867:
720:
1058:
1004:
1440:
1412:
478:
914:
1360:
2048:
48:
1521:
1508:
986:
1333:
1494:
932:
1386:
1076:
1467:
1022:
1427:
1292:
1481:
1454:
2061:
900:
1861:
950:
1399:
968:
1112:
2071:
1374:
1347:
1321:
802:
1256:
1166:
1148:
1130:
793:, a position which he would hold for 10 years. As Chairman of BPK, Umar was responsible for making sure that Government Departments, Ministries, and Agencies were using their money properly. During his tenure as Chairman of BPK, Umar made the grim assessment that not even one Government department was free from corruption.
565:(BPK), a position which he would hold until 1983. In 1983, he was selected by Suharto to become vice president, a choice considered rather unexpected. As vice president, he combated corruption and held prayer services at the vice presidential palace. His term as vice president ended in March 1988 when he was replaced by
1238:
1094:
1040:
1202:
1274:
1220:
1184:
832:
who chose to combat corruption. As a religious man, Umar had hoped that religion could be used to turn corruptors to do the right deeds. Umar also conducted surprise inspections (sometimes incognito) of regional towns and villages to monitor how government policies were affecting the people. During
560:
of the events that had just unfolded and requested his assistance. Umar accepted
Suharto's decision to assume command of the Army and supported him in his efforts to crack down on the attempted coup, gaining great trust from Suharto. In 1967, Umar became Deputy Army Chief of Staff before finally
837:. Many were disappointed to see him not continue for a second term as vice president. It was a testament to his good reputation that Sudharmono wanted to be sure of Umar's acceptance to not continue as vice president for another term.
609:. His brothers were Hasan, Sadikin (d. 2004), Mohammad, and Achmad Wirahadikusumah. Umar's mother died when he was a child, and he and his siblings were cared for by his grandmother, Nyi Raja Juwita, who at that time lived in
781:. Although he was not part of Suharto's inner circle, Umar won great trust from Suharto for the assistance and support given in putting down the 30 September Movement. As Suharto began a rise which would see him end up as
479:
660:, Umar enlisted with youth groups operating under the supervision of the Japanese Occupational Government. These youth groups provided some physical training which Umar undertook. This was followed in October 1944 by
762:, the place where the six Generals were taken. Suharto was worried that this was an attempt to get Umar to Halim and have him killed. Suharto firmly rejected the order. As Suharto retook control of the situation in
1525:
853:
visited
Suharto at his residence to discuss possible options. Umar died on 21 March 2003 due to heart and lung problems at 7:53 pm. at the Central Army Hospital (RSPAD) Gatot Subroto. He was interred at the
2115:
789:. In 1967, Umar became Deputy Army Chief of Staff before finally becoming the Army Chief of Staff himself in 1969. In 1973, his active military career came to an end and he became the Chairman of the
754:
Umar accepted
Suharto's decision to assume command of the Army and supported him in his efforts to crack down on the attempted coup. Towards midday, Umar received a summon from President
739:. As the Commander of Kodam V/Jaya, Umar went around the city to check its security. After hearing about the kidnappings and seeing the unidentified troops occupying the
1759:
1955:
833:
his vice presidency, Umar also held prayer services at the Vice
Presidential Palace. Umar's term as vice president ended in March 1988 when he was replaced by
1121:
700:
542:
447:
1877:
1364:
1733:
866:
1586:
2105:
884:, a reformist military officer who himself became Commander of Kostrad. His brother, Sadikin, was the father of Reini Wirahadikusumah, rector of
1416:
683:
