1765:
357:
the higher. The critics of
Phillips have tried to meet him on his own ground. Where he compiled lists of indulgences and benefactions, they have assembled lists of atrocities. Both methods suffer from the same defect: they attempt to solve a conceptual problem—what did slavery do to the slave?—by accumulating quantitative evidence.... The only conclusion that one can legitimately draw from this debate is that great variations in treatment existed from plantation to plantation.
186:, which he considered a needless conflict. He praised the entrepreneurship of plantation owners and denied they were brutal. Phillips argued that they provided adequate food, clothing, housing, medical care and training in modern technology—that they formed a "school" which helped "civilize" the slaves. He admitted the failure was that no one graduated from this school.
482:, inaccuracy--that plague us all. Descended from slave owners and reared in the rural South, he dominated slave historiography in an era when Progressivism was literally for whites only. Of all scholars, historians can ill afford to be anachronistic. Phillips was no more a believer in white supremacy than other leading contemporary white scholars.
352:(1967) analyzed limitations of both Phillips and his critics. They argued that far too much attention was given to slave "treatment" in examining the social and psychological effects of slavery on Afro-Americans. They said Phillips had defined the treatment issue and his most severe critics had failed to redefine it:
291:
as many of his colleagues chose to ignore, that master-slave relationships were complex, multi-faceted, more often negative, exploitive, and dehumanizing, yet provided very limited opportunities for some bondsmen to earn cash, travel outside the plantation situation, and enhance their personal values.
321:
Phillips argued that large-scale plantation slavery was inefficient and not progressive. It had reached its geographical limits by 1860 or so, and eventually had to fade away (as happened in Brazil). In 1910, he argued in "The
Decadence of the Plantation System" that slavery was an unprofitable relic
1300:
238ff on Beard, 278ff on
Phillips. W.H. Stephenson wrote in 1955, "Historically speaking, Phillips's central theme of southern history was correct, for white southerners from colonial days to the twentieth century advocated white supremacy." Stephenson in Smith and Inscoe, p. 28. On the revival of
398:
The ways in which white southerners "met" the race "problem" have intrigued historians writing about post-Civil War southern politics since at least 1928, when Ulrich B. Phillips pronounced race relations the "central theme" of southern history. What contemporaries referred to as "the race question"
290:
launched a rehabilitation of
Phillips that still continues. Today, as in Phillips' lifetime, scholars again commonly acknowledge the value of many of his insights into the nature of the southern class structure and master-slave relationships." In his own right, Genovese recognized in Phillips' work,
356:
By compiling instances of the kindness and benevolence of masters, Phillips proved to his satisfaction that slavery was a mild and permissive institution, the primary function of which was not so much to produce a marketable surplus as to ease the accommodation of the lower race into the culture of
197:
By turning away from the political debates about slavery that divided North and South, Phillips made the economics and social structure of slavery the main theme in 20th century scholarship. Together with his highly eloquent writing style, his new approach made him the most influential historian of
178:
Phillips concentrated on the large plantations that dominated the
Southern economy, and he did not investigate the numerous small farmers who held few slaves. He concluded that plantation slavery produced great wealth, but was a dead end, economically, that left the South bypassed by the industrial
415:
s authors shred the notion, famously advanced by the Yale historian U.B. Phillips, that the central theme of
Southern history was the region's desire to remain a white man's country. Phillips was not so much wrong about the centrality of white supremacy to the South as blind to its presence in the
307:
the slaves, and concluded it was a harsh and profitable system. More recently, scholars such as
Genovese and Gutman asked, "What did slaves do for themselves?" They concluded "In the slave quarters, through family, community and religion, slaves struggled for a measure of independence and dignity.
189:
Phillips systematically hunted down and revealed plantation records and unused manuscript sources. An example of pioneering comparative work was "A Jamaica Slave
Plantation" (1914). His methods and use of sources shaped the research agenda of most succeeding scholars, even those who disagreed with
302:
noted, the
Phillipsian answer was that slavery lifted the slaves out of the barbarism of Africa, Christianized them, protected them, and generally benefited them. What is apparent is that Phillips over-valued Christianity while under-valuing the sophistication of west African cultures, and had a
366:
In "The
Central Theme of Southern History" (1928), Phillips maintained that the desire to keep their region "a white man's country" united the white southerners for centuries. Phillips' emphasis on race was overshadowed in the late 1920s and 1930s by the Beardian interpretation of
399:
may be phrased more bluntly today as the struggle for white domination. Establishing and maintaining this domination--creating the system of racial segregation and African American disfranchisement known as Jim Crow--has remained a preoccupation of southern historians.
