171:. The traditional history of the Empire for the 14th and 15th centuries is unclear because if it is to be believed, both Tarícuri and his nephews ruled for more than ninety years. Records are fairly clear that the consolidation of the empire began in the mid 15th century, producing a tributary state. The bureaucracy was centered in Tzintzuntzan and the empire expanded outside the Lake Pátzcuaro area from 1440 to 1500. This led to a very mixed ethnic composition for the empire, including the capital itself with only ten percent of the population of the lake area was ethnically Purépecha. About 25 to 35 percent of the population consisted of elites, their servants, and resident craft specialists. Political, economic and religious life was controlled from Tzintzuntzan. The site is located on the side of the Yauarato hill which permits a view of most of Lake Pátzcuaro and its shores. The hill protected this site from attack. The pre-Hispanic city of Tzintzuntzan extended from Lake Pátzcuaro to the hills just to the east and had a population of between 25,000 and 30,000 when the Spanish arrived in the 1520s. Purépecha power extended over a wide section of what is now central-west Mexico, encompassing what is now the state of Michoacán and parts of modern
216:," functioned as the representative of the main god Curicaueri. His principal duties were to conquer in the god's name and to ensure that the perpetual fires of the main temples were supplied with wood. Here a great number of human sacrifices were made, usually of prisoners of war. These sacrificed prisoners were believed to be messengers to the gods and were venerated as such. When a decision to go to war was made, huge bonfires were lit here, which would then be duplicated by priests at the eight other administrative centers of the empire. All 91 settlements in the Lake Pátzcuaro Basin could see these fires, and would know to prepare for war.
414:, other lake communities as well as the state Secretary of Tourism. It takes place at the end of December between Christmas and New Year's Day. Some of the traditional dances that take place include the Danza del Pescado, Danza de los Moros, Danza de los Tumbies and Pescador Navegante. In the evening, there are Purépecha ball games (uárukua) in which the ball is set on fire and sticks similar to those used in hockey are employed. The actual Purépecha new year is the beginning of February.
128:, sobre el asiento de su iglesia Catedral,” from 1538, “Tratado curioso y doctor de las cosas de la Nueva España” by Antonio de la Ciudad Real in 1590, “Relaciones goegráficas; las Crónica de la orden de Nuestro Seráfico Padre San Francisco, provincia de San Pedro y San Pablo de Mechoacan in la Nueva España” by Alonso de la Rea in the 17th century and the “Crónica de la provincia de los santos apóstoles San Pedro y San Pablo de Michoacán” by Pablo Beaumont.
292:
Palacio or
Building B, which was explored in the 1940s and the 1980s, with several burials of monarchs and high priests. This was a royal palace or perhaps a residential area for elite priests. The palace had a room dedicated to storing the heads of enemies killed in battle. Building E is located in the middle of the small forest on the platform. It was used to store tribute items. Within this building is evidence of occupation during early colonial times.
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and measles had severely affected the Purépecha population, and likely killed the emperor. A new, young emperor was hastily installed, who had little political experience and hoped to work around
Spanish rule, and avoid Tenochtitlán's fate of utter destruction. This hope ended when some Spanish administrators, acting without the authorization of the crown, burned him at the stake.
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The Site Museum of the
Archeological Zone of Tzintzuntzan was inaugurated in 1992, with the basic purpose of exhibiting items from the site. The museum contains one hall in which there are displays of religious, decorative and utilitarian items. There are graphics relating the history of the empire's
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states. Despite being the capital of the second largest empire in
Mesoamerica when the Spanish conquered Tenochtitlan, the city surrendered to the Spanish without a fight. There are two probable reasons for this. Even before the Spanish themselves arrived, epidemics of their diseases such as smallpox
203:
The
Tzintzuntzan archeological site is mostly what was the ceremonial center. It is situated on a large artificial platform excavated into Yahuarato hill overlooking Lake Pátzcuaro from the northeast shore. The ceremonial center contains a large plaza and several buildings known to house priests and
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and is unrelated to any other
Mesoamerican language. Jeromimo de Acalá's collection of stories from Purépecha elders states that these people migrated to the Lake Pátzcuaro region, developing alliances among the people who were already here. Eventually, they became the dominant group and established
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Tzintzuntzan was organized by distinct neighborhoods of about 40 wards, each containing 25 households. Commoners, who made up the majority of the population, lived in small houses. They farmed and also produced consumer goods in residential workshops. Their marketplace most likely met daily and had
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The area that is now open to the public is the first area to be excavated and reconstructed at the end of the 1930s. In 1930, Caso and
Noguera began the first formal excavation in Tzintzuntzan. Their work proved difficult because of the composition of the soil, which made identifying the strata of
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are known in the area of the old empire and neither is in the capital. Until relatively recently, archeologists, anthropologists and historians had little interest in these people. There was even doubt that the Purépechans ever had a state society. However, recent investigations have revealed that
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Tzintzuntzan is one of the few places in Mexico where
Catholicism is not the only major religion, which has remained dominant since indigenous people abandoned the area. Evangelicals and other Protestant denominations have made numerous converts in the last fifty years. The most well-known church
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is an enormous plaza with some smaller structures. On the platform, only the religious and political elite, their servants and their guards lived. Rituals such as those to the different gods, the sun and moon and events such as the equinoxes took place here. At the north end of the platform is El
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of
Tzintzuntzan date from the writings of Beaumont (1855), when Tzintzuntzan was first identified as the capital of the ancient Purépecha state. The first fieldwork here was that of Nicolas León in 1888. He outlined the basic characteristics of the buildings and gave a brief history of the site,
247:
pyramids, these structures are rounded, not square. The five structures are roughly keyhole shaped, linked together at the back by stepped pyramidal platforms. The core of each of these structures is piled-up rubble which was then faced with stone slabs decorated with spirals, circles and other
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history, Tzintzuntzan had at least five times the population of any of the other cities, about 36 percent of the total Pátzcuaro Basin population. Around 1440, the empire was consolidated and an administrative bureaucracy founded at
Tzintzuntzan. More expansion of the empire occurred between.
