Grand Duchy of Tuscany

2109:, plus a naval detachment and funds to pay for 4,000 Swiss mercenaries. In 1643, during the Castro War, the Tuscan army was between 5,000 and 10,000 good troops, including foreign mercenaries but not including militia. Yves-Marie Berce figures that most of those troops were of French or Swiss origin, but Hanlon disputes this, saying that Italians comprised a larger portion, and that the specific origins of the troops have very little information to go on. He also cites the fact that many Italians served as mercenaries outside of Italy, though he admits that (other than the well-known mercenary tradition of Corsica) there is no information on their state origins. The duchy's largest military deployment came during this war, when in June 1643 over 10,000 troops (7,000 Tuscans in eight regiments of infantry recruited from militia, garrison troops, and veteran mercenaries; 1 regiment of German infantry; 2,400 cavalry, a quarter of whom were Germans; and 1 regiment of Tuscan dragoons) with 18 cannons invaded the Papal States holding of Umbria, while other troops and militia were left garrisoning the grand duchy's major citadels, coastal forts, and border forts. Militia were recruited into the army as needed to replace losses. 1462: 1273: 826: 2277: 2309: 2295: 2337: 2323: 2365: 2200: 2351: 109: 2250: 652: 571: 93: 86: 6497: 543: 195: 1359: 123: 599: 183: 2214: 2379: 1844: 2165:, seizing 9 and netting 600 slaves and a booty of 1 million ducats, equivalent to two years of revenue for the whole grand duchy. Under Grand Duke Cosimo II, 7 roundships carrying 1,800 soldiers were sent to the Mediterranean from 1609 to 1611. This expedition was less successful, costing 800 men and 4 ships disabled. The grand duke also enticed English corsairs in North Africa to use Livorno as a base instead, in exchange for amnesty and a share of their profits; Livorno quickly became a corsair capital, with the corsairs preying on both Muslim and Christian shipping. 666: 613: 2228: 1046: 926: 1334: 1322: 1674: 8546: 2032:, the grand duchy would then pass on to their second son and the latter's successors. Every grand duke after Leopold resided in Florence. Grand Duke Leopold II agreed to ratify a liberal constitution in 1848. He was briefly deposed by a provisional government in 1849, but restored to power the same year by Austrian troops. The government was finally dissolved upon its annexation to the United Provinces of Central Italy in 1859. The court moved to 1186: 1933:, a four-man council elected for a three-month term, headed by the "Duke of the Florentine Republic" (and later the Grand Duke of Tuscany). The Senate, composed of forty-eight men, chosen by the constitutional reform commission, was vested with the prerogative of determining Florence's financial, security, and foreign policies. Additionally, the senate appointed the commissions of war and public security, and the governors of 1555: 816: 627: 557: 8535: 585: 2185:(a battalion of 400 Tuscans were already serving there). In 1687 the Tuscans sent an additional 4 galleys, plus 2 hired foreign galleys, carrying 860 more soldiers, including German mercenaries. In 1688, another 6 galleys and 860 soldiers joined the fray. All three contingents suffered high casualties, a third for the first two and over half for the third. 1635:. The negotiations had been between Spain and France, and the Etrurian regent was kept entirely in the dark, only being informed that she would have to leave her young son's kingdom on 23 November 1807. She and her court left on 10 December. On 30 May 1808, Etruria was formally annexed to France. An "Extraordinary Giunta" was placed in charge under General 1514:, at its head. Chiarugi and his collaborators introduced new humanitarian regulations in the running of the hospital and caring for the mentally ill patients, including banning the use of chains and physical punishment, and in so doing have been recognized as early pioneers of what later came to be known as the moral treatment movement. 1082:, and his mother, Maria Maddalena of Austria. Christina heavily relied on priests as advisors, lifting Cosimo I's ban on clergy holding administrative roles in government, and promoted monasticism. Christina dominated her grandson long after he came of age until her death in 1636. His mother and grandmother arranged a marriage with 1773:. The said revolution toppled the throne of France, and caused disarray across Europe. In Tuscany, Leopold II sanctioned a liberal constitution; and instituted a liberal ministry. Despite his attempts at acquiescence, street fighting in opposition to the regime sprang up in August, in Livorno. Leopold II lent his support to the 1510:(law regarding the insane) was established, the first of its kind to be introduced in Europe, allowing steps to be taken to hospitalize individuals deemed insane. A few years later Leopold undertook the project of building a new hospital, the Bonifacio. He used his skill at choosing collaborators to put a young physician, 2153:, and 1 galleon, with 2,300 soldiers; a success). From 1560 to 1609, the Tuscan fleet captured 76 galiots, 7 galleys, 2 large roundships, and 67 minor craft, taking 9,620 slaves and liberating 2,076 Christians. The preponderance of small vessels among the prizes indicates that most of the trophies were easy victories. 1476:, usually referred to in Italy as "Pietro Leopoldo", ruled the country until his brother Joseph's death and his own election as Holy Roman Emperor in 1790. He was unpopular among his subjects, though his many reforms brought the Grand Duchy to a level of stability that had not been seen in quite a while. 2112:

