Hardiness zone - Knowledge

152: 4078: 596:, where the mean minimum is 67 degrees F (19 C), which is classified as hardiness Zone 13b, the highest category, with temperatures rarely below 65 °F (18 °C). The map has a higher resolution than previous editions, and is able to show local variations due to factors such as elevation or large bodies of water. Many zone boundaries were changed as a result of the more recent data, as well as new mapping methods and additional information gathered. Many areas were a half-zone warmer than the previous 1990 map. The 2012 map was created 74: 3454: 111:(up to 13). The southern middle portion of the mainland and central coastal areas are in the middle zones (zones 8, 7, and 6). The far northern portion on the central interior of the mainland have some of the coldest zones (zones 5, 4, and small area of zone 3) and often have much less consistent range of temperatures in winter due to being more continental, especially further west with higher diurnal temperature variations, and thus the zone map has its limitations in these areas. Lower zones can be found in 83: 3393: 3288: 4092: 3178: 576:) as a full zone warmer than outlying areas. The map excluded the detailed a/b half-zones introduced in the USDA's 1990 map, an omission widely criticized by horticulturists and gardeners due to the coarseness of the resulting map. The USDA rejected the AHS 2003 draft map and created its own map in an interactive computer format, which the American Horticultural Society now uses. 3284:, the northernmost true city in the world at 78°N, is still in zone 4. All these coastal locations have one thing in common, though, which are cool, damp summers, with temperatures rarely exceeding 20 °C (68 °F), or 15 °C (59 °F) in Longyearbyen. This shows the importance of taking heat zones into account for better understanding of what may or may not grow. 560:(AHS) produced a draft revised map, using temperature data collected from July 1986 to March 2002. The 2003 map placed many areas approximately a half-zone higher (warmer) than the USDA's 1990 map. Reviewers noted the map zones appeared to be closer to the original USDA 1960 map in its overall zone delineations. Their map purported to show finer detail, for example, reflecting 3535:, which reflects in the tendency of the hardiness zones to decrease mainly eastwards instead of northwards. Also, the plateaus and low mountain ranges in this region have a significant impact on how cold it might get during winter. Generally speaking, the hardiness zones are high considering the latitude of the region, although not as high as Northern Europe with the 39:(USDA) as a rough guide for landscaping and gardening, defines 13 zones by long-term average annual extreme minimum temperatures. It has been adapted by and to other countries (such as Canada) in various forms. A plant may be described as "hardy to zone 10": this means that the plant can withstand a minimum temperature of 30 to 40 °F (−1.1 to 4.4 °C). 1889:

The hardiness scales do not take into account the reliability of snow cover in the colder zones. Snow acts as an insulator against extreme cold, protecting the root system of hibernating plants. If the snow cover is reliable, the actual temperature to which the roots are exposed will not be as low as

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As the USDA system is based entirely on average annual extreme minimum temperature in an area, it is limited in its ability to describe the climatic conditions a gardener may have to account for in a particular area: there are many other factors that determine whether or not a given plant can survive

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In 2012 the United Kingdom's Royal Horticultural Society introduced new hardiness ratings for plants, not places. These run from H7, the hardiest (tolerant of temperatures below −20 °C (−4 °F)) to H1a (needing temperatures above 15 °C (59 °F)). The RHS hardiness ratings are based

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There are many other climate parameters that a farmer, gardener, or landscaper may need to take into account as well, such as humidity, precipitation, storms, rainy-dry cycles or monsoons, and site considerations such as soil type, soil drainage and water retention, water table, tilt towards or away

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For practical purposes, Canada has adopted the American hardiness zone classification system. The 1990 version of the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map included Canada and Mexico, but they were removed with the 2012 update to focus on the United States and Puerto Rico. The Canadian government publishes

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have devised another system keeping with Australian conditions. The zones are defined by steps of 5 degrees Celsius, from −15–−10 °C for zone 1 to 15–20 °C for zone 7. They are numerically about 6 lower than the USDA system. For example, Australian zone 3 is roughly equivalent

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released an update of U.S. hardiness zones, using mostly the same data as the AHS. It revised hardiness zones, reflecting generally warmer recent temperatures in many parts of the country, and appeared similar to the AHS 2003 draft. The Foundation also did away with the more detailed a/b half-zone

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In 2015, the Arbor Day Foundation revised another map, also with no a and b subdivisions, showing many areas having zones even warmer, with the most notable changes in the Mid Atlantic and Northeast, showing cities like Philadelphia, New York City and Washington D.C. in zone 8, due to their urban

4842:"Die Wärmezonen der Erde, nach der Dauer der heissen, gemässigten und kalten Zeit und nach der Wirkung der Wärme auf die organische Welt betrachtet [The thermal zones of the Earth according to the duration of hot, moderate and cold periods and of the impact of heat on the organic world]" 1953:

The spread of weather stations may be insufficient and too many places with different climates are lumped together. Only 738 Australian stations have records of more than ten years (one station per 98,491 hectares or 243,380 acres), though more populated areas have relatively fewer hectares per

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In 2012 the USDA updated their plant hardiness map based on 1976–2005 weather data, using a longer period of data to smooth out year-to-year weather fluctuations. Two new zones (12 and 13) were added to better define and improve information sharing on tropical and semitropical plants, they also

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The USDA map published in 2012 shows that most of the US has become a half zone (2.8 °C or 5 °F) hotter in winter compared to the 1990 release. Again, with the publication of the 2023 map, about half of the US has shifted a half zone warmer. Research in 2016 suggests that USDA plant

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In November 2023, the USDA released another updated version of their plant hardiness map, based on 1991–2020 weather data across the United States. The updated map shows continued northward movement of hardiness zones, reflecting a continued warming trend in the United States' climate.

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Temperature scale used to define USDA hardiness zones. These are annual extreme minima (an area is assigned to a zone by taking the lowest temperature recorded there in a given year). As shown, the USDA uses a GIS dataset averaged over 1976 to 2005 for its United States

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Zone information alone is often not adequate for predicting winter survival, since factors such as frost dates and frequency of snow cover can vary widely between regions. Even the extreme minimum itself may not be useful when comparing regions in widely different

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publishes a series that breaks up climate zones more finely than the USDA zones, identifying 45 distinct zones in the US, incorporating ranges of temperatures in all seasons, precipitation, wind patterns, elevation, and length and structure of the growing season.

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is a geographic area defined as having a certain average annual minimum temperature, a factor relevant to the survival of many plants. In some systems other statistics are included in the calculations. The original and most widely used system, developed by the

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hardiness zones range from 8a to 12b depending on the location and the altitude. The islands are generally part of zones 11b/12a in lower altitudes and coastal areas, reaching up to 12b in the southernmost coasts or populated coastal parts such as the city of

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has three climatic stations with more than a ten-year record. One is in zone 4a, one in zone 4b, and the other is in zone 5a. Sydney residents are split between zones 3a and 4b. Different locations in the same city are suitable for different plants.

