn upwards.
2018:(the use of independent brakes on opposite sides of the aircraft to turn the aircraft by slowing one side more sharply than the other). Aircraft with tricycle landing gear usually have a steering linkage with the nosewheel (especially in large aircraft), but some allow the nosewheel to pivot freely and use differential braking and/or the rudder to steer the aircraft, like the
1691:. In this arrangement the main landing gear's shock absorption was taken up by a vertically sliding bungee cord-sprung upper member. The vertical post along which the upper member slid to take landing shocks also had its lower end as the rotation point for the forward end of the main wheel's suspension fork, allowing the main gear to pivot on moderate crosswind landings.
1123:
parts of the aircraft. Additional spray control may be needed using spray strips or inverted gutters. A step is added to the hull, just behind the center of gravity, to stop water clinging to the afterbody so the aircraft can accelerate to flying speed. The step allows air, known as ventilation air, to break the water suction on the afterbody. Two steps were used on the
2077:
Differential braking requires considerable skill. In aircraft with several methods of steering that include differential braking, differential braking may be avoided because of the wear it puts on the braking mechanisms. Differential braking has the advantage of being largely independent of any movement or skidding of the nose or tailwheel.
558:
3274:) depending on their landing gear. Pod landers are designed to land in any orientation after which they may bounce and roll before coming to rest at which time they have to be given the correct orientation to function. The whole vehicle is enclosed in crushable material or airbags for the impacts and may have opening petals to right it.
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large airliners, for example, the tiller is often used as the sole means of steering during taxi, and then the rudder is used to steer during takeoff and landing, so that both aerodynamic control surfaces and the landing gear can be controlled simultaneously when the aircraft is moving at aerodynamic speeds.
2839:
Provided that the wheel load and configuration of the landing gear remain unchanged, the weight and volume of the tire will decrease with an increase in inflation pressure. From the flotation standpoint, a decrease in the tire contact area will induce a higher bearing stress on the pavement which may
760:
long-range bomber of 1916, used eighteen wheels for its undercarriage, split between two wheels on its nose gear struts, and sixteen wheels on its main gear unitsâsplit into four side-by-side quartets each, two quartets of wheels per sideâunder each tandem engine nacelle, to support its loaded weight
5633:
The Falcon 9 first stage carries landing legs which will deploy after stage separation and allow for the rocket's soft return to Earth. The four legs are made of state-of-the-art carbon fiber with aluminum honeycomb. Placed symmetrically around the base of the rocket, they stow along the side of the
5495:
the space race is flaring back into life, and it's not massive institutions such as Nasa that are in the running. The old view that human space flight is so complex, difficult and expensive that only huge government agencies could hope to accomplish it is being disproved by a new breed of flamboyant
3044:
Rotorcraft with fully articulated rotors typically have shock-absorbing landing gear designed to prevent ground resonance; however, poor landing gear maintenance and improperly inflated tires may contribute to the phenomenon. Helicopters with skid-type landing gear are less prone to ground resonance
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to deploy the landing gear into the down and locked position. To accomplish this the pilot activates a switch or mechanical handle in the cockpit, which releases the up-lock. Gravity then pulls the landing gear down and deploys it. Once in position the landing gear is mechanically locked and safe to
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Malfunctions or human errors (or a combination of these) related to retractable landing gear have been the cause of numerous accidents and incidents throughout aviation history. Distraction and preoccupation during the landing sequence played a prominent role in the approximately 100 gear-up landing
2039:
When an aircraft is steered on the ground exclusively using the rudder, it needs a substantial airflow past the rudder, which can be generated either by the forward motion of the aircraft or by propeller slipstream. Rudder steering requires considerable practice to use effectively. Although it needs
1929:
sides in the war: its single oleo strut was only attached to the lower end of its Y-form main retraction struts, handling the twinned main gear wheels, and folding by swiveling downwards and aftwards during retraction to "fold" the maingear's length to shorten it for stowage in the engine nacelle it
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which has four main wheel bogies (two forward and two aft) underneath the fuselage and a small outrigger wheel supporting each wing-tip. The B-52's landing gear is also unique in that all four pairs of main wheels can be steered. This allows the landing gear to line up with the runway and thus makes
1515:
Some main landing gear struts on World War II aircraft, in order to allow a single-leg main gear to more efficiently store the wheel within either the wing or an engine nacelle, rotated the single gear strut through a 90° angle during the rearwards-retraction sequence to allow the main wheel to rest
1174:
High speed impacts in rough water between the hull and wave flanks may be reduced using hydro-skis which hold the hull out of the water at higher speeds. Hydro skis replace the need for a boat hull and only require a plain fuselage which planes at the rear. Alternatively skis with wheels can be used
1143:
is a STOL amphibian with blown flaps and all control surfaces. The ability to land and take-off at relatively low speeds of about 45 knots and the hydrodynamic features of the hull, long length/beam ratio and inverted spray gutter for example, allow operation in wave heights of 15 feet. The inverted
1003:
Beaching gear is detachable wheeled landing gear that allows a non-amphibious floatplane or flying boat to be maneuvered on land. It is used for aircraft maintenance and storage and is either carried in the aircraft or kept at a slipway. Beaching gear may consist of individual detachable wheels or a
5659:
The Falcon Heavy first stage center core and boosters each carry landing legs, which will land each core safely on Earth after takeoff. After the side boosters separate, the center engine in each will burn to control the booster's trajectory safely away from the rocket. The legs will then deploy as
2076:
Differential braking depends on asymmetric application of the brakes on the main gear wheels to turn the aircraft. For this, the aircraft must be equipped with separate controls for the right and left brakes (usually on the rudder pedals). The nose or tail wheel usually is not equipped with brakes.
1609:
or bicycle layout is used on the Hawker
Siddeley Harrier, which has two main-wheels behind a single nose-wheel under the fuselage and a smaller wheel near the tip of each wing. On second generation Harriers, the wing is extended past the outrigger wheels to allow greater wing-mounted munition loads
1122:
For take-off a step and planing bottom are required to lift from the floating position to planing on the surface. For landing a cleaving action is required to reduce the impact with the surface of the water. A vee bottom parts the water and chines deflect the spray to prevent it damaging vulnerable
2878:
Airport community noise is an environmental issue which has brought into focus the contribution of aerodynamic noise from the landing gear. A NASA long-term goal is to confine aircraft objectional noise to within the airport boundary. During the approach to land the landing gear is lowered several
1985:
is a long-term (after 2030) concept of flying without landing gear. It is one of many aviation technologies being proposed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Leaving the landing gear on the ground reduces weight and drag. Leaving it behind after take-off was done for a different reason, i.e. with
1850:
Light helicopters use simple landing skids to save weight and cost. The skids may have attachment points for wheels so that they can be moved for short distances on the ground. Skids are impractical for helicopters weighing more than four tons. Some high-speed machines have retractable wheels, but
117:
Some unusual landing gear have been evaluated experimentally. These include: no landing gear (to save weight), made possible by operating from a catapult cradle and flexible landing deck: air cushion (to enable operation over a wide range of ground obstacles and water/snow/ice); tracked (to reduce
2085:
A tiller in an aircraft is a small wheel or lever, sometimes accessible to one pilot and sometimes duplicated for both pilots, that controls the steering of the aircraft while it is on the ground. The tiller may be designed to work in combination with other controls such as the rudder or yoke. In
1134:
One goal of seaplane designers was the development of an open ocean seaplane capable of routine operation from very rough water. This led to changes in seaplane hull configuration. High length/beam ratio hulls and extended afterbodies improved rough water capabilities. A hull much longer than its
629:
4400:
During retraction the nosewheel had to turn through 90 degrees, which was achieved by means of a mechanism in the head of the wheel fork. On retraction, a spring-loaded level with pulley, which limited deflection to 60 degrees by means of a locking hook and stop, was folded into the fuselage and
550:
was given four separate and independent hydraulic systems (when previous airliners had two) and four main landing gear posts (when previous airliners had two). Safe landing would be possible if two main gear legs were torn off provided they were on opposite sides of the fuselage. In the case of
542:
Pilots confirming that their landing gear is down and locked refer to "three greens" or "three in the green.", a reference to the electrical indicator lights (or painted panels of mechanical indicator units) from the nosewheel/tailwheel and the two main gears. Blinking green lights or red lights
5747:
The April 17 F9R Dev 1 flight, which lasted under 1 min., was the first vertical landing test of a production-representative recoverable Falcon 9 v1.1 first stage, while the April 18 cargo flight to the ISS was the first opportunity for SpaceX to evaluate the design of foldable landing legs and
4896:
The Ju 288's landing gear was most innovative in its design. A Y-shaped bearer was mounted in the engine nacelle with its upper arms hinged. At the bottom end of this bearer was the shock absorber leg, which was likewise hinged. Two double-brake wheels, with (metric) size 1015 x 380 tires, were
2882:
Airline specifications require an airliner to reach up to 90,000 take-offs and landings and roll 500,000 km on the ground in its lifetime. Conventional landing gear is designed to absorb the energy of a landing and does not perform well at reducing ground-induced vibrations in the airframe
1962:
in 1951. Track-type gear was also tested using a C-47, C-82 and B-50. A much heavier aircraft, an XB-36, was made available for further tests, although there was no intention of using it on production aircraft. The stress on the runway was reduced to one third that of the B-36 four-wheel bogie.
1486:
jet reconnaissance bomber. The main disadvantage to using the takeoff dolly/trolley and landing skid(s) system on German World War II aircraftâintended for a sizable number of late-war German jet and rocket-powered military aircraft designsâwas that aircraft would likely be scattered all over a
1460:
and jettison them when airborne for improved streamlining without the complexity, weight and space requirements of a retraction mechanism. The wheels are sometimes mounted onto axles that are part of a separate "dolly" (for main wheels only) or "trolley" (for a three-wheel set with a nosewheel)
772:
cargo aircraft, which used a row of eleven "twinned" fixed wheel sets directly under the fuselage centerline to handle heavier loads while on the ground. Many of today's large cargo aircraft use this arrangement for their retractable main gear setups, usually mounted on the lower corners of the
3036:
of the airframe, causing the entire aircraft to violently shake or wobble in contact with the ground. Ground resonance occurs when shock is continuously transmitted to the turning rotors through the landing gear, causing the angles between the rotor blades to become uneven; this is typically
4568:
A significant advantage of this aircraft was its rough-field landing gear. With the landing gear in the compressed position, the eleven pairs of wheels mounted on independently-sprung legs beneath the fuselage, together with the wide-track main landing gear (8.4 meter, 27 ft 6 in
3718:
A significant advantage of this aircraft was its rough-field landing gear. With the landing gear in the compressed position, the eleven pairs of wheels mounted on independently-sprung legs beneath the fuselage, together with the wide-track main landing gear (8.4 meter, 27 ft 6 in
1721:
were equipped with "kneeling" nose gear consisting of small steerable auxiliary wheels on short struts located forward of the primary nose gear, allowing the aircraft to be taxied tail-high with the primary nose gear retracted. This feature was intended to enhance safety aboard
1583:
could move 20 inches between a forward and aft position. The forward position was used for take-off to give a longer lever-arm for pitch control and greater nose-up attitude. The aft position was used to reduce landing bounce and reduce risk of tip-back during ground handling.
2923:, is an accident that results from the pilot forgetting to lower the landing gear, or being unable to do so because of a malfunction. Although rarely fatal, a gear-up landing can be very expensive if it causes extensive airframe/engine damage. For propeller-driven aircraft a
2826:
376:
The taildragger arrangement was common during the early propeller era, as it allows more room for propeller clearance. Most modern aircraft have tricycle undercarriages. Taildraggers are considered harder to land and take off (because the arrangement is usually
1742:, partially retracts against a bumper to assist in loading and unloading of cargo using ramps through the forward, "tilt-up" hinged fuselage nose while stationary on the ground. The aircraft also tilts backwards. The Messier twin-wheel main units fitted to the
1139:, the Martin M-270, was tested with a new hull with a greater length/beam ratio of 15 obtained by adding 6 feet to both the nose and tail. Rough-sea capability can be improved with lower take-off and landing speeds because impacts with waves are reduced. The
3205:
was built with extensible landing gear. The prototype was flown four timesâwith all landing attempts successfulâin 2014 for low-altitude tests before being self-destructed for safety reasons on a fifth test flight due to a blocked engine sensor port.
1793:
is aft of the main gear due to design decisions stemming from efforts to reduce overall weight, systems complexity and drag; to prevent the fuselage from tilting back when unloaded, the aircraft has a unique fully retractable vertical tail strut with
520:
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543:
indicate the gear is in transit and neither up and locked or down and locked. When the gear is fully stowed up with the up-locks secure, the lights often extinguish to follow the dark cockpit philosophy; some airplanes have gear up indicator lights.
551:
power failure in a light aircraft, an emergency extension system is always available. This may be a manually operated crank or pump, or a mechanical free-fall mechanism which disengages the uplocks and allows the landing gear to fall under gravity.