Tuscany's economic and military strength cratered from the second half of the 17th century onward, which was reflected in the quality of its army; by 1740 it only consisted of a few thousand poorly-trained men and was considered impotent to such a degree that its Habsburgs rulers allowed enemy troops

2069:

being added to the duchy. For the decades thereafter, the grand dukes only maintained a peacetime force of 2,500 soldiers, 500 cavalry to patrol the coasts and 2,000 infantry to man castles (Cosimo I having significantly expanded Tuscany's fortification network in an effort to defend the country). An

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Ferdinando's elder son, Cosimo, mounted the throne following his death. Like his uncle, Francesco I, government held no appeal for him, and Tuscany was ruled by his ministers. Cosimo II's twelve-year reign was punctuated by his contented marriage with Maria Maddalena and his patronage of astronomer

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After 1612, the Tuscans progressively stopped sending out expeditions and limited their naval operations to patrols. This can be observed in the register of prizes of the Order of Saint Stephen. It lists some 238 vessels captured from 1563 to 1688; enemy galleys captured from 1568 to 1599 were 11

2074:

despite having a quarter of its population), and could raise 40,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry, counting soldiers, militia, and mercenaries from nearby Corsica and Romagna, a force massively out of proportion to its population. Hanlon considers the report overly optimistic, but with some basis in

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As Grand Prince Ferdinando, Gian Gastone's elder brother, predeceased Cosimo III, Gian Gastone succeeded his father in 1723. Gian Gastone for most of his life, kept to his bed and acted in an unregal manner, rarely appearing to his subjects, to the extent that, at times, he had been thought dead.

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Popolazione censimento degli antichi Stati sardi (1. gennaio 1858) e censimenti di Lombardia, di Parma e di Modena (1857–1858) pubblicati per cura del Ministero d'agricoltura, industria e commercio: Relazione generale con una introduzione storica sopra i censimenti delle popolazioni italiane dai

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In 1572 the Tuscan navy consisted of 11 galleys, 2 galleasses, 2 galleons, 6 frigates, and various transports, carrying in all 200 guns, manned by 100 knights, 900 seamen, and 2,500 oarsmen. With the end of Spanish subsidies, in 1574 the navy shrunk to 4 galleys. Grand Duke Ferdinand I sought to

1526:

of 1778. Leopold's concept of this was based on respect for the political rights of citizens and on a harmony of power between the executive and the legislative. However, the constitution was so radically new that it garnered opposition even from those who might have benefited from it. In 1790,

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reacted quite angrily, as Florence was in theory an Imperial fief and declared Pius V's actions invalid. However, Maximilian eventually confirmed the elevation with an Imperial diploma in 1576. Subsequently, to end animosities with Maximilian, Cosimo "bought" the grand ducal title from him for

