867:
46:
1622:
618:
882:
1027:
24:
1046:
683:. A new iron carriage was built where the gun rode in a cradle that slid on iron rails. The new carriages pivoted at the gun ports to minimize the size of the ports. Two compressors, or clamps, were fitted to squeeze the rails and increase friction between the rails and the cradle, but these were not strong enough to handle the
549:, but it proved unsatisfactory in service as the ship became more unmanageable as her speed increased. The rudder was blamed at the time, but the very full shape of the ship's hull aft was the most likely cause as it screened the rudder from the flow of water behind the hull. The ship's hull was coppered to reduce
857:
be cut down to improve the visibility from the conning tower, but the fumes from the funnel nearly asphyxiated the men in the conning tower and on the gun deck, and the funnel had to be restored. He also attempted to move the 18-long-ton (18 t) conning tower to a better position, but it was too
1078:
remained on station until 6 June 1864 when she returned to Port Royal preparatory to a return to
Philadelphia for repairs and a general overhaul. Her masts and rigging were replaced and most of the ship's crew with time remaining on their enlistments were transferred to other ships in the squadron.
750:
Each of the ship's gun ports was protected by two armored shutters, each 4 inches (102 mm) thick. Each shutter rotated on an axle at its top operated from inside the battery. In combat these shutters frequently cracked or broke when hit; rarely was a shutter jammed in either the open or closed
918:
was ordered to patrol off
Charleston Harbor. The ship remained at Charleston for the rest of the year except for brief intervals at Port Royal. She participated in the First Battle of Charleston Harbor on 7 April 1863, when nine Union ironclads entered the harbor and conducted a prolonged, but
834:
back to
Philadelphia for post-trial repairs. Her voyage to Hampton Roads had revealed problems with her steering, gun recoil, and lack of speed. A start was made on the gun recoil problem when she was ordered to return to Hampton Roads on 23 September, but the other two problems proved to be
656:
Each 11-inch gun weighed approximately 16,000 pounds (7,300 kg) and could fire a 136-pound (61.7 kg) shell at a range of 3,650 yards (3,340 m) at an elevation of 15Β°. The muzzle-loading
Parrott rifles fired a 152-pound (68.9 kg) shell at a
799:
on 21 August, but the navy did not invoke the penalty for late delivery. On 27 September the navy paid
Merrick & Sons $ 34,322.06 for "extras", presumably the armored bulkheads, shutters, and conning tower not included in the original specifications.
604:
carried 350 long tons (360 t) of coal and her propeller could be disengaged to reduce drag while under sail alone. The ship was barque-rigged with three masts that were used only for long-distance voyages, and were removed, with their rigging, once
435:
appropriated $ 1.5 million on 3 August to build one or more armored steamships. It also ordered the creation of a board to inquire into armored ships. The U.S. Navy advertised for proposals for "iron-clad steam vessels of war" on 7 August and
1856:. Series II. Vol. 1: Statistical Data of Union and Confederate Ships, Muster Roles of Confederate Government Vessels, Letters of Marque and Reprisals, Confederate Department Investigations. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
526:
of 57 feet 6 inches (17.5 m) and a draft of 15 feet 8 inches (4.8 m). The ship displaced 4,120 long tons (4,190 t), 495 long tons (503 t) more than her designed displacement. To minimize her draft,
717:
that was 4.5 inches (114 mm) thick; below the waterline it was reduced to 3 inches (76 mm). It reached 3 feet (0.9 m) above the waterline and 4 feet (1.2 m) below. Above the belt the 170-foot (51.8 m)
644:
and wanted more powerful 11-inch (279 mm) guns. Accordingly, the design changed while the ship was under construction to accommodate fourteen 11-inch
Dahlgren guns and two muzzle-loading 8-inch (203 mm), 150-pounder
742:
screws. The armor plates were cut with a groove on each side and an iron bar was inserted between each plate to better distribute the shock of impact. The side armor was backed by 21 inches (533 mm) of wood. A
1851:
931:
of Rear
Admiral Du Pont during the battle. He and his staff occupied the conning tower during the engagement, which forced the ship's captain to command the ship from the gun deck. Admiral Du Pont's
784:
herself was still in commission, the name was unavailable for a new ship. Merrick & Sons was awarded a $ 780,000 contract for the ship on 15 October 1861 for delivery in nine months. A $ 500
1010:
and forced the
Confederate gunners to seek cover; she fired 483 shells and was struck at least 70 times. The ship also contributed crewmen for the landing party that unsuccessfully attempted to
747:
with three-inch sides was also added during construction. It was placed behind the funnel and the mainmast, and had no visibility directly forward. It was small and could only fit three people.
942:
quirks, and the channel used during the attack was shallower in places than her deep draft; she maneuvered erratically and had to anchor several times to avoid going aground. The monitors
393:
Although she was struck many times by
Confederate shells, gunfire never significantly damaged the ship or injured the crew. Her only casualty in combat occurred when she was struck by a
1117:
was one of several warships that heavily shelled Fort Fisher, preparing the way for a ground assault that captured the position on 15 January. Afterward and for the next few months,
3395:
448:
the following day. Their task was to "examine plans for the completion of iron-clad vessels". They evaluated 17 different designs, but recommended only three on 16 September.