432:
Phillips failed to revise his interpretation of slavery significantly. His basic arguments—the duality of slavery as an economic cancer but a vital mode of racial control—can be traced back to his earliest writings. Less detailed but more elegantly written than
1211:, (1977) p. 25, said "Critics, including such able scholars as E. Franklin Frazier, Kenneth M. Stampp, and Stanley M. Elkins, sharply rejected the racial assumptions of Phillips and his followers but focused on the same question."
1207:
1365:
In 1982, Stampp wrote, "In their day the writings of Ulrich B. Phillips on slavery were both highly original and decidedly revisionist... . He was about as objective as the rest of us." Cited in Smith and Inscoe, p.
449:
earned Phillips the year-long Albert Kahn Foundation Fellowship in 1929-30 to observe blacks and other laborers worldwide. In 1929 Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, appointed Phillips professor of
473:
and slavery, in his interpretation, was inefficient and antithetical to the principles of progressivism. Phillips (1910) explained in detail why slavery was a failed system. It is Smith's opinion that:
462:, who wrote that Phillips's "work, taken as a whole, remains the best and most subtle introduction to antebellum Southern history and especially to the problems posed by race and class." In 1963,
265:
as Professor of American History until his death in 1934. In the 1920s he spent a year in Africa traveling and doing research. He received an honorary D. Litt. from Columbia University in 1929.
341:
in the 1950s and 1960s, who argued that slavery was both efficient and profitable as long as the price of cotton was high enough. In turn Fogel came under sharp attack by other scholars.
194:
of the 1960s historians turned their focus away from his emphasis on the material well-being of the slaves to the slaves' own cultural constructs and efforts to achieve freedom.
1663:
1819:
1774:
182:
Phillips concluded that plantation slavery was not very profitable, had about reached its geographical limits in 1860, and would probably have faded away without the
583:
Plantation and Frontier Documents, 1649–1863; Illustrative of Industrial History in the Colonial and Antebellum South: Collected from MSS. and Other Rare Sources.
505:
For a comprehensive annotated guide see Fred Landon and Everett E. Edwards, "A Bibliography of the Writings of Professor Ulrich Bonnell Phillips," (1934).
510:
Georgia and State Rights: A Study of the Political History of Georgia from the Revolution to the Civil War, with Particular Regard to Federal Relations.
478:
Phillips's contributions to the study of slavery clearly outweigh his deficiencies. Neither saint nor sinner, he was subject to the same forces-- bias,
1809:
512:
American Historical Association Report for the Year 1901, Vol. 2. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1902, his dissertation, earned him the
1849:
1686:
Smith, John David. "U. B. Phillips, the North Carolina State Literary and Historical Association, and the Course of the South to Secession,"
1461:
1414:"Review of American Negro Slavery. A Survey of the Supply, Employment and Control of Negro Labor as Determined by the Plantation RĂ©gime"
1834:
1804:
1814:
411:
wrote, "Slavery in the North, like its counterpart in the South, was a brutal, violent relationship that fostered white supremacy.
1839:
277:
17:
1120:
445:
because of its broad scope. Fewer racial slurs appeared in 1929 than in 1918, but Phillips's prejudice remained. The success of
545:
American Negro Slavery: A Survey of the Supply, Employment, and Control of Negro Labor, as Determined by the Plantation Regime
458:
in the 1950s. However, to a large degree Phillips' interpretive model of the dynamic between master and slave was revived by
1824:
1536:
303:
rather limited grasp of African history in general. Scholarship in the 1950s then moved to the question, what did slavery do
171:
1572:
American Negro Slavery: A Survey of the Supply, Employment and Control of Negro Labor as Determined by the Plantation Regime
1339:
1301:
interest in Phillips's "central theme," see Robert E. Shalhope, "Race, Class, Slavery, and the Antebellum Southern Mind,"
250:
131:
1551:
1829:
387:
was out of fashion, and the emphasis on race (rather than region or class) became a major topic in historiography.
1189:
1156:
517:
239:
466:
wrote: "Much of what Phillips wrote has not been superseded or seriously challenged and remains indispensable."
