281:
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243:. While the first phase of their movement became the Old Torghuts, the Qing called the later Torghut immigrants "New Torghut". The size of the departing group has been variously estimated between 150,000 and 400,000 people, with perhaps as many as six million animals (cattle, sheep, horses, camels and dogs). Beset by raids, thirst and starvation, approximately 85,000 survivors made it to
40:
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with the permission of the Qing Manchu
Emperor. The Torghuts were coerced by the Qing into giving up their nomadic lifestyle and to take up sedentary agriculture instead as part of a deliberate policy by the Qing to enfeeble them. They proved to be incompetent farmers and they became destitute,
280:
222:
Under Ubashi Khan's leadership, approximately 200,000 Kalmyks began the journey from their pastures on the left bank of the Volga River to
Dzungaria. Approximately five-sixths of the Torghut tribe followed Ubashi Khan. Most of the
252:
selling their children into slavery, engaging in prostitution, and stealing, according to the Manchu Qi-yi-shi. Child slaves were in demand on the
Central Asian slave market, and Torghut children were sold into this slave trade.
214:
was contacted to request his blessing and to set the date of departure. After consulting the astrological chart, the Dalai Lama set the return date, but at the moment of departure, the weakening of the ice on the
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Les mystères de la Russie: Tableau politique et moral de l'Empire russe ... Ouvrage rédigé d'après les manuscits d'un diplomate et d'un voyageur
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permitted only those
Kalmyks who roamed on the left or eastern bank to leave. Those on the right bank were forced to stay behind.
452:
90:
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Monument to the return of the
Torghut in Korla, Xinjiang. Statue of Ubashi Khan in the front and the memorial tower in the back.
330:
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442:
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tribe, by contrast, elected not to go at all. The
Kalmyks who resettled in Qing territory became known as
274:"Exodus of 500.000 Kalmyks to China in 1771", led by Ubashi Khan. Engraving by Charles Michel Geoffroy.
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abolished the Kalmyk
Khanate, and the title of Khan, making Ubashi Khan the last to hold this title.
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182:. In January 1771, he led the return migration of the majority of the
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also accompanied the
Torghuts on their journey to Dzungaria. The
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210:. When he decided to return his people to Dzungaria, the
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16:Khan of the Kalmyk Khanate (r. 1761–1771)
426:(in French). Pagnerre. pp. 440–441.
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419:
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206:Ubashi Khan was the great-grandson of
374:. University of Hawaii Press, 1993.
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255:After failing to stop the flight,
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372:In the Footsteps of Genghis Khan
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178:prince and the last Khan of the
453:People from the Kalmyk Khanate
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247:, where they settled near the
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44:Ubashi Khan (1744–1774), the
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420:Lacroix, Frédéric (1845).
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81:
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37:
26:
297:
310:Also misspelled as 幄巴西
170:; 1744 – 1774) was a
337:on 12 September 2008
443:History of Kalmykia
257:Catherine the Great
370:DeFrancis, John.
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135:1774 (aged 29–30)
86:Donduk Dashi Khan
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333:. Archived from
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180:Kalmyk Khanate
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126:Kalmyk Khanate
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68:Kalmyk Khanate
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50:Kalmyk Khanate
43:
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15:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
465:
454:
451:
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448:Kalmyk people
446:
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408:Millward 1998
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396:Millward 1998
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188:Kalmyk steppe
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184:Kalmyk people
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48:ruler of the
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384:Dunnell 2004
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339:. Retrieved
335:the original
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196:Qing dynasty
149:
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142:Qing dynasty
66:Khan of the
54:Qing dynasty
20:
18:
356:Perdue 2009
217:Volga River
150:Ubashi Khan
106: [
89: [
82:Predecessor
77:1761 – 1771
60:collection)
27:Ubashi Khan
437:Categories
318:References
249:Ejin River
212:Dalai Lama
208:Ayuka Khan
103:Dodbi Khan
410:, p. 305.
398:, p. 139.
386:, p. 103.
358:, p. 295.
331:"土尔扈特部落史"
245:Dzungaria
202:Biography
192:Dzungaria
186:from the
159:ᠣᠪᠠᠱᠢ ᠬᠠᠨ
154:Mongolian
99:Successor
56:costume (
31:ᠣᠪᠠᠱᠢ ᠬᠠᠨ
341:13 March
241:Torghuts
225:Khoshuts
172:Torghut
164:Chinese
138:Beijing
46:Torghut
237:Dörbet
233:Khoits
229:Choros
176:Kalmyk
166::
58:紫光阁功臣像
298:Notes
110:]
93:]
74:Reign
52:, in
343:2009
231:and
168:渥巴锡汗
132:Died
123:1744
120:Born
190:to
439::
363:^
227:,
198:.
162:;
156::
140:,
108:ru
91:ru
345:.
174:-
152:(
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