726:
were added during construction to protect the ends of the battery. They consisted of 2.5 inches (64 mm) of wrought iron backed by 12 inches (305 mm) of
835:
intractable. She was kept ready to respond to a
Confederate attack with steam up while mechanics were sent to fix the recoil problems and the crew was training.
1137:
was destroyed by a fire. The ship was towed to shallow water where she burned and sank. Her wreck was salvaged and her boilers were offered for sale in 1869.
1113:. Though this attack was called off on Christmas Day after an extensive bombardment, the Union fleet returned to resume the operation on 13 January 1865.
665:
guns weighed 16,300 pounds (7,400 kg) each. The 50-pounder Dahlgren rifles weighed approximately 5,600 pounds (2,500 kg). The small size of the
958:
as they attempted to move past her, but no damage was suffered by any of the ships. As the ship was withdrawing she anchored directly over a Confederate
695:
wood were placed underneath the compressors; the friction of iron on wood was double that of iron on iron and the increased friction solved the problem.
890:
and five monitors engaging Forts Wagner and Gregg in Charleston Harbor, in what is one of the world's first combat action photographs, September 7, 1863
3410:
3425:
3405:
3430:
3400:
988:
on 18 July through the next two months and the Second Battle of Charleston Harbor. During this time the ship was the target of a failed
508:. William Cramp claimed credit for the detailed design of the ship's hull, but the general design work was done by Merrick & Sons.
849:, on 17 January 1863. When she first arrived, the ship exchanged her masts and rigging for poles suitable for signaling. Rear Admiral
2286:
1882:
738:
beneath 1 inch (25 mm) of wrought iron. Mirroring French practice, the armor plates were secured to the ship's hull and deck by
722:
was protected by 4.5-inch armor, but the bow and stern were left unprotected. Although not initially part of the design, transverse
408:
for their actions during the Second Battle of Fort Fisher in 1865. The ship was destroyed by fire in 1865 after she was placed in
1074:
on the night of 5 October 1863. The attack was successful, but the damage was minor, and only one man later died of his wounds.
1018:
fired 4439 rounds and was hit by at least 150 heavy projectiles, none of which inflicted any significant damage or casualties.
474:'s guarantee of delivery in 100 days proved to be decisive in choosing his design despite the risk involved. The wooden-hulled
1231:
691:
to restrain the guns, but neither was entirely satisfactory. The problem was not resolved until December 1862 when strips of
669:
limited the guns, however, to a maximum elevation of 4.5Β° which reduced their range to less than 2,000 yards (1,800 m).
1577:
1101:
in Hampton Roads until October when her crew finished gunnery training. She participated in a major assault in December on
441:
492:
and was the most conservative design of the three, which copied many of the features of the French ship. The well-known
1098:
842:
379:
1840:
1821:
1748:
1710:
1687:
1664:
1645:
1130:
666:
640:
mounted on the gun deck. However, the navy was less than impressed by the performance of 9-inch Dahlgrens during the
606:
375:
2929:
866:
1203:
1173:
970:
fired only a single broadside, but she was hit over 50 times in return without significant damage or casualties.
792:
132:
1167:
2279:
1875:
1197:
515:
359:
198:
1783:
Roberts, William H. (1990). "Re: The Neglected Ironclad: A Design and Constructional Analysis of the U.S.S.
535:
that projected 6 feet (1.8 m) forward from her bow. The ship's crew consisted of 449 officers and men.
1835:. Johns Hopkins Studies in the History of Technology. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.
1154:
1011:
985:
387:
2151:
1080:
1061:
383:
1758:
Roberts, William H. (1989). "The Neglected Ironclad: A Design and Constructional Analysis of the U.S.S.
3371:
3364:
2978:
2296:
1110:
846:
565:
367:
363:
248:
1933:
1627:
609:. The best speed under sail and steam together was only about 7 knots (13 km/h; 8.1 mph).