155:
and Tzintzuntzan, and these two began to make military conquests from these points. During this time of expansion, the sphere of influence moved from Pátzcuaro to Tzintzuntzan, which had gained enough political dominance to bring the other cities under its control. During much of the empire's
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was a temple made of wood, in which the most important rites of the Purépecha people and government took place, including burials, of which about sixty have been found. The burials that have been excavated contain rich grave goods and are probably of kings and high priests. Three of the
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are considered one of the most emblematic sites of the area. The site hosts the annual Festival Cultural de Fin de Año in which the indigenous communities around Lake Pátzcuaro demonstrate their culture, mostly through song and dance. The annual event is sponsored by the
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In 1937, a series of eleven seasons of work at the site began to clean the site, consolidate it and reconstruct the main architectural elements. Other studies took place alongside this work. This work was headed by Alfonso Caso and focused on
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when the Spanish arrived in 1522. As these people did not leave written records, what we know of this city and its empire come from Spanish writings and archeological evidence. The main Spanish document is called the
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or semi-circular pyramids that face out over the lake area. This ceremonial center was called Taríaran or “House of the Wind.” The archeological site was also a defensive fortification as well as a religious center.
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5 was finished, and Buildings B and C were excavated. Topographical and strata studies were undertaken in support of the study of ceramics here. Excavation of burials was completed, and the rectangular area between
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pyramids and the Grand Platform on which they rest. These are all visible and date from the site's second stage of occupation. The first stage is represented by smaller pyramid-type structures found underneath the
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governors as well as a map of modern Michoacán indicating the locations from which the displayed objects originated. The museum offers guided tours and the sale of publications and reproductions of artifacts.
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and walls was done. In the 1970s, a detailed map was made of the site, relying on both that archaeology that has so far been done and period records. The ceremonial plaza and the perimeter, as well as
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In contrast to the Aztecs and the Maya, the ancient Purépechans left little monumental architecture. Towns were not fortified in any significant way, and roads had little if any paving. Only two
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Purépecha traditional history states that around the year 1325 the king, warrior and hero Tarícuri declared himself lord and made Pátzcuaro his capital. His nephews were sent to rule neighboring
954:
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their city at Tzintzuntzan. According to collected evidence, the Purépecha people may have begun to dominate the Pátzcuaro Lake area as early as 1000 CE, but definitely by 1250.
64:
for the first years of the Purépecha Empire, power was consolidated in Tzintzuntzan in the mid 15th century. The empire continued to grow and hold off attacks by the neighboring
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2 and 3, were the last to be studied. Building E, a storage facility was also found and explored. Outside the perimeter, an obsidian workshop with living quarters was found.
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3 and 4, openings into the Grand Platform have been dug to reveal some of these structures, which include three sets of stairs and part of a circular wall. Behind the five
357:. During the 1938 season, further consolidation was undertaken as well as the excavation of burials and the attempt to establish a chronology of occupation via layers.
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pyramids of the ceremonial center. By the 1530s, the capital had been moved to Pátzcuaro and Tzintzuntzan's population plummeted until it was all but abandoned.
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1 and the wall delimiting the Grand Platform were reconstructed. A colonial-era building was discovered (Building D), an altar in Building B was discovered and
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the ancient Purépecha had a vast empire, second in territory only to the Aztecs and a complex culture that was in many ways unlike any other in Mesoamerica.
