372:
41:
241:
464:
360:
403:
388:
415:
233:
444:
505:
491:
476:
429:
253:
1933:
69:
345:
62:
2600:
2325:
921:
599:
Vella, 2000, pp. 34–35: "The monumental report dedicated to Oumm el-‘Amed is by far one of the most detailed accounts of an excavation in the
Phoenician heartland. The site is well known in the general literature, with entries in all the recently published research aids on Phoenician history, and the
371:
260:
Umm Al Amad was apparently built in the
Persian or Hellenistic period, although some scholars have argued for earlier. No buildings from the Roman era were discovered, but there is evidence for Byzantine reoccupation. The original name of the site is uncertain, but may have been Hammon
316:, whose memory lives on in a nearby valley known as Wadi Hamol (the Valley of Hamol). The site still contains the remnants of two important temples, as well as other buildings, dating back to the 2nd and 3rd century B.C., and represents the last of
387:
504:
463:
839:
The Survey of
Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E. H. Palmer
1859:
359:
443:
402:
213:. The site contains two temples, the Temple of Milk‘ashtart and the Eastern Temple with Throne Chapel, which are estimated to have been built between 287 and 222 BCE.
909:
47:
428:
414:
1852:
301:
475:
887:
645:
Vella, 2000, p. 31: "Ernest Renan was there in 1861 but abandoned the excavations he undertook when he noted that the site was of
Hellenistic date."
308:
There are the remains of the city known as Oum Al-Amed, dating back to the 2nd century B.C., if not earlier. The city was a religious center for a
826:
1845:
902:
490:
40:
2398:
240:
109:
193:. It was discovered by Europeans in the 1770s, and was excavated in 1861. It is one of the most excavated archaeological sites in the
304:, the long-time chief archaeologist for Southern Lebanon of the Directorate-General of Antiquities at the Ministry of Culture, said:
2668:
895:
2314:
281:
61:
2235:
772:
733:
691:
1897:
344:
917:
878:
1261:
232:
757:
2292:
2281:
2004:
1026:
1781:
753:
549:
2220:
786:
658:
20:
2678:
2673:
2307:
2190:
1969:
1959:
1917:
1766:
1466:
847:
217:
818:
2230:
2170:
843:
782:
309:
205:
The Umm Al Amad site measures more than six hectares. Numerous artefacts from the site are held at the
588:
2175:
1932:
1716:
1366:
394:
378:
252:
206:
262:
2074:
2024:
1902:
1111:
1086:
778:
The Survey of
Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology
269:
245:
2225:
1964:
654:
291:
described the site as "extensive ruins" and noted "traces of aqueducts origin water to birkets".
288:
2300:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2200:
2114:
1771:
1396:
925:
768:
511:
454:
420:
273:
882:
2647:
2265:
2205:
2034:
2019:
1676:
1671:
1431:
1426:
1306:
976:
723:
2616:
2069:
1922:
1176:
2324:
294:
Eustache de Lorey excavated the site in 1921, but published only photographs of his work.
8:
2534:
2451:
2185:
1892:
1887:
1701:
1686:
1481:
1421:
837:
833:
776:
496:
325:
182:
1837:
2180:
1726:
1036:
600:
reconstructions of the temples have served as benchmarks for the study of other sites."
566:
179:
812:
2496:
2332:
2119:
1954:
1912:
1907:
1756:
1516:
1511:
1441:
981:
729:
687:
482:
350:
97:
854:
Vella, Nicholas, "Defining
Phoenician Religious Space: Oumm el-'Amed Reconsidered",
2403:
2139:
2104:
2054:
1761:
1381:
1371:
1311:
1266:
1221:
1151:
1121:
1101:
859:
679:
558:
540:
2322:
808:
2621:
2393:
2363:
2149:
1786:
1681:
1631:
1601:
1581:
1551:
1526:
1521:
1471:
1436:
1351:
1126:
817:(in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale. p.
798:
681:
159:
680:
Eric M. Meyers; American
Schools of Oriental Research (1997). "Maurice Dunand".