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Climate variables that reflect the capacity and detriments to plant growth are used to develop an index that is mapped to Canada's Plant Hardiness Zones. This index comes from a formula originally developed by Ouellet and Sherk in the mid-1960s.

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acts as a temperature regulator, so this area is generally warmer than other parts of the continent; except in mountainous areas where the sea effect lowers, it belongs in zones 8–10; however, southern Balkans (mountainous Western and Eastern

3630:, only 80 km (50 mi) to the north and 300 m (980 ft) lower is in zone 6a. These examples prove that local topography can have a pronounced effect on temperature and thus on what is possible to grow in a specific region. 3196:, Britain, and Ireland even more so, have milder winters than their northerly position would otherwise afford. This means that the USDA hardiness zones relevant to Britain and Ireland are quite high, from 7 to 10, as shown below. 1862:; thus sites which may have the same mean winter minima on the few coldest nights and be in the same garden zone, but have markedly different climates. For example, zone 8 covers coastal, high latitude, cool summer locations like 143:(2b). A couple of locations on the northern coast of Puerto Rico have the warmest hardiness zone in the United States at 13b. Conversely, isolated inland areas of Alaska have the coldest hardiness zone in the United States at 1a. 1909:

from the sun, natural or humanmade protection from excessive sun, snow, frost, and wind, etc. The annual extreme minimum temperature is a useful indicator, but ultimately only one factor among many for plant growth and survival.

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as they are designed for continental climates and subtropical climates. The high latitude, weaker solar intensity, and cooler summers must be considered when comparing to US equivalent. New growth may be insufficient or fail to

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The criterion is the average number of days per year when the temperature exceeds 30 °C (86 °F). The AHS Heat Zone Map for the US is available on the American Horticultural Society website.

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inland deserts, thus an American gardener in such an area may only have to plan for several nights of cold temperatures per year, while their British counterpart may have to plan for several months.

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Azores and Madeira belong to zones 10b/11b and 11a/11b respectively. The Azores range from 9a to 11b and Madeira ranges from 9b to 12a, 9a and 9b found inland on the highest altitudes such as the

1878:. Farmers, gardeners, and landscapers in the former two must plan for entirely different growing conditions from those in the latter, in terms of length of hot weather and sun intensity. Coastal 4301:"New arborday.org Hardiness Zone Map reflects warmer climate : Latest hardiness zones, based on most current temperature data available, suggest up-to-date choices for best trees to plant" 6159: 3235:

Most of western and southern England and Wales, western Scotland, also a very narrow coastal fringe on the east coast of Scotland and northeast England (within 5 km (3.1 mi) of the

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In the United States, most of the warmer zones (zones 9, 10, and 11) are located in the deep southern half of the country and on the southern coastal margins. Higher zones can be found in

6151: 3727:, coastal Cyprus and southwestern Greece are in zone 10. In Europe, the zone 11a is limited only to a few spots. In the Iberian Peninsula, it can be found on the southern coast, in small 4250: 42:

Unless otherwise specified, in American contexts "hardiness zone" or simply "zone" usually refers to the USDA scale. However, some confusion can exist in discussing buildings and

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can be used as a more general guide to growing conditions when considering large areas of the Earth's surface or attempting to make comparisons between different continents. The

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The USDA map was revised and reissued in 1990 with freshly available climate data, this time with five-degree distinctions dividing each zone into new "a" and "b" subdivisions.

5594: 6330: 6461: 5536: 3803:. The Balkan area is also more prone to cold snaps and episodes of unseasonable warmth. For instance, despite having similar daily means and temperature amplitudes to 5626: 1894:

in Canada is located in zone 4, but can rely on a significant snow cover every year, making it possible to cultivate plants normally rated for zones 5 or 6. But, in

6390: 6278: 5781: 5089: 550:. The first map was issued in 1960, and revised in 1965. It used uniform 10 °F (5.6 °C) ranges, and gradually became widespread among American gardeners. 6250: 6517: 6069: 5473: 5444: 5183: 6180: 5982: 5875: 5810: 5752: 5689: 5330: 5212: 6011: 5723: 5660: 5565: 5507: 5410: 5372: 5154: 5248: 5125: 6040: 5846: 4526: 6127: 5950: 1917:

An alternative means of describing plant hardiness is to use "indicator plants". In this method, common plants with known limits to their range are used.

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and southwards) enjoys particularly mild winters and lies in zone 7, therefore being friendly to some hardy exotic species (found, for example, in the

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on absolute minimum winter temperatures (in °C) rather than the long-term average annual extreme minimum temperatures that define USDA zones.

1898:, located to the southwest in zone 5, it is sometimes difficult to cultivate plants adapted to the zone because of the unreliable snow cover. 6674: 5014: 4969: 2029:= amount of rainfall (R) from June to November, inclusive, in terms of R/(R+a) where a=25.4 if R is in millimeters and a=1 if R is in inches 4368: 3316: 5924:

Some inland regions of Istanbul are in zone 8a. Meanwhile, a small strip of land in the far-south of the city, as well as the neighboring

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In Sweden and Finland generally, at sea level to 500 metres (1,600 ft), zone 3 is north of the Arctic Circle, including cities like

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In addition, the zones do not incorporate any information about duration of cold temperatures, summer temperatures, or sun intensity

5586: 3610:, which regularly reaches −35 °C (−31 °F) during winter on calm nights when cold and heavy airmasses from the surrounding 1843:

most of the United Kingdom is in zones 8–9, while in the US, zones 8–9 include regions such as the subtropical coastal areas of the

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descend down the slopes to this low-lying valley, creating extremes which can be up to 10 °C (18 °F) colder than nearby

6712: 36: 3881:, have hardiness zones that range from 12 to 13 in the coastal areas, while the lowest hardiness zone is found in the island of 3539:

where zone 9 extends to over 60°N. In Central Europe, the relevant zones decrease from zone 8 on the Belgian, Dutch, and German

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to USDA zone 9. The higher Australian zone numbers had no US equivalents prior to the 2012 addition by USDA of zones 12 and 13.

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in 1938. The Arnold map was subsequently updated in 1951, 1967, and finally 1971, but eventually fell out of use completely.

6242: 6221: 5528: 4181: 5618: 6762: 6383: 6358:"Climatic hardiness and heat zones of Albania and their use in evaluating the potential of introducing new plant species" 6274: 5773: 5081: 4539: 1946: 17: 5032:"Woody Ornamental Plant Zonation: III. Suitability Map for the Probable Winter Survival of Ornamental Trees and Shrubs" 131:, are responsible for the rarity of episodes of severe cold relative to normal in those areas. The warmest zone in the 6509: 6061: 5465: 5436: 5175: 4459: 6747: 6539: 6483: 6215: 6172: 6032: 5974: 5867: 5802: 5744: 5681: 5322: 5204: 3440: 6626:"Projected changes in cold hardiness zones and suitable overwinter ranges of perennial crops over the United States" 6003: 5652: 5557: 5499: 5402: 5364: 5146: 3422: 1937:

is often a good "real world" concept of climates and their relation to plants and their average growing conditions.