2354:
1567:, even mandating that the main gear struts lengthened as they were extended to give sufficient ground clearance for their large four-bladed propellers. One exception to the need for this complexity in many WW II fighter aircraft was Japan's famous
385:
rather than correct itself), and usually require special pilot training. A small tail wheel or skid/bumper may be added to a tricycle undercarriage to prevent damage to the underside of the fuselage if over-rotation occurs on take-off leading to a
518:
2851:
A rough general rule for required tire pressure is given by the manufacturer in their catalog. Goodyear for example advises the pressure to be 4% higher than required for a given weight or as fraction of the rated static load and inflation.
800:-10 with 443,000 lb (201 t) supported on eight wheels on two legs. The heavier, 558,000 lb (253 t), DC-10-30/40 were able to operate from the same thickness pavements with a third main leg for ten wheels, like the first
3875:
2957:. This led to Scandinavian retiring all of its Dash 8s. The cause of these incidents was a locking mechanism that failed to work properly. This also caused concern for the aircraft for many other airlines that found similar problems,
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3064:
reported. Dangers include a lack of oxygen at high altitude, temperatures well below freezing, crush injury or death from the gear retracting into its confined space, and falling out of the compartment during takeoff or landing.
2235:
412:(CG) under the fuselage with outriggers on the wings. This is used when there is no convenient location on either side of the fuselage to attach the main undercarriage or to store it when retracted. Examples include the
519:
1487:
military airfield after they had landed from a mission, and would be unable to taxi on their own to an appropriately hidden "dispersal" location, which could easily leave them vulnerable to being shot up by attacking
780:
had most of its weight on two main wheels, which needed runways at least 22 in (56 cm) thick. Production aircraft used two four-wheel bogies, allowing the aircraft to use any airfield suitable for a B-29.
628:
405:. Some aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear have a fixed tailwheel. Hoerner estimated the drag of the Bf 109 fixed tailwheel and compared it with that of other protrusions such as the pilot's canopy.
1887:
For light aircraft a type of landing gear which is economical to produce is a simple wooden arch laminated from ash, as used on some homebuilt aircraft. A similar arched gear is often formed from spring steel. The
1726:
by redirecting the hot exhaust blast upwards, and to reduce hangar space requirements by enabling the aircraft to park with its nose underneath the tail of a similarly equipped jet. Kneeling gear was used on the
1694:
Manually-adjusted main-gear units on the B-52 can be set for crosswind take-offs. It rarely has to be used from SAC-designated airfields which have major runways in the predominant strongest wind direction. The
1761:
Aircraft landing gear includes devices to prevent fuselage contact with the ground by tipping back when the aircraft is being loaded. Some commercial aircraft have used tail props when parked at the gate. The
1004:
cradle that supports the entire aircraft. In the former case, the beaching gear is manually attached or detached with the aircraft in the water; in the latter case, the aircraft is maneuvered onto the cradle.
5114:
3059:
Unauthorized passengers have been known to stowaway on larger aircraft by climbing a landing gear strut and riding in the compartment meant for the wheels. There are extreme dangers to this practice, with
539:
Most retractable gear is hydraulically operated, though some is electrically operated or even manually operated on very light aircraft. The landing gear is stowed in a compartment called a wheel well.
2883:
during landing ground roll, taxi and take-off. Airframe vibrations and fatigue damage can be reduced using semi-active oleos which vary damping over a wide range of ground speeds and runway quality.
270:
cost. A suitably-designed wheel can support 30 t (66,000 lb), tolerate a ground speed of 300 km/h and roll a distance of 500,000 km (310,000 mi) ; it has a 20,000 hours
3347:
1892:
was among the first aircraft to use spring steel landing gear. The main advantage of such gear is that no other shock-absorbing device is needed; the deflecting leaf provides the shock absorption.
546:
Redundant systems are used to operate the landing gear and redundant main gear legs may also be provided so the aircraft can be landed in a satisfactory manner in a range of failure scenarios. The
603:
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3248:âis expected to have landing legs on its first stage called Super Heavy like Falcon 9 but also has landing legs on its reusable second stage, a first for launch vehicle second stages. The first
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with a large fixed landing gear in order to test low-altitude vehicle dynamics and control for vertical landings of a near-empty orbital first stage. A second-generation test vehicle called
584:
318:
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2025:
Some aircraft require that the pilot steer by using rudder pedals; others allow steering with the yoke or control stick. Some allow both. Still others have a separate control, called a
911:
532:
To decrease drag in flight, undercarriages retract into the wings and/or fuselage with wheels flush with the surrounding surface, or concealed behind flush-mounted doors; this is called
1664:
during takeoff. During landing, the forward gear must not touch the runway first, otherwise the rear gear will slam down and may cause the aircraft to bounce and become airborne again.
2644:
360:, where there are two main wheels towards the front of the aircraft and a single, much smaller, wheel or skid at the rear. The same helicopter arrangement is called tricycle tailwheel.
2995:
In the event of a failure of the aircraft's landing gear extension mechanism a backup is provided. This may be an alternate hydraulic system, a hand-crank, compressed air (nitrogen),
1208:
427:
Quadricycle gear is similar to bicycle but with two sets of wheels displaced laterally in the fore and aft positions. Raymer classifies the B-52 gear as quadricycle. The experimental
5536:
2859:, and not subsequently diluted with more than 5% oxygen, to prevent auto-ignition of the gas which may result from overheating brakes producing volatile vapors from the tire lining.
1223:
3315:
1381:
R raised the aircraft flutter speed to 550 kn (1,020 km/h). The bogies oscillated within the nacelle under the control of dampers and springs as an anti-flutter device.
1175:
for land-based aircraft which start and end their flight from a beach or floating barge. Hydro-skis with wheels were demonstrated as an all-purpose landing gear conversion of the
3284:
For landing on low-gravity bodies landing gear may include hold-down thrusters, harpoon anchors and foot-pad screws, all of which were incorporated in the design of comet-lander
2515:{\displaystyle F_{\text{n}}={\frac {l_{\text{m}}}{l_{\text{m}}+l_{\text{n}}}}(W-L)+{\frac {h_{\text{cg}}}{l_{\text{m}}+l_{\text{n}}}}\left({\frac {a_{\text{x}}}{g}}W-D+T\right).}
110:. Landing gear must be strong enough to support the aircraft and its design affects the weight, balance and performance. It often comprises three wheels, or wheel-sets, giving a
517:
94:
For aircraft, the landing gear supports the craft when it is not flying, allowing it to take off, land, and taxi without damage. Wheeled landing gear is the most common, with
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3221:/aluminum extensible landing legs is approximately 18 metres (60 ft), and weigh less than 2,100 kilograms (4,600 lb); the deployment system uses high-pressure
2831:
To ensure that the rated loads will not be exceeded in the static and braking conditions, a seven percent safety factor is used in the calculation of the applied loads.
2060:
Some aircraft link the yoke, control stick, or rudder directly to the wheel used for steering. Manipulating these controls turns the steering wheel (the nose wheel for
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3238:
875:
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1842:
used a take-off dolly that was jettisoned on take-off; these gliders then landed on a fixed skid. This configuration is necessarily accompanied with a taildragger.
1911:
The limited space available to stow landing gear has led to many complex retraction mechanisms, each unique to a particular aircraft. An early example, the German
569:
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of a liquid-rocket-engine orbital booster. After a single successful booster recovery in 2015, and several in 2016, the recovery of SpaceX booster stages became
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The landing gear on fixed-wing aircraft that land on aircraft carriers have a higher sink-rate requirement because the aircraft are flown onto the deck with no
949:
STOL aircraft have a higher sink-rate requirement if a carrier-type, no-flare landing technique has to be adopted to reduce touchdown scatter. For example, the
693:
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1295:
895:
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3538:
796:-200 with four tires on two legs main landing gears required a 20 in (51 cm) thick pavement. The thickness rose to 25 in (64 cm) for a
1147:
Low speed maneuvring is necessary between slipways and buoys and take-off and landing areas. Water rudders are used on seaplanes ranging in size from the
5473:
4064:
1687:
design of 1908. It was later used in the much more famous Blériot XI Channel-crossing aircraft of 1909 and also copied in the earliest examples of the
1000:
or amphibian usually has two distinct landing gears, namely a "boat" hull/floats and retractable wheels, which allow it to operate from land or water.
768:, mounted to the fuselage lower sides as retractable main gear units on modern designsâwere first seen during World War II, on the experimental German
5049:. NASA CR-205551. Vol. MAD 96-09-01 (revised March 1, 1997 ed.). Blacksburg, Virginia: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
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airflow past the rudder, it has the advantage of not needing any friction with the ground, which makes it useful for aircraft on water, snow or ice.
1711:
cargo/transport aircraft were designed to kneel. This made it easier to load and unload cargo, and improved taxiing over ditches and on soft ground.
4585:
2942:
railings were added to the length of the fuselage; they were adequate to support the aircraft without damage if it was landed on a grassy surface.
2898:, an Airbus A320, making an emergency landing on runway 25L at Los Angeles International Airport in 2005 after the front landing gear malfunctioned
1802:. The strut is not intended for taxiing or flight, when the weight of the crew, passengers, cargo and fuel provide the necessary fore-aft balance.
1495:
reconnaissance aircraft, which fall away after take-off and drop to earth; the aircraft then relies on titanium skids on the wingtips for landing.
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666:
3297:, however, both harpoons and the hold-down thruster failed, resulting in the craft bouncing before landing for good at a non-optimal orientation.
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needed to operate from snow/ice/water and skids for vertical operation on land. Retractable undercarriages fold away during flight, which reduces
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5271:
5692:
F9R (pronounced F-niner) shows a little leg. Design is a nested, telescoping piston w A frame... High pressure helium. Needs to be ultra light.
3217:âincludes a lightweight, deployable landing gear for the booster stage: a nested, telescoping piston on an A-frame. The total span of the four
1353:
431:
had quadricycle gear located in the engine nacelles to allow unrestricted access beneath the fuselage for attaching a large freight container.
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1127:. A step increases the drag in flight. The drag contribution from the step can be reduced with a fairing. A faired step was introduced on the
708:
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and wheels from manufacturer's catalog and industry standards found in the
Aircraft Yearbook published by the Tire and Rim Association, Inc.
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1016:
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Spacecraft designed to land safely on extraterrestrial bodies such as the Moon or Mars are known as either legged landers (for example the
3197:
to pursue this objective. As part of this program, SpaceX built, and flew eight times in 2012â2013, a first-generation test vehicle called
1434:
When an airplane needs to land on surfaces covered by snow, the landing gear usually consists of skis or a combination of wheels and skis.
5799:
1078:
17:
1511:
with its raked-forward main gear, and rearward-angled main wheel position (when retracted) indicated by the just-visible open wheel door
930:
372:
Was the first bomber aircraft with twin wheels on a single shock absorber. The same helicopter arrangement is called tricycle nosewheel.
6656:
6302:
5945:
4950:
1516:"flat" above the lower end of the main gear strut, or flush within the wing or engine nacelles, when fully retracted. Examples are the
1190:
In the 1950s hydro-skis were envisaged as a ditching aid for large piston-engined aircraft. Water-tank tests done using models of the
4937:
4498:
4417:
3807:
3490:
129:, the landing gear usually only supports the vehicle on landing and during subsequent surface movement, and is not used for takeoff.
5115:
FAA Ruling: Use of
Nitrogen or Other Inert Gas for Tire inflation in Lieu of Air, Docket No. 26147 Amendment No. 25-78 RIN 2120-AD87
2930:
Some aircraft have a stiffened fuselage underside or added features to minimize structural damage in a wheels-up landing. When the
2844:
aircraft with pressures as low as the tire manufacturer would permit. However, too low a pressure can lead to an accident as in the
3572:
2686:
are positive, the maximum nose gear load occurs at low speed. Reverse thrust decreases the nose gear load, and hence the condition
1540:
family of twin-engined business aircraft also shares this feature on the main gears, which retract aft into the ends of the engine
4739:
4010:
1163:. Hydroflaps, submerged at the rear of the afterbody, act as a speed brake or differentially as a rudder. A fixed fin, known as a
4968:
4347:
3911:
2866:
tire pressures are 260 psi (1.8 MPa) on ship and 210 psi (1.4 MPa) ashore. En-route deflation is used in the
1571:
fighter, whose main gear stayed at a perpendicular angle to the centerline of the aircraft when extended, as seen from the side.
1108:
132:
Given their varied designs and applications, there exist dozens of specialized landing gear manufacturers. The three largest are
1202:
concluded that chances of survival and rescue would be greatly enhanced by preventing critical damage associated with ditching.
842:
has a four-wheel bogie under each wing with two sets of six-wheel bogies under the fuselage. The 640 t (1,410,000 lb)
5161:
536:
If the wheels do not retract completely but protrude partially exposed to the airstream, it is called a semi-retractable gear.
288:
5414:
2976:
successfully landed with its nose gear turned 90 degrees sideways, resulting in a shower of sparks and flame after touchdown.
5929:
5887:
5845:
4441:
3626:
3524:
681:
5705:
2105:
2014:
produced by the aircraft to turn it) with a freely pivoting tail wheel, or by a steering linkage with the tail wheel, or by
1942:
Increased contact area can be obtained with very large wheels, many smaller wheels or track-type gear. Tracked gear made by
1699:
has swivelling 6-wheel main units for crosswind landings and castoring rear units to prevent tire scrubbing on tight turns.