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Cosimo III's reign was characterised by drastic changes and a sharp decline of the Grand Duchy. Cosimo III was of a puritan character, banning May celebrations, forcing prostitutes to pay for licenses, and beheading sodomites. He also instituted several laws censoring education and introduced

1036:

was also pro-Medici. Ferdinando's pro-Papal foreign policy, however, had drawbacks. Tuscany was overcome with religious orders, all of whom were not obliged to pay taxes. Ferdinando died in 1609, leaving an affluent realm; however, his inaction in international affairs drew Tuscany into the

1422:, and enemy troops crossed it unopposed. At that time the Habsburgs' efforts had only managed to muster a standing army of 3,000 poorly-trained troops. A modest plan to create a 5,000-strong Tuscan army under German officers was only semi-successful. Tuscan troops served the Emperor in 2049:

In addition to its regular army, the duchy maintained a citizen-militia. This was used both for the protection of towns and fortresses that the army was not able to garrison, and as a reserve from which semi-trained men would be drawn into the army. The militia had its origins in

1715:, succeeded him. Leopold was contemporarily acknowledged as a liberal monarch. Despite his merits, most his subjects still dismissed him as a foreigner. His affinity for Austria was equally unpalatable. In 1847, Leopold, following the death of the then-incumbent Duchess of Parma, 1517:

Leopold attempted to secularize the property of the religious houses or to put the clergy entirely under the control of the government. These measures, which disturbed the deeply rooted convictions of his people and brought him into collision with the pope, were not successful.

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and ambassadors. To be eligible, one had to be male and a noble. The Council of Two Hundred was a petitions court; membership was for life. This constitution was still in effect through the Medicean grand duchy, albeit the institutions were decayed and powerless by the rule of

1891:, Duke of Florence "for his lifetime, and after his death to be succeeded by his sons, male heirs and successors, of his body, by order of primogeniture, and failing them by the closest male of the Medici family, and likewise in succession forever, by order of primogeniture." 1430:. The first contingent of 3,000 troops arrived in 1758, followed by a second contingent of 1,500, and subsequent smaller ones to replace losses from battle and disease. The fear that the Emperor would impose conscription on the duchy caused 2% of the population to flee to the 1495:. On 30 November 1786, after having de facto blocked capital executions (the last was in 1769), Leopold promulgated the reform of the penal code that abolished the death penalty and ordered the destruction of all the instruments for capital execution in his land. 1215:, partly due to Tuscany's ramshackle military; a 1718 military review revealed that the army numbered less than 3,000 men, many of whom were infirm and elderly. Meanwhile, the state's capital, Florence, had become full of beggars. Europe heard of the perils of Tuscany, and 751:

until the extinction of its senior branch in 1737. While not as internationally renowned as the old republic, the grand duchy thrived under the Medici and it bore witness to unprecedented economic and military success under Cosimo I and his sons, until the reign of

1176:

became prevalent in rural market places. The exchequer was barely adequate to cover the state's current expenditure, resulting in a complete termination of banking operations for the Medici. Ferdinando II died in 1670, succeeded by his oldest surviving son Cosimo.

853:(in 1555) and developed a well-equipped and powerful naval base on Elba. Cosimo also banned the clergy from holding administrative positions and promulgated laws of freedom of religion, which were unknown during his time. Cosimo also was a long-term supporter of 2160:

after 1601, with an armament of 40 guns each yet only 60 seamen each. 8 of them around 1610 floated a total of 200 guns. They began to raid independently of the galleys on long voyages to the Levant. In 1608, they intercepted a Turkish convoy of 42 vessels off