466:
iron hull, and total dependence on steam power. The riskiest element of its design was its rotating
2272:
1868:
3026:
3014:
2023:
1974:
1925:
719:
680:
641:
505:
313:
91:
2990:
2893:
2316:
1982:
850:
486:
432:
382:. At the end of 1864 and the beginning of 1865 she bombarded the defenses of Wilmington in the
3122:
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1917:
812:
581:
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1699:
593:
234:
2616:
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2158:
2084:
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1966:
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1084:
997:
949:
735:
723:
459:
325:
8:
3420:
3415:
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3134:
3038:
2845:
2415:
2341:
2144:
2091:
1990:
1910:
1721:
1224:
943:
662:
649:. Two 5.1-inch (130 mm), 50-pound Dahlgren rifles were fitted on the upper deck as
3310:
3272:
3158:
3074:
2705:
2653:
2517:
2466:
2251:
2130:
2070:
2016:
1959:
908:
796:
785:
351:
347:
343:
171:
3285:
3233:
3220:
3195:
2782:
2770:
2679:
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1836:
1817:
1796:
1771:
1744:
1727:
1706:
1683:
1660:
1659:. Vol. 2: The Ironclads, 1842β1885. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
1641:
898:
475:
421:
228:
3297:
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2056:
1952:
1228:
1065:
789:
763:
577:
129:
70:
770:
539:
451:
The three ironclad ships differed substantially in design and degree of risk. The
2881:
2718:
2504:
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2063:
1860:
1191:
1094:
658:
617:
523:
1853:
Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion
3086:
2966:
2744:
2731:
2427:
2222:
2112:
1150:
1106:
1093:
completed her overhaul in late August 1864, now under the command of Commodore
932:
687:
force when the gun was fired. Two more compressors were fitted as well as rope
633:
589:
519:
445:
405:
976:
repeatedly bombarded Confederate positions in the successful campaign to take
881:
819:
down the James River to attack his ships and did not believe that his armored
688:
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2176:
2042:
1800:
1775:
1185:
1179:
1007:
981:
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471:
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After the United States received word of the construction of the Confederate
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2009:
1731:
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493:
463:
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394:
284:
95:
470:, something that had not previously been tested by any navy. Its designer
3098:
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2869:
2666:
2628:
2541:
2440:
1903:
1133:
at League Island, Philadelphia, where, on the night of 16 December 1865,
1122:
1102:
977:
920:
901:
875:
and monitors engaging Fort Moultrie, Charleston Harbor, September 8, 1863
777:
739:
731:
597:
452:
319:
259:
3336:
3002:
2905:
2479:
2353:
2183:
2049:
992:
boat attack on 21 August. While resupplying ammunition on 8 September,
959:
769:, which earned the nickname "Old Ironsides" during her engagement with
710:
672:
The existing wooden carriages for 11-inch guns were too long to fit in
629:
550:
467:
307:
281:
1849:
788:
was imposed for each day past 15 July 1862 that the ship was delayed.
23:
2917:
2603:
2566:
1068:
1026:
963:
727:
707:
650:
573:
532:
398:
374:
bombarded the fortifications defending Charleston in 1863 during the
481:'s most novel feature was her armor of interlocking iron rails. The
3050:
2857:
2832:
2391:
928:
692:
355:
182:
1678:: America's First Broadside Ironclad". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.).
653:. They were replaced by 60-pound Dahlgren rifles by October 1864.
2757:
501:
496:
engine-building firm of Merrick & Sons made the proposal for
1045:
816:
795:
sponsored the ship as she was launched on 10 May 1862. She was
684:
628:
The ship's main armament was originally going to consist of 16
542:
531:
was given a wide beam and a flat bottom. She had a rectangular
1833:
Civil War Ironclads: The U.S. Navy and Industrial Mobilization
2294:
1739:
Olmstead, Edwin; Stark, Wayne E.; Tucker, Spencer C. (1997).
820:
596:(1,300 kW) which gave the ship a maximum speed around 6
569:
186:
962:(mine) that was filled with 3,000 pounds (1,360 kg) of
914:
sortied and briefly captured two Union ships on 31 January,
815:
had been requesting her since July. He feared a Confederate
1002:
which had grounded between Fort Sumter and Cummings Point.
1741:
The Big Guns: Civil War Siege, Seacoast, and Naval Cannon
1109:, in an effort to stop blockade running into the port of
1743:. Alexandria Bay, New York: Museum Restoration Service.
1014:
on the night of 8β9 September. Between July and October
830:
would be enough. On 31 August, Secretary Welles ordered
3396:
American Civil War patrol vessels of the United States
1638:
Warrior to Dreadnought: Warship Development 1860β1905
1617:
458:
was the most innovative design by virtue of its low
1738:
1697:Chesneau, Roger; Kolesnik, Eugene M., eds. (1979).
518:and 249 feet 6 inches (76.0 m) long
1890:
1698:
1476:Emerson, p. 25; Roberts 1989, pp. 110β11, 114, 119
1701:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860β1905
3387:
1696:
1006:anchored 1,200 yards (1,100 m) in front of
966:that failed to detonate. During the bombardment
1850:United States Naval War Records Office (1921).
1816:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
2280:
1876:
996:was called to provide cover for the monitor
2287:
2273:
1883:
1869:
754:
661:of 1,200 ft/s (370 m/s). The 17-
2297:Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1865
415:
616:
576:. Steam was provided by four horizontal
3411:Ships built by William Cramp & Sons
1830:
1807:
1782:
1757:
1673:
1223:British trials of a turret designed by
564:had two simple horizontal two-cylinder
3388:
1719:
1654:
1299:
1297:
2268:
1864:
1635:
1575:
1382:
1380:
1352:
1350:
444:, appointed the three members of the
42:
3426:Shipwrecks of the Pennsylvania coast
3406:Steamships of the United States Navy
1705:. Greenwich: Conway Maritime Press.
1322:
1320:
1318:
1278:
1276:
1257:
1255:
1253:
580:at a working pressure of 20β25
354:. The ship spent most of her career
3431:Maritime incidents in December 1865
3401:Ironclad warships of the Union Navy
1294:
1237:did not begin until the same month.
1087:six days later to begin her refit.
858:heavy for the equipment available.