6696:
5140:
4726:
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4309:
3790:
3773:
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3234:
3038:
226:
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480:
6651:
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6461:
5567:
4810:
3953:
Tank tests of a flying-boat model equipped with several types of fairing designed to reduce the air drag of the main step
3061:
3054:
2821:{\displaystyle F_{\text{n}}={\frac {l_{\text{m}}+h_{\text{cg}}({\frac {a_{\text{x}}}{g}})}{l_{\text{m}}+l_{\text{n}}}}W.}
2646:
on dry concrete vary from 0.35 for a simple brake system to 0.45 for an automatic brake pressure control system. As both
1310:
198:
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incidents that occurred each year in the United States between 1998 and 2003. A gear-up landing, also known as a
7030:
5192:
Dobrzynski, Werner; Chow, Leung Choi; Smith, Malcolm; Boillot, Antoine; Dereure, Olivier; Molin, Nicolas (2010).
3545:
3182:
1900:
1564:
1187:
prototype fighter. The skis incorporated small wheels, with a third wheel on the fuselage, for ground handling.
557:
6686:
6284:
5481:
2615:
982:
has a lower fuselage with the shape of a boat hull giving it buoyancy. Wing-mounted floats or stubby wing-like
368:, where there are two main wheels (or wheel assemblies) under the wings and a third smaller wheel in the nose.
183:
2870:
to suit airfield conditions at the destination but adds excessive complication to the landing gear and wheels
212:
5731:
5496:
space privateers, who are planning to send humans out beyond the Earth's orbit for the first time since 1972.
3590:
2980:
2954:
2132:
The choice of the main wheel tires is made on the basis of the static loading case. The total main gear load
788:
business jet, with four wheels supporting 44,000 lb (20 t), needed a 10 in (25 cm) thick
303:
179:
6979:
1265:
450:
424:
uses a similar arrangement, except that the fore and aft gears each have two twin-wheel units side by side.
6969:
6810:
6065:
2863:
2056:
is visible as a semi-circular manual control to the left of the yoke in this photo of a Boeing 727 cockpit.
495:
1931:
827:
for the heavier 380 t (840,000 lb) Airbus A340-500/-600. The up to 775,000 lb (352 t)
4589:
4273:
4259:
3937:
2845:
1771:
194:
5175:
5008:
4573:) and the levered-suspension nose wheel, endowed the aircraft with outstanding rough field capabilities.
4180:
3984:
3952:
3684:
747 Creating The World's First Jumbo Jet And Other
Adventures From A Life In Aviation, Joe Sutter 2006,
3249:
2120:
The specified selection criterion, e.g., minimum size, weight, or pressure, are used to select suitable
1834:. Monowheel gear is also used on some powered aircraft, where drag reduction is a priority, such as the
1826:
usually have a single wheel, retractable or fixed, centered under the fuselage, which is referred to as
465:
408:
A third arrangement (known as tandem or bicycle) has the main and nose gear located fore and aft of the
6691:
6646:
6337:
4287:
3393:
2973:
2949:
is notorious for its landing gear problems. There were three incidents involved, all of them involving
2895:
1348:. Other features are related to catapult take-off requirements for specific aircraft. For example, the
428:
340:
4772:
4672:
3241:
by 2017. Landing legs had become an ordinary operational part of orbital spaceflight launch vehicles.
2094:
720:
7035:
6877:
6721:
6671:
3912:"svenska flygmotor | combat biplane | viggen | 1967 | 0650 | Flight Archive"
3025:
1537:
1053:
352:
5193:
4412:
U.S. Naval Air
Superiority Development Of Shipborne Jet Fighters 1943â1962, Tommy H. Thomason 2007,
3121:
1986:
military objectives, during World War II using the "dolly" and "trolley" arrangements of the German
1614:
6661:
6214:
6144:
5450:
4760:
4705:
4656:
4531:
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3161:
2588:
1728:
1093:
993:
has two or three streamlined floats. Amphibious floats have retractable wheels for land operation.
5646:
4220:
2862:
Naval aircraft use different pressures when operating from a carrier and ashore. For example, the
2324:
2290:
2263:
2135:
1753:
helicopter is able to kneel to fit inside the cargo hold of a transport aircraft and for storage.
865:
has a twin-wheel main gear inflated to 15.7 bar (228 psi), while the 280 t (620,000 lb)
6989:
6964:
6726:
6706:
6631:
6521:
6491:
6466:
6332:
6297:
5987:
3278:
3229:. The first test of the extensible landing gear was successfully accomplished in April 2014 on a
3102:, which take off vertically and are destroyed on falling back to earth. With some exceptions for
1683:
One very early undercarriage incorporating castoring for crosswind landings was pioneered on the
1596:
1363:
on take-off is subjected to loads of 0.5g which also last for much longer than a landing impact.
816:
812:
797:
172:
84:
3723:) and the levered-suspension nose wheel, gave the aircraft outstanding rough field capabilities.
3353:
Mars
Science Laboratory showing rover's wheels which acted as landing gear for initial touchdown
7004:
6805:
6701:
6526:
6342:
3103:
2907:
1926:
1657:
1488:
1191:
382:
259:
133:
4431:
3153:
technology, when orbital space transport has been the exclusive preserve of national-monopoly
1851:
most use fixed wheels for their robustness, and to avoid the need for a retraction mechanism.
1389:
Some experimental aircraft have used gear from existing aircraft to reduce program costs. The
846:, the largest cargo aircraft, had 4 wheels on the twin-strut nose gear units like the smaller
6984:
6902:
6892:
6397:
6109:
3382:
3135:
2984:
2950:
2061:
1735:, but was found to be of little use operationally, and was omitted from later Navy fighters.
1732:
1556:
1406:
753:
736:
364:
271:
141:
5162:
http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/webclient/StreamGate?folder_id=0&dvs=1575683504592~592
5041:
1232:
showing two steps on the hull, a skeg at the second step and spray strips under the forebody
6949:
6752:
6546:
6357:
6312:
5772:
3591:"Fluid-Dynamic Drag: Practical Information on Aerodynamic Drag and Hydrodynamic Resistance"
3277:
Features for landing and movement on the surface were combined in the landing gear for the
3210:
3110:
2958:
1638:
1529:
1476:
1469:
1446:
1390:
1331:
1184:
1148:
937:
804:-100, weighing 700,000 lb (320 t) on four legs and 16 wheels. The similar-weight
487:
267:
219:
8:
6928:
6835:
6551:
6259:
6088:
5804:
4920:
4908:
4553:
3399:
3338:
3286:
3267:
3172:
3146:
3117:
2867:
2841:
2689:
1921:, had a complex "folding" main landing gear unlike any other aircraft designed by either
1799:
1750:
1696:
1642:
1525:
1491:
fighters. A related contemporary example are the wingtip support wheels ("pogos") on the
1360:
1349:
997:
819:
airliner and the same configuration was used on the initial 275 t (606,000 lb)
575:
126:
5776:
5511:"SpaceX wrapping up Falcon 9 second stage investigation as it moves on from Grasshopper"
4086:
3569:
2961:
ordered all Dash 8s with 10,000 or more hours to be grounded, it was soon found that 19
1461:
chassis. Landing is done on skids or similar simple devices (fixed or retractable). The
1167:, has been used for directional stability. A skeg, was added to the second step on the
6636:
6616:
6611:
6585:
6496:
6437:
6209:
5240:
5216:
4368:
4021:
3632:
3502:
Power The Pratt and
Whitney Canada Story, Kenneth H. Sullivan and Larry Milberry 1989,
3198:
2669:
2649:
2568:
2548:
2528:
2243:
2099:
1823:
1715:
1580:
1521:
953:, with landing gear designed for a 5m/sec impact, could use a carrier-type landing and
391:
5800:"SpaceX readying Starhopper for hops in Texas as Pad 39A plans materialize in Florida"
4112:
4049:
3657:
1672:
6944:
6681:
6626:
6606:
6536:
6531:
6516:
6204:
5925:
5883:
5841:
5136:
5075:
5050:
4933:
4885:
4862:
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4722:
4695:
4646:
4616:
4557:
4521:
4494:
4457:
4437:
4413:
4389:
4322:
4305:
4092:(Report). Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division. September 2004. p. 13
3803:
3786:
3769:
3735:
3707:
3685:
3636:
3622:
3520:
3503:
3486:
3441:
3419:
3230:
3033:
2966:
2946:
1951:
1947:
1815:
1647:
590:
137:
5620:
5220:
4474:
1707:
Both the nosegear and the wing-mounted main landing gear of the World War II German
6999:
6882:
6556:
6451:
6174:
6149:
6092:
5917:
5875:
5833:
5780:
5208:
4226:
3614:
3032:, in which the unbalanced rotor system vibrates at a frequency coinciding with the
3029:
3016:
2931:
1864:
1839:
1723:
1610:
to be carried, or to permit wing-tip extensions to be bolted on for ferry flights.
1560:
1549:
1508:
1503:
1462:
1352:
was pulled down onto its tail-skid to set the required nose-up attitude. The naval
1286:
1244:
1214:
1199:
1180:
1160:
1140:
1128:
986:
are added for stability. Sponsons are attached to the lower sides of the fuselage.
789:
785:
417:
6057:
4205:
4181:
Flight tests of the hydrodynamic characteristics of a
Japanese "Emily" flying boat
3971:
Flight tests of the hydrodynamic characteristics of a
Japanese "Emily" flying boat
3189:, have included the explicit design of landing gear into orbital booster rockets.
2911:
2159:
is calculated assuming that the aircraft is taxiing at low speed without braking:
882:
145:
7009:
6974:
6825:
6746:
6711:
6676:
6471:
6119:
5784:
4245:
3985:
Bibliography and review of information relating to the hydrodynamics of seaplanes
3970:
3608:
3576:
3271:
3245:
3175:
2902:
1982:
1971:
1661:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1301:
1176:
954:
369:
6377:
6244:
3078:
2230:{\displaystyle F_{\text{m}}={\frac {l_{\text{n}}}{l_{\text{m}}+l_{\text{n}}}}W.}
1660:
for takeoff, the forward gear must be long enough to give the wings the correct
853:
6994:
6854:
6571:
6129:
6124:
4932:
Magnesium Overcast The Story of the Convair B-36, Dennis R. Jenkins 2001â2002,
3734:
Magnesium Overcast The Story of the Convair B-36, Dennis R. Jenkins 2001-2002,
3519:
Magnesium Overcast The Story of the Convair B-36, Dennis R. Jenkins 2001â2002,
3154:
3099:
2315:
2113:
1955:
1918:
1904:
1835:
1790:
1767:
1622:
1568:
1545:
950:
902:
847:
843:
765:
653:
639:
610:
472:
438:
122:
103:
32:
This article is about aircraft landing gear. For semitrailer landing gear, see
6775:
5981:
5443:
5242:
5212:
4814:
3802:
Airbus A380 Superjumbo Of The 21 St Century, Guy Norris ans Mark Wagner 2010,
1810:
1621:. This configuration proved so manoeuvrable that it was also selected for the
918:
594:
45:
7024:
6923:
6862:
6666:
6601:
6239:
6219:
6134:
5921:
5879:
5837:
5092:
4742:(Report). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. September 1996
4158:
3226:
3165:
3157:
3113:
2935:
2920:
1533:
1394:
1378:
1345:
1229:
1168:
1156:
1136:
1124:
1114:
1099:
777:
325:
5346:
5054:
4230:
2612:
is the height of aircraft cg from the static groundline. Typical values for
1677:
1442:
79:. For aircraft it is generally needed for both. It was also formerly called
6959:
6830:
6820:
6795:
6760:
6541:
6511:
6481:
6447:
6427:
6417:
6412:
6382:
6317:
6184:
6154:
6114:
6033:. University of Technology, Iraq: Mechanical Department/Aeronautical Branch
4837:
4493:
Flying American Combat Aircraft The Cold War, Edited by Robin Higham 2005,
3218:
3214:
2987:
due to technical failures; all 231 people on board escaped without injury.
1991:
1763:
1739:
1708:
1688:
1684:
1652:
1618:
1517:
1492:
1483:
1402:
1398:
1374:
Some aircraft have a requirement to use the landing-gear as a speed brake.
1195:
1084:
1069:
1037:
805:
769:
502:
457:
413:
37:
4127:
3041:
incident and accident reports in the United States between 1990 and 2008.
6907:
6790:
6506:
6362:
6046:
6009:. Hamburg, Germany: Hamburg Open Online University (HOOU). pp. 19â20
4246:
Model ditching investigations of three airplanes equipped with hydro-skis
3387:
3150:
3142:
2996:
2962:
2924:
2065:
2019:
2003:
1966:
1943:
1922:
1718:
1316:
1271:
1152:
979:
922:
839:
832:
820:
757:
421:
33:
5868:
Ball, Andrew; Garry, James; Lorenz, Ralph; Kerzhanovich, Viktor (2007).
5826:
Ball, Andrew; Garry, James; Lorenz, Ralph; Kerzhanovich, Viktor (2007).
5241:
The Office of the NASA Aviation Safety Reporting System (January 2004).