812:
552:
948:
Cahn, Peter. (2008) "A standoffish Priest and Sticky Catholics: Questioning the Religious Market Place in Tzintzuntzan, Mexico." University of Oklahoma.
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The last time the area was studied was in 1992 by Efraín Cárdenas. The northwest face of the Great Platform was restored and the site museum was built.
83:
Due to lack of interest in the old Purépecha dominion, excavation of this site did not begin until the 1930s. Its largest construction are the five
1015:
The Aztec & Maya World: Everyday Life, Society and Culture in Ancient Central America and Mexico, with over 500 Photographs and Fine Art Images
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did, the emperor in this city surrendered to the Spanish. Eventually, much of the site and especially its distinct five rounded pyramids called
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This article is about the pre-Columbian Purépecha archaeological site in Mexico. For the modern-day municipality and township in Michoacán, see
915:
57:, which means "place of hummingbirds." The site includes at least 1,000 archaeological features in an area that is at least 1,075 hectares.
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120:, written by Jerónimo de Alcalá based on what he was told by the Purépecha elite in 1539. Other writings that refer to the capital include
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in South America. Another distinction of this and other Purépecha architecture is that no indication of stucco has ever been found.
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Tzintzuntzan has the largest of the Purépecha kingdom's monumental structures. The two most impressive structures here are the five
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emphasizing the events that led to the ancient city's destruction. However, no excavations took place at the site until the 1930s.
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For a number of reasons, the Purépecha origins are shrouded in mystery. Much of Purépecha culture is very distinct from other
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782:
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815:[Tzintzuntzan, sober and mysterious austerity] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Mexico Desconocido. Archived from
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were built over older, more traditional pyramidal structures from the first stage of the site's occupation. Between
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arrived here to evangelize the Purépecha people. Their monastery complex was built in part from stones taken five
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and other buildings rest. Today the site is still used for events such as the Festival Cultural de Fin de Año.
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228:. The Grand Platform is a large flat surface of 450m by 250m excavated into the side of the hill on which the
691:[Tzintzuntzan, Michoacán across time] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Arqueología Mexicana. Archived from
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5 was cleaned, as well as Building A (from colonial times) and Building B was discovered. From 1940 to 1946,
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5 was excavated to determine how it was built. The neighborhood of Santa Ana, which is in front of the
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geometric designs and petroglyphs. These fitted stone slabs are similar to the masonry used by the
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Tzintzuntzan was made the first capital of the new Spanish province of Michoacán in the 1520s, and
987:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures: The Civilizations of Mexico and Central America
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321:
614:[The yacatas of Tzintzuntzan, site of the Cultural Festival of the End of the Year].
50:
846:
588:[Tzintzuntzan, place of hummingbirds] (in Spanish). Mexico: El oficio de historiar
8:
636:
West, Robert. Early Silver Mining in New Spain, 1531–1555 (1997). Bakewell, Peter (ed.).
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46:
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427:; its two open chapels attract tourists interested in the country's religious history.
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140:
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892:[Museum of the Tzintzuntzan Archeological site] (in Spanish). Mexico: INAH
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Relación de las ceremonias y ritos población y gobierno de los indios de Michoacán
91:. The other is the large Grand Platform excavated into the hillside on which the
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local as well as imported goods, however its location has not been determined.
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The founding date of the city of Tzintzuntzan is most likely 1450, during the
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1. From 1962 to 1968, the area was explored by Dr. Piña Chan. The front of
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At the front of the platform, facing out towards Lake Pátzcuaro, are five
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612:"Las Yácatas de Tzintzuntzan, sede del Festival Cultural de Fin de Año"
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Number 5, as well as the consolidation of the north end of the line of
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499:"LiDAR reveals new data on ancient Purépecha city in Michoacán's size"
1001:
Ancient Mexico & Central America: Archaeology and Culture History
308:
267:
777:[Tzintzuntzan:Importance of the site] (in Spanish). Mexico:
640:. Aldershot: Variorum, Ashgate Publishing Limited. pp. 46, 59.
176:
152:
732:[Tzintzuntzan: History of the site] (in Spanish). Mexico:
27:
989:(Vol. 3, pp. 279–81). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
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Argueta, Gerardo; Olivia Tirado; Eduardo Ruiz; Angélica Ayala.
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72:. Not wanting to suffer the destruction that the Aztec capital
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4 and 5 was investigated, as well as the rectangular area by
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555:. Dallas, TX: Southern Methodist University. Archived from
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144:
813:"Tzintzuntzan. Austeridad sobria y misteriosa (Michoacán)"
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were destroyed and the city almost completely abandoned.