380:Second Battles of Charleston Harbor
158:Destroyed by fire, 16 December 1865
13:
1389:
1377:
1347:
1140:
1121:supported Union activities on the
1099:North Atlantic Blockading Squadron
843:South Atlantic Blockading Squadron
504:so they subcontracted the ship to
209:57 ft 6 in (17.5 m)
14:
3442:
1682:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
1674:Emerson, William C. (1993). "USS
1576:Evans, Mark L. (18 August 2015).
1315:
1273:
1250:
1176:, Signal Quartermaster, U.S. Navy
807:was commissioned, she sailed for
404:. Eight crewmen were awarded the
217:15 ft 8 in (4.8 m)
1723:A Treatise on Ordnance and Armor
1720:Holley, Alexander Lyman (1865).
1620:
1044:
1025:
880:
865:
624:as she appeared on blockade duty
44:
22:
16:United States Navy ironclad ship
1601:
1592:
1569:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1503:Roberts 1999, pp. 9, 17, 23, 37
1497:
1488:
1479:
1470:
1461:
1452:
1443:
1434:
1425:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1368:
1359:
1338:
2101:Ocean-going casemate ironclads
1891:Ironclads of the United States
1598:Roberts 1999, pp. 1β2, 127β128
1539:Roberts 1999, pp. 52β53, 59β62
1329:
1306:
1285:
1264:
1217:
897:The day after the Confederate
600:(11 km/h; 6.9 mph).
592:). The engines produced 1,800
295:2 Γ 50-pounder Dahlgren rifles
1:
1726:. New York: D. Van Nostrand.
1613:
1261:Chesneau and Kolesnik, p. 118
1164:, Boatswain's Mate, U.S. Navy
1153:for their actions during the
1145:The following crewmen of the
919:inconclusive, bombardment of
556:
388:Second Battles of Fort Fisher
2170:Never-commissioned ironclads
1831:Roberts, William H. (2002).
1808:Roberts, William H. (1999).
1244:
1155:Second Battle of Fort Fisher
986:Second Battle of Fort Wagner
826:and the prototype ironclad
262:(13 km/h; 8.1 mph)
7:
2036:Riverine casemate ironclads
1640:. London: Caxton Editions.
1467:Roberts 1999, pp. 25, 35β37
1194:, Quarter Gunner, U.S. Navy
1182:, Quarter Gunner, U.S. Navy
1081:Philadelphia Naval Shipyard
1062:Another spar torpedo attack
612:
566:direct-acting steam engines
516:long between perpendiculars
514:was 230 feet (70.1 m)
485:was much influenced by the
316:: 4.5 in (114 mm)
310:: 4.5 in (114 mm)
280:14 Γ 11-inch (279 mm)
249:direct-acting steam engines
197:230 ft (70.1 m) (
10:
3447:
1655:Canney, Donald L. (1993).
1485:Roberts 1989, pp. 121, 123
1188:, Quartermaster, U.S. Navy
847:Port Royal, South Carolina
500:, but they did not have a
368:Wilmington, North Carolina
364:Charleston, South Carolina
328:: 2.5 in (64 mm)
3359:
3208:
2304:
2215:
2169:
2123:
2100:
2035:
2002:
1946:River and harbor monitors
1945:
1896:
1636:Brown, David K. (2003) .
1628:American Civil War portal
813:Rear Admiral Goldsborough
270:449 officers and enlisted
162:
37:
21:
1566:Roberts 1999, pp. 92β106
1449:Olmstead, et al., p. 194
1422:Official Records, p. 159
1210:
1129:on 6 April 1865 and was
1079:The ship arrived at the
853:ordered that the ship's
698:
506:William Cramp & Sons
322:: 1 in (25 mm)
92:William Cramp & Sons
2216:Miscellaneous ironclads
1557:Roberts 1999, pp. 81β91
1548:Roberts 1999, pp. 72β78
1530:Roberts 1999, pp. 39β41
1512:Roberts 1999, pp. 29β37
1431:Olmstead, et al., p. 90
1335:Roberts 1999, pp. 9, 11
1291:Roberts 1999, pp. 7, 16
1097:, but did not join the
755:Construction and career
642:Battle of Hampton Roads
163:General characteristics
2124:Commissioned ironclads
1303:Roberts 1999, pp. 7β11
762:was named in honor of
625:
416:Design and description
1789:Warship International
1764:Warship International
1206:, Coxswain, U.S. Navy
1200:, Coxswain, U.S. Navy
1170:, Coxswain, U.S. Navy
1051:The wreck of the CSS
636:9-inch (229 mm)
620:
572:13-foot (4.0 m)
487:French ironclad
442:Secretary of the Navy
2003:Ocean-going monitors
1607:Roberts 1999, p. 103
1580:. United States Navy
1458:Roberts 1989, p. 125
1386:Roberts 1989, p. 111
1356:Roberts 1989, p. 114
1326:Roberts 1989, p. 110
1270:Roberts 1999, p. 108
935:was unfamiliar with
734:was three inches of
594:indicated horsepower
342:was a wooden-hulled
32:under steam and sail
3028:Commodore McDonough
1521:Roberts 2002, p. 86
1494:Roberts 1999, p. 23
1404:Emerson, pp. 24, 29
1083:on 24 June and was
984:beginning with the
3124:City of Launceston
1657:The Old Steam Navy
1374:Emerson, pp. 28β29
1282:Roberts 1999, p. 5
899:casemate ironclads
626:
352:American Civil War
348:United States Navy
344:broadside ironclad
229:water-tube boilers