in which the fledgling nation successfully prevented the Dutch from reoccupying them, Umar served in the Army. Umar served for a long time in
1889:
817:. This was considered to be a rather unexpected choice as Umar's stature in Indonesian politics paled in comparison to his two predecessors,
657:
1948:
561:
becoming the Army Chief of Staff himself in 1969. In 1973, his active military career came to an end and he became the
Chairman of the
1785:
1681:
1631:
759:
777:(PKI), Umar approved of the formation of the Union of Action To Exterminate The 30 September Movement (KAP-GESTAPU), leading to the
1513:
923:
1247:
778:
669:
2145:
2130:
2064:
1941:
1175:
504:
167:
2074:
1157:
1566:
809:
In March 1983, Umar reached the pinnacle of his career. Suharto, who had been elected for a 4th term as president by the
1551:
Ringkasan
Riwayat Hidup dan Riwayat Perjuangan Anggota Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Hasil Pemilihan Umum Tahun 1977
810:
1471:
1389:
941:
880:
Umar married
Karlinah Djaja Atmadja on 2 February 1957, with whom he had two daughters. Umar was also the uncle of
1111:
885:
637:
523:
1874:
719:
680:
534:
435:
1708:
2135:
1301:
664:, an auxiliary force consisting of Indonesian recruits that was intended to assist the Japanese in fighting
2125:
1103:
1049:
995:
855:
626:
570:
271:
2120:
2110:
1964:
1915:
1265:
814:
496:
457:
63:
1337:
1057:
1003:
774:
610:
2140:
1823:
1439:
1139:
673:
661:
630:
516:
1520:
1211:
790:
562:
500:
116:
1844:
Sejarah TNI-AD 1945β1973: Riwayat Hidup
Singkat Pimpinan Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat
1411:
529:. He entered the military in 1943, during the Japanese occupation. He would go on to serve in the
1283:
1229:
1193:
785:, Umar's career also skyrocketed. In 1965, Suharto entrusted Umar to replace him as Commander of
740:
553:
913:
1635:
1444:
1085:
1031:
786:
782:
665:
335:
2011:
1359:
829:
736:
549:
825:. Despite being a low-key personality, Umar had a good reputation and was widely respected.
2100:
2095:
881:
321:
1685:
8:
2047:
1296:
1278:
1260:
1242:
1224:
1206:
1188:
1170:
1152:
1134:
1116:
1098:
1080:
1067:
1062:
1044:
1026:
1013:
1008:
990:
972:
954:
936:
918:
598:
589:
on 10 October 1924, to a noble family. His father, Raden Rangga
Wirahadikusumah, was the
569:. He died on 21 March 2003, due to heart and lung problems. His body was interred at the
47:
1658:
977:
688:
684:
198:
1493:
985:
1981:
1727:
1332:
1165:
959:
818:
640:
622:
526:
488:
244:
1761:
Daftar WNI yang
Menerima Tanda Kehormatan Bintang Republik Indonesia 1959 β sekarang
1147:
931:
770:
between 6 pm and 6 am and placed a watch on all of the city's newspapers.
1866:
582:
512:
147:
1385:
1255:
1075:
1881:
1842:
1787:
Daftar WNI yang Mendapat Tanda Kehormatan Bintang Mahaputera tahun 1959 s.d. 2003
1549:
1498:
846:
530:
508:
492:
414:
386:
368:
20:
1804:
1466:
1021:
908:
The following is a list of awards awarded to Umar by the Indonesian government:
2036:
1976:
1933:
1740:
159:
1129:
2089:
2006:
1617:
Siapa Sebenarnya Soeharto: Fakta dan Kesaksian Para Pelaku Sejarah G-30-S PKI
1486:
1291:
696:
538:
440:
1619:(in Indonesian) (1st ed.). Tangerang: PT Agromedia Pustaka. p. 19.
1237:
1093:
1039:
2001:
850:
618:
614:
594:
590:
1314:
The following is a list of awards awarded to Umar by foreign governments:
2031:
2021:
1612:
1459:
1432:
1201:
708:
633:
519:
1587:"Profil Wakil Presiden RI: Umar Wirahadikusumah (1983-1988) Halaman all"
1273:
1219:
2016:
1996:
1986:
1925:
1908:
834:
822:
728:
566:
340:
108:
96:
1568:
Biografi presiden dan wakil presiden Republik Indonesia, 1945-sekarang
1183:
967:
949:
899:
692:
586:
358:
240:
2116:
Honorary commanders of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia
1390:
Grand Cordon with Brilliants of the Supreme Order of the Renaissance
2026:
1404:
888:
from 2020 until 2025 and was the first woman to hold the position.