1597:
Landon, Fred, and Everett E. Edwards. "A Bibliography of the Writings of Professor Ulrich Bonnell Phillips,"
513:
1493:
Fred Landon and Everett E. Edwards, "A Bibliography of the Writings of Professor Ulrich Bonnell Phillips,"
1223:
175:
454:
Phillips contended that masters treated slaves relatively well. His views were rejected most sharply by
268:
He married Lucil Mayo-Smith on February 22, 1911, and had three children: Ulrich, Mabel, and Worthington.
949:
116:
479:
246:
113:
1844:
521:
282:
Some of Phillips' views were rejected in the 1950s, but they were revived again in the 1960s. As
1221:
Conrad, Alfred H.; Meyer, John R. (1958). "The Economics of Slavery in the Ante Bellum South".
895:
258:
139:
1674:
1354:
1170:
1148:
820:
1203:
1033:
Phillips, Ulrich Bonnell (1945). "The Traits and Contributions of Frederick Jackson Turner".
379:(1927) emphasized class conflict and downplayed slavery and race relations as a cause of the
345:
215:
191:
99:
1779:
Ulrich Bonnell Phillips papers (MS 397). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.
615:
Phillips, Ulrich B. (1905). "Transportation in the Antebellum South: An Economic Analysis".
561:
1799:
1794:
1570:
Genovese, Eugene D. "Ulrich Bonnell Phillips & His Critics." Ulrich Bonnell Phillips.
1560:"Race and Class in Southern History: An Appraisal of the Work of Ulrich Bonnell Phillips."
470:
384:
1202:
American Social History Project, City University of New York, "Who Built America? series"
8:
1729:
The American Historian: A Social-Intellectual History of the Writing of the American Past
1631:
1557:
227:
103:
943:
552:
530:
441:
was a general synthesis rather than a monograph. His racism appeared less pronounced in
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1323:
1248:
1240:
1055:
1042:
1014:
985:
929:
900:
861:
853:
807:
778:
749:
722:
Phillips, Ulrich Bonnell (1907). "The Slave Labor Problem in the Charleston District".
710:
681:
642:
586:
493:, writing that it was a "defense of American slavery" and that Phillips engaged in the
380:
322:
that persisted because it produced social status, honor, and political power, that is,
287:
183:
55:
210:, Georgia; his parents were Alonzo R. and Jessie Young Phillips. He graduated with a
1760:
1681:
Slavery, Race and American History: Historical Conflict, Trends and Method, 1866-1953
1547:
1532:
1526:
1469:
1434:
1252:
865:
455:
372:
349:
254:
207:
135:
654:
Phillips, Ulrich B. (1905). "The Economic Cost of Slaveholding in the Cotton Belt".
329:
Phillips' economic conclusions about the inefficiency of slavery were challenged by
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624:
494:
486:
463:
368:
330:
211:
1653:
An Old Creed for the New South: Proslavery Ideology and Historiography, 1865-1918
693:
Phillips, Ulrich B. (1906). "The Origin and Growth of the Southern Black Belts".
570:
539:
459:
283:
231:
143:
1720:
Tindall George B. "The Central Theme Revisited." In Charles G. Sellers Jr., ed.
1318:"Introduction" in Jane Dailey, Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, and Bryant Simon, eds.
1756:
849:
391:
299:
219:
1780:
1057:
Slave Economy of the Old South: Selected Essays in Economic and Social History
1788:
1473:
1438:
428:
a conservative, proslavery interpreter of slavery and the slaves ... In
334:
78:
1377:
In Red and Black: Marxian Explorations in Southern and Afro-American History
953:(12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.
1727:
Wish Harvey. "Ulrich B. Phillips and the Image of the Old South." in Wish,
1305:
37 (November 1971), 557–574 and James M. McPherson, "Slavery and Race," in
592:
The Correspondence of Robert Toombs, Alexander H. Stephens, and Howell Cobb
338:
1279:
1713:
Stephenson Wendell H. "Ulrich B. Phillips: Historian of Aristocracy." in
1266:
Fredrickson, George; Lasch, Christopher (1967). "Resistance to Slavery".
548:
323:
1736:
Dictionary of Literary Biography, Twentieth-Century American Historians.
469:
Phillips denied he was proslavery. He was an intellectual leader of the
405:
Complicity: How the North Promoted, Prolonged, and Profited From Slavery
361:
170:
who largely defined the field of the social and economic studies of the
1708:
1698:
1646:
1641:
Singal, Daniel Joseph. "Ulrich B. Phillips: The Old South as the New,"
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1046:
1018:
989:
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904:
857:
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782:
753:
714:
685:
646:
596:
Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1911,
408:
94:
253:
where Phillips taught from 1902 to 1908. He taught for three years at
997:
Phillips, Ulrich B. (1928). "The Central Theme of Southern History".