2574:
2481:
2134:
2079:
2009:
1816:
1751:
1731:
1666:
1636:
1586:
1566:
1561:
1541:
1531:
1506:
1386:
1346:
1256:
1146:
996:
794:
295:
284:. He stopped when he found the remains were no older than the Hellenistic age.
2662:
2343:
2328:
2210:
2144:
1949:
1791:
1721:
1656:
1611:
1576:
1401:
1166:
1161:
1106:
1091:
1001:
124:
111:
93:
2456:
2099:
1746:
1736:
1706:
1696:
1661:
1651:
1646:
1621:
1606:
1596:
1571:
1546:
1301:
1286:
1216:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1076:
1066:
863:
435:
277:
2599:
2564:
2358:
2215:
1806:
1741:
1711:
1641:
1591:
1411:
1341:
1241:
991:
313:
2584:
2569:
2559:
2539:
2441:
2421:
2408:
2109:
2089:
2049:
2014:
1989:
1821:
1801:
1691:
1616:
1536:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1456:
1406:
1296:
1211:
1136:
1041:
1016:
1011:
966:
961:
570:
800:
Oumm el-ʾAmed: une ville de l'époque hellénistique aux échelles de Tyr
545:
Oumm el-'Amed, une ville de l'époque hellénistique aux échelles de Tyr
2626:
2549:
2446:
2388:
2094:
2084:
2039:
1626:
1556:
1501:
1361:
1356:
1336:
1326:
1276:
1246:
1226:
1141:
1061:
1051:
814:
Description Géographique
Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine
317:
221:
194:
562:
2514:
2509:
2486:
2461:
2368:
2195:
2154:
1984:
1811:
1316:
1271:
1251:
1116:
956:
276:
explored the site in 1853. The site was first excavated in 1861 by
1826:
725:
Phoenicia, Ur, and
Carthage: Artifacts, Inscriptions, Slabs, Sites
2529:
2519:
2501:
2491:
2471:
2466:
2431:
2426:
2064:
1882:
1476:
1461:
1416:
1391:
1331:
1321:
1291:
1236:
1231:
1186:
1156:
1071:
1046:
1031:
971:
936:
920:
329:
190:
186:
89:
2589:
2579:
2436:
2413:
2383:
2378:
2124:
2059:
2029:
1994:
1446:
1281:
1131:
1096:
1081:
1056:
986:
946:
450:
268:
Umm Al Amad was first depicted in modern times in the 1780s by
210:
2554:
2544:
2476:
2373:
2129:
1974:
1776:
1451:
951:
941:
321:
711:(4th ed.). Beirut: Al-Athar Magazine. pp. 138–140.
220:
have been found at the site depicting upright people in an "
2524:
2044:
1999:
1979:
1206:
1181:
1171:
1021:
1006:
381:: "To Baalshamar, son of 'Abdosir... chief of the porters"
1867:
1376:
721:
827:
683:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East
48:
The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia
589:
The Phoenician's Route, LAU-Louis Cardahi Foundation
377:
Funerary stele with a Phoenician inscription in the
298:led excavations at the site between 1943 and 1945.
673:
2660:
767:
469:Reconstruction of a sphinx found in Umm al-Amad
393:A statue with a Phoenician inscription in the
328:were discovered on the site, and an important
2308:
1853:
903:
715:
68:
844:Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund
783:Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund
2315:
2301:
1860:
1846:
910:
896:
793:
224:gesture", all dating from 100 to 400 BCE.
39:
535:
533:
531:
529:
312:, especially that of the Phoenician god
251:
239:
231:
2221:List of Christian cathedrals in Lebanon
539:
510:Funerary stele of "Baalyaton" from the
365:Reconstruction of the Throne of Astarte
2661:
832:
807:
758:La stele phenicienne d'umm el-'Aouamid
706:
526:
320:under the rule of the Greeks. Several
2296:
2278:UNESCO World Heritage Sites Proposed
2236:Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral
1868:Roman archaeological sites in Lebanon
1841:
891:
584:
582:
580:
877:Survey of Western Palestine, Map 3:
858:, volume 37, 2000, pp. 27–55,
803:. Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient.