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While the populated area of the city is 7b, the northeastern-most area including Grandview Peak goes as low as 6a.

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Ouellet, C. E.; Sherk, L. C. (1967). "Woody Ornamental Plant Zonation: Ii. Suitability Indices of Localities".

4506: 3898: 3642:, which cannot withstand long periods below freezing so its cultivation area matches the cool winter zone. The 3418: 1901:

Many plants may survive in a locality but will not flower if the day length is insufficient or if they require

557: 65:(AHS) heat zones use the average number of days per year when the temperature exceeds 30 °C (86 °F). 62: 4918: 4777:

McKenney, Daniel W.; Pedlar, John H.; Lawrence, Kevin; Campbell, Kathy; Hutchinson, Michael F. (2007-12-01).

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The first attempts to create a geographical hardiness zone system were undertaken by two researchers at the

6726: 6422: 6098: 4278: 2054:= mean maximum snow depth in terms of S/(S+a) where a=25.4 if S is in millimeters and a=1 if S is in inches 4704: 4205: 3376: 1475: 54: 5896: 4694:

9b and 10a are also to be found within San Diego's lightly-populated northern areas away from the coast.

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Ouellet, C. E.; Sherk, L. C. (1967). "Woody Ornamental Plant Zonation: I. Indices of Winterhardiness".

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is not shown; most of it except the peninsula is zone 0 or 1, and is almost completely covered by the

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South Africa has five horticultural or climatic zones. The zones are defined by minimum temperature.

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The USDA plant hardiness zones for selected U.S. cities as based on the 2023 map are the following:

6678: 4878: 3804: 3403: 3011: 1776: 1463: 1427: 1078: 6707: 5011: 4966: 4851:. Translated by Volken, E.; Brönninmann, S. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, Vol. 20, No. 3, 351-360. 3572: 3264:

is even more pronounced here than it is in Britain and Ireland. Save for a very small spot around

4360: 3755:, zone 11a can be found in the Southwest on a few unpopulated sites around the municipalities of 3407: 1487: 1367: 1223: 742: 658: 646: 100:

The USDA system was originally developed to aid gardeners and landscapers in the United States.

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Fernald, M. L. (1927). Rehder, Alfred (ed.). "Rehder's Manual of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs".

3623: 3268:, Norway, which is in zone 2, nowhere in the Arctic part of Scandinavia gets below zone 3. The 3261: 3186: 2519: 2267: 1632: 1535: 1343: 1331: 1295: 1042: 5062: 2783: 2699: 6752: 4608: 3343:. Zone 6 covers the south of mainland Finland, Sweden north of 60°N, and the high plateau of 3319:, is in zone 5. Zone 4 lies between the Arctic Circle and about 64–66°N, with cities such as 3265: 1608: 1572: 1211: 1162: 1138: 1126: 1090: 790: 593: 589: 543: 6331:"Map of Albanian plant hardiness zones based on the WorldClim data for the 1950-2000 period" 4841: 3732: 3379:), the southeast coast of Sweden has a colder winter due to the absence of the Gulf Stream. 2999: 4747: 3059: 2303: 2105: 1620: 1596: 1547: 1319: 1283: 1235: 1187: 580: 151: 132: 3744: 8: 5925: 4707:

within the southern limits of the city proper. Downtown is 7a while most of the city and

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Scandinavia lies at the same latitude as Alaska or Greenland, but the effect of the warm

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affecting winter survival in the shorter and much cooler summers of Ireland and Britain.

2915: 2771: 2747: 2579: 2507: 2459: 2435: 2387: 1728: 1692: 1668: 1644: 1523: 766: 754: 91: 6642: 6300: 4422: 3736: 2843: 4779:"Beyond Traditional Hardiness Zones: Using Climate Envelopes to Map Plant Range Limits" 4156: 4121: 4077: 3740: 3107: 3047: 3023: 2555: 2315: 1704: 1559: 1511: 1355: 1259: 1247: 1030: 1018: 994: 982: 802: 3239:), London, the West Midlands Urban Area, most of Ireland, and most of the Isle of Man. 6647: 6357: 6211: 5053: 5002: 4957: 4810: 4751: 4116: 3784: 3748: 3643: 2867: 2639: 2603: 2375: 1852: 1199: 1006: 958: 862: 814: 682: 561: 4300: 3638:

The southern European marker plant for climate as well as cultural indicator is the

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appear on the maps of Hawaii and Puerto Rico. There is a very small spot east of

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The table below provides USDA hardiness zone data for selected European cities:

73: 4063: 3854: 3827: 3171: 3143: 2951: 2879: 2759: 2687: 2627: 2483: 2327: 1716: 1271: 1150: 1114: 970: 910: 547: 6487: 6741: 6651: 6443: 5057: 5006: 4961: 4814: 4473: 4097: 3760: 3626:, which are both higher up in elevation. Waksmund is in zone 3b while nearby 3269: 3166: 2591: 2495: 2447: 1902: 1848: 1812: 1656: 922: 730: 532: 6356:

Teqja, Zydi; Libohova, Zamir; Kopali, Albert; Naçi, Robert (December 2014).

6588: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4569: 4451: 3886: 3552: 3281: 2939: 2531: 2471: 1499: 778: 536: 136: 53:

Other hardiness rating schemes have been developed as well, such as the UK

3340: 2036:= monthly mean of the daily maximum temperatures (°C) of the warmest month 2015:= monthly mean of the daily minimum temperatures (°C) of the coldest month 4106: 3819: 3607: 3588: 3229: 2543: 2222: 1891: 1840: 108: 4896: 4160: 82: 6701: 6389:. Repositório Institucional da Universidade de Lisboa. pp. 60–62. 5949:. José Manuel Sanchez de Lorenzo-Cáceres, Agricultural Engineer. 2004. 5290: 5048: 5031: 4998: 4953: 4633:

Small portions of the city of Los Angeles extend into zones 9b and 11a.

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belong to zone 11a as well as a few areas on the southernmost coast of

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may even go down to zone 3 or 4. An extreme example of a cold sink is

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Almost all of the city limits are 8b except for some areas bordering

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has recorded below-freezing temperatures in every month of the year.

3792: 3708: 3696: 3676: 3619: 3592: 3580: 3556: 3540: 3368: 3356: 3324: 3236: 3218: 3202: 3190: 2351: 2183: 2144: 1955: 565: 140: 4795: 4778: 3627: 3392: 3352: 2245:

Unless specifically noted, all zones in this section are USDA zones.