958:
Phillips, Ulrich B. (1925). "Plantations with Slave Labor and Free".
167:
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971:
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886:
833:
803:
774:
735:
706:
667:
628:
1462:"Opinion | The Historian Behind Slavery Apologists Like Kanye West"
1236:
1320:
Jumpin' Jim Crow: Southern Politics from Civil War to Civil Rights
790:
Phillips, Ulrich B. (1909). "The South Carolina Federalists, II".
1292:
Darden Asbury Pyron, "U.B. Phillips: Biography and Scholarship,"
761:
Phillips, Ulrich B. (1909). "The South Carolina Federalists, I".
602:
Florida Plantation Records from the Papers of George Noble Jones.
1715:
The South Lives in History: Southern Historians and Their Legacy
825:
Essays in American History Dedicated to Frederick Jackson Turner
1577:
Hofstadter Richard. "U.B. Phillips and the Plantation Legend."
942:
1703:
Stampp Kenneth M. "The Historian and Southern Negro Slavery."
1614:
Potter, David M. "The Work of Ulrich B. Phillips: A Comment."
838:
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
527:
A History of Transportation in the Eastern Cotton Belt to 1860
1660:
Ulrich Bonnell Phillips: A Southern Historian and His Critics
1355:
New Georgia Encyclopedia: Ulrich Bonnell Phillips (1877-1934)
238:
won the Justin Winsor Prize in 1901 and was published by the
223:
1693:
Stampp Kenneth M. "Reconsidering U.B. Phillips: A Comment."
1669:
Smith, John David. "Ulrich Bonnell Phillips (1877-1934)" in
424:
John David Smith of North Carolina State University argues:
407:
by Anne Farrow, Joel Lang and Jenifer Frank, the historian
262:
1734:
Wood, Kirk. "Ulrich B. Phillips." In Clyde N. Wilson, ed.
873:
Phillips, Ulrich B. (1914). "A Jamaica Slave Plantation".
1745:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1963, pages iii-vi.
1741:
Woodward C. Vann. "Introduction" in Ulrich B. Phillips.
1724:
University of North Carolina Press, 1960, pages 104-129.
1032:
818:
1187:
Sitkoff review of Dillon, "Ulrich Bonnell Phillips" in
912:
Phillips, Ulrich B. (1915). "Slave Crime in Virginia".
567:
The Course of the South to Secession: An Interpretation
27:
American historian of slavery and the South (1877-1934)
1574:
Louisiana State University Press, 1966, pages vii-xxi.
166:(November 4, 1877 – January 21, 1934) was an American
316:
1717:
Louisiana State University Press, 1955, pages 58–94.
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where he taught until 1929 when he left to teach at
1516:
Ulrich Bonnell Phillips: Historian of the Old South
1820:Deaths from esophageal cancer in the United States
1628:(Princeton University Press, 1962), pages 265-272.
1587:Kugler, Ruben F. "U.B. Phillips' Use of Sources."
1412:
1054:
831:
278:Historiography of the United States § Slavery
190:his favorable treatment of the masters. After the
1208:The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom 1750–1925
1786:
1731:Oxford University Press, 1960, pp. 236–264.
1265:
1544:The Slavery Debates, 1952-1990: A Retrospective
1460:Roberts, Blain; Kytle, Ethan J. (May 3, 2018).
294:The Phillips school asked, what did slavery do
1601:Vol. 8, No. 4 (Oct., 1934), pp. 196–218
1388:Woodward, "Introduction" to 1963 edition of
394:, and Bryant Simon argue by citing Phillips:
1624:Pressly, Thomas J. "Ulrich B. Phillips." In
1459:
1658:Smith, John David; and John C. Inscoe eds;
1531:, (1974), 1995 reissue, New York: Norton,
1220:
362:Race as "central theme" of Southern history
1529:: The Economics of American Negro Slavery
1121:"Prof. U.B. Phillips, Historian, 56, Dies"
1666:, essays by leading scholars, pro and con
979:
894:
743:
675:
636:
1810:Historians of the Southern United States
1546:Louisiana State University Press, 2003.
1149:Georgia Encyclopedia article on Phillips
996:
957:
940:
911:
872:
834:"The Decadence of the Plantation System"
789:
760:
721:
692:
653:
614:
222:degree from UGA as well in 1899 and his
604:(coedited with James D. Glunt). (1927).