163:
16:Greek ruins in Umm al-Amad, Lebanon
13:
2598:
746:
659:Volume 1, Galilee, Kh. Umm el Amud
577:
547:by Maurice Dunand, Raymond Duru".
256:Ruins of the Eastern temple (2019)
14:
2690:
2155:Roman temple to Venus in Yammoune
871:
722:Maximillien De Lafayette (2011).
2323:
1931:
919:
503:
489:
474:
462:
442:
434:Various artefacts discovered by
427:
413:
401:
386:
370:
358:
343:
67:
60:
2669:Archaeological sites in Lebanon
2282:Category:Roman sites in Lebanon
926:Archaeological sites in Lebanon
762:Recueil d'archéologie orientale
700:
664:
457:on the left is from Umm al-Amad
2055:Khirbet El-Knese roman temples
1782:Tripolis (region of Phoenicia)
850:("the ruin with the columns").
764:, volume V, 1902, pp. 1–8
648:
639:
630:
621:
612:
603:
593:
550:Journal of Biblical Literature
200:
1:
829:", ZDPV 130: 77–95, Taf. 3–11
408:A close-up of the inscription
856:Ancient Near Eastern Studies
519:
45:Ruins in 1839, published in
21:Umm al-Amad (disambiguation)
7:
2211:Saint Barbara of Heliopolis
2191:Stone of the Pregnant Woman
2130:Colonia Aurelia Pia "Sidon"
1970:Temples of the Beqaa Valley
1960:Temple of Jupiter (Baalbek)
1923:Roman Law school of Berytus
1918:Roman hippodrome of Berytus
1467:Stone of the Pregnant Woman
1427:Roman hippodrome of Berytus
707:Badawi, Ali Khalil (2018).
686:. Oxford University Press.
218:Phoenician Adoration steles
10:
2695:
2231:Catholic Church in Lebanon
618:Michelau, 2014, pp. 77–95.
336:
236:Umm al-Amad on an 1880 map
227:
18:
2635:
2610:Palestinian refugee camps
2609:
2596:
2351:
2339:
2274:
2176:Phoenice (Roman province)
2163:
2035:Mansourieh Roman aqueduct
1940:
1929:
1908:Berytus Colonnaded street
1898:Cisterns of Berytus Baths
1873:
1717:Tell Shaikh Hassan al Rai
1367:Phoenician port of Beirut
1287:Lake Qaraoun (Ain Jaouze)
932:
395:National Museum of Beirut
379:National Museum of Beirut
207:National Museum of Beirut
145:
140:
103:
84:
55:
38:
31:
2135:Temnin el-Foka nymphaeum
2075:Monastery of Saint Maron
2025:Canalizations of Zenobia
1087:Canalizations of Zenobia
797:; Duru, Raymond (1962).
728:. Lulu.com. p. 41.
32:
2226:Christianity in Lebanon
1990:Ain Harcha roman temple
1965:Temples of Mount Hermon
1903:Berytus Cardo Decumanus
1272:Kouachra megalith field
1162:Heliopolis in Phoenicia
781:. Vol. 1. London:
754:Clermont-Ganneau, C. S.
655:PEF Survey of Palestine
326:Phoenician inscriptions
289:PEF Survey of Palestine
244:Ruins in the 1780s, by
2603:
2261:6th century in Lebanon
2256:5th century in Lebanon
2251:4th century in Lebanon
2246:3rd century in Lebanon
2241:2nd century in Lebanon
2201:Marcus Valerius Probus
1888:Roman Forum of Berytus
1772:Temple of the Obelisks
1422:Roman Forum of Berytus
1322:Mdoukha (Jebel Kassir)
1072:Berytus (Roman Beirut)
864:10.2143/ANES.37.0.1081
512:Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek
421:Baalshamem inscription
334:
265:) or Alexandrouskene.