751:
of the events that had just unfolded and requested his assistance.
711:
when the latter held the position of Kodam VI/Siliwangi Commander.
396:
236:
1840:
1810:
1746:
1352:
763:
755:
748:
744:
732:
723:
Umar Wirahadikusumah as the Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Army
704:
606:
557:
419:
400:
260:
84:
24:
1707:
ITB, Webmaster Team, Direktorat Sistem dan Teknologi Informasi.
1205:
Military Operational Service Medal for Angkatan Ratu Adil 1947 (
499:, serving from 1983 until 1988. Previously, he was chair of the
1379:
1326:
801:
779:
mass killing of an estimated half a million people in 1965β1966
767:
281:
602:
601:. While his mother, Raden Ratnaringrum, was the daughter of
773:
When blame for the incident was beginning to be put on the
828:
As Vice President, Umar became one of the very few in the
672:, Umar, like many other youths of similar age joined the
1223:
Military Operational Service Medal for Jawa Barat 1959 (
1824:"Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat"
1547:
695:. He worked his way up the ranks, participating in a
613:. After his grandmother died, his father took him to
556:, Umar sent word to Kostrad Commander, Major General
1856:
1187:
Military Operational Service Medal for Madiun 1947 (
1122:Bintang Sewindu Angkatan Perang Republik Indonesia
1365:Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
2087:
1963:
1115:Indonesian Armed Forces "8 Years" Service Star (
691:) which was stationed in his native province of
1133:Military Long Service Medal, 24 Years Service (
917:Star of the Republic of Indonesia, 2nd Class (
766:, Umar further consolidated it. He declared a
727:In 1959, Umar was trusted as the Commander of
1949:
737:six Generals were kidnapped from their houses
552:and seeing unidentified troops occupying the
1732:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1632:"In Memoriam: Jenderal Umar Wirahadikusumah"
731:and he was now in charge of security around
707:. He was also at one time, the adjutant of
581:Umar Wirahadikusumah was born in Situraja,
576:
2070:
1956:
1942:
1841:Indonesian Army Bureau of History (1981),
487:; 10 October 1924 β 21 March 2003) was an
46:
1417:Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia
1259:Northern Borneo Military Campaign Medal (
180:25 November 1969 β 27 April 1973
865:
800:
718:
840:
307:
2106:Chiefs of staff of the Indonesian Army
2088:
1811:Indonesian Army Bureau of History 1981
1747:Indonesian Army Bureau of History 1981
1656:
1611:
1097:Star of Kartika Eka Paksi, 3rd Class (
1043:Star of Kartika Eka Paksi, 2nd Class (
989:Star of Kartika Eka Paksi, 1st Class (
511:from 1969 until 1973. Born to a noble
76:11 March 1983 β 11 March 1988
1937:
1629:
1585:Media, Kompas Cyber (21 March 2021).
1584:
1277:Medal for Combat Against Communists (
953:Military Distinguished Service Star (
924:Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipradana
870:Umar Wirahadikusmah with his family,
849:, Umar, together with Sudharmono and
168:Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Army
117:Chair of the Audit Board of Indonesia
1580:
1578:
1571:(in Indonesian). Asri Media Pustaka.
735:. On the morning of 1 October 1965,
714:
629:. He continued his education at the
617:. While in Cicalengka, Umar entered
1679:
1295:Military Instructor Service Medal (
896:
697:crackdown of the Communists in 1948
670:Indonesia declared its Independence
651:
646:
13:
1834:
1309:
1176:Satyalancana Perang Kemerdekaan II
796:
656:In 1943, with Indonesia now under
643:, and he completed his education.