172:Broadside ironclad
3381:
3380:
2262:
2261:
1440:Holley, pp. 54β55
1149:were awarded the
1012:seize Fort Sumter
578:fire-tube boilers
568:driving a single
422:casemate ironclad
334:
333:
126:Sponsored by
3438:
3374:
3367:
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3335:
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3316:
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3049:
3043:
3037:
3031:
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3019:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2980:Brother Jonathan
2977:
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2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2365:
2359:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2299:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2266:
2265:
1897:Coastal monitors
1885:
1878:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1846:
1827:
1814:in the Civil War
1804:
1779:
1754:
1735:
1716:
1704:
1693:
1670:
1651:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1608:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1345:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1313:
1312:Brown, pp. 41β43
1310:
1304:
1301:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1238:
1229:floating battery
1221:
1066:semi-submersible
1064:was made by the
1048:
1029:
941:
884:
869:
678:
289:2 Γ 150-pounder
52:
49:
48:
47:
26:
19:
18:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3355:
3354:
3344:
3333:
3332:
3320:
3319:
3307:
3306:
3294:
3293:
3282:
3281:
3269:
3268:
3256:
3255:
3243:
3242:
3230:
3229:
3217:
3216:
3209:Other incidents
3204:
3203:
3192:
3191:
3180:
3179:
3167:
3166:
3155:
3154:
3143:
3142:
3131:
3130:
3119:
3118:
3107:
3106:
3095:
3094:
3083:
3082:
3071:
3070:
3059:
3058:
3047:
3046:
3035:
3034:
3023:
3022:
3011:
3010:
2999:
2998:
2987:
2986:
2975:
2974:
2963:
2962:
2950:
2949:
2938:
2937:
2926:
2925:
2919:Admiral Du Pont
2914:
2913:
2902:
2901:
2895:City of Dunedin
2890:
2889:
2878:
2877:
2866:
2865:
2854:
2853:
2842:
2841:
2829:
2828:
2817:
2816:
2805:
2804:
2792:
2791:
2779:
2778:
2767:
2766:
2754:
2753:
2741:
2740:
2728:
2727:
2715:
2714:
2702:
2701:
2689:
2688:
2676:
2675:
2663:
2662:
2650:
2649:
2637:
2636:
2625:
2624:
2613:
2612:
2600:
2599:
2588:
2587:
2576:
2575:
2563:
2562:
2551:
2550:
2538:
2537:
2526:
2525:
2514:
2513:
2501:
2500:
2489:
2488:
2476:
2475:
2463:
2462:
2450:
2449:
2437:
2436:
2424:
2423:
2412:
2411:
2400:
2399:
2388:
2387:
2376:
2375:
2363:
2362:
2350:
2349:
2338:
2337:
2325:
2324:
2313:
2312:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2263:
2258:
2211:
2165:
2119:
2108:Stevens Battery
2096:
2031:
1998:
1941:
1892:
1889:
1843:
1824:
1751:
1713:
1690:
1667:
1648:
1626:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1578:"New Ironsides"
1574:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1192:Daniel Milliken
1143:
1141:Medals of Honor
1095:William Radford
1059:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1030:
939:
895:
894:
893:
892:
891:
885:
877:
876:
870:
793:Charles Stewart
757:
706:had a complete
701:
676:
659:muzzle velocity
615:
559:
418:
397:carried by the
247:1 Γ shaft; 2 Γ
237:(1,300 kW)
222:Installed power
133:Charles Stewart
83:15 October 1861
50:
45:
43:
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3444:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3368:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3342:
3330:
3317:
3304:
3291:
3279:
3266:
3253:
3240:
3227:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3189:
3177:
3164:
3152:
3140:
3128:
3116:
3104:
3092:
3080:
3068:
3056:
3044:
3032:
3020:
3008:
2996:
2984:
2972:
2960:
2947:
2935:
2923:
2911:
2899:
2887:
2875:
2863:
2851:
2839:
2826:
2814:
2802:
2789:
2776:
2764:
2751:
2738:
2725:
2712:
2699:
2686:
2673:
2660:
2656:Fredericksburg
2647:
2634:
2622:
2610:
2597:
2585:
2573:
2560:
2548:
2535:
2523:
2511:
2498:
2486:
2473:
2469:Palmetto State
2460:
2447:
2434:
2421:
2409:
2397:
2385:
2373:
2360:
2347:
2335:
2322:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2269:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2253:Spuyten Duyvil
2249:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2021:
2014:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1957:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1915:
1908:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1847:
1841:
1828:
1822:
1805:
1780:
1770:(2): 109β135.