2137:, 2 transports, 1 galleon, and 1 galleass, supplemented by other ships financed by corsairs flying the Tuscan banner. Ferdinand I expanded the Tuscan fleet after expanding the arsenal at Livorno, and oversaw many raids by both the navy and Order, including on 172: 3048:"La política matrimonial Habsburgo-Borbón tras la Reversión de Alianzas: Los enlaces matrimoniales de la infanta María Luisa de Borbón con Pedro Leopoldo de Habsburgo y de la princesa María Luisa de Parma con el príncipe de Asturias, don Carlos de Borbón" 2090:, plus smaller detachments thereafter (there were 2,000 Tuscans in the Imperial army in Hungary by 1601). A Tuscan-Spanish treaty that bound the two at the end of the Italian Wars demanded that Tuscany send 5,000 troops to the Spanish army if ever the 1257:

when Cosimo abruptly added that if himself and his two sons predeceased his daughter, the Electress Palatine, she should succeed and the republic be re-instituted following her death. The proposal sank, and ultimately died with Cosimo in 1723.

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Francesco had little interest in governing his realm, instead participating in scientific experiments. The administration of the state was delegated to bureaucrats. He continued his father's Austrian/Imperial alliance, cementing it by marrying

1417:

continually tried to make Tuscany a source of military power, to little success, as Tuscany had declined and demilitarized in the 18th century. Such was the failure of their initial effort that Vienna declared Tuscany to be neutral during the

1914:

to be the monarchical ruler of Florence, and went about requisitioning that dignity carefully; he wanted to give the impression that the Florentines democratically chose Alessandro to be their monarch. In April 1532, the Pope convinced the

1703:

exploded in the post-Napoleonic years, leading to the establishment of secret societies bent on a unified Italy. When these leagues arrived in Tuscany, a concerned Ferdinand requisitioned an Austrian garrison, from his brother Emperor

1313:. The Tuscans despised the new occupying "Lorrainers", as they interfered with the Tuscan government, while the occupying Spaniards had not done so. On 9 July 1737, Gian Gastone died; the last male Medici of the grand ducal line. 2177:

vessels (including a large flagship). In the 10-hour battle, punctuated by cannon fire and boarding actions, 600 pirates were killed or captured and they lost 4 of the 5 ships (3 sunk, 1 captured), while the Italians lost 60 dead.

1394:(Maria Theresa's father) stated that if he did not relinquish his rights to Lorraine, he could not marry Maria Theresa. Francis did not live in his Tuscan realm, and lived in the capital of his wife's realm, Vienna. He was elected 899:, died in 1562, along with four of his children due to a plague epidemic in Florence. These deaths were to affect him greatly, which, along with illness, forced Cosimo to unofficially abdicate in 1564. This left his eldest son, 1171:

in 1643. The treasury was so empty that when the Castro mercenaries were paid for, the state could no longer afford to pay interest on government bonds. The interest rate was lowered by 0.75%. The economy was so decrepit that

1531:

died without issue before carrying out his project for the abolition of secundogeniture in Tuscany, partly due to Leopold's latent resistance. Thus, when the latter was called to Vienna, to assume the rule of his family's

1521:

Leopold also approved and collaborated on the development of a political constitution, said to have anticipated by many years the promulgation of the French constitution and which presented some similarities with the

2028:, Leopold, heir to the grand duchy. If Leopold's line were to become extinct, it would revert to the main line. Should Leopold or any of his direct successors somehow come into possession of the main domains of the 1785:. A provisional republic was established in his stead. It was only with Austrian assistance that Leopold could return to Florence. The constitution was revoked in 1852. The Austrian garrison was withdrawn in 1855. 1898:, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issued a proclamation explicitly stating that he and he alone could determine the government of Florence. On 12 August 1530, the Emperor created the Medici hereditary rulers ( 108: 1289:. Gian Gastone was not as steadfast in negotiating Tuscany's future as his father was. He capitulated to foreign demands, and instead of endorsing the claim to the throne of his closest male relative, the 171: 989:. Despite all of these incentives to economic growth and prosperity, the population of Florence, at dawn of the 17th century, was a mere 75,000 souls, far smaller than the other capitals of Italy: 2094:

or Naples was attacked. In 1613, Cosimo II sent 2,000 infantry and 300 cavalry, along with an undisclosed number of Tuscan adventurers, to aid the Spanish after Savoy launched an invasion of the