495:general, who served as the fourth
14:
2157:
1852:
1575:
1564:
1158:Satyalancana Perang Kemerdekaan I
1140:Satyalancana Kesetiaan XXIV Tahun
1104:Bintang Kartika Eka Paksi Nararya
1050:Bintang Kartika Eka Paksi Pratama
2069:
2060:
2059:
2046:
1859:
1682:"Sudharmono "Mengudara" Kembali"
1630:Anwar, Rosihan (22 March 2003).
1519:
1506:
1492:
1479:
1472:Order of National Security Merit
1465:
1452:
1438:
1425:
1410:
1397:
1384:
1372:
1358:
1345:
1331:
1319:
1290:
1272:
1254:
1236:
1218:
1200:
1182:
1164:
1146:
1128:
1110:
1092:
1079:Star of Bhayangkara, 2nd Class (
1074:
1056:
1038:
1025:Star of Bhayangkara, 1st Class (
1020:
1002:
984:
966:
948:
930:
912:
898:
861:
1816:
1778:
1752:
1706:
1548:Lembaga Pemilihan Umum (1978).
996:Bintang Kartika Eka Paksi Utama
935:Star of Mahaputera, 2nd Class (
886:Bandung Institute of Technology
638:Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs
524:Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs
515:family, he was educated at the
303:
16:4th Vice President of Indonesia
1920:11 March 1983 β 11 March 1988
1700:
1673:
1650:
1623:
1605:
1558:
1541:
813:(MPR) selected Umar to be his
811:People's Consultative Assembly
681:Indonesian National Revolution
535:Indonesian National Revolution
436:Indonesian National Revolution
1:
1470:First Class (Tong-il) of the
1061:Star of Jalasena, 2nd Class (
1007:Star of Jalasena, 1st Class (
942:Bintang Mahaputera Adipradana
871:
676:, the forerunner to the TNI.
2146:Vice presidents of Indonesia
2131:Members of Pembela Tanah Air
1965:Vice presidents of Indonesia
1709:"Pidato Pelantikan Rektor -"
1169:2nd Independence War Medal (
1151:1st Independence War Medal (
674:TKR (People's Security Army)
627:Hollandsch-Inlandsche School
7:
1916:Vice President of Indonesia
1659:"Gincu Luntur Anti-Korupsi"
1657:Sinjal, Daud (2 May 2001).
1086:Bintang Bhayangkara Pratama
845:In May 1998, on the eve of
760:Halim Perdanakusuma Airport
497:vice president of Indonesia
64:Vice President of Indonesia
10:
2162:
1713:Institut Teknologi Bandung
1526:Order of the People's Army
1443:Knight Grand Cross of the
1415:Honorary Commander of the
1302:Satyalancana Dwidya Sistha
891:
775:Indonesian Communist Party
550:kidnapping of six Generals
503:from 1973 until 1983, and
18:
2055:
2044:
1971:
1922:
1913:
1905:
1900:
1875:Profile at TokohIndonesia
1032:Bintang Bhayangkara Utama
856:Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery
747:Commander, Major General
631:Europeesche Lagere School
571:Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery
517:Europeesche Lagere School
466:
456:
428:
407:
392:
382:
374:
364:
354:
349:
328:
317:
287:
277:
272:Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery
267:
250:
223:
218:
214:
204:
192:
184:
173:
165:
153:
141:
133:
122:
114:
102:
90:
80:
69:
61:
57:
45:
38:
1634:. Kompas. Archived from
1534:
1266:Satyalancana Wira Dharma
1248:Satyalancana Sapta Marga
1068:Bintang Jalasena Pratama
699:as well as fighting the
577:Early life and education
548:After hearing about the
501:Audit Board of Indonesia
1684:. Tempo. Archived from
1338:National Order of Merit
805:Official portrait, 1983
791:State Audit Board (BPK)
537:, seeing combat in the
52:Official portrait, 1983
1615:; et al. (2006).