1755:
1749:
1736:
1717:
1711:
1694:
1688:
1671:
1665:
1652:
1646:
1632:
1631:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1568:
1559:
1550:
1541:
1532:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1460:
1451:
1442:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1395:Emerson, p. 29
1388:
1376:
1367:
1358:
1346:
1344:Emerson, p. 21
1337:
1328:
1314:
1305:
1293:
1284:
1272:
1263:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1204:Richard Willis
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1174:Thomas English
1171:
1165:
1151:Medal of Honor
1142:
1139:
1127:decommissioned
1107:North Carolina
1085:decommissioned
1050:
1043:
1042:
1032:The attack on
1031:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1020:
954:collided with
927:served as the
911:Palmetto State
886:
879:
878:
871:
864:
863:
862:
861:
860:
803:The day after
756:
753:
700:
697:
647:Parrott rifles
634:muzzle-loading
614:
611:
584:(138β172
558:
555:
545:was fitted to
446:Ironclad Board
417:
414:
406:Medal of Honor
370:, in 1863β65.
346:built for the
332:
331:
330:
329:
323:
317:
311:
303:
299:
298:
297:
296:
293:
291:Parrott rifles
287:
276:
272:
271:
268:
264:
263:
256:
252:
251:
245:
241:
240:
239:
238:
231:
223:
219:
218:
215:
211:
210:
207:
203:
202:
195:
191:
190:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
160:
159:
156:
152:
151:
148:
147:Decommissioned
144:
143:
142:21 August 1862
140:
136:
135:
127:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
89:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
68:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
40:
39:
35:
34:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3443:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3384:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3350:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3199:
3198:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3173:New Ironsides
3165:
3162:
3161:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3064:Duncan Dunbar
3057:
3054:
3053:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3009:
3006:
3005:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2931:Jequitinhonha
2924:
2921:
2920:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:Chattahoochee
2777:
2774:
2773:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2682:Patrick Henry
2674:
2671:
2670:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2239:New Ironsides
2236:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1855:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1842:0-8018-6830-0
1838:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1823:1-55750-695-7
1819:
1815:
1812:New Ironsides
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1785:New Ironsides
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1760:New Ironsides
1756:
1752:
1750:0-88855-012-X
1746:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1718:
1714:
1712:0-8317-0302-4
1708:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1691:
1689:0-85177-624-8
1685:
1681:
1677:
1676:New Ironsides
1672:
1668:
1666:0-87021-586-8
1662:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1647:1-84067-529-2
1643:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1618:
1604:
1595:
1579:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1482:
1473:
1464:
1455:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1419:
1413:Canney, p. 17
1410:
1401:
1392:
1383:
1381:
1371:
1365:Canney, p. 15
1362:
1353:
1351:
1341:
1332:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1309:
1300:
1298:
1288:
1279:
1277:
1267:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1227:on board the
1226:
1220:
1216:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1186:Nicholas Lear
1184:
1181:
1180:Edmund Haffee
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1168:John Dempster
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:New Ironsides
1138:
1136:
1135:New Ironsides
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:New Ironsides
1116:
1115:New Ironsides
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:New Ironsides
1088:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1076:New Ironsides
1073:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1054:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1034:New Ironsides
1028:
1019:
1017:
1016:New Ironsides
1013:
1009:
1008:Fort Moultrie
1005:
1004:New Ironsides
1001:
1000:
995:
994:New Ironsides
991:
987:
983:
982:Morris Island
979:
975:
974:New Ironsides
971:
969:
968:New Ironsides
965:
961:
957:
956:New Ironsides
953:
952:
947:
946:
938:
937:New Ironsides
934:
930:
926:
925:New Ironsides
922:
917:
916:New Ironsides
913:
912:
906:
905:
900:
889:
888:New Ironsides
883:
874:
873:New Ironsides
868:
859:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
839:New Ironsides
836:
833:
832:New Ironsides
829:
825:
822:
818:
814:
810:
809:Hampton Roads
806:
805:New Ironsides
801:
798:
794:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
774:
768:
767:
761:
760:New Ironsides
752:
748:
746:
745:conning tower
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
716:
712:
709:
705:
704:New Ironsides
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
675:
674:New Ironsides
670:
668:
664:
660:
654:
652:
648:
643:
639:
638:Dahlgren guns
635:
631:
623:
622:New Ironsides
619:
610:
608:
603:
602:New Ironsides
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
562:New Ironsides
554:
552:
548:
547:New Ironsides
544:
541:
536:
534:
530:
529:New Ironsides
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:New Ironsides
509:
507:
503:
499:
498:New Ironsides
495:
491:
490:
484:
483:New Ironsides
480:
479:
473:
472:John Ericsson
469:
465:
461:
457:
456:
449:
447:
443:
439:
438:Gideon Welles
434:
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429:
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413:
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396:
391:
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381:
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373:
372:New Ironsides
369:
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341:
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339:New Ironsides
327:
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318:
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301:
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294:
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288:
286:
285:Dahlgren guns
283:
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62:
61:New Ironsides
59:
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51:United States
41:
36:
31:
30:New Ironsides
25:
20:
3383:
3347:
3337:
3325:
3312:
3299:
3286:
3274:
3261:
3248:
3235:
3222:
3196:
3184:
3172:
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3159:
3148:Indian River
3147:
3135:
3123:
3111:
3099:
3087:
3075:
3063:
3051:
3039:
3027:
3016:Hugh Lindsay
3015:
3003:
2991:
2979:
2967:
2955:
2942:
2930:
2918:
2906:
2894:
2882:
2870:
2858:
2846:
2834:
2822:O. M. Pettit
2821:
2809:
2797:
2784:
2771:
2759:
2746:
2733:
2720:
2707:
2694:
2681:
2668:
2655:
2642:
2629:
2617:
2605:
2592:
2580:
2568:
2555:
2543:
2531:Harvest Moon
2530:
2518:
2506:
2493:
2481:
2468:
2456:Indian Chief
2455:
2442:
2429:
2416:
2404:
2392:
2380:
2368:
2355:
2342:
2330:
2317:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2237:
2231:
2224:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2113:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2024:
2017:
2010:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1934:
1926:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1852:
1832:
1813:
1809:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1767:
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1759:
1740:
1722:
1700:
1680:Warship 1993
1679:
1675:
1656:
1637:
1603:
1594:
1582:. Retrieved
1571:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1508:
1499:
1490:
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1463:
1454:
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1436:
1427:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1370:
1361:
1340:
1331:
1308:
1287:
1266:
1233:
1225:Cowper Coles
1219:
1198:Joseph White
1162:James Barnum
1146:
1144:
1134:
1118:
1114:
1090:
1089:
1075:
1070:
1060:
1052:
1037:
1033:
1015:
1003:
998:
993:
990:spar torpedo
973:
972:
967:
955:
950:
944:
936:
924:
915:
910:
903:
896:
887:
872:
838:
837:
831:
827:
823:
804:
802:
797:commissioned
782:Constitution
781:
772:
766:Constitution
765:
759:
758:
749:
715:wrought iron
703:
702:
673:
671:
655:
627:
621:
601:
561:
560:
546:
538:A two-piece
537:
528:
522:. She had a
511:
510:
497:
494:Philadelphia
488:
482:
477:
454:
450:
427:
419:
400:
395:spar torpedo
392:
371:
338:
336:
335:
185:(4,190
178:Displacement
150:6 April 1865
139:Commissioned
96:Philadelphia
73:Constitution
72:
60:
29:
2721:Virginia II
2507:Chickamauga
2318:San Jacinto
2065:Chillicothe
1935:Miantonomoh
1123:James River
1103:Fort Fisher
978:Fort Wagner
921:Fort Sumter
841:joined the
778:War of 1812
740:countersunk
736:yellow pine
588:; 1β2
540:articulated
360:Confederate
350:during the
233:1,800
121:10 May 1862
110:Yard number
3421:Ship fires
3416:1862 ships
3390:Categories
3088:Jacob Bell
2907:Race Horse
2883:Fiery Star
2810:Black Hawk
2747:Tuscaloosa
2734:Huntsville
2430:Charleston
2305:Shipwrecks
2223:USRC
2114:Dunderberg
2092:City class
1795:(2): 116.