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Region defined by minimum temperature relevant to the plant survival

6717: 6486:(in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Archived from 4910: 4870: 3839: 3808: 3780: 3752: 3716: 3692: 3660: 3656: 3600: 3548: 3360: 3328: 3225: 3224:

Most of England, Wales and Scotland, parts of central Ireland, and

3214: 2963: 2209: 2118: 2092: 2047:)Rjan where Rjan represents the rainfall in January expressed in mm 1895: 1174: 601: 6207:

Creating a forest garden: working with nature to grow edible crops

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The urbanized portion of Jacksonville is 9b while much of western

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is the major exception here, which being located on a hill above

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Very low-lying coastal areas of the southwest of Ireland and the

3162: 2795: 2675: 2363: 2170: 2079: 1879: 1863: 124: 116: 6723: 6414: 6090: 4177:

Hedges, Screens & Windbreaks: Their Uses, Selection and Care

3336: 61:(see below) is instead defined by annual high temperatures; the 6601:"USDA Unveils Updated Plant Hardiness Zone Map : USDA ARS" 3823: 3800: 3796: 3764: 3720: 3684: 3680: 3668: 3648: 3604: 3576: 3312: 3308: 3296: 2131: 1875: 1867: 528: 112: 104: 5944:"LAS PLANTAS ORNAMENTALES Y SUS ZONAS DE RUSTICIDAD EN ESPAÑA" 4776: 4206:"History of Plant Hardiness Zone Maps – The Rest of the Story" 5587:"Bosnia and Herzegovina Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 4388: 4386: 4091: 3867: 3851: 3788: 3772: 3728: 3688: 3672: 3560: 3177: 68: 3892: 5839:"Wetter und Klima - Deutscher Wetterdienst - Climate Atlas" 3659:) are colder in winter and are in zones 6–7. The Croatian ( 3584: 3320: 3280:, a coastal city in Norway at 70°N, is in zone 7, and even 43: 4642:

The city proper is 7b while some higher northern areas of

4383: 115:(down to 1). The low latitude and often stable weather in 3527:

Central Europe is a good example of a transition from an

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the hardiness zone number would indicate. As an example,

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are both Zone 10, but have radically different climates.

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hardiness zones will shift even further northward under

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which is at least in zone 3. Another notable example is

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Britain and Ireland's hardiness zones, USDA scale, 2006

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by showing the downtown areas of several cities (e.g.,

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is 8–9 (some highland areas are slightly colder). The

1870:, as well as lower latitude, hot-summer climates like 5529:"Czech Republic Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 5291:"Plant Cold Hardiness Zone Map of the British Isles" 4915:

Natural Resources Canada – Plant Hardiness of Canada

4073: 3331:, zone 5 (south to 61–62°N) contains cities such as 3255: 2043:= winter factor expressed in terms of (0 °C – X 592:, Puerto Rico, that includes the airport in coastal 6460:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 4293: 5774:"Switzerland Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 5082:"Netherlands Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 4849:World Maps of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification 3897:In addition to the USDA Hardiness zones there are 6724:Plant Hardiness Zones of Canada – Interactive Map 6444:"Meteo.gr - Προγνώσεις καιρού για όλη την Ελλάδα" 4830:. Sunset Books Inc. Menlo Park, California (1997) 4361:"What's New | USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 3457:Hardiness zones of Europe and surrounding regions 3347:further south. Here one will find cities such as 6739: 6623: 6563:. American Horticultural Society. Archived from 4277:. American Horticultural Society. Archived from 2022:= mean frost free period above 0 °C in days 622: 155:2023 update of the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map 50:zones, where Zone 1 is warm and Zone 8 is cold. 6624:Parker, Lauren E.; Abatzoglou, John T. (2016). 6510:"Portugal Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 6203: 6199: 6197: 6062:"Bulgaria Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 5466:"Slovenia Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 5437:"Portugal Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 5176:"Slovakia Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 4481:"USDA Unveils Updated Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 3877:islands, located much further south inside the 3866:being at 8a/8b for its very high altitude. The 3567:estuary, which are in zone 9, to zone 5 around 6484:"Weather and Climate: The Climate of Sarajevo" 6173:"Croatia Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 6033:"Iceland Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 5975:"Belarus Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 5868:"Denmark Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 5803:"Belgium Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 5745:"Austria Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 5682:"Estonia Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 5323:"Finland Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 5205:"Romania Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 4355: 4353: 4351: 3371:area are in zone 7. The west coast of Sweden ( 3367:, as well as coastal southern Sweden, and the 6004:"Cyprus Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 5716:"Norway Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 5653:"Sweden Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 5558:"Latvia Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 5500:"France Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 5403:"Poland Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 5365:"Russia Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 5147:"Serbia Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 4568:Most of the city proper is 6a except for the 3583:. Some isolated, high elevation areas of the 3272:, at 62–63°N are in zone 8, as are the outer 1940: 57:and US Sunset Western Garden Book systems. A 6669: 6584: 6194: 6120:"Malta Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 5241:"Italy Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 5118:"Spain Interactive Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 5029: 4984: 4939: 4056: 3838:. At lower altitudes and coastal areas, the 3723:, coastal southern Italy, some areas around 3161:USDA zones do not work particularly well in 1905:(a particular duration of low temperature). 86:Global Plant Hardiness Zones (approximate). 4348: 4233: 3421:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2248: 2240: 1962: 5613: 5611: 4876: 4551:Most of the city proper is 7a, except for 4525:Almost all of the city proper is 8a while 3862:. The lowest hardiness areas are found in 3671:are in zones 8–9, as are central-northern 2061:= maximum wind gust in (km/h) in 30 years. 139:(11b) and the coldest is in north-central 69:United States hardiness zones (USDA scale) 6641: 6243:"United Kingdom Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 5047: 4804: 4794: 4672:Most of the city proper is 6b except for 3893:American Horticultural Society heat zones 3543:coast, with the exception of some of the 3441:Learn how and when to remove this message 6141: 5938: 5936: 5934: 4581:Almost all of the city is 8b except for 3452: 3286: 3176: 2237:both Canadian and USDA-style zone maps. 150: 81: 72: 46:, where "climate zone" can refer to the 5608: 5431: 5429: 5427: 4620:Most of the city proper as well as the 4572:and a few lakeshore areas which are 6b. 4394:"About | USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 4236:"The New USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map" 4146: 3787:islands. The Mediterranean islands of 3703:, coastal and slightly inland southern 615: 37:United States Department of Agriculture 14: 6740: 6281:from the original on 25 September 2016 6269: 6267: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5285: 4821: 3185:Owing to the moderating effect of the 3156: 48:International Energy Conservation Code 6681:from the original on 10 December 2016 6328: 5931: 5897:"Bitki Soğuğa ve Sıcağa Dayanıklılık" 5833: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5317: 5315: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5030:Ouellet, C. E.; Sherk, L. C. (1967). 4879:"Plant Hardiness Zones for Australia" 4858:from the original on 14 February 2019 4326:"USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map, 2012" 4173: 3870:is the highest peak of Macaronesia. 531:; the first was published in 1927 by 6337:from the original on 27 October 2022 6160:Lietuvos hidrometeorologijos tarnyba 5424: 4720:Almost all of the city proper is 9b. 4676:and along the rivers where it is 7a. 4503:"2023 USDA plant hardiness zone map" 4452:"Hardiness Zone Map at arborday.org" 4371:from the original on 19 October 2017 4336:from the original on 24 October 2017 4200: 4198: 3419:adding citations to reliable sources 3386: 1931:Köppen climate classification system 1839:. As an extreme example, due to the 604:zone finder and an interactive map. 542:The modern USDA system began at the 6704:(with ZIP code lookup, interactive) 6264: 5703: 5640: 5487: 4540:Atlantic City International Airport 4318: 3822:consists of four archipelagos: The 3217:; and in Wales the highest part of 1947:Australian National Botanic Gardens 24: 6713:Data on plant hardiness in Ireland 6702:2023 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map 6578: 6464:from the original on July 12, 2020 6083: 5824: 5386: 5344: 5312: 5262: 5226: 5103: 4839: 4367:. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 4332:. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 3633: 3575:on the far eastern border between 2008:Y = estimated index of suitability 25: 6774: 6695: 6364:from the original on Nov 19, 2023 5036:Canadian Journal of Plant Science 4987:Canadian Journal of Plant Science 4942:Canadian Journal of Plant Science 4921:from the original on 29 June 2006 4423:"History of USDA Hardiness Zones" 4195: 3679:are however colder) and southern 3559:, and some of the islands in the 3382: 3256:Scandinavia and Baltic Sea Region 600:for the internet, and includes a 179:< −65 °F (−53.9 °C) 6542:. American Horticultural Society 6520:from the original on 2 June 2021 4596:Harrisburg International Airport 4483:. U.S. Department of Agriculture 4090: 4076: 3885:, in the country's highest peak 3391: 2568:Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina 1935:Trewartha climate classification 6662: 6617: 6593: 6553: 6532: 6502: 6476: 6450: 6436: 6425:from the original on 2021-06-02 6407: 6396:from the original on 2021-02-02 6376: 6349: 6322: 6311:from the original on 2022-12-05 6293: 6277:. Royal Horticultural Society. 