5135:
Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982â1983, Edited by John W. R. Taylor,
4065:
Is There A Role For Modern Day Seaplanes in Open Ocean Search and Rescue
3461:
1592:
6897:
6785:
6780:
6736:
6731:
6566:
6501:
6476:
6432:
6407:
6392:
6327:
6189:
6179:
4967:
4570:
3720:
3254:
3125:
3091:
3021:
2939:
1889:
1872:
1859:
1766:
had a critical CG location which required a ground handling strut. The
1022:
1007:
990:
828:
801:
793:
700:
672:
657:
547:
525:
434:
395:
387:
310:
186: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
64:
50:
3390:, a low-pressure landing gear tire allowing landings on rough surfaces
1838:. Much like the Me 163 rocket fighter, some gliders from prior to the
1356:
needed an extending nosewheel leg to set the wing attitude at launch.
1135:
width also reduced drag in flight. An experimental development of the
6954:
6872:
6800:
6765:
6621:
6402:
6387:
6367:
6322:
6307:
6264:
6249:
6234:
6169:
6139:
5971:"Standard Naming Convention for Aircraft Landing Gear Configurations"
5748:
upgraded thrusters that control the stage during its initial descent.
5634:
vehicle during liftoff and later extend outward and down for landing.
5294:
3618:
3186:
3098:
Landing gear has traditionally not been used on the vast majority of
3028:
may experience a dangerous and self-perpetuating phenomenon known as
2109:
2011:
1959:
1777:
1366:
Helicopters may have a deck-lock harpoon to anchor them to the deck.
295:
5444:"Wheel-well Stowaways Risk Lethal Levels of Hypoxia and Hypothermia"
5194:"Experimental assessment of low noise landing gear component design"
4615:. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc. p. 12.
4159:
The effect of hydroflaps on the pitching and braking of flying boats
3753:
3544:. Airbus-Deutschland GmbH. The Evolution of a System. Archived from
3086:
3082:
Falcon 9 descending, just after landing legs were extended, May 2017
2914:
after its nose gear failed to deploy prior to landing, 13 March 2007
2891:
2121:
1930:
was mounted in. However, the single pivot-point design also led to
1907:
V1 first prototype, showing its complex "folding" main undercarriage
1746:
and other cargo aircraft can tilt forward or backward as necessary.
1482:
troop glider, and the first eight "trolley"-using prototypes of the
1393:
lifting body used the nose/main gear from the North American T-39 /
161:
6867:
6840:
6815:
6581:
6561:
6422:
6352:
6269:
6194:
6164:
6100:
4773:
http://everyspec.com/MIL-STD/MIL-STD-1700-1799/MIL-STD-1791C_55770/
4673:
http://everyspec.com/MIL-STD/MIL-STD-1700-1799/MIL-STD-1791C_55770/
4369:"Aerostories: Arado 234, July - August 1944: no ordinary missions."
3969:
Ferguson, J. A.; Seibels, R. E.; Corber, R. J. (1 September 1949).
3202:
3179:
2856:
2321:
The choice of the nose wheel tires is based on the nose wheel load
1913:
1743:
1555:
On most World War II single-engined fighter aircraft (and even one
973:
964:
used long-stroke legs to land from a steep approach with no float.
886:
744:
As aircraft weights have increased more wheels have been added and
402:
263:
107:
99:
60:
4456:
Air Force Legends Number 201 The Martin XB-51, Scott Libis, 1998,
6641:
6292:
6274:
6199:
3003:
2855:
Tires of many commercial aircraft are required to be filled with
1541:
1457:
983:
862:
831:
has twelve main wheels on two three-axles bogies, like the later
614:
76:
72:
68:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5403:
4761:
http://everyspec.com/MIL-SPECS/MIL-SPECS-MIL-L/MIL-L-87139_8546/
4401:
turned through ninety degrees after making contact with a guide.
4338:
3402:, an early example of an airplane with retractable landing gear.
3379:, an early example of an airplane with retractable landing gear.
3365:
Mars Pathfinder showing one of three petals and deflated airbags
1599:
GR7. Tandem undercarriage with extra support wheels under wings.
1377:
Flexible mounting of the stowed main landing-gear bogies on the
869:-900 has a four-wheel main gear inflated to 17.1 bar (248 psi).
6347:
6254:
6229:
6159:
4111:
Odedra, Jessaji; Hope, Geoff; Kennell, Colen (September 2004).
3882:
3846:
3222:
3190:
2969:
planes, this did cause several hundred flights to be canceled.
2053:
2027:
2007:
1987:
1795:
1605:
823:-200/300, which evolved in a complete four-wheel undercarriage
745:
398:
111:
4785:
Gordon, Yefim; Komissarov, Dmitry; Komissarov, Sergey (2004).
3325:
lander during a ground test encased in its cluster of air bags
1259:
Stroukoff YC-123E showing hydro-skis on pantobase landing gear
1183:. A seaplane designed from the outset with hydro-skis was the
6770:
6372:
6224:
5537:"SpaceX Retires Grasshopper, New Test Rig To Fly in December"
5400:
4787:
OKB Ilyushin: a History of the Design Bureau and its Aircraft
4304:
Tupolev Tu-22 Blinder, Sergey Burdin & Alan E Dawes2006,
1782:
1641:. A variation of the multi tandem layout is also used on the
1426:
1010:
are able to land on water using floats or a hull and floats.
824:
808:, with 24 wheels, needs an 18 in (46 cm) pavement.
262:(MTOW) and 1.5 to 1.75% of the aircraft cost, but 20% of the
5591:"SpaceX Leases Pad in New Mexico for Next Grasshopper Tests"
5375:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5367:
4276:. Flight International. 4 December 1976. pp. 1630â1635.
3938:"de havilland | 1961 | 0430 | Flight Archive"
2048:
1289:
showing inverted spray gutter from nose to behind propellers
5867:
5825:
4789:. Hinkley, England: Midland Publishing. pp. 255, 270.
4721:
Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982â83, John W.R. Taylor,
3139:
3130:
3106:
1876:
1164:
866:
5763:
Musk, Elon (1 March 2018). "Making Life Multi-Planetary".
5191:
4784:
3244:
The newest launch vehicle under development at SpaceXâthe
1304:
showing revised spray suppressor compared to that on US-1A
1144:
gutters channel spray to the rear of the propeller discs.
652:
Aircraft landing gear includes wheels equipped with solid
87:. For aircraft, Stinton makes the terminology distinction
5364:
5074:"Test Pilot" Tony Blackman, Grub Street Publishing 2009,
4388:. Atglen, PA USA: Schiffer Publishing. pp. 141â142.
3822:"The World's Largest Cargo Plane Can Swallow a 737 Whole"
3485:
Farnborough and the Fleet Air Arm, Geoffrey Cooper 2008,
1574:
764:
Multiple "tandem wheels" on an aircraftâparticularly for
95:
5946:"Problems hit Philae after historic first comet landing"
1548:
and the forward-retracting nose gear strut on the later
5424:. Federal Aviation Administration. 2000. pp. 11â17
3768:
Airbus A340 And A330, Guy Norris and Mark Wagner 2001,
3706:. Atglen, PA USA: Schiffer Publishing. pp. 40â42.
2098:
Two mechanics replacing a main landing gear wheel on a
381:, that is, a small deviation from straight-line travel
5176:
NASA's Subsonic Jet Transport Noise Reduction Research
5174:
Powell, Clemans A.; Preisser, John S. (January 2000).
5043:
Landing Gear Integration in Aircraft Conceptual Design
5009:
Landing Gear Integration in Aircraft Conceptual Design
4921:
https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1971/1971
4909:
https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1943/1943
4740:
Landing Gear Integration in Aircraft Conceptual Design
3341:
showing anchoring harpoons (2) and foot-pad screws (3)
3149:
vehicles during the early decades since the advent of
1617:
to evaluate its use on Martin's first jet bomber, the
1615:
a specially-modified Martin B-26 Marauder (the XB-26H)
811:
The twin-wheel unit on the fuselage centerline of the
5758:
5756:
4884:. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing. pp. 175â177.
4186:(Report). NASA. 1 September 1949. p. Figure 3(d)
3968:
3610:
Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, Sixth Edition
3160:. Each spaceflight system through 2015 had relied on
2721:
2692:
2672:
2652:
2618:
2591:
2571:
2551:
2531:
2357:
2327:
2293:
2266:
2246:
2168:
2138:
1875:
aircraft use landing gear located in their tails for
5832:. Cambridge University Press. p. 72,74,75,147.
5322:. Biggles Software. 29 December 2011. Archived from
4113:"Use of Seaplanes and Integration within a Sea Base"
1498:
1384:
1217:
V showing step on wing float and faired step on hull
714:
Simple spring steel bar, used on many light aircraft
699:
Rubber discs in compression with trailing link of a
347:Wheeled undercarriages normally come in two types:
6087:
5344:
5295:"Warsaw airport back to work after plane emergency"
390:. Aircraft with tail-strike protection include the
5753:
5732:"SpaceX Plans For Multiple Reusable Booster Tests"
5677:
5639:
4087:Use of Seaplanes and Integration within a Sea Base
3418:The Design Of The Aeroplane, Darrol Stinton 1983,
2820:
2704:
2678:
2658:
2638:
2604:
2577:
2557:
2537:
2514:
2340:
2306:
2279:
2252:
2229:
2151:
1667:
748:thickness has increased to keep within the runway
5465:
4110:
3660:. 11 September 1950 – via Internet Archive.
3010:
2965:Dash 8s had locking mechanism problems, so did 8
1958:. Bonmartini, in Italy, fitted tracked gear to a
1544:. The rearward-retracting nosewheel strut on the
7022:
6021:
5983:How to change the landing gear of an Airbus A380
4128:"Beriev A-40, Be-200, & Be-103 Flying Boats"
3751:
3209:The orbital-flight version of the test vehiclesâ
2934:was converted for a military spotting role (the
1552:similarly rotated 90 degrees as they retracted.
6024:"5: Undercarriage (Landing Gear) Layout Design"
5613:
3193:has initiated and funded a multimillion-dollar
2031:, used for steering on the ground exclusively.
1917:combat aircraft design competition winner, the
5706:"SpaceX Brings a Booster Safely Back to Earth"
5173:
4044:
4042:
3672:AMT Airframe Handbook Volume 2 (FAA-H-8083-31)
3145:), landing gear have been largely absent from
2990:
2318:(cg) to the main and nose gear, respectively.
2314:are the distance measured from the aircraft's
1932:numerous incidents of collapsed maingear units
1613:A tandem layout was evaluated by Martin using
1468:Historical examples include the "dolly"-using
1354:McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II in UK service
642:landing gear extension and retraction, ex-situ
6073:
5568:"Falcon 9 test vehicle destroyed in accident"
4009:Pepper, P.A.; Kaplan, L. (23 December 1966).
3309:Apollo Lunar Module showing landing gear legs
258:The landing gear represents 2.5 to 5% of the
5992:complete replacement of landing gear systems
5791:
5665:
4052:. 23 June 1952 – via Internet Archive.
4008:
3990:(Report). NASA. 1 September 1945. p. 25
3785:Civil Aircraft In Colour, Hiroshi Seo 1984,
1702:
885:has an additional main undercarriage on the
441:or wheels depending on their size and role.
5723:
5697:
5559:
5502:
4813:. Europa Aircraft Ltd. 2011. Archived from
4321:The X-Planes X-1 To X-31, Jay Miller 1988,
4039:
3664:
3536:
1676:The "castoring" main gear arrangement on a
1452:with its two-wheel takeoff "dolly" in place
89:undercarriage (British) = landing gear (US)
6080:
6066:
5986:(YouTube). Emirates Airline. 28 May 2018.
5874:. Cambridge University Press. p. 76.
5582:
5528:
5292:
5250:Call Back Aviation Safety Reporting System
5107:
5040:Chai, Sonny T.; Mason, William H. (1996).
4879:
4547:
4436:(2 ed.). Pen and Sword. p. 312.
4383:
3701:
3195:reusable launch system development program
957:to reduce its scatter from 300 m to 100m.
675:(pressurized gas or oil) with torque links
5039:
4694:. Conmilit Press Ltd. pp. 432, 434.
4156:
4011:"Survey on Seaplane Hydro-Ski Technology"
3819:
3231:Falcon 9 returning from an orbital launch
2639:{\displaystyle {\frac {a_{\text{x}}}{g}}}
2116:main-gear wheels and tires, February 1944
1359:The landing gear for an aircraft using a
274:and a 60,000 hours or 20 year life time.
246:Learn how and when to remove this message
6000:"Summary: Aircraft Design in a Nutshell"
5703:
5379:
5345:Stellan F. Hilmerby (24 November 2009).
5338:
5286:
5085:
5068:
5014:(Report). NASA. 1 March 1997. p. 30
4951:"History of Aircraft Track Landing Gear"
4260:"1971 | 0062 | Flight Archive"
4219:Sherman, Frederick S. (September 1956).