1614:References
1584:20 October
1125:. She was
1111:Wilmington
751:position.
689:breechings
679:s cramped
651:chase guns
630:smoothbore
607:on station
557:Propulsion
468:gun turret
356:blockading
282:smoothbore
267:Complement
244:Propulsion
3348:Ironsides
3345:Unknown:
3324:HMS
3311:HMS
3298:HMS
3273:HMS
3260:HMS
3247:HMS
3234:HMS
3221:HMS
3171:USS
3040:Lone Star
2954:USS
2943:Brunswick
2833:CSS
2783:CSS
2758:USS
2745:CSS
2732:CSS
2719:CSS
2693:CSS
2680:CSS
2667:CSS
2654:CSS
2641:CSS
2581:Milwaukee
2567:CSS
2505:CSS
2480:CSS
2467:CSS
2454:CSS
2441:CSS
2428:CSS
2381:Dai Ching
2367:CSS
2354:CSS
2329:CSS
2225:Naugatuck
2199:Nashville
2178:Albemarle
2160:Tennessee
2153:Stonewall
2086:Tuscumbia
2079:Lafayette
2044:Indianola
2025:Kalamazoo
1976:Milwaukee
1927:Canonicus
1801:0043-0374
1776:0043-0374
1245:Footnotes
1069:CSS
999:Weehawken
964:gunpowder
960:"torpedo"
951:Nantucket
909:CSS
902:CSS
790:Commodore
773:Guerrière
771:HMS
764:USS
728:white oak
724:bulkheads
708:waterline
667:gun ports
574:propeller
476:USS
462:, shallow
460:freeboard
453:USS
426:CSS
399:CSS
362:ports of
326:Bulkheads
183:long tons
130:Commodore
105:$ 780,000
71:USS
3326:Research
3249:Terrible
3185:Huntress
3076:Republic
2695:Richmond
2643:Beaufort
2618:Bertrand
2417:Merrimac
2405:Favorita
2369:Scorpion
2343:Patapsco
2331:Columbia
2192:Missouri
2146:Eastport
2139:Columbia
2011:Dictator
1984:Marietta
1912:Onondaga
945:Catskill
929:flagship
613:Armament
433:Congress
428:Virginia
275:Armament
118:Launched
67:Namesake
3338:Tararua
3334:20 Dec:
3313:Bristol
3308:10 Nov:
3295:10 Oct:
3287:Ipswich
3275:Eclipse
3270:13 Jul:
3244:14 Jan:
3231:14 Jan:
3197:Goldena
3193:31 Dec:
3181:30 Dec:
3168:16 Dec:
3160:Neptune
3136:Fairlie
3132:27 Nov:
3120:19 Nov:
3108:13 Nov:
3100:Patroon
3096:10 Nov:
3072:25 Oct:
3048:22 Sep:
3036:16 Sep:
3024:23 Aug:
3012:18 Aug:
3004:Pewabic
2976:30 Jul:
2956:Bloomer
2939:28 Jun:
2903:c. May:
2891:20 May:
2879:12 May:
2871:Glasgow
2855:c. Apr:
2847:Sultana
2843:27 Apr:
2830:24 Apr:
2818:24 Apr:
2806:22 Apr:
2798:Jackson
2793:17 Apr:
2780:17 Apr:
2768:14 Apr:
2755:13 Apr:
2742:12 Apr:
2729:12 Apr:
2708:Roanoke
2669:Hampton
2630:Rodolph
2589:29 Mar:
2577:28 Mar:
2564:14 Mar:
2552:12 Mar:
2544:Rob Roy
2519:Arizona
2515:27 Feb:
2502:25 Feb:
2490:18 Feb:
2477:18 Feb:
2464:18 Feb:
2451:18 Feb:
2443:Chicora
2438:18 Feb:
2425:18 Feb:
2413:15 Feb:
2389:c. Jan:
2377:26 Jan:
2364:24 Jan:
2351:24 Jan:
2339:15 Jan:
2326:12 Jan:
2132:Atlanta
2072:Choctaw
2018:Puritan
1961:Roanoke
1919:Passaic
1905:Monitor
1732:5079161
1131:laid up
1036:by CSS
904:Chicora
851:Du Pont
828:Monitor
786:penalty
776:in the
720:battery
681:battery
663:caliber
551:fouling
520:overall
502:slipway
455:Monitor
410:reserve
314:Battery
88:Builder
80:Ordered
38:History
3372:1866 β
3365:β 1864
3321:1 Dec:
3283:9 Aug:
3257:3 Mar:
3236:Geyser
3223:Cadmus
3218:4 Jan:
3156:5 Dec:
3144:3 Dec:
3084:6 Nov:
3060:7 Oct:
3000:9 Aug:
2992:Smerch
2988:4 Aug:
2964:4 Jul:
2927:8 Jun:
2915:8 Jun:
2867:8 May:
2772:Sciota
2716:3 Apr:
2703:3 Apr:
2690:3 Apr:
2677:3 Apr:
2664:3 Apr:
2651:3 Apr:
2638:3 Apr:
2626:1 Apr:
2614:1 Apr:
2556:Althea
2539:2 Mar:
2527:1 Mar:
2494:Daring
2482:Peedee
2401:6 Feb:
2356:Drewry
2314:1 Jan:
2246:Keokuk
2232:Galena
2185:Baltic
2051:Benton
1968:Neosho
1839:
1820:
1799:
1774:
1747:
1730:
1709:
1686:
1663:
1644:
1234:Trusty
855:funnel
824:Galena
817:sortie
811:where
730:. The
685:recoil
590:kgf/cm
543:rudder
489:Gloire
478:Galena
464:-draft
440:, the
366:, and
194:Length
181:4,120
3300:Sepoy
3262:Niger
3112:Aenid
2968:Agnes
2606:Spray
2593:Osage
2569:Neuse
2393:Lelia
2206:Texas
2058:Essex
2027:class
1994:class
1992:Casco
1986:class
1978:class
1970:class
1954:Ozark
1937:class
1929:class
1921:class
1793:XXVII
1211:Notes
1071:David
1053:David
1038:David
940:'
933:pilot
821:sloop
780:. As
699:Armor
677:'
598:knots
570:brass
401:David
384:First
376:First
302:Armor
260:knots
255:Speed
214:Draft
3052:Pink
2951:Jun:
2859:Rose
2835:Webb
2796:CSS
2706:CSS
2604:CSS
2601:Mar:
2542:CSS
1837:ISBN
1818:ISBN
1810:USS
1797:ISSN
1772:ISSN
1768:XXVI
1745:ISBN
1728:OCLC
1707:ISBN
1684:ISBN
1661:ISBN
1642:ISBN
1586:2015
1232:HMS
948:and
907:and
732:deck
711:belt
524:beam
386:and
378:and
358:the
337:USS
320:Deck
308:Belt
227:4 Γ
206:Beam
199:p.p.
168:Type
155:Fate
102:Cost
57:Name
28:USS
2760:Ida
1787:".
1762:".
980:on
845:at
713:of
693:ash
586:kPa
582:psi
533:ram
235:ihp
113:108
3392::
1791:.
1766:.
1379:^
1349:^
1317:^
1296:^
1275:^
1252:^
1157::
1105:,
923:.
632:,
553:.
431:,
424:,
412:.
390:.
258:7
94:,
2288:e
2281:t
2274:v
1884:e
1877:t
1870:v
1845:.
1826:.
1803:.
1778:.
1753:.
1734:.
1715:.
1692:.
1669:.
1650:.
1588:.
201:)
189:)
187:t
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