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cultures. The Purépecha language has more in common with
890:"Museo de Sitio de la Zona Arqueológica de Tzintzuntzan"
686:
553:"Mesoamerican Anomaly? The Pre-Conquest Tarascan State"
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pyramids in a row roughly from north to south. Unlike
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Purépecha copper and brass objects in the site museum
386:pyramids was explored and more reconstructions of
98:
49:capital of the same name. The name comes from the
1022:
1006:López Austin, A., & López Luján, L. (2001).
689:"Tzintzuntzan, Michoacán, a lo largo del tiempo"
124:’ fourth letter in 1524, “La información de Don
204:nobility but the main attraction is the five
650:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
849:[The yacatas: Purépecha vestiges].
811:Cariño, Luis F.; Gerardo del Olmo Linares.
985:Carrasco, Davíd. (2001). Tzintzuntzan. In
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212:In this ceremonial center, the king, or "
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996:(6th ed.). London: Thames & Hudson.
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687:Fernández Villanueva Medina, Eugenia.
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423:still standing in Tzintzuntzan is the
994:Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs
992:Coe, M. D., & Koontz, R. (2008).
922:(in Spanish). Morelia. Archived from
775:"Tzintzuntzan: importancia del sitio"
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918:[Semi-destroyed treasures].
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586:"Tzintzuntzan, "lugar de colibríes""
344:Model of the site in the site museum
232:pyramids and other structures rest.
163:View of Lake Pátzcuaro from the site
111:Tzintzuntzan was the capital of the
847:"Las Yácatas, vestigios purépechas"
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328:The first modern references to the
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730:"Tzintzuntzan: historia del sitio"
677:López & López 2001, pp. 258–59
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472:
14:
1052:
1036:Archaeological sites in Michoacán
400:
316:showing some of the stone facing.
42:was the ceremonial center of the
1010:. University of Oklahoma Press.
873:
864:
99:Capital of the Purépecha Empire
1003:. London: Thames & Hudson.
916:"Los tesoros, semidestruidos'"
845:Arriaga, Hector (2005-06-14).
671:
668:Coe & Koontz 2008, p. 182.
662:
497:Staff, M. N. D. (2022-05-31).
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1:
942:
618:(in Spanish). Morelia, Mexico
22:Tzintzuntzan (disambiguation)
7:
35:pyramids from the south end
10:
1057:
1013:Philips, Charles. (2005).
610:Alba, Erick (2008-12-26).
460:(in Spanish). Mexico: INAH
425:Monastery of San Francisco
312:Part of one reconstructed
275:revealing older structures
139:in the southwest U.S. and
15:
853:(in Spanish). Mexico City
1008:Mexico's Indigenous Past
999:Evans, Susan T. (2004).
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264:remain unreconstructed.
169:late post-classic period
1017:. London: Lorenz Books.
616:La Jornada de Michoacán
199:Description of the site
18:Tzintzuntzan, Michoacán
970:19.62361°N 101.57417°W
761:Carrasco 2001, p. 281.
487:Carrasco 2001, p. 279.
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304:Excavation of the site
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20:. For other uses, see
870:Phillips 2005, p. 178
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106:
30:
975:19.62361; -101.57417
785:on February 21, 2009
695:on November 10, 2009
559:on December 19, 2009
418:Religion in the land
966: /
920:La Voz de Michoacán
879:Evans 2004, p. 493.
412:local municipality
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503:Mexico News Daily
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973: /
961:101°34′27″W
896:December 2,
789:December 2,
744:December 2,
699:December 2,
563:December 2,
464:December 2,
322:ball courts
1025:Categories
958:19°37′25″N
943:References
857:2009-12-02
622:2009-12-02
508:2023-08-17
173:Guanajuato
646:cite book
62:Pátzcuaro
51:Purépecha
47:Purépecha
177:Guerrero
153:Ihuatzio
407:yácatas
392:Yácatas
388:yácatas
368:Yácatas
355:yácatas
330:yácatas
289:yácatas
285:Yácatas
281:yácatas
273:yácatas
262:yácatas
257:yácatas
226:yácatas
214:cazonci
206:yácatas
181:Jalisco
141:Quechua
93:yácatas
78:yácatas
384:yácata
380:Yácata
376:Yácata
372:Yácata
363:Yácata
359:Yácata
351:Yácata
314:yácata
237:yácata
230:yácata
221:yácata
193:yácata
85:yácata
33:yácata
851:Terra
431:Notes
250:Incas
245:Mayan
241:Aztec
53:word
932:2009
898:2009
825:2009
791:2009
779:INAH
746:2009
734:INAH
701:2009
656:link
652:link
594:2009
565:2009
466:2009
405:The
279:The
179:and
145:Peru
137:Zuni
243:or
143:in
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