1919:, Florence's ruling commission, to draw up a new constitution. The document in question was officiated on the 27th of that month. It formally created a hereditary monarchy, abolished the age-old 173: 1013:, the founder of the dynasty. The Grand Duke alone had the prerogative to exploit the state's mineral and salt resources. The fortunes of the Medici were directly tied to the Tuscan economy. 2982:

Joachim Whaley, "Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume II: The Peace of Westphalia to the Dissolution of the Reich, 1648-1806", from the Oxford History of Early Modern Europe, p. 137.

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a few months later. On 22 March 1860, after a referendum that voted overwhelmingly (95%) in favour of a union with Sardinia; Tuscany was formally annexed to Sardinia as part of the new

1738:

until they could re-assume their Parmese sovereignty. The Duke of Lucca decided to abdicate his throne in favor of the Grand Duke of Tuscany Leopoldo II, while the Lucca territories of

1200:

anti-Jewish legislation. He imposed crippling taxes while the country's population continued to decline. By 1705, the grand ducal treasury was virtually bankrupt, and the population of

965:. The Spanish reaction was to construct a citadel on their portion of the island of Elba. To strengthen the new Tuscan alliance, he married the deceased Francesco's younger daughter, 1253:, a decision that was complicated by the Grand Duchy's feudal status: Florence was an Imperial fief, Siena a Spanish one. The plan was about to be approved by the powers convened at 1144:, became general of artillery and served for a decade. Like the Empire's other loyal Italian subjects, the Tuscans were "hawks" who supported prosecuting the war to its conclusion. 2575: 2294: 2169:(for the loss of an identical number), and another 17 were seized between 1602 and 1635. Only 1 was captured after 1635. A notable incident in this time was a naval battle off 2276: 8650: 8640: 5154: 2010: 1095: 194: 1204:

had declined by approximately 50%, while the population of the entire grand duchy had decreased by an estimated 40%. The once powerful navy was reduced to a pitiful state.

1140:, sending thousands of troops to support the pro-Imperial side from 1631. Among the commanders of the detachment were three of the grand duke's brothers; two died and one, 945:

Ferdinando eagerly assumed the government of Tuscany. He commanded the draining of the Tuscan marshlands, built a road network in Southern Tuscany, and cultivated trade in

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Delbrück, Hans (1990) . "The Dawn of Modern Warfare. History of the Art of War." IV. Transl. Walter J. Renfroe, Jr. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Page 102.

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The administrative structure of the grand duchy itself would see little change under Francis I. Since their accession to the throne of Grand Dukes, however, the

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anonymous Venetian intelligence report from the late 16th century stated that Tuscany could spend 800,000 ducats annually on war (half as much as the Spanish-held

1234:, a granddaughter of Henry IV of France and Marie de' Medici. Their union wrought a high level of discontentment, but despite the tension they had three children, 2350: 5046: 3131:

Mora, G. (1959) Vincenzo Chiarugi (1759–1820) and his psychiatric reform in Florence in the late 18th century (on the occasion of the bi-centenary of his birth)

8630: 8625: 8620: 1141: 864:, though herself a Medici, viewed Cosimo with the utmost disdain. Rumours circulated at the Viennese court that had Cosimo as a candidate for King of England. 2336: 2322: 2156:

The Tuscans were early pioneers in the deployment of roundships, as technology made manpower-heavy galleys less efficient. They launched several big ships at

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along the major roads (silk worms feed on Mulberry leaves). He shifted Tuscany away from Habsburg hegemony by marrying the first non-Habsburg candidate since