6253:from the original on 2021-05-06 6235: 6224:from the original on 2023-01-15 6183:from the original on 2021-06-03 6165: 6130:from the original on 2021-06-02 6112: 6101:from the original on 2021-06-02 6072:from the original on 2021-06-02 6054: 6043:from the original on 2021-05-06 6025: 6014:from the original on 2021-06-02 5996: 5985:from the original on 2021-06-02 5967: 5956:from the original on 2021-01-15 5918: 5907:from the original on 2021-08-12 5889: 5878:from the original on 2021-06-03 5860: 5849:from the original on 2021-06-02 5813:from the original on 2021-06-03 5795: 5784:from the original on 2021-06-02 5766: 5755:from the original on 2021-06-02 5737: 5726:from the original on 2021-06-03 5692:from the original on 2021-06-02 5674: 5663:from the original on 2021-06-02 5629:from the original on 2021-06-02 5597:from the original on 2021-06-02 5579: 5568:from the original on 2021-06-02 5550: 5539:from the original on 2021-06-02 5521: 5510:from the original on 2021-06-02 5476:from the original on 2021-06-02 5458: 5447:from the original on 2021-06-02 5413:from the original on 2021-06-02 5375:from the original on 2021-06-02 5333:from the original on 2021-06-02 5301:from the original on 2021-05-20 5251:from the original on 2021-06-02 5215:from the original on 2021-06-03 5197: 5186:from the original on 2021-06-02 5168: 5157:from the original on 2021-06-02 5139: 5128:from the original on 2021-06-03 5092:from the original on 2021-05-28 5074: 5023: 4978: 4933: 4885:from the original on 2010-12-10 4833: 4770: 4757: 4740: 4723: 4714: 4697: 4688: 4679: 4666: 4649: 4636: 4627: 4624:is 9b while the west end is 9a. 4614: 4601: 4588: 4575: 4562: 4559:, and the SW end, which are 6b. 4545: 4532: 4519: 4495: 4462:from the original on 2016-06-23 4444: 4433:from the original on 2021-12-22 4415: 4404:from the original on 2022-07-09 4307:from the original on 2007-12-28 4263:– via Harvard University. 4256:from the original on 2017-05-05 4216:from the original on 2018-08-04 4184:from the original on 2023-01-15 4048: 1912: 512:> 65 °F (18.3 °C) 6630:Environmental Research Letters 4507:U.S. Department of Agriculture 4267: 4227: 4167: 4140: 3899:American Horticultural Society 3814: 3731:areas inside the provinces of 1825: 558:American Horticultural Society 146: 63:American Horticultural Society 13: 1: 6643:10.1088/1748-9326/11/3/034001 6384:"Hardiness zones of Portugal" 6091:"Greek Plant Hardiness Zones" 4763:The city proper is 10a while 4365:Agricultural Research Service 4330:Agricultural Research Service 4133: 4750:which are 8a. Almost all of 4594:The city proper is 7a while 4538:The city proper is 8a while 315:−10 °F (−23.3 °C) 304:−15 °F (−26.1 °C) 290:−20 °F (−28.9 °C) 279:−25 °F (−31.7 °C) 265:−30 °F (−34.4 °C) 254:−35 °F (−37.2 °C) 229:−45 °F (−42.8 °C) 215:−50 °F (−45.6 °C) 204:−55 °F (−48.3 °C) 190:−60 °F (−51.1 °C) 7: 6708:Freeze/Frost data from NOAA 6210:. Green Books. p. 13. 4828:Sunset National Garden Book 4398:planthardiness.ars.usda.gov 4234:Del Tredici, Peter (1990). 4069: 3767:, zone 11a can be found in 3377:Gothenburg Botanical Garden 1476:Provincetown, Massachusetts 365:10 °F (−12.2 °C) 329:−5 °F (−20.6 °C) 326:−10 °F (−23.3 °C) 312:−15 °F (−26.1 °C) 301:−20 °F (−28.9 °C) 287:−25 °F (−31.7 °C) 276:−30 °F (−34.4 °C) 262:−35 °F (−37.2 °C) 237:−45 °F (−42.8 °C) 226:−50 °F (−45.6 °C) 212:−55 °F (−48.3 °C) 201:−60 °F (−51.1 °C) 187:−65 °F (−53.9 °C) 55:Royal Horticultural Society 10: 6779: 6763:Geographic classifications 6149:Atšiaurumo zonos Lietuvoje 4542:is on the mainland and 7b. 2244: 1941:Australian hardiness zones 1404:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1067:Greenville, South Carolina 1055:Greensboro, North Carolina 899:Colorado Springs, Colorado 827:Charleston, South Carolina 518: 504:65 °F (18.3 °C) 501:60 °F (15.6 °C) 490:60 °F (15.6 °C) 487:55 °F (12.8 °C) 479:55 °F (12.8 °C) 415:30 °F (−1.1 °C) 404:25 °F (−3.9 °C) 390:20 °F (−6.7 °C) 379:15 °F (−9.4 °C) 376:10 °F (−12.2 °C) 340:0 °F (−17.8 °C) 337:−5 °F (−20.6 °C) 240:−40 °F (−40 °C) 6561:"AHS Plant Heat Zone Map" 6540:"Heat Zone Map developed" 6372:– via ResearchGate. 6345:– via ResearchGate. 4275:"USDA Hardiness Zone Map" 4057:Effects of climate change 4041: 3923: 3675:(hills and some spots in 3603:, a small village in the 3189:on the Irish and British 2724:Belfast, Northern Ireland 2261: 1585:San Francisco, California 851:Charlotte, North Carolina 839:Charleston, West Virginia 719:Atlantic City, New Jersey 695:Asheville, North Carolina 628: 574:Atlantic City, New Jersey 511: 494: 469: 454:45 °F (7.2 °C) 444: 440:40 °F (4.4 °C) 429:35 °F (1.7 °C) 426:30 °F (−1.1 °C) 419: 412:25 °F (−3.9 °C) 401:20 °F (−6.7 °C) 394: 387:15 °F (−9.4 °C) 369: 351:0 °F (−17.8 °C) 344: 319: 294: 269: 251:−40 °F (−40 °C) 244: 219: 194: 178: 172: 161: 6748:Agricultural terminology 6329:Teqja, Zydi (Mar 2017). 6204:Martin Crawford (2010). 5619:"Page 3 : USDA ARS" 4917:. Government of Canada. 3805:Nantucket, Massachusetts 3695:Atlantic coast, much of 3012:Saint Petersburg, Russia 2249:Selected European cities 2241:European hardiness zones 1963:Canadian hardiness zones 1777:Virginia Beach, Virginia 1464:Providence, Rhode Island 1428:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 1079:Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 465:50 °F (10 °C) 462:45 °F (7.2 °C) 451:40 °F (4.4 °C) 437:35 °F (1.7 °C) 354:5 °F (−15 °C) 6301:"Plant hardiness Zones" 3199: 2352:Edinburgh, Scotland, UK 1488:Raleigh, North Carolina 1368:Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 1224:Los Angeles, California 743:Bakersfield, California 659:Allentown, Pennsylvania 647:Albuquerque, New Mexico 476:50 °F (10 °C) 362:5 °F (−15 °C) 6275:"RHS hardiness rating" 4661:Northeast Philadelphia 4210:Plant Delights Nursery 4174:Wyman, Donald (1938). 3524: 3300: 3262:North Atlantic Current 3187:North Atlantic Current 3182: 2916:Newcastle, England, UK 2520:Prague, Czech Republic 2268:Amsterdam, Netherlands 1633:Scranton, Pennsylvania 1536:Sacramento, California 1344:New Orleans, Louisiana 1332:New Haven, Connecticut 1296:Minneapolis, Minnesota 1043:Grand Rapids, Michigan 156: 95: 79: 6458:"MA Nantucket MEM AP" 6419:hardiness.inforest.gr 6095:hardiness.inforest.gr 3771:and also in areas of 3456: 3290: 3266:Karasjok Municipality 3180: 2964:Plymouth, England, UK 2364:Glasgow, Scotland, UK 1971:The formula used is: 1609:San Juan, Puerto Rico 1573:San Diego, California 1212:Little Rock, Arkansas 1163:Kansas City, Missouri 1139:Jacksonville, Florida 1127:Indianapolis, Indiana 1091:Hartford, Connecticut 791:Boston, Massachusetts 544:US National Arboretum 154: 85: 76: 6718:Plant Hardiness Data 4429:. 22 December 2021. 3707:, a part of coastal 3415:improve this section 3060:Thessaloniki, Greece 2304:Bratislava, Slovakia 1621:Santa Fe, New Mexico 1597:San Jose, California 1548:Salt Lake City, Utah 1320:Nashville, Tennessee 1284:Milwaukee, Wisconsin 1236:Louisville, Kentucky 1188:Knoxville, Tennessee 616:Selected U.S. cities 581:Arbor Day Foundation 535:, and the second by 133:48 contiguous states 6589:Horticultural Zones 4877:Dawson, I. (1991). 4659:section in extreme 3864:Teide National Park 3705:Valencian Community 3533:continental climate 3209:and locally in the 3207:Northwest Highlands 3157:Britain and Ireland 2784:Düsseldorf, Germany 2772:Copenhagen, Denmark 2748:Birmingham, England 2700:Zürich, Switzerland 2580:Simferopol, Ukraine 2508:Portsmouth, England 2460:Manchester, England 2436:Ljubljana, Slovenia 2388:Kaliningrad, Russia 1973:Y = -67.62 + 1.734X 1729:Trenton, New Jersey 1693:St. Louis, Missouri 1669:Spokane, Washington 1645:Seattle, Washington 1524:Rochester, New York 767:Birmingham, Alabama 755:Baltimore, Maryland 92:Antarctic ice sheet 18:USDA hardiness zone 6729:2009-06-14 at the 6154:2022-09-04 at the 5068:2020-08-01 at the 5049:10.4141/cjps67-065 5017:2020-08-01 at the 4999:10.4141/cjps67-064 4972:2020-08-01 at the 4954:10.4141/cjps67-044 4840:Köppen, Wladimir. 