14:
1787:
1025:"Calhoun, John Caldwell, 1782 - 1850"
383:. By the 1950s, however, the Beardian
245:Phillips was especially influenced by
1419:The American Political Science Review
1171:"Ulrich Bonnell Phillips (1877-1934)"
1168:
375:, who in their enormously successful
1850:Historians from Georgia (U.S. state)
1766:Works by or about Ulrich B. Phillips
1410:
1296:1987 15(1): 72-77; Thomas Pressley,
1144:
1142:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
206:He was born on November 4, 1877, in
1738:Gale Research, 1983, pages 350-363.
1626:Americans Interpret Their Civil War
24:
1298:American Interpret their Civil War
317:Inefficiency of plantation slavery
201:
179:revolution underway in the North.
25:
1861:
1835:Deaths from cancer in Connecticut
1805:People from Troup County, Georgia
1750:
1688:North Carolina Historical Review,
1655:Greenwood Press, 1985, Chapter 8.
1411:Bois, W. E. Burghardt Du (1918).
1139:
1100:
941:Phillips, Ulrich Bonnell (1922).
819:Phillips, Ulrich Bonnell (1910).
419:
377:The Rise of American Civilization
271:
257:. In 1911, Phillips moved to the
1307:Perspectives on American History
1027:Dictionary of American Biography
489:criticized Phillips's 1918 book
286:wrote in 1986, "n the mid-1960s
1815:Historians of the United States
1743:Life and Labor in the Old South
1609:Slavery: history and historians
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1395:
1390:Life and Labor in the Old South
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1369:
1359:
1348:
1329:
1312:
1286:
1190:The Journal of American History
1157:North Carolina State University
1086:Slavery: history and historians
821:"The Southern Whigs, 1834-1854"
558:Life and Labor in the Old South
518:American Historical Association
430:Life and Labor in the Old South
240:American Historical Association
172:history of the Antebellum South
132:University of Wisconsin–Madison
1840:University of Michigan faculty
1638:Mercer University Press, 1984.
1636:U.B. Phillips: A Southern Mind
1259:
1214:
1196:
1181:
1162:
1091:
1078:
1029:(1929) 3:411-419; 7400 words
617:Quarterly Journal of Economics
13:
1:
1707:, 57 (April, 1952): 613-624.
1697:41 (October, 1967): 365-368.
1645:, 63 (March, 1977): 871-891.
1618:41 (October, 1967): 359-363.
1581:, 29 (April, 1944): 109-124.
1564:41 (October, 1967): 345-358.
1066:
896:2027/loc.ark:/13960/t77s8hf3b
298:the slaves? As the historian
1825:University of Georgia alumni
1671:The New Georgia Encyclopedia
1591:, 47 (July, 1962): 153-168.
1345:February 12, 2006; page BW10
1224:Journal of Political Economy
1193:, 73#3 (Dec., 1986), p. 780.
1061:. Louisiana State U.P. 1968.
827:. H. Holt. pp. 203–229.
249:who invited Phillips to the
7:
1757:Works by Ulrich B. Phillips
1643:Journal of American History
1521:Fogel, Robert William, and
1401:Smith and Inscoe 1990 p. 10
1303:Journal of Southern History
1294:Reviews in American History
947:. In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
832:Phillips, Ulrich B (1910).
724:Political Science Quarterly
656:Political Science Quarterly
549:online at Project Gutenberg
344:An essay by the historians
10:
1866:
1722:The Southerner as American
1705:American Historical Review
1343:Washington Post Book World
1169:Smith, John David (2003).
999:American Historical Review
960:American Historical Review
914:American Historical Review
875:American Historical Review
850:10.1177/000271621003500105
792:American Historical Review
763:American Historical Review
695:American Historical Review
587:vol 1&2 online edition
553:online at Internet Archive
275:
598:Vol. 2. Washington: 1913.
536:The Life of Robert Toombs
218:in 1897. He obtained his
157:
149:
127:
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117:William Archibald Dunning
109:
93:
88:
84:
74:
62:
41:
34:
1589:Journal of Negro History
1579:Journal of Negro History
1497:8#4 (1934), pp. 196-218
1340:"The Battle Over Memory"
1175:New Georgia Encyclopedia
1125:timesmachine.nytimes.com
562:excerpts and text search
500:
495:special pleading fallacy
311:
247:Frederick Jackson Turner
236:Georgia and State Rights
114:Frederick Jackson Turner
1830:Yale University faculty
1542:Fogel, Robert William.