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in 1605 (5 galleys with 400 Tuscan militia; a success), various Turkish ports in 1606 (6 galleys, some roundships, and 750 Tuscan soldiers; a success), and

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starting in 1593, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany sent 100,000 scudi and 3,600 soldiers (3,000 infantry and 600 cavalry) to support the Holy Roman Emperor in

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Gian Gastone would repeal his father's puritan laws. In 1731, the Powers gathered at Vienna to decide who would succeed Gian Gastone. They drew up the

1075: 1061: 753: 5147: 1267: 1243: 1235: 1009:. Francesco and Ferdinando, due to lax distinction between Medici and Tuscan state property, are thought to have been wealthier than their ancestor, 920: 916: 900: 7605: 2058:, and 10% either arquebuses or crossbows. However, the size and quality of the duchy's militia varied throughout its existence, as did its army. 1272: 1194: 1091: 1087: 757: 182: 2378: 1057: 974: 7637: 2249: 2101:

In 1631, the grand duke sent 7,000 troops (6,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry) to join Wallenstein's army in support of the Emperor during the

1986: 834: 819: 736: 366: 327: 214: 163: 973:. Henry explicitly stated that he would defend Tuscany from Spanish aggression, but later reneged. Ferdinando was forced to marry his heir, 8268: 7620: 5140: 4094: 3922: 3837: 3576: 2054:, in the predecessor state of the Florentine Republic. By 1506, it numbered 20,000 men, of whom 70% carried pikes, 20% halberds/bills and 3036:

Gregory Hanlon. "The Twilight Of A Military Tradition: Italian Aristocrats And European Conflicts, 1560-1800." Routledge: 1997. Page 322.

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The history and results of the present capital punishments in England; to which are added, full tables of convictions, executions, etc.

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The history and results of the present capital punishments in England; to which are added, full tables of convictions, executions, etc

8366: 6548: 2133:, which often blurred the line between itself and the Tuscan navy. The Order in 1604 counted among its fleet 6 galleys, 3 roundships/ 1946: 770:

descendant of the Medici, succeeded the family and ascended the throne of his Medicean ancestors. Tuscany was governed by a viceroy,

774:, for his entire rule. His descendants ruled, and resided in, the grand duchy until its end in 1859, barring one interruption, when 8273: 3991: 857:, who in the light of Florence's expansion in August 1569, declared Cosimo Grand Duke of Tuscany, a title unprecedented in Italy. 7838: 6966: 6635: 6496: 5505: 4309: 1804:

stipulated that Leopold be allowed to return, although in practise this never happened. He abdicated in favour of his elder son,

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brought the Duchies of Montefeltro and Rovere into the family in 1631, upon her death in 1694, they passed to her younger son,

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Cosimo frequently paid the Holy Roman Emperor, his feudal overlord, high dues. He sent munitions to the Emperor during the

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Gian Gastone, the last Medici, resigned the grand duchy to Francis Stephen of Lorraine. Under him, Tuscany was ruled by a

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from a stroke in 1765; his wife pledged the rest of her life to mourning him, while co-ruling with her first son, her own

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Austria and Spain were ruled by the House of Habsburg; the two are interchangeable terms for the time period in question.

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asserted a remote claim to the grand duchy (through some Medici descent), but died before he could press the matter. The

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captured Tuscany in its entirety, and held it for the duration of the conflict; Leopold fled Tuscany as a result. The

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Parliamentary papers, Volume 16 By the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Parliament. House of Commons –

1597: 1157: 771: 942:, spurring rumours of poisoning. He was succeeded by Ferdinando de' Medici, his younger brother, whom he loathed. 8660: 8570: 8089: 8001: 7848: 7843: 7674: 7542: 6505: 6466: 6332: 4027: 3571: 2227: 1781:. In February 1849, Leopold II had to abandon Tuscany to republicans and sought refuge in the Neapolitan city of 1453:. Thus, upon the death of Francis I, it was Leopold who directly succeeded him on the throne of the Grand Duchy. 1309:

became heir to the Tuscan throne. Gian Gastone had no say in events and had become quite attached to the Spanish

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to assuage Spain (where Maria Maddalena's sister was the incumbent Queen consort). Ferdinando sponsored a Tuscan

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Leopold developed and supported many social and economic reforms. He revamped the taxation and tariff system.