3085:
3077:
3002:A free-fall or gravity drop system uses
2901:
2890:
2104:
2093:
2047:
1965:
1899:
1858:
1809:
1776:
1671:
1591:
1502:
1441:
1425:
852:
735:
513:
44:
5671:
5093:"Goodyear Aviation Technical Resources"
5035:
5033:
5031:
5029:
4969:International Air Transport Association
4218:
4115:. Defense Technical Information Center.
3588:
3440:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 269.
2071:
1818:glider shows its monowheel landing gear
967:
578:have twin-wheel main landing gear legs.
49:The retractable main landing gear of a
27:Undercarriage of aircraft or spacecraft
14:
7023:
5990:from the original on 8 November 2021.
5797:
5729:
5674:"SpaceX shows a leg for the "F-niner""
5471:
5293:Scislowska, Monika (3 November 2011).
4803:
4332:
4243:
4125:
3950:
3606:
3185:to governmental space initiatives has
2873:
1575:Variable axial position of main wheels
1339:
901:Wing and fuselage undercarriages on a
761:of almost 12 t (26,000 lb).
6061:
5588:
5565:
5534:
5508:
4610:
3755:Synthesis of Subsonic Airplane Design
3674:. Washington DC: FAA. pp. 13â24.
3589:Hoerner, Dr.-Ing. Sighard F. (1965).
3435:
2834:
2002:There are several types of steering.
1247:showing outline of hydroflaps at rear
740:Wheel arrangements of large airliners
5909:
5762:
5095:. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company
5026:
4138:from the original on 22 January 2022
3607:Raymer, Daniel (30 September 2018).
3131:vertical takeoff, horizontal landing
3039:National Transportation Safety Board
857:Front Landing Gear of the Boeing 767
524:Retraction of the landing gear of a
277:
184:adding citations to reliable sources
155:
36:. For the Devin the Dude album, see
6047:"Aircraft Systems: Aircraft Wheels"
5704:Belfiore, Michael (22 April 2014).
5436:
5382:"How Things Work: Ground Resonance"
4684:
4645:. Conmilit Press Ltd. p. 435.
4635:
4586:"North American NA-141 Fury (FJ-1)"
4520:. Conmilit Press Ltd. p. 436.
4510:
4429:
4248:(Report) – via ntrs.nasa.gov.
3973:(Report) – via ntrs.nasa.gov.
3958:(Report) – via ntrs.nasa.gov.
3758:, Delft University Press, Fig. 10-5
3055:List of wheel-well stowaway flights
2089:
1789:The unladen CG of the rear-engined
838:The 575 t (1,268,000 lb)
613:often have compartments similar to
509:
83:by some manufacturers, such as the
24:
5997:
5871:Planetary Landers and Entry Probes
5829:Planetary Landers and Entry Probes
4588:. Yanks Air Museum. Archived from
4481:Lookout Mountain Air Force Station
4244:Fisher, Lloyd J. (25 April 1950).
3951:Havens, Robert F. (1 April 1945).
3073:
2906:All Nippon Airways Flight 1603, a
2348:during braking at maximum effort:
2260:is the weight of the aircraft and
1977:
1785:resting on its extended tail strut
792:. The 210,000 lb (95 t)
647:
563:Retractable landing gear animation
25:
7047:
5963:
5948:. New Scientist. 14 November 2014
5913:Planetary Landers and Entry Probe
5380:Garrison, Peter (December 2008).
4433:Pegasus: The Heart of the Harrier
4062:
3820:Tarantola, Andrew (6 June 2013).
3164:boosters to begin each ascent to
1882:
1650:easier (using a technique called
1499:Rearwards and sideways retraction
1385:Gear common to different aircraft
1025:floatplane with amphibious floats
962:de Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou
749:
731:
5938:
5903:
5861:
5819:
5535:Klotz, Irene (17 October 2013).
5472:Hanlon, Michael (11 June 2013).
4775:Table III, Figures B-71 and B-95
4613:FH Phantom/F2H Banshee in action
4344:"Messerschmitt Me 163B-1a Komet"
4340:Canada Aviation and Space Museum
4222:Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics
3396:of jetliners and other aircraft.
3358:
3346:
3330:
3314:
3302:
2927:may require an engine overhaul.
1656:). Since tandem aircraft cannot
1587:
1369:
1324:
1309:
1294:
1279:
1264:
1252:
1237:
1222:
1207:
1107:
1092:
1077:
1061:
1045:
1030:
1015:
944:
929:
910:
894:
874:
861:The 97 t (214,000 lb)
719:
707:
692:
680:
665:
622:
602:
583:
568:
556:
494:
479:
464:
449:
332:
317:
302:
287:
160:
6022:Al-Hussaini, A.A. (2014â2015).
5798:Baylor, Michael (2 June 2019).
5509:Foust, Jeff (18 October 2013).
5312:
5272:NTSB Identification: LAX05IA312
5264:
5234:
5185:
5167:
5155:
5146:
5129:
5001:
4961:
4943:
4926:
4914:
4902:
4873:
4855:
4835:
4829:
4778:
4766:
4754:
4732:
4715:
4685:Niu, Michael Chun-Yung (1998).
4678:
4666:
4636:Niu, Michael Chun-Yung (1998).
4629:
4604:
4578:
4541:
4511:Niu, Michael Chun-Yung (1998).
4504:
4487:
4467:
4450:
4423:
4406:
4377:
4362:
4315:
4298:
4280:
4266:
4252:
4237:
4212:
4198:
4173:
4150:
4119:
4104:
4079:
4056:
4002:
3977:
3962:
3944:
3930:
3904:
3876:"A350 aircraft characteristics"
3868:
3840:"A321 aircraft characteristics"
3832:
3813:
3796:
3779:
3762:
3745:
3728:
3695:
3678:
3650:
3600:
3235:controlled ocean soft touchdown
2981:LOT Polish Airlines Flight LO16
2127:
1970:Experimental tracked gear on a
1950:in 1938 for taxi tests, then a
1895:
1756:
1668:Crosswind landing accommodation
1625:. It was also used on the U-2,
171:needs additional citations for
6990:In-flight entertainment system
6687:Horizontal situation indicator
6007:Aircraft Design: Lecture Notes
5916:. Cambridge University Press.
5566:Foust, Jeff (23 August 2014).
4811:"Europa XS Monowheel Overview"
3582:
3563:
3530:
3513:
3496:
3479:
3454:
3429:
3412:
3270:) or pod landers (for example
3011:Ground resonance in rotorcraft
2781:
2761:
2712:results in the maximum value:
2422:
2410:
1994:A prototype jet recon-bomber.
1845:
1412:
1072:flying boat with beaching gear
13:
1:
5730:Norris, Guy (28 April 2014).
5672:Lindsey, Clark (2 May 2013).
4126:Goebel, Greg (1 April 2021).
3406:
3233:and was the first successful
3171:Advances during the 2010s in
3068:
2983:successfully belly landed at
2605:{\displaystyle h_{\text{cg}}}
1934:for its prototype airframes.
1854:
1731:and on early versions of the
1456:Some aircraft use wheels for
1437:
1155:Hydro flaps were used on the
1056:with landing gear on the side
687:Oleo strut with trailing link
656:on light planes, and air/oil
593:main legs have multiple-axle
6970:Environmental control system
5785:10.1089/space.2018.29013.emu
5649:. SpaceX News. 12 April 2013
5474:"Roll up for the Red Planet"
5415:"Rotorcraft Flying Handbook"
4882:German Aircraft Landing Gear
4880:Sengfelder, GĂŒnther (1993).
4550:German Aircraft Landing Gear
4548:Sengfelder, GĂŒnther (1993).
4386:German Aircraft Landing Gear
4384:Sengfelder, GĂŒnther (1993).
4157:Feuerbach, Theodore (1951).
3849:. April 2020. Archived from
3704:German Aircraft Landing Gear
3702:Sengfelder, GĂŒnther (1993).
3048:
2886:
2864:Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye
2341:{\displaystyle F_{\text{n}}}
2307:{\displaystyle l_{\text{n}}}
2280:{\displaystyle l_{\text{m}}}
2152:{\displaystyle F_{\text{m}}}
1805:
1040:floatplane with three floats
773:central fuselage structure.
7:
5910:Ball, Andrew (2007). "26".
5623:. SpaceX News. 29 July 2013
4374:. Retrieved: 16 March 2016.
3370:
3134:(VTHL) approach (e.g., the
2991:Emergency extension systems
2846:Nigeria Airways Flight 2120
2006:aircraft may be steered by
1997:
1772:Boeing C-17 Globemaster III
850:, and 28 main gear wheels.
815:-30/40 was retained on the
151:
59:is the undercarriage of an
18:Undercarriage (aeronautics)
10:
7052:
6647:Course deviation indicator
6338:Electro-hydraulic actuator
5589:Leone, Dan (13 May 2013).
5117:(Report). 26 February 1993
4955:Air Force Materiel Command
4688:Airframe Structural Design
4639:Airframe Structural Design
4514:Airframe Structural Design
4050:"Aviation Week 1952-06-23"
3885:. May 2020. Archived from
3658:"Aviation Week 1950-09-11"
3537:Gerd Roloff (April 2002).
3394:Undercarriage arrangements
3261:
3052:
3014:
2974:JetBlue Airways Flight 292
2955:SK1209, SK2478, and SK2867
2896:JetBlue Airways Flight 292
2010:alone (depending upon the
1937:
1798:wheels to allow towing or
1557:German heavy bomber design
1179:, known as the Panto-base
971:
429:Fairchild XC-120 Packplane
341:Fairchild XC-120 Packplane
31:
6937:
6916:
6878:Conventional landing gear
6849:
6745:
6580:
6446:
6283:
6099:
5320:"Boeing 757 Landing Gear"
5213:10.1260/1475-472X.9.6.763
3752:Egbert Torenbeek (1976),
3107:vertical-landing vehicles
2910:, resting on its nose at
2080:
2064:, and the tail wheel for
2043:
2034:
1822:To minimize drag, modern
1274:showing deep vee forebody
1054:Consolidated PBY Catalina
936:Main landing gear of the
790:flexible asphalt pavement
353:Conventional landing gear
294:Conventional/taildragger
6662:Flight management system
5922:10.1017/CBO9780511536052
5880:10.1017/CBO9780511536052
5838:10.1017/CBO9780511536052
5451:Flight Safety Foundation
5388:. Air and Space Magazine
5351:Stellans Flightsim Pages
3438:A Dictionary of Aviation
3436:Wragg, David W. (1973).
3377:Dayton-Wright RB-1 Racer
3045:than those with wheels.
3026:fully articulated rotors
1867:showing its landing gear
1729:North American FJ-1 Fury
905:, shortly before landing
6965:Emergency oxygen system
6727:Turn and slip indicator
6522:Leading-edge droop flap
6492:Drag-reducing aerospike
6467:Adaptive compliant wing
6462:Active Aeroelastic Wing
4231:10.5962/bhl.title.38156
4206:"Aircraft landing gear"
3539:"Aircraft Landing Gear"
3400:Verville Racer Aircraft
3279:Mars Science Laboratory
2972:On September 21, 2005,
2112:groundcrew servicing a
1597:Hawker Siddeley Harrier
1579:The main wheels on the
1465:used this arrangement.
1417:
1334:showing twin hydro-skis
813:McDonnell Douglas DC-10
798:McDonnell Douglas DC-10
85:Glenn L. Martin Company
7031:Aircraft undercarriage
7005:Passenger service unit
6806:Self-sealing fuel tank
6702:Multi-function display
5976:. FAA. 6 October 2005.
4018:Department of the Navy
3122:Lunar Lander Challenge
3095:
3083:
2915:
2908:Bombardier Dash 8 Q400
2899:
2822:
2706:
2680:
2660:
2640:
2606:
2579:
2559:
2539:
2516:
2342:
2308:
2281:
2254:
2231:
2153:
2117:
2102:
2057:
1974:
1908:
1868:
1832:monowheel landing gear
1819:
1786:
1680:
1600:
1512:
1453:
1431:
1192:Lockheed Constellation
1117:with inflatable floats
858:
741:
529:
260:maximum takeoff weight
134:Safran Landing Systems
106:, allowing for faster
53:
6985:Ice protection system
6903:Tricycle landing gear
6893:Landing gear extender
6110:Aft pressure bulkhead
5710:MIT Technology Review
3613:. AIAA. p. 230.
3383:Landing gear extender
3250:prototype of Starship
3136:Space Shuttle orbiter
3089:
3081:
2999:or free-fall system.
2985:Warsaw Chopin Airport
2979:On November 1, 2011,
2951:Scandinavian Airlines
2905:
2894:
2823:
2707:
2681:
2661:
2641:
2607:
2580:
2560:
2540:
2517:
2343:
2309:
2282:
2255:
2232:
2154:
2108:
2097:
2062:tricycle landing gear
2051:
1990:B rocket fighter and
1969:
1903:
1862:
1813:
1780:
1738:The nosewheel on the
1733:McDonnell F2H Banshee
1675:
1595:
1506:
1470:Messerschmitt Me 163
1445:
1429:
1407:General Dynamics F-16
856:
754:Zeppelin-Staaken R.VI
739:
523:
383:will tend to increase
365:Tricycle landing gear
272:time between overhaul
142:Raytheon Technologies
48:
6950:Auxiliary power unit
6358:Flight control modes
5252:. No. 292. NASA
4973:"Technology Roadmap"
4430:Dow, Andrew (2015).