981:2027/mdp.39015010479486
950:Encyclopædia Britannica
745:2027/mdp.39015016878723
677:2027/hvd.32044082042185
638:2027/hvd.32044072050750
480:selectivity of evidence
435:American Negro Slavery,
251:University of Wisconsin
230:where he studied under
164:Ulrich Bonnell Phillips
36:Ulrich Bonnell Phillips
18:Ulrich Bonnell Phillips
1690:(2010) 87#3 pp 253–282
547:. (1918; reprint 1966)
491:American Negro Slavery
484:
452:
401:
390:By 2000, Jane Dailey,
359:
259:University of Michigan
198:the antebellum south.
140:University of Michigan
1695:Agricultural History,
1616:Agricultural History,
1599:Agricultural History,
1562:Agricultural History,
1514:Dillon, Merton Lynn.
1280:10.1353/cwh.1967.0026
476:
426:
396:
354:
346:George M. Fredrickson
216:University of Georgia
192:civil rights movement
100:University of Georgia
1523:Engerman, Stanley L.
1495:Agricultural History
1035:Agricultural History
471:Progressive Movement
385:economic determinism
234:. His dissertation,
1679:Smith, John David.
1651:Smith, John David.
1632:Roper, John Herbert
1558:Genovese, Eugene D.
585:2 Volumes. (1909).
514:Justin Winsor Prize
228:Columbia University
176:slavery in the U.S.
104:Columbia University
89:Academic background
1518:(1985), biography.
1466:The New York Times
1309:3 (1969), 460–473.
1205:; Herbert Gutman,
1127:. January 22, 1934
381:American Civil War
288:Eugene D. Genovese
184:American Civil War
153:Slavery; Old South
56:La Grange, Georgia
1761:Project Gutenberg
1607:Parish, Peter J.
1537:978-0-393-31218-8
1527:Time on the Cross
1268:Civil War History
1084:Peter J. Parish,
456:Kenneth M. Stampp
403:In his review of
373:Mary Ritter Beard
350:Christopher Lasch
255:Tulane University
161:
160:
136:Tulane University
110:Academic advisors
16:(Redirected from
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369:Charles A. Beard
331:Alfred H. Conrad
214:degree from the
212:Bachelor of Arts
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736:10.2307/2141056
707:10.2307/1832229
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520:(reprint 1983)
516:awarded by the
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460:Eugene Genovese
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1097:Parish, p. 8
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1041:(1): 21–23.
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128:Institutions
68:(1934-01-21)
29:
1800:1934 deaths
1795:1877 births
1088:(1990) p. 6
569:. (1939).
560:. (1929).
437:Phillips's
413:Complicity'
324:Slave Power
75:Nationality
1789:Categories
1375:Genovese,
1336:Ira Berlin
1067:References
538:. (1913).
529:. (1908).
409:Ira Berlin
276:See also:
95:Alma mater
48:1877-11-04
1775:Biography
1474:0362-4331
1439:0003-0554
1253:154825201
1159:, Raleigh
866:144813314
168:historian
1709:in JSTOR
1699:in JSTOR
1647:in JSTOR
1620:in JSTOR
1603:in JSTOR
1593:in JSTOR
1583:in JSTOR
1566:in JSTOR
1499:in JSTOR
1322:(2000),
609:Articles
450:history.
416:North."
208:LaGrange
79:American
1768:at the
1673:(2003)
1662:(1990)
1447:1945849
1392:page v.
1245:1827270
1047:3739695
1019:1836477
990:1835667
934:1835473
905:1835078
858:1011487
812:1837058
783:1836445
754:2141056
715:1832229
686:2140400
647:1882660
1683:(1999)
1664:online
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577:Edited
337:, and
1443:JSTOR
1249:S2CID
1241:JSTOR
1072:Notes
1043:JSTOR
1015:JSTOR
986:JSTOR
930:JSTOR
901:JSTOR
862:S2CID
854:JSTOR
808:JSTOR
779:JSTOR
750:JSTOR
711:JSTOR
682:JSTOR
643:JSTOR
501:Works
312:Views
224:Ph.D.
1548:ISBN
1533:ISBN
1481:2022
1470:ISSN
1435:ISSN
1133:2020
371:and
348:and
333:and
263:Yale
174:and
63:Died
42:Born
1759:at
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