4281:on 8 December 2017 4122:Hardiness (plants) 3901:(AHS) heat zones. 3807:, for each month, 3525: 3301: 3183: 3108:Vilnius, Lithuania 3048:Strasbourg, France 3024:Simrishamn, Sweden 3000:Reykjavík, Iceland 2556:Rovaniemi, Finland 2316:Bucharest, Romania 1705:Syracuse, New York 1560:San Antonio, Texas 1512:Richmond, Virginia 1356:New York, New York 1260:Memphis, Tennessee 1248:Madison, Wisconsin 1031:Fresno, California 1019:Flagstaff, Arizona 995:Eureka, California 983:Erie, Pennsylvania 803:Brownsville, Texas 562:urban heat islands 157: 96: 80: 6585:PlantZAfrica 2016 5928:, are in zone 9b. 4117:Geographical zone 4046: 4045: 3846:in the Azores or 3785:Argo-Saronic Gulf 3644:Mediterranean Sea 3624:Białka Tatrzańska 3555:), the island of 3451: 3450: 3443: 3213:; in England the 3154: 3153: 2868:Marseille, France 2856:Las Palmas, Spain 2796:Funchal, Portugal 2640:Trondheim, Norway 2604:Stockholm, Sweden 2376:Helsinki, Finland 2234: 2233: 1929:In addition, the 1831:in a given zone. 1823: 1822: 1200:Las Vegas, Nevada 1007:Fairbanks, Alaska 959:Detroit, Michigan 863:Chicago, Illinois 815:Buffalo, New York 683:Anchorage, Alaska 516: 515: 16:(Redirected from 6770: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6656: 6655: 6645: 6621: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6611: 6597: 6591: 6582: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6572: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6547: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6454: 6448: 6447: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6430: 6411: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6401: 6395: 6388: 6380: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6316: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6271: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6258: 6239: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6229: 6201: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6188: 6169: 6163: 6145: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6135: 6116: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6077: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6048: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6019: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5990: 5971: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5961: 5955: 5948: 5940: 5929: 5926:Princes' Islands 5922: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5912: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5883: 5864: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5854: 5835: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5818: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5760: 5741: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5731: 5712: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5697: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5668: 5649: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5634: 5615: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5602: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5573: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5515: 5496: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5462: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5433: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5418: 5399: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5380: 5361: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5338: 5319: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5306: 5287: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5256: 5237: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5220: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5191: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5162: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5114: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5078: 5072: 5061: 5051: 5027: 5021: 5010: 4982: 4976: 4965: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4907: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4890: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4857: 4846: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4818: 4808: 4798: 4774: 4768: 4761: 4755: 4744: 4738: 4731:subpolar oceanic 4727: 4721: 4718: 4712: 4705:Montage Mountain 4701: 4695: 4692: 4686: 4683: 4677: 4670: 4664: 4653: 4647: 4640: 4634: 4631: 4625: 4618: 4612: 4605: 4599: 4592: 4586: 4579: 4573: 4566: 4560: 4549: 4543: 4536: 4530: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4513: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4467: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4438: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4409: 4390: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4357: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4312: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4261: 4255: 4240: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4221: 4202: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4189: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4144: 4100: 4095: 4094: 4086: 4084:Gardening portal 4081: 4080: 3907: 3906: 3850:in Madeira. The 3713:Balearic Islands 3537:Shetland Islands 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3446: 3439: 3435: 3432: 3426: 3395: 3387: 3211:Southern Uplands 3201:In Scotland the 3194:maritime climate 2904:Murmansk, Russia 2844:La Coruña, Spain 2832:Istanbul, Turkey 2820:Hamburg, Germany 2712:Antwerp, Belgium 2616:Tallinn, Estonia 2412:Lisbon, Portugal 2292:Belgrade, Serbia 2280:Barcelona, Spain 2256: 2255: 2065: 2064: 2001: 1789:Washington, D.C. 1765:Unalaska, Alaska 1681:St. George, Utah 1452:Portland, Oregon 1416:Phoenix, Arizona 1392:Orlando, Florida 1103:Honolulu, Hawaii 947:Des Moines, Iowa 935:Denver, Colorado 875:Cincinnati, Ohio 707:Atlanta, Georgia 635:Albany, New York 623: 570:Washington, D.C. 525:Arnold Arboretum 159: 158: 21: 6778: 6777: 6773: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6768: 6767: 6738: 6737: 6731:Wayback Machine 6698: 6693: 6684: 6682: 6665: 6660: 6659: 6622: 6618: 6609: 6607: 6599: 6598: 6594: 6583: 6579: 6570: 6568: 6559: 6558: 6554: 6545: 6543: 6538: 6537: 6533: 6523: 6521: 6508: 6507: 6503: 6493: 6491: 6482: 6481: 6477: 6467: 6465: 6456: 6455: 6451: 6442: 6441: 6437: 6428: 6426: 6413: 6412: 6408: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6386: 6382: 6381: 6377: 6367: 6365: 6354: 6350: 6340: 6338: 6327: 6323: 6314: 6312: 6299: 6298: 6294: 6284: 6282: 6273: 6272: 6265: 6256: 6254: 6241: 6240: 6236: 6227: 6225: 6218: 6202: 6195: 6186: 6184: 6171: 6170: 6166: 6156:Wayback Machine 6146: 6142: 6133: 6131: 6118: 6117: 6113: 6104: 6102: 6089: 6088: 6084: 6075: 6073: 6060: 6059: 6055: 6046: 6044: 6031: 6030: 6026: 6017: 6015: 6002: 6001: 5997: 5988: 5986: 5973: 5972: 5968: 5959: 5957: 5953: 5946: 5942: 5941: 5932: 5923: 5919: 5910: 5908: 5895: 5894: 5890: 5881: 5879: 5866: 5865: 5861: 5852: 5850: 5837: 5836: 5825: 5816: 5814: 5801: 5800: 5796: 5787: 5785: 5772: 5771: 5767: 5758: 5756: 5743: 5742: 5738: 5729: 5727: 5714: 5713: 5704: 5695: 5693: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5666: 5664: 5651: 5650: 5641: 5632: 5630: 5617: 5616: 5609: 5600: 5598: 5585: 5584: 5580: 5571: 5569: 5556: 5555: 5551: 5542: 5540: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5513: 5511: 5498: 5497: 5488: 5479: 5477: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5450: 5448: 5435: 5434: 5425: 5416: 5414: 5401: 5400: 5387: 5378: 5376: 5363: 5362: 5345: 5336: 5334: 5321: 5320: 5313: 5304: 5302: 5289: 5288: 5263: 5254: 5252: 5239: 5238: 5227: 5218: 5216: 5203: 5202: 5198: 5189: 5187: 5174: 5173: 5169: 5160: 5158: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5131: 5129: 5116: 5115: 5104: 5095: 5093: 5080: 5079: 5075: 5070:Wayback Machine 5028: 5024: 5019:Wayback Machine 4983: 4979: 4974:Wayback Machine 4938: 4934: 4924: 4922: 4909: 4908: 4897: 4888: 4886: 4875: 4871: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4844: 4838: 4834: 4826: 4822: 4796:10.1641/B571105 4789:(11): 929–937. 