4067:(Report). p. 35
2959:Bombardier Aerospace
2719:
2690:
2670:
2650:
2616:
2589:
2569:
2549:
2529:
2355:
2325:
2291:
2264:
2244:
2166:
2136:
2072:Differential braking
2016:differential braking
1639:Sud Aviation Vautour
1530:Messerschmitt Me 210
1477:Messerschmitt Me 321
1475:rocket fighter, the
1391:Martin-Marietta X-24
1332:Convair F2Y Sea Dart
1319:showing water rudder
1185:Convair F2Y Sea Dart
1149:Republic RC-3 Seabee
968:Operation from water
938:Antonov An-225 Mriya
917:The 20-wheeled main
660:on larger aircraft.
488:Boeing CH-47 Chinook
180:improve this article
6929:Escape crew capsule
6836:War emergency power
6707:Pitotâstatic system
6552:Variable-sweep wing
6260:Vertical stabilizer
5805:NASASpaceFlight.com
5777:2018NewSp...6....2M
5601:on 3 September 2013
4867:www5a.biglobe.ne.jp
4611:Mesko, Jim (2002).
4592:on 18 December 2015
4554:Schiffer Publishing
4350:on 18 February 2009
4288:"New life for lynx"
4161:(Report). p. 4
3551:on 22 November 2008
3466:Aviation Dictionary
3268:Apollo Lunar Module
3118:Armadillo Aerospace
2874:Future developments
2868:Lockheed C-5 Galaxy
2842:Hawker Siddeley 748
2705:{\displaystyle T=0}
2585:is the thrust, and
1774:use ramp supports.
1751:Boeing AH-64 Apache
1697:Lockheed C-5 Galaxy
1643:B-52 Stratofortress
1526:Grumman F6F Hellcat
1350:Blackburn Buccaneer
1340:Shipboard operation
998:amphibious aircraft
784:A relatively light
576:Narrowbody aircraft
471:Tricycle nosewheel
456:Tricycle tailwheel
6637:Attitude indicator
6617:Airspeed indicator
6612:Aircraft periscope
5682:on 31 October 2014
5570:. NewSpace Journal
5547:on 21 October 2013
4838:"Skids or Wheels?"
4817:on 5 December 2008
4556:. pp. 40â42.
4274:"Ski Jump Harrier"
4027:on 29 January 2020
3575:2021-03-10 at the
3096:
3084:
2916:
2900:
2835:Inflation pressure
2818:
2702:
2676:
2656:
2636:
2602:
2575:
2555:
2535:
2512:
2338:
2304:
2277:
2250:
2227:
2149:
2118:
2103:
2100:Lockheed P-3 Orion
2058:
1975:
1909:
1869:
1820:
1787:
1681:
1648:crosswind landings
1601:
1581:Vought F7U Cutlass
1522:Vought F4U Corsair
1513:
1507:A Royal Air Force
1454:
1432:
1171:flying boat hull.
859:
742:
617:for the main gear.
530:
416:spy plane and the
392:B-29 Superfortress
127:spacecraft landers
54:
7018:
7017:
6945:Aircraft lavatory
6682:Heading indicator
6627:Annunciator panel
6607:Air data computer
6517:Leading-edge cuff
6053:. 8 October 2019.
5931:978-0-521-82002-8
5889:978-0-521-82002-8
5847:978-0-521-82002-8
5243:"Gear Up Checkup"
5064:– via NASA.
4938:978 1 58007 129 1
4499:978 0 8117 3238 3
4443:978-1-84884-042-3
4418:978 1 58007 110 9
3808:978 0 7603 3838 4
3628:978-1-62410-490-9
3525:978-1-58007-129-1
3491:978 1 85780 306 8
3290:for redundancy.
3124:vehicle), or for
3034:natural frequency
3007:use for landing.
2967:Austrian Airlines
2947:Bombardier Dash 8
2810:
2806:
2793:
2779:
2773:
2758:
2745:
2729:
2679:{\displaystyle D}
2659:{\displaystyle L}
2634:
2628:
2599:
2578:{\displaystyle T}
2558:{\displaystyle D}
2538:{\displaystyle L}
2487:
2481:
2465:
2461:
2448:
2437:
2408:
2404:
2391:
2380:
2365:
2335:
2316:center of gravity
2301:
2274:
2253:{\displaystyle W}
2219:
2215:
2202:
2191:
2176:
2146:
2114:Heinkel He 177A's
1952:Fairchild Cornell
1948:Westland Lysander
1816:Schleicher ASG 29
1724:aircraft carriers
756:, a large German
726:Simple steel tube
633:
591:Widebody aircraft
534:retractable gear.
521:
410:center of gravity
278:Gear arrangements
256:
255:
248:
230:
138:Collins Aerospace
118:runway loading).
67:that is used for
16:(Redirected from
7043:
7036:Aircraft systems
7000:Navigation light
6980:Hydraulic system
6955:Bleed air system
6883:Drogue parachute
6557:Vortex generator
6175:Interplane strut
6082:
6075:
6068:
6059:
6058:
6054:
6042:
6040:
6038:
6028:
6018:
6016:
6014:
6004:
5998:Scholz, Dieter.
5994:
5977:
5975:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5953:
5942:
5936:
5935:
5907:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5896:
5865:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5823:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5795:
5789:
5788:
5760:
5751:
5750:
5744:
5742:
5727:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5701:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5687:
5681:
5676:. Archived from
5669:
5663:
5662:
5656:
5654:
5643:
5637:
5636:
5630:
5628:
5617:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5606:
5597:. Archived from
5586:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5575:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5543:. Archived from
5532:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5521:
5515:NewSpace Journal
5506:
5500:
5499:
5491:
5489:
5480:. Archived from
5469:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5448:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5419:
5411:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5377:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5326:on 24 March 2009
5316:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5290:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5247:
5238:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5227:
5198:
5189:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5171:
5165:
5159:
5153:
5150:
5144:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5111:
5105:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5089:
5083:
5072:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5048:
5037:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5013:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4988:
4982:. Archived from
4977:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4947:
4941:
4930:
4924:
4918:
4912:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4877:
4871:
4870:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4782:
4776:
4770:
4764:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4736:
4730:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4711:on 11 July 2011.
4710:
4704:. Archived from
4693:
4682:
4676:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4662:on 11 July 2011.
4661:
4655:. Archived from
4644:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4545:
4539:
4538:
4537:on 11 July 2011.
4536:
4530:. Archived from
4519:
4508:
4502:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4471:
4465:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4427:
4421:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4381:
4375:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4346:. Archived from
4336:
4330:
4319:
4313:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4292:Flightglobal.com
4284:
4278:
4277:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4185:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4091:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4063:Brown, David R.
4060:
4054:
4053:
4046:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4026:
4020:. Archived from
4015:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3989:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3916:flightglobal.com
3908:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3891:
3880:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3856:on 27 March 2019
3855:
3844:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3817:
3811:
3800:
3794:
3783:
3777:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3749:
3743:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3699:
3693:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3619:10.2514/4.104909
3604:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3586:
3580:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3550:
3543:
3534:
3528:
3517:
3511:
3500:
3494:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3433:
3427:
3416:
3362:
3350:
3334:
3318:
3306:
3166:orbital velocity
3030:ground resonance
3017:Ground resonance
2963:Horizon Airlines
2932:Cessna Skymaster
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2765:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2736:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2620:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2473:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2429:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2090:Tires and wheels
1946:was fitted to a
1890:Cessna Airmaster
1865:Convair XFY Pogo
1840:Second World War
1561:P-47 Thunderbolt
1550:Cessna Skymaster
1463:SNCASE Baroudeur
1422:
1421:
1328:
1313:
1298:
1287:Shin Meiwa US-1A
1283:
1268:
1256:
1245:Martin SeaMaster
1241:
1226:
1215:Short Sunderland
1211:
1200:Lockheed Neptune
1181:Stroukoff YC-134
1161:Martin SeaMaster
1141:Shin Meiwa US-1A
1129:Short Sunderland
1111:
1096:
1081:
1065:
1049:
1034:
1019:
933:
914:
898:
878:
786:Lockheed JetStar
723:
711:
696:
684:
669:
635:
634:
606:
587:
572:
560:
522:
510:Retractable gear
498:
483:
468:
453:
418:Harrier jump jet
336:
321:
306:
291:
251:
244:
240:
237:
231:
229:
188:
164:
156:
21:
7051:
7050:
7046:
7045:
7044:
7042:
7041:
7040:
7021:
7020:
7019:
7014:
7010:Ram air turbine
6975:Flight recorder
6933:
6912:
6845:
6826:Thrust reversal
6750:
6741:
6712:Radar altimeter
6677:Head-up display
6587:
6576:
6472:Anti-shock body
6454:
6442:
6303:Artificial feel
6285:Flight controls
6279:
6145:Fabric covering
6095:
6091:components and
6086:
6045:
6036:
6034:
6031:Aircraft Design
6026:
6012:
6010:
6002:
5980:
5973:
5969:
5966:
5961:
5951:
5949:
5944:
5943:
5939:
5932:
5908:
5904:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5866:
5862:
5852:
5850:
5848:
5824:
5820:
5810:
5808:
5796:
5792:
5761:
5754:
5740:
5738:
5728:
5724:
5714:
5712:
5702:
5698:
5685:
5683:
5670:
5666:
5652:
5650:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5626:
5624:
5619:
5618:
5614:
5604:
5602:
5587:
5583:
5573:
5571:
5564:
5560:
5550:
5548:
5533:
5529:
5519:
5517:
5507:
5503:
5487:
5485:
5484:on 12 June 2013
5470:
5466:
5456:
5454:
5453:. MayâJune 1997
5446:
5442:
5441:
5437:
5427:
5425:
5417:
5413:
5412:
5401:
5391:
5389:
5386:airspacemag.com
5378:
5365:
5355:
5353:
5343:
5339:
5329:
5327:
5318:
5317:
5313:
5303:
5301:
5291:
5287:
5277:
5275:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5255:
5253:
5245:
5239:
5235:
5225:
5223:
5196:
5190:
5186:
5178:
5172:
5168:
5160:
5156:
5152:MIL87139, p. 24
5151:
5147:
5134:
5130:
5120:
5118:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5098:
5096:
5091:
5090:
5086:
5073:
5069:
5059:
5057:
5046:
5038:
5027:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5006:
5002:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4975:
4966:
4962:
4957:. 30 July 2019.
4949:
4948:
4944:
4931:
4927:
4919:
4915:
4907:
4903:
4892:
4878:
4874:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4846:
4844:
4834:
4830:
4820:
4818:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4797:
4783:
4779:
4771:
4767:
4759:
4755:
4745:
4743:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4720:
4716:
4708:
4702:
4691:
4683:
4679:
4671:
4667:
4659:
4653:
4642:
4634:
4630:
4623:
4609:
4605:
4595:
4593:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4564:
4546:
4542:
4534:
4528:
4517:
4509:
4505:
4492:
4488:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4455:
4451:
4444:
4428:
4424:
4411:
4407:
4396:
4382:
4378:
4367:
4363:
4353:
4351:
4337:
4333:
4329:, p.169 and 190
4320:
4316:
4303:
4299:
4294:. 16 July 2002.
4286:
4285:
4281:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4242:
4238:
4225:. p. 189.