1445:Order of Orange-Nassau
1300:
1282:
1264:
1246:
1228:
1210:
1192:
1174:
1156:
1138:
1120:
1102:
1084:
1066:
1048:
1030:
1014:Bintang Jalasena Utama
1012:
994:
976:
958:
940:
922:
877:
806:
783:President of Indonesia
758:who was suspicious at
724:
491:politician and former
293:Karlinah Djaja Atmadja
2012:Megawati Sukarnoputri
1890:Profile on pdat.co.id
1680:MIS (22 March 1997).
1241:"Sapta Marga" Medal (
1212:Satyalancana G.O.M II
869:
804:
722:
605:Demang Kartamenda in
533:during and after the
375:Years of service
2136:People from Sumedang
1992:Umar Wirahadikusumah
1565:D, Jajak M. (1990).
1284:Satyalancana Penegak
1230:Satyalancana G.O.M V
1194:Satyalancana G.O.M I
882:Agus Wirahadikusumah
841:Post-vice presidency
743:, Umar sent word to
473:Umar Wirahadikusumah
322:Agus Wirahadikusumah
40:Umar Wirahadikusumah
2126:Indonesian generals
1880:27 May 2010 at the
1688:on 10 February 2005
1524:Second Rank of the
1363:Grand Cross of the
1336:Grand Cross of the
658:Japanese Occupation
2121:Indonesian Muslims
2111:Golkar politicians
1901:Political offices
1638:on 17 October 2007
878:
807:
725:
689:Siliwangi Division
685:Kodam VI/Siliwangi
210:Surono Reksodimejo
199:Maraden Panggabean
2083:
2082:
1982:Hamengkubuwono IX
1932:
1931:
1923:Succeeded by
1497:Commander of the
927:) (12 March 1983)
819:Hamengkubuwono IX
715:Post-independence
623:elementary school
563:State Audit Board
470:
469:
245:Dutch East Indies
2153:
2141:Sundanese people
2073:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2050:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1906:Preceded by
1898:
1897:
1894:
1886:
1869:
1867:Indonesia portal
1864:
1863:
1862:
1848:
1847:, vol. XIII
1828:
1827:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1792:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1766:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1731:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1545:
1528:with Golden Star
1523:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1496:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1469:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1442:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1414:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1362:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1294:
1276:
1258:
1240:
1222:
1204:
1186:
1168:
1150:
1132:
1114:
1096:
1078:
1060:
1042:
1024:
1006:
988:
971:Guerrilla Star (
970:
952:
934:
916:
904:National honours
903:
902:
876:
873:
652:Pre-independence
647:Military service
486:
485:
484:
482:
350:Military service
311:
309:
305:
257:
233:
231:
219:Personal details
207:
195:
178:
156:
148:Dadang Suprayogi
144:
127:
105:
93:
74:
50:
36:
35:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2051:
2042:
2041:
1967:
1962:
1928:
1919:
1911:
1893:(in Indonesian)
1892:
1885:(in Indonesian)
1884:
1882:Wayback Machine
1865:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1837:
1835:Further reading
1832:
1831:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1715:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1628:
1624:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1593:(in Indonesian)
1583:
1576:
1563:
1559:
1554:. Vol. II.