4775: 4771: 4762: 4758: 4745: 4741: 4729:The climate is 4728: 4724: 4719: 4715: 4703:6a is found on 4702: 4698: 4693: 4689: 4684: 4680: 4671: 4667: 4654: 4650: 4644:Davidson County 4641: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4622:Las Vegas Strip 4619: 4615: 4606: 4602: 4593: 4589: 4580: 4576: 4567: 4563: 4550: 4546: 4537: 4533: 4524: 4520: 4511: 4509: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4486: 4484: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4465: 4463: 4450: 4449: 4445: 4436: 4434: 4421: 4420: 4416: 4407: 4405: 4392: 4391: 4384: 4374: 4372: 4359: 4358: 4349: 4339: 4337: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4310: 4308: 4299: 4298: 4294: 4284: 4282: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4238: 4232: 4228: 4219: 4217: 4204: 4203: 4196: 4187: 4185: 4180:. McGraw-Hill. 4172: 4168: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4096: 4089: 4082: 4075: 4072: 4059: 4051: 3895: 3817: 3715:, southwestern 3667:, and northern 3636: 3634:Southern Europe 3616:Tatra Mountains 3545:Frisian Islands 3529:oceanic climate 3523: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3499: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3487: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3463: 3459: 3447: 3436: 3430: 3427: 3412: 3396: 3385: 3274:Lofoten Islands 3258: 3249: 3244:Isles of Scilly 3159: 3132:Zagreb, Croatia 3120:Wroclaw, Poland 3096:Valletta, Malta 3036:Sofia, Bulgaria 2976:Porto, Portugal 2928:Nicosia, Cyprus 2892:Munich, Germany 2736:Berlin, Germany 2676:Vorkuta, Russia 2664:Vienna, Austria 2652:Valencia, Spain 2424:London, England 2340:Dublin, Ireland 2251: 2246: 2243: 2060: 2053: 2046: 2042: 2035: 2028: 2021: 2014: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1965: 1943: 1915: 1884:central Florida 1845:southeastern US 1828: 1801:Wichita, Kansas 1753:Tulsa, Oklahoma 1741:Tucson, Arizona 1440:Portland, Maine 1380:Omaha, Nebraska 1308:Mobile, Alabama 887:Cleveland, Ohio 671:Amarillo, Texas 618: 521: 149: 123:, and southern 107:(up to 12) and 71: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6776: 6766: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6736: 6735: 6734: 6733: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6697: 6696:External links 6694: 6692: 6691: 6671:"PlantZAfrica" 6666: 6664: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6616: 6592: 6577: 6552: 6531: 6501: 6490:on 16 May 2012 6475: 6449: 6435: 6406: 6375: 6348: 6321: 6292: 6263: 6234: 6216: 6193: 6164: 6140: 6111: 6082: 6053: 6024: 5995: 5966: 5930: 5917: 5888: 5859: 5823: 5794: 5765: 5736: 5702: 5673: 5639: 5607: 5578: 5549: 5520: 5486: 5457: 5423: 5385: 5343: 5311: 5261: 5225: 5196: 5167: 5138: 5102: 5073: 5042:(4): 351–358. 5022: 4993:(4): 339–349. 4977: 4948:(3): 231–238. 4932: 4895: 4869: 4832: 4820: 4769: 4756: 4739: 4722: 4713: 4696: 4687: 4678: 4665: 4648: 4635: 4626: 4613: 4600: 4587: 4574: 4561: 4544: 4531: 4518: 4494: 4472: 4443: 4414: 4382: 4347: 4317: 4292: 4266: 4226: 4194: 4166: 4155:(339): 48–51. 4138: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4101: 4087: 4071: 4068: 4064:climate change 4058: 4055: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4040: 4036: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4025: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4014: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4003: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3970: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3959: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3948: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3937: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3926: 3925: 3922: 3918: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3894: 3891: 3855:Canary Islands 3828:Canary Islands 3816: 3813: 3763:. In mainland 3651:, continental 3635: 3632: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3449: 3448: 3431:September 2020 3399: 3397: 3390: 3384: 3383:Central Europe 3381: 3257: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3240: 3233: 3222: 3198: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3146: 3144:Yalta, Ukraine 3140: 3139: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3074: 3072:Tromsø, Norway 3068: 3067: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3014: 3008: 3007: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2990: 2988:Poznań, Poland 2984: 2983: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2954: 2952:Palermo, Italy 2948: 2947: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2880:Minsk, Belarus 2876: 2875: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2810: 2808:Gdańsk, Poland 2804: 2803: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2762: 2760:Cardiff, Wales 2756: 2755: 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6758:Climate zones 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6732: 6728: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6667: 6653: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6636:(3): 034001. 6635: 6631: 6627: 6620: 6606: 6602: 6596: 6590: 6586: 6581: 6567:on 2017-05-16 6566: 6562: 6556: 6541: 6535: 6519: 6515: 6514:plantmaps.com 6511: 6505: 6489: 6485: 6479: 6463: 6459: 6453: 6445: 6439: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6410: 6392: 6385: 6379: 6363: 6359: 6352: 6336: 6332: 6325: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6280: 6276: 6270: 6268: 6252: 6248: 6247:plantmaps.com 6244: 6238: 6223: 6219: 6217:9781900322621 6213: 6209: 6208: 6200: 6198: 6182: 6178: 6177:plantmaps.com 6174: 6168: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6150: 6144: 6129: 6125: 6124:plantmaps.com 6121: 6115: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6086: 6071: 6067: 6066:plantmaps.com 6063: 6057: 6042: 6038: 6037:plantmaps.com 6034: 6028: 6013: 6009: 6008:plantmaps.com 6005: 5999: 5984: 5980: 5979:plantmaps.com 5976: 5970: 5952: 5945: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5927: 5921: 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2613: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2592:Sochi, Russia 2590: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2496:Paris, France 2494: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2448:Madrid, Spain 2446: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2258: 2257: 2254: 2238: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2213: 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1684: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1657:Sitka, Alaska 1655: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 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878: 876: 873: 872: 869: 866: 864: 861: 860: 857: 854: 852: 849: 848: 845: 842: 840: 837: 836: 833: 830: 828: 825: 824: 821: 818: 816: 813: 812: 809: 806: 804: 801: 800: 797: 794: 792: 789: 788: 785: 782: 780: 777: 776: 773: 770: 768: 765: 764: 761: 758: 756: 753: 752: 749: 746: 744: 741: 740: 737: 734: 732: 731:Austin, Texas 729: 728: 725: 722: 720: 717: 716: 713: 710: 708: 705: 704: 701: 698: 696: 693: 692: 689: 686: 684: 681: 680: 677: 674: 672: 669: 668: 665: 662: 660: 657: 656: 653: 650: 648: 645: 644: 641: 638: 636: 633: 632: 625: 624: 621: 613: 609: 605: 603: 599: 595: 591: 585: 582: 579:In 2006, the 577: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 556:In 2003, the 554: 551: 549: 545: 540: 538: 534: 533:Alfred Rehder 530: 526: 508: 507: 503: 500: 497: 493: 489: 486: 483: 482: 478: 475: 472: 468: 464: 461: 458: 457: 453: 450: 447: 443: 439: 436: 433: 432: 428: 425: 422: 418: 414: 411: 408: 407: 403: 400: 397: 393: 389: 386: 383: 382: 378: 375: 372: 368: 364: 361: 358: 357: 353: 350: 347: 343: 339: 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