4217:
4213:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4164:
4162:
4155:
4151:
4141:
4139:
4124:
4120:
4109:
4105:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4070:
4068:
4061:
4057:
4048:
4047:
4040:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4013:
4007:
4003:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3967:
3963:
3955:
3949:
3945:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3921:
3919:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3818:
3814:
3801:
3797:
3784:
3780:
3767:
3763:
3750:
3746:
3733:
3729:
3714:
3700:
3696:
3683:
3679:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3641:
3639:
3629:
3605:
3601:
3593:
3587:
3583:
3577:Wayback Machine
3568:
3564:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3535:
3531:
3518:
3514:
3501:
3497:
3484:
3480:
3470:
3468:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3434:
3430:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3373:
3366:
3363:
3354:
3351:
3342:
3335:
3326:
3323:Mars Pathfinder
3319:
3310:
3307:
3293:In the case of
3272:Mars Pathfinder
3264:
3176:space transport
3100:launch vehicles
3076:
3074:Launch vehicles
3071:
3062:numerous deaths
3057:
3051:
3019:
3013:
2993:
2889:
2876:
2837:
2803:
2799:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2770:
2766:
2764:
2755:
2751:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2726:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2625:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2596:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2458:
2454:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2401:
2397:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2362:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2332:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2212:
2208:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2173:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2092:
2083:
2074:
2046:
2037:
2000:
1983:Ground carriage
1980:
1978:Ground carriage
1972:B-36 Peacemaker
1940:
1898:
1885:
1857:
1848:
1808:
1759:
1705:
1703:"Kneeling" gear
1670:
1662:angle of attack
1631:Yakovlev Yak-25
1627:Myasishchev M-4
1590:
1577:
1565:Grumman Bearcat
1501:
1440:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1387:
1372:
1342:
1335:
1329:
1320:
1314:
1305:
1302:Shin Meiwa US-2
1299:
1290:
1284:
1275:
1269:
1260:
1257:
1248:
1242:
1233:
1227:
1218:
1212:
1177:Fairchild C-123
1118:
1112:
1103:
1097:
1088:
1082:
1073:
1068:Non-amphibious
1066:
1057:
1050:
1041:
1035:
1026:
1020:
976:
970:
947:
940:
934:
925:
915:
906:
899:
890:
879:
734:
727:
724:
715:
712:
703:
697:
688:
685:
676:
670:
654:shock absorbers
650:
648:Shock absorbers
643:
636:
623:
618:
607:
598:
588:
579:
573:
564:
561:
514:
512:
505:
499:
490:
484:
475:
469:
460:
454:
343:
337:
328:
322:
313:
307:
298:
292:
280:
252:
241:
235:
232:
189:
187:
177:
165:
154:
123:launch vehicles
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7049:
7039:
7038:
7033:
7016:
7015:
7013:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6995:Landing lights
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6941:
6939:
6935:
6934:
6932:
6931:
6926:
6920:
6918:
6917:Escape systems
6914:
6913:
6911:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6859:
6857:
6855:arresting gear
6847:
6846:
6844:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6811:Splitter plate
6808:
6803:
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6755:
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6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6130:Cruciform tail
6127:
6125:Crack arrestor
6122:
6117:
6112:
6106:
6104:
6097:
6096:
6085:
6084:
6077:
6070:
6062:
6056:
6055:
6043:
6019:
5995:
5978:
5965:
5964:External links
5962:
5960:
5959:
5937:
5930:
5902:
5888:
5860:
5846:
5818:
5790:
5752:
5722:
5696:
5664:
5647:"Landing Legs"
5638:
5621:"Landing Legs"
5612:
5581:
5558:
5527:
5501:
5464:
5435:
5399:
5363:
5347:"Landing Gear"
5337:
5311:
5285:
5274:(Report). NTSB
5263:
5233:
5207:(6): 763â786.
5184:
5166:
5154:
5145:
5128:
5106:
5084:
5067:
5025:
5000:
4989:on 14 May 2014
4960:
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4890:
4872:
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4628:
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4603:
4577:
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4552:. Atglen, PA:
4540:
4526:
4503:
4486:
4466:
4449:
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4422:
4405:
4394:
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4361:
4331:
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4279:
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4251:
4236:
4211:
4197:
4172:
4149:
4132:airvectors.net
4118:
4103:
4078:
4055:
4038:
4001:
3976:
3961:
3943:
3929:
3903:
3892:on 31 May 2019
3867:
3831:
3812:
3795:
3778:
3761:
3744:
3727:
3712:
3694:
3677:
3663:
3649:
3627:
3599:
3581:
3562:
3529:
3512:
3495:
3478:
3462:"Landing gear"
3453:
3446:
3428:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3380:
3372:
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3364:
3357:
3355:
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3345:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3301:
3263:
3260:
3158:space programs
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3053:Main article:
3050:
3047:
3015:Main article:
3012:
3009:
2992:
2989:
2888:
2885:
2875:
2872:
2836:
2833:
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2817:
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2500:
2497:
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2396:
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2207:
2198:
2187:
2181:
2172:
2142:
2129:
2126:
2091:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2052:The nose gear
2045:
2042:
2036:
2033:
1999:
1996:
1979:
1976:
1956:Douglas Boston
1939:
1936:
1919:Junkers Ju 288
1897:
1894:
1884:
1883:Light aircraft
1881:
1856:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1836:Europa Classic
1828:monowheel gear
1807:
1804:
1791:Ilyushin IL-62
1768:Lockheed C-130
1758:
1755:
1704:
1701:
1669:
1666:
1623:B-47 Stratojet
1589:
1586:
1576:
1573:
1546:Heinkel He 219
1538:Aero Commander
1500:
1497:
1439:
1436:
1423:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1386:
1383:
1371:
1368:
1341:
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1120:
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1074:
1067:
1060:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1036:
1029:
1027:
1021:
1014:
972:Main article:
969:
966:
951:Saab 37 Viggen
946:
943:
942:
941:
935:
928:
926:
916:
909:
907:
903:Boeing 747-400
900:
893:
891:
880:
873:
848:Antonov An-124
844:Antonov An-225
776:The prototype
766:cargo aircraft
733:
732:Large aircraft
730:
729:
728:
725:
718:
716:
713:
706:
704:
698:
691:
689:
686:
679:
677:
671:
664:
649:
646:
645:
644:
637:
621:
619:
611:cargo aircraft
608:
601:
599:
589:
582:
580:
574:
567:
565:
562:
555:
528:after take-off
511:
508:
507:
506:
500:
493:
491:
485:
478:
476:
473:Sikorsky CH-54
470:
463:
461:
455:
448:
446:
374:
373:
361:
345:
344:
338:
331:
329:
323:
316:
314:
308:
301:
299:
293:
286:
284:
279:
276:
254:
253:
195:"Landing gear"
168:
166:
159:
153:
150:
81:alighting gear
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7048:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7028:
7026:
7011:
7008:
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7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
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6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6942:
6940:
6938:Other systems
6936:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6924:Ejection seat
6922:
6921:
6919:
6915:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6868:Arrestor hook
6866:
6864:
6863:Aircraft tire
6861:
6860:
6858:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
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6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
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6794:
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6789:
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6782:
6779:
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6759:
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6754:
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6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6667:Glass cockpit
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6602:Air data boom
6600:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6583:
6579:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
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6508:
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6445:
6439:
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6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6383:Rudder pedals
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
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6336:
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6329:
6326:
6324:
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6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
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6290:
6288:
6286:
6282:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6240:Trailing edge
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6220:Stressed skin
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
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6191:
6188:
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6105:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6083:
6078:
6076:
6071:
6069:
6064:
6063:
6060:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6032:
6025:
6020:
6008:
6001:
5996:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5984:
5979:
5972:
5968:
5967:
5947:
5941:
5933:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5914:
5906:
5891:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5872:
5864:
5849:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5830:
5822:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5794:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5759:
5757:
5749:
5737:
5736:Aviation Week
5733:
5726:
5711:
5707:
5700:
5693:
5680:
5675:
5668:
5661:
5648:
5642:
5635:
5622:
5616:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5585:
5569:
5562:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5531:
5516:
5512:
5505:
5498:
5497:
5483:
5479:
5478:The Telegraph
5475:
5468:
5452:
5445:
5439:
5423:
5416:
5410:
5408:
5406:
5404:
5387:
5383:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5352:
5348:
5341:
5325:
5321:
5315:
5300:
5296:
5289:
5273:
5267:
5251:
5244:
5237:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5201:Aeroacoustics
5195:
5188:
5177:
5170:
5163:
5158:
5149:
5142:
5141:0 86720 621 7
5138:
5132:
5116:
5110:
5094:
5088:
5081:
5080:9781906502362
5077:
5071:
5056:
5052:
5045:
5044:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5010:
5004:
4985:
4981:
4974:
4971:(June 2014).
4970:
4964:
4956:
4952:
4946:
4939:
4935:
4929:
4922:
4917:
4910:
4905:
4898:
4893:
4891:0-88740-470-7
4887:
4883:
4876:
4868:
4864:
4858:
4843:
4839:
4836:Cox, Taylor.
4832:
4816:
4812:
4806:
4798:
4796:1-85780-187-3
4792:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4769:
4762:
4757:
4741:
4735:
4728:
4727:0 7106 0748 2
4724:
4718:
4707:
4703:
4701:962-7128-04-X
4697:
4690:
4689:
4681:
4674:
4669:
4658:
4654:
4652:962-7128-04-X
4648:
4641:
4640:
4632:
4624:
4622:0-89747-444-9
4618:
4614:
4607:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4574:
4572:
4565:
4563:0-88740-470-7
4559:
4555:
4551:
4544:
4533:
4529:
4527:962-7128-04-X
4523:
4516:
4515:
4507:
4500:
4496:
4490:
4482:
4478:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4462:0 942612 00 0
4459:
4453:
4445:
4439:
4435:
4434:
4426:
4420:, pp. 106/107
4419:
4415:
4409:
4402:
4397:
4395:0-88740-470-7
4391:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4370:
4365:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4335:
4328:
4327:0 517 56749 0
4324:
4318:
4311:
4310:1 84415 241 3
4307:
4301:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4275:
4269:
4261:
4255:
4247:
4240:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4223:
4215:
4207:
4201:
4182:
4176:
4160:
4153:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4122:
4114:
4107:
4088:
4082:
4066:
4059:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4023:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3986:
3980:
3972:
3965:
3954:
3947:
3939:
3933:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3888:
3884:
3877:
3871:
3852:
3848:
3841:
3835:
3827:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3792:
3791:0 7106 0346 0
3788:
3782:
3775:
3774:0 7603 0889 6
3771:
3765:
3757:
3756:
3748:
3741:
3740:1 58007 042 6
3737:
3731:
3724:
3722:
3715:
3713:0-88740-470-7
3709:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3690:0 06 088241 7
3687:
3681:
3673:
3667:
3659:
3653:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3603:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3570:Article title
3566:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3510:, pp. 193/194
3509:
3508:0-921022-01-8
3505:
3499:
3493:, pp. 197â205
3492:
3488:
3482:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3449:
3447:9780850451634
3443:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3424:0-632-01877-1
3421:
3415:
3411:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3361:
3356:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3337:Comet lander
3333:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3312:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3227:working fluid
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3128:that use the
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3080:
3066:
3063:
3056:
3046:
3042:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3008:
3005:
3000:
2998:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2975:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2936:O-2 Skymaster
2933:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2921:belly landing
2913:
2912:KĆchi Airport
2909:
2904:
2897:
2893:
2884:
2880:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2832:
2815:
2812:
2800:
2796:
2787:
2776:
2767:
2752:
2748:
2739:
2732:
2723:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2673:
2653:
2631:
2622:
2593:
2572:
2565:is the drag,
2552:
2545:is the lift,
2532:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2484:
2475:
2468:
2455:
2451:
2442:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2398:
2394:
2385:
2374:
2368:
2359:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2295:
2268:
2247:
2224:
2221:
2209:
2205:
2196:
2185:
2179:
2170:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2140:
2125:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2096:
2087:
2078:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2050:
2041:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1906:
1902:
1893:
1891:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1871:Experimental
1866:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1812:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1674:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1598:
1594:
1588:Tandem layout
1585:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1534:Junkers Ju 88
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1510:
1505:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1464:
1459:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1435:
1428:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:Northrop T-38
1392:
1382:
1380:
1379:Tupolev Tu-22
1375:
1370:In-flight use
1367:
1364:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1346:landing flare
1333:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1262:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1230:Kawanishi H8K
1225:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1170:
1169:Kawanishi H8K
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:Martin Marlin
1154:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1137:Martin Marlin
1132:
1130:
1126:
1125:Kawanishi H8K
1116:
1115:Schweizer 300
1110:
1105:
1101:
1100:Sikorsky HH-3
1095:
1090:
1087:with sponsons
1086:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
999:
994:
992:
987:
985:
981:
975:
965:
963:
958:
956:
952:
945:STOL aircraft
939:
932:
927:
924:
920:
919:undercarriage
913:
908:
904:
897:
892:
888:
884:
877:
872:
871:
870:
868:
864:
855:
851:
849:
845:
841:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
782:
779:
778:Convair XB-36
774:
771:
767:
762:
759:
755:
751:
750:loading limit
747:
738:
722:
717:
710:
705:
702:
695:
690:
683:
678:
674:
668:
663:
662:
661:
659:
655:
641:
620:
616:
612:
605:
600:
596:
592:
586:
581:
577:
571:
566:
559:
554:
553:
552:
549:
544:
540:
537:
535:
527:
504:
497:
492:
489:
482:
477:
474:
467:
462:
459:
452:
447:
444:
443:
442:
440:
436:
432:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
397:
393:
389:
384:
380:
371:
367:
366:
362:
359:
358:"taildragger"
355:
354:
350:
349:
348:
342:
335:
330:
327:
326:AV-8B Harrier
320:
315:
312:
305:
300:
297:
290:
285:
282:
281:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
250:
247:
239:
228:
225:
221:
218:
214:
211:
207:
204:
200:
197: â
196:
192:
191:Find sources:
185:
181:
175:
174:
169:This section
167:
163:
158:
157:
149:
147:
146:HĂ©roux-Devtek
143:
139:
135:
130:
128:
124:
119:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
52:
47:
41:
40:
35:
30:
19:
6960:Deicing boot
6888:Landing gear
6887:
6850:
6831:Townend ring
6821:Thrust lever
6796:NACA cowling
6761:Autothrottle
6753:fuel systems
6751:devices and
6542:Stall strips
6512:Krueger flap
6482:Channel wing
6428:Wing warping
6418:Stick shaker
6413:Stick pusher
6333:Dual control
6318:Centre stick
6185:Leading edge
6155:Flying wires
6115:Cabane strut
6050:
6035:. Retrieved
6030:
6011:. Retrieved
6006:
5991:
5982:
5950:. Retrieved
5940:
5912:
5905:
5893:. Retrieved
5870:
5863:
5851:. Retrieved
5828:
5821:
5809:. Retrieved
5803:
5793:
5768:
5764:
5746:
5739:. Retrieved
5735:
5725:
5713:. Retrieved
5709:
5699:
5691:
5684:. Retrieved
5679:the original
5667:
5658:
5651:. Retrieved
5641:
5632:
5625:. Retrieved
5615:
5603:. Retrieved
5599:the original
5594:
5584:
5572:. Retrieved
5561:
5549:. Retrieved
5545:the original
5540:
5530:
5518:. Retrieved
5514:
5504:
5494:
5493:
5486:. Retrieved
5482:the original
5477:
5467:
5455:. Retrieved
5438:
5426:. Retrieved
5421:
5390:. Retrieved
5385:
5354:. Retrieved
5350:
5340:
5328:. Retrieved
5324:the original
5314:
5302:. Retrieved
5298:
5288:
5276:. Retrieved
5266:
5254:. Retrieved
5249:
5236:
5224:. Retrieved
5204:
5200:
5187:
5169:
5157:
5148:
5131:
5119:. Retrieved
5109:
5097:. Retrieved
5087:
5070:
5058:. Retrieved
5042:
5016:. Retrieved
5003:
4991:. Retrieved
4984:the original
4979:
4963:
4954:
4945:
4928:
4916:
4904:
4895:
4881:
4875:
4866:
4857:
4845:. Retrieved
4841:
4831:
4819:. Retrieved
4815:the original
4805:
4786:
4780:
4768:
4756:
4744:. Retrieved
4734:
4717:
4706:the original
4687:
4680:
4668:
4657:the original
4638:
4631:
4612:
4606:
4594:. Retrieved
4590:the original
4580:
4567:
4549:
4543:
4532:the original
4513:
4506:
4489:
4475:
4469:
4452:
4432:
4425:
4408:
4399:
4385:
4379:
4371:
4364:
4352:. Retrieved
4348:the original
4334:
4317:
4300:
4291:
4282:
4268:
4254:
4239:
4221:
4214:
4200:
4188:. Retrieved
4175:
4163:. Retrieved
4152:
4140:. Retrieved
4131:
4121:
4106:
4094:. Retrieved
4081:
4069:. Retrieved
4058:
4029:. Retrieved
4022:the original
4017:
4004:
3992:. Retrieved
3979:
3964:
3946:
3932:
3920:. Retrieved
3915:
3906:
3894:. Retrieved
3887:the original
3870:
3858:. Retrieved
3851:the original
3834:
3825:
3815:
3798:
3781:
3764:
3754:
3747:
3730:
3717:
3703:
3697:
3680:
3671:
3666:
3652:
3640:. Retrieved
3609:
3602:
3584:
3565:
3553:. Retrieved
3546:the original
3532:
3515:
3498:
3481:
3469:. Retrieved
3465:
3456:
3437:
3431:
3414:
3322:
3294:
3292:
3285:
3283:
3276:
3265:
3253:
3243:
3219:carbon fiber
3215:Falcon Heavy
3208:
3170:
3155:governmental
3129:
3097:
3090:
3058:
3043:
3020:
3001:
2994:
2978:
2971:
2944:
2929:
2917:
2881:
2877:
2861:
2854:
2850:
2838:
2830:
2524:
2320:
2239:
2131:
2128:Gear loading
2119:
2084:
2075:
2066:taildraggers
2059:
2038:
2026:
2024:
2015:
2001:
1992:Arado Ar 234
1981:
1941:
1912:
1910:
1896:Folding gear
1886:
1870:
1849:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1788:
1764:Douglas C-54
1760:
1757:Tail support
1748:
1740:Lockheed C-5
1737:
1719:jet fighters
1713:
1709:Arado Ar 232
1706:
1693:
1689:Etrich Taube
1685:Bleriot VIII
1682:
1653:crab landing
1651:
1619:Martin XB-48
1612:
1604:
1602:
1578:
1554:
1518:Curtiss P-40
1514:
1493:Lockheed U-2
1484:Arado Ar 234
1479:
1471:
1467:
1455:
1449:
1433:
1403:Northrop F-5
1399:Grumman X-29
1388:
1376:
1373:
1365:
1358:
1343:
1196:Douglas DC-4
1189:
1173:
1146:
1133:
1121:
1085:Dornier Do X
1070:Short Solent
1038:Nakajima E8N
1006:
1002:
995:
988:
977:
959:
948:
860:
837:
810:
806:Lockheed C-5
783:
775:
770:Arado Ar 232
763:
743:
651:
545:
541:
538:
533:
531:
503:Robinson R44
486:Quadricycle
458:Sikorsky R-4
433:
426:
414:Lockheed U-2
407:
378:
375:
363:
357:
351:
346:
339:Quadricycle
257:
242:
233:
223:
216:
209:
202:
190:
178:Please help
173:verification
170:
131:
120:
116:
93:
88:
80:
57:Landing gear
56:
55:
39:Landing Gear
38:
29:
6908:Tundra tire
6791:Intake ramp
6722:Transponder
6507:Gurney flap
6448:Aerodynamic
6363:Fly-by-wire
6245:Triple tail
6037:14 November
5771:(1): 2â11.
4993:28 February
4923:- 2630.html
4911:- 2372.html
4571:wheel track
4372:Aerostories
3922:22 November
3896:24 November
3860:24 November
3826:gizmodo.com
3742:, pp. 14/15
3721:wheel track
3471:30 November
3388:Tundra tire
3199:Grasshopper
3183:competition
3151:spaceflight
3126:spaceplanes
3109:(e.g., the
2997:pyrotechnic
2925:prop strike
2020:Cirrus SR22
2004:Taildragger
1879:operation.
1846:Helicopters
1714:Some early
1413:Other types
1317:Beriev A-40
1272:Harbin SH-5
1153:Beriev A-40
1052:Amphibious
1008:Helicopters
980:flying boat
923:Airbus A380
840:Airbus A380
833:Airbus A350
821:Airbus A340
758:World War I
658:oleo struts
445:Helicopters
437:use skids,
435:Helicopters
422:Boeing B-52
388:tail strike
268:maintenance
34:semitrailer
7025:Categories
6898:Oleo strut
6786:Inlet cone
6781:Gascolator
6747:Propulsion
6737:Yaw string
6732:Variometer
6588:instrument
6567:Wing fence
6502:Gouge flap
6477:Blown flap
6433:Yaw damper
6408:Stabilator
6393:Side-stick
6328:Dive brake
6215:Stabilizer
6190:Lift strut
6180:Jury strut
6013:2 November
5952:6 November
5895:6 November
5853:6 November
5551:26 October
5541:Space News
5520:26 October
5488:26 October
5428:6 November
5392:6 November
5304:13 January
5278:6 November
5256:6 November
5226:6 November
5121:6 November
5099:6 November
5060:25 October
5018:6 November
4746:6 November
4675:FIGURE B-6
4596:23 January
4190:6 November
4165:6 November
4142:5 February
4096:6 November
4071:6 November
3994:6 November
3642:6 November
3407:References
3255:Starhopper
3162:expendable
3104:suborbital
3092:Starhopper
3069:Spacecraft
3022:Rotorcraft
2953:, flights
2940:fiberglass
1873:tailsitter
1855:Tailsitter
1678:Blériot XI
1438:Detachable
1430:Wheel-skis
1023:Cessna 208
991:floatplane
829:Boeing 777
802:Boeing 747
794:Boeing 727
701:Mooney M20
673:Oleo strut
609:High-wing
548:Boeing 747
526:Boeing 727
396:Boeing 727
370:PZL.37 ĆoĆ
311:Cessna 152
236:April 2018
206:newspapers
65:spacecraft
51:Boeing 747
6873:Autobrake
6801:NACA duct
6776:Fuel tank
6766:Drop tank
6749:controls,
6632:Astrodome
6622:Altimeter
6487:Dog-tooth
6452:high-lift
6403:Spoileron
6388:Servo tab
6368:Gust lock
6323:Deceleron
6308:Autopilot
6265:Wing root
6250:Twin tail
6235:Tailplane
6170:Hardpoint
6140:Empennage
6103:structure
6051:AeroSavvy
5765:New Space
5595:SpaceNews
5574:23 August
5181:(Report).
4863:"Ju288ăźè"
4842:helis.com
4729:, p. 394
3637:114292835
3138:, or the
3049:Stowaways
2887:Accidents
2493:−
2417:−
2110:Luftwaffe
2012:prop wash
1960:Piper Cub
1806:Monowheel
1796:castering
1716:U.S. Navy
1401:from the
1102:on water
640:Lancaster
638:Video of
309:Tricycle
296:Piper Cub
283:Airplanes
140:(part of
108:airspeeds
6841:Wet wing
6816:Throttle
6562:Vortilon
6423:Trim tab
6353:Flaperon
6343:Elevator
6298:Airbrake
6270:Wing tip
6195:Longeron
6165:Fuselage
6101:Airframe
6089:Aircraft
5988:Archived
5741:27 April
5715:25 April
5653:2 August
5605:3 August
5299:NBC News
5221:55847377
5143:, p. 376
5082:, p. 177
5055:39005288
4980:iata.org
4476:The B-47
4342:(n.d.).
4136:Archived
4031:10 March
3810:, p. 135
3692:, p. 129
3573:Archived
3371:See also
3246:Starship
3211:Falcon 9
3203:F9R Dev1
3178:, where
2857:nitrogen
1998:Steering
1914:Bomber B
1800:pushback
1781:Unladen
1744:Transall
1542:nacelles
1397:and the
1361:ski-jump
984:sponsons
974:Seaplane
887:fuselage
883:A340-600
615:sponsons
439:pontoons
403:Concorde
379:unstable
324:Bicycle
264:airframe
152:Aircraft
114:effect.
61:aircraft
6851:Landing
6642:Compass
6590:systems
6582:Avionic
6572:Winglet
6455:devices
6398:Spoiler
6293:Aileron
6275:Wingbox
6200:Nacelle
6150:Fairing
6093:systems
5773:Bibcode
5627:30 July
5457:15 June
5422:faa.gov
4847:3 March
4501:, p. 32
4483:. 1950.
3793:, p. 11
3579:TABLE 1
3527:, p. 17
3426:, p. 63
3262:Landers
3239:routine
3225:as the
3187:emerged
3173:private
3147:orbital
3004:gravity
1938:Tracked
1824:gliders
1458:takeoff
1447:Me 163B
1151:to the
863:A321neo
501:Skided
266:direct
220:scholar
77:landing
73:takeoff
69:taxiing
6586:flight
6547:Strake
6378:Rudder
6348:Elevon
6313:Canard
6255:V-tail
6230:T-tail
6160:Former
6120:Canopy
5928:
5886:
5844:
5811:3 June
5356:13 May
5330:13 May
5219:
5164:, p. 5
5139:
5078:
5053:
4940:, p.17
4936:
4888:
4821:13 May
4793:
4725:
4698:
4649:
4619:
4560:
4524:
4497:
4464:, p. 2
4460:
4440:
4416:
4392:
4354:13 May
4325:
4312:, p.71
4308:
3918:. 1967
3883:Airbus
3847:Airbus
3806:
3789:
3776:, p.29
3772:
3738:
3710:
3688:
3635:
3625:
3555:23 May
3523:
3506:
3489:
3444:
3422:
3339:Philae
3295:Philae
3287:Philae
3223:helium
3191:SpaceX
3111:Masten
2525:where
2240:where
2081:Tiller
2054:tiller
2044:Direct
2035:Rudder
2028:tiller
2008:rudder
1988:Me 163
1954:and a
1927:Allied
1905:Ju 288
1658:rotate
1635:Yak-28
1606:tandem
1536:. The
1489:Allied
1480:Gigant
921:of an
889:belly.
752:. The
746:runway
595:bogies
420:. The
399:trijet
222:
215:
208:
201:
193:
144:) and
112:tripod
100:floats
6771:FADEC
6657:EICAS
6532:Slats
6373:HOTAS
6225:Strut
6027:(PDF)
6003:(PDF)
5974:(PDF)
5686:2 May
5447:(PDF)
5418:(PDF)
5246:(PDF)
5217:S2CID
5197:(PDF)
5179:(PDF)
5047:(PDF)
5012:(PDF)
4987:(PDF)
4976:(PDF)
4709:(PDF)
4692:(PDF)
4660:(PDF)
4643:(PDF)
4535:(PDF)
4518:(PDF)
4184:(PDF)
4090:(PDF)
4025:(PDF)
4014:(PDF)
3988:(PDF)
3956:(PDF)
3890:(PDF)
3879:(PDF)
3854:(PDF)
3843:(PDF)
3633:S2CID
3594:(PDF)
3549:(PDF)
3542:(PDF)
3024:with
2122:tires
1944:Dowty
1783:Il-62
1472:Komet
1450:Komet
1131:III.
825:bogie
817:MD-11
227:JSTOR
213:books
6853:and
6717:TCAS
6697:ISIS
6652:EFIS
6597:ACAS
6584:and
6537:Slot
6497:Flap
6450:and
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