257:
249:
237:
2648:Ladder of the Tyrians
2602:
2266:551 Beirut earthquake
2206:Eudokia of Heliopolis
2140:Tripolis in Phoenicia
1432:Roman temple of Bziza
977:Akkar plain foothills
825:Michelau, H., 2014: "
306:
287:In 1881, the British
270:Louis-François Cassas
255:
246:Louis-François Cassas
243:
235:
2125:Schleem roman temple
2105:Qal'at Bustra temple
2070:Monastery of Qozhaya
2065:Libbaya roman temple
541:Mellink, Machteld J.
76:Shown within Lebanon
19:For other uses, see
2452:Deir Qanoun En Nahr
2186:Phoenice Libanensis
2060:Labweh Roman temple
1893:Berytus Roman Baths
1687:Tell Rasm El Hadeth
543:(September 1965). "
497:Phoenician sun dial
481:Sphinx head from a
282:Mission de Phénicie
183:archaeological site
121: /
28:
2679:Phoenician temples
2674:Temples in Lebanon
2604:
2352:Towns and villages
2181:Palaestina Secunda
2080:Nahle roman temple
2050:Kafr Zabad temples
1727:Tell Sultan Yakoub
1677:Tell Neba'a Litani
1672:Tell Neba'a Chaate
1037:Baidar ech Chamout
636:Vella, 2000, p. 31
609:Vella, 2000, p. 32
318:Phoenician culture
258:
250:
238:
180:Hellenistic period
125:33.128°N 35.1535°E
26:
2656:
2655:
2333:South Governorate
2290:
2289:
2120:Saraain El Faouqa
1955:Temple of Bacchus
1913:Byzantine mosaics
1835:
1834:
1767:Temple of Jupiter
1757:Temple of Bacchus
1517:Tell Ain Ghessali
1512:Tell Ain el Meten
1442:Saraain El Faouqa
883:Wikimedia commons
735:978-1-257-83653-6
693:978-0-19-511216-0
670:Vella, 2000, p.31
627:Vella, 2000, p.32
483:Throne of Astarte
351:Throne of Astarte
274:Melchior de Vogüé
185:near the town of
153:
152:
2686:
2404:Borj Ech Chemali
2327:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2294:
2293:
2085:Nebi Safa temple
2040:Hebbariye temple
1995:Amioun Monastery
1943:(actual Lebanon)
1935:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1839:
1838:
1762:Temple of Eshmun
1372:Plain of Zgharta
1312:Maronite mummies
1267:Khirbet El-Knese
1222:Kamouh el Hermel
1152:Haret ech Cheikh
1122:Douris (Baalbek)
1102:Deir El Aachayer
924:
923:
912:
905:
898:
889:
888:
851:
822:
804:
790:
740:
739:
719:
713:
712:
704:
698:
697:
677:
671:
668:
662:
652:
646:
643:
637:
634:
628:
625:
619:
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601:
597:
591:
586:
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574:
537:
507:
493:
478:
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446:
431:
417:
405:
390:
374:
362:
347:
165:
136:
135:
133:
132:
131:
126:
122:
119:
118:
117:
114:
71:
70:
64:
43:
29:
25:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2631:
2622:Burj el-Shemali
2605:
2594:
2364:Aalma ech Chaab
2347:
2335:
2321:
2291:
2286:
2270:
2159:
2150:Tyre Necropolis
2115:Castra El Banat
1985:Ain Aata temple
1942:
1941:Roman Phoenicia
1936:
1927:
1876:(actual Beirut)
1875:
1869:
1866:
1836:
1831:
1787:Tyre Necropolis
1682:Tell Qasr Labwe
1632:Tell Kabb Elias
1602:Tell Hoch Rafqa
1582:Tell El Ghassil
1552:Tell Bir Dakoue
1527:Tell Ain Saouda
1522:Tell Ain Nfaikh
1472:Tahun ben Aissa
1437:Sands of Beirut
1177:Jabal es Saaïdé
1127:Elaea (Lebanon)
1112:Deir Mar Maroun
928:
918:
916:
874:
869:
773:Kitchener, H.H.
749:
747:General sources
744:
743:
736:
720:
716:
705:
701:
694:
678:
674:
669:
665:
653:
649:
644:
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635:
631:
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613:
608:
604:
598:
594:
587:
578:
563:10.2307/3265046
538:
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508:
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438:
432:
423:
418:
409:
406:
397:
391:
382:
375:
366:
363:
354:
348:
339:
310:Phoenician cult
230:
203:
130:33.128; 35.1535
129:
127:
123:
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115:
112:
110:
108:
107:
80:
79:
78:
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74:
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51:
34:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2624:
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2613:
2611:
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2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2504:
2499:
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2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1752:Temnin el-Foka
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1732:Tell Taalabaya
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1667:Tell Nahariyah
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1637:Tell Majdaloun
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1587:Tell El Hadeth
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1567:Tell Derzenoun
1564:
1562:Tell Delhamieh
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1542:Tell Bar Elias
1539:
1534:
1532:Tell Ain Sofar
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1507:Tell Ain Cerif
1504:
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2030:Dakoue temple
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2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
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2005:Augusti Pagus
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2000:Arca Caesarea
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1402:Ras Baalbek I
1400:
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1397:Qasr el Banat
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1382:Qal'at Bustra
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1167:Hermel plains
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1107:Deir Al-Ahmar
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1092:Dahr El Ahmar
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1027:Augusti Pagus
1025:
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1002:Antelias cave
1000:
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834:Palmer, E. H.
831:
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769:Conder, C. R.
766:
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751:
737:
731:
727:
726:
718:
710:
703:
695:
689:
685:
684:
676:
667:
661:, pp. 181–184
660:
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455:ionic capital
452:
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425:
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411:
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373:
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353:in the Louvre
352:
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341:
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331:
330:sundial stone
327:
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98:South Lebanon
95:
94:Tyre District
91:
87:
83:
63:
54:
50:
49:
42:
37:
30:
22:
2642:
2457:Halloussiyeh
2342:
2110:Castra Chbib
2100:Qalaat Faqra
2020:Bziza temple
2010:Bakka temple
1975:Aaqbe temple
1796:
1747:Tell Zeitoun
1737:Tell Wardeen
1707:Tell Saoudhi
1702:Tell Safiyeh
1697:Tell Saatiya
1662:Tell Murtafa
1652:Tell Meouchi
1647:Tell Mekhada
1622:Tell Jezireh
1607:Tell Karmita
1597:Tell Hazzine
1572:Tell Dibbine
1547:Tell Beshara
1352:Neba'a Faour
1302:Majdal Anjar
1217:Kamid el-Loz
1202:Joub Jannine
1197:Jeita Grotto
1192:Jebel Aabeby
1147:Hadeth south
1077:Bustan Birke
1067:Belat temple
855:
838:
813:
799:
777:
761:
724:
717:
708:
702:
682:
675:
666:
650:
641:
632:
623:
614:
605:
595:
554:
548:
544:
436:Ernest Renan
307:
300:
293:
286:
278:Ernest Renan
267:
263:Joshua 19:28
259:
215:
204:
175:
171:
168:Umm el 'Amed
167:
155:
154:
46:
2643:Umm al-Amad
2565:Tayr Falsay
2506:Majdel Zoun
2359:Aabbassiyeh
2216:Coele-Syria
2045:Iaat column
1807:Wadi Yaroun
1797:Umm al-Amad
1742:Tell Zenoub
1712:Tell Serhan
1642:Tell Masoud
1592:Tell Fadous
1412:Ras El Kelb
1342:Nachcharini
1242:Kafr Tebnit
992:Amlaq Qatih
785:. pp.
201:Description
197:heartland.
156:Umm Al Amad
149:287–222 BCE
128: /
104:Coordinates
27:Umm al-Amad
2663:Categories
2585:Zalloutieh
2570:Tayr Harfa
2560:Tayr Debba
2540:Rechknanay
2535:Ras al-Ain
2442:Deir Aames
2422:Chehabiyeh
2409:Borj Rahal
2015:Batroumine
1950:Heliopolis
1822:Ain W Zain
1802:Wadi Koura
1692:Tell Rayak
1617:Tell Kirri
1537:Tell Ayoub
1497:Tell Addus
1492:Tell Ablah
1487:Tell Aalaq
1457:Sin el Fil
1407:Ras Beirut
1307:Mansourieh
1297:Lion Tower
1212:Kafr Zabad
1137:Fadous Sud
1042:Batroumine
1017:Ard Tlaili
1012:Ard Saouda
967:Ain Harcha
962:Ain Choaab
846:. p.
809:Guérin, V.
795:Dunand, M.
553:(review).
314:Baal Hamon
302:Ali Badawi
195:Phoenician
116:35°09′13″E
113:33°07′41″N
2627:Rashidieh
2550:Siddikine
2447:Deir Kifa
2418:Chaitiyeh
2389:Bazourieh
2341:Capital:
2095:Hosn Niha
1627:Tell Jisr
1557:Tell Deir
1502:Tell Ahle
1362:Hosn Niha
1357:Nebi Safa
1337:Nabi Zair
1327:Moukhtara
1277:Ksar Akil
1247:Kfar Qouq
1227:Karak Nuh
1142:Hebbariye
1062:Beit Mery
1052:Bechamoun
520:Citations
222:adoration
176:el-Awamid
172:al Auamid
2515:Marwahin
2510:Mahrouna
2497:Mansouri
2487:Maarakeh
2482:Kneisseh
2462:Hanaouay
2399:Boustane
2369:Ain Baal
2196:Ulpianus
1812:Yammoune
1317:Mayrouba
1262:Kharayeb
1252:Kfarhata
1117:Dekwaneh
982:Al-Bireh
957:Ain Aata
836:(1881).
811:(1880).
775:(1881).
324:bearing
209:and the
178:, is an
164:ام العمد
85:Location
33:ام العمد
2617:El-Buss
2530:Qlaileh
2520:Naqoura
2502:Majadel
2492:Maaroub
2472:Jibbain
2467:Jennata
2432:Chihine
2427:Chehour
2164:Related
1883:Berytus
1462:Sarepta
1417:Rashaya
1392:Qaraoun
1332:Mtaileb
1292:Libbaya
1237:Kefraya
1232:Kaukaba
1187:Jdeideh
1157:Hashbai
1047:Batroun
1032:Baalbek
972:Akbiyeh
937:Aadloun
571:3265046
337:Gallery
280:in his
228:History
191:Lebanon
187:Naqoura
146:Founded
141:History
90:Naqoura
2590:Zibqin
2580:Yarine
2437:Debaal
2414:Chamaa
2394:Bedias
2384:Bayyad
2379:Barish
1482:Tayibe
1447:Shheem
1282:Labweh
1132:Flaoui
1097:Dakoue
1082:Byblos
1057:Beirut
1007:Apheca
987:Amioun
947:Aammiq
732:
690:
569:
453:; the
451:Louvre
322:steles
211:Louvre
166:), or
160:Arabic
2636:Other
2575:Toura
2555:Srifa
2545:Selaa
2477:Jwaya
2374:Aitit
2145:Tyrus
1827:Zahlé
1817:Yanta
1777:Toron
1477:Taire
1452:Sidon
952:Aaqbe
942:Aaiha
789:–184.
567:JSTOR
88:Near
2525:Qana
2344:Tyre
2090:Niha
1980:Afqa
1792:Tyre
1207:Jieh
1182:Jbaa
1172:Iaat
1022:Arqa
730:ISBN
709:Tyre
688:ISBN
449:The
1377:Qaa
879:IAA
860:doi
819:173
787:181
760:",
756:, "
559:doi
216:23
189:in
174:or
170:or
2665::
2331:,
881:,
848:50
842:.
771:;
657:,
579:^
565:.
555:84
528:^
272:.
162::
96:,
92:,
2316:e
2309:t
2302:v
1861:e
1854:t
1847:v
911:e
904:t
897:v
866:.
862::
821:.
738:.
696:.
573:.
561::
514:.
332:.
261:(
248:.
158:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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