1546:
1542:
1537:
1507:
1505:
1499:Legion of Merit
1480:
1478:
1453:
1451:
1426:
1424:
1419:(P.S.M.) (1972)
1398:
1396:
1373:
1371:
1346:
1344:
1320:
1318:
1312:
1310:Foreign honours
978:Bintang Gerilya
945:) (19 May 1973)
906:
897:
894:
874:
864:
843:
799:
797:Vice Presidency
717:
654:
649:
579:
531:Indonesian Army
509:Indonesian Army
480:
477:
476:
452:
424:
415:Kodam Jayakarta
369:Indonesian Army
345:
313:
301:
297:
294:
278:Political party
259:
255:
235:
234:10 October 1924
229:
227:
205:
193:
179:
174:
154:
142:
128:
123:
103:
91:
75:
70:
53:
41:
32:
29:Wirahadikusumah
21:Indonesian name
17:
12:
11:
5:
2159:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2067:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
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2002:Try Sutrisno
1991:
1914:
1843:
1818:
1806:
1794:. Retrieved
1786:
1780:
1768:. Retrieved
1760:
1754:
1742:
1716:. Retrieved
1712:
1702:
1690:. Retrieved
1686:the original
1675:
1663:. Retrieved
1652:
1640:. Retrieved
1636:the original
1625:
1616:
1613:Djarot, Eros
1607:
1595:. Retrieved
1590:
1567:
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1543:
1313:
907:
879:
851:Try Sutrisno
844:
827:
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772:
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729:Kodam V/Jaya
726:
678:
655:
619:kindergarten
580:
547:
472:
471:
429:Battles/wars
336:Army officer
256:(2003-03-21)
206:Succeeded by
175:
155:Succeeded by
124:
104:Succeeded by
71:
33:
28:
2101:2003 deaths
2096:1924 births
2037:Ma'ruf Amin
2032:Jusuf Kalla
2022:Jusuf Kalla
1460:South Korea
1433:Netherlands
875: 1938
858:, Jakarta.
709:AH Nasution
634:Tasikmalaya
599:Tasikmalaya
573:, Jakarta.
520:Tasikmalaya
458:Service no.
263:, Indonesia
194:Preceded by
143:Preceded by
92:Preceded by
2090:Categories
2017:Hamzah Haz
1997:Sudharmono
1987:Adam Malik
1926:Sudharmono
1909:Adam Malik
1796:20 January
1770:20 January
1718:30 January
1692:28 October
1665:30 October
1642:28 October
1591:KOMPAS.com
1514:Yugoslavia
1297:Indonesian
1279:Indonesian
1261:Indonesian
1243:Indonesian
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1009:Indonesian
991:Indonesian
973:Indonesian
955:Indonesian
937:Indonesian
919:Indonesian
835:Sudharmono
823:Adam Malik
679:After the
666:the Allies
611:Cicalengka
567:Sudharmono
489:Indonesian
355:Allegiance
341:politician
329:Occupation
230:1924-10-10
109:Sudharmono
97:Adam Malik
1597:2 October
693:West Java
587:West Java
513:Sundanese
378:1945β1973
359:Indonesia
318:Relatives
241:West-Java
237:Soemedang
185:President
176:In office
134:President
129:1973β1983
125:In office
81:President
72:In office
2065:Category
2027:Boediono
1878:Archived
1728:cite web
1661:. Aksara
1407: :
1405:Malaysia
641:Pasundan
583:Sumedang
541:and the
527:Pasundan
408:Commands
397:Infantry
324:(nephew)
166:9th
115:8th
62:4th
19:In this
1353:Germany
892:Honours
787:Kostrad
764:Jakarta
756:Sukarno
749:Suharto
745:Kostrad
733:Jakarta
705:Sumatra
668:. When
607:Bandung
558:Suharto
507:of the
420:Kostrad
401:Kostrad
387:General
312:
300:
296:
261:Jakarta
188:Suharto
137:Suharto
85:Suharto
25:surname
1511:
1484:
1457:
1430:
1402:
1380:Jordan
1377:
1350:
1327:France
1324:
768:curfew
597:, and
591:Wedana
481:listen
306:
288:Spouse
282:Golkar
23:, the
1791:(PDF)
1765:(PDF)
1535:Notes
615:Ciawi
603:Patih
595:Ciawi
462:13761
310:)
302:(
298:
2075:List
1798:2021
1772:2021
1734:link
1720:2024
1694:2006
1667:2006
1644:2006
1599:2021
821:and
701:PRRI
662:PETA
636:and
621:and
522:and
493:army
393:Unit
383:Rank
308:1957
251:Died
224:Born
625:at
593:of
27:is
2092::
1730:}}
1726:{{
1711:.
1589:.
1577:^
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872:c.
585:,
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304:m.
243:,
239:,
1957:e
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1943:v
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31:.
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