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In 1686, Tuscany sent 4 galleys, 4 galiots, and 2 other vessels carrying 870 soldiers to participate in the

1152:(an Imperial general of Sienese origin) were among the ringleaders in the plot to assassinate field marshal 8585: 8047: 7986: 7971: 7823: 7684: 7137: 6828: 6523: 5097: 4079: 4067: 3586: 2062: 1483:

vaccination was made systematically available (Leopold's mother Maria Theresa had been a huge supporter of

1294: 1216: 1167:(the last time Medicean Tuscany proper was involved in a conflict) and inflicted a defeat on the forces of 907:, leaving a stable and extremely prosperous Tuscany behind him, having been the longest ruling Medici yet. 8580: 8391: 8109: 7955: 7737: 7647: 7547: 7433: 7401: 7086: 7007: 6585: 6461: 6326: 6278: 5969: 5456: 4960: 4874: 4769: 4684: 4601: 4099: 3971: 3826: 2417: 2051: 1801: 17: 98: 8446: 8074: 7894: 7801: 7774: 7709: 7583: 7117: 7043: 6914: 6665: 6620: 6486: 6415: 6272: 6266: 6217: 6207: 5637: 5622: 5485: 5107: 5022: 4611: 4509: 1809: 1383: 1220: 430: 128: 4799: 8680: 8590: 8476: 8242: 8165: 8129: 7147: 7112: 7107: 6899: 6625: 6384: 5667: 5077: 4764: 4699: 4689: 4674: 4009: 3956: 3866: 1982: 1751: 1617: 1589: 1578: 398: 122: 4899: 1636: 8670: 8595: 8491: 8481: 8461: 8431: 8386: 8084: 7926: 7858: 7828: 7808: 7689: 7365: 7330: 7127: 6533: 6290: 5642: 5495: 5431: 4519: 4499: 4464: 4417: 4371: 3723: 3539: 3115: 2485: 1911: 1888: 1696: 1687:

The Napoleonic system collapsed in 1814, and the following territorial settlement agreed to at the

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and her dependencies. The two areas were governed by separate laws. They were divided because the

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In 1763, when nuptial agreements for the marriage of the imperial couple's second surviving son,

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in October 1624, in which 15 Tuscan, Papal, and Neapolitan galleys converged on a flotilla of 5

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and the Spanish Empire. The Holy League inflicted a crushing defeat against the Ottomans at the

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Leopold also introduced radical reforms to the system of neglect and inhumane treatment of the

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The Grand Duke Gian Gastone's coronation portrait; he was the last Medicean monarch of Tuscany

798:, annexed Tuscany in 1859. Tuscany was formally annexed to Sardinia in 1860, as a part of the 8376: 8303: 8283: 8197: 8146: 7904: 7884: 7694: 7288: 7256: 7142: 7122: 7036: 6950: 6722: 6553: 6408: 6302: 6146: 6098: 6084: 5912: 5652: 5565: 5515: 5194: 5177: 5102: 5082: 5062: 4925: 4889: 4844: 4789: 4581: 4576: 4351: 4298: 4123: 4032: 4001: 3941: 3891: 3673: 3663: 3092: 2006: 1970: 1126: 1083: 1079: 958: 895:

Cosimo experienced several personal tragedies during the later years of his reign. His wife,

790:. Following the collapse of the Napoleonic system in 1814, the grand duchy was restored. The 4253: 3047: 1646: 1028:. In 1605, Ferdinando succeeded in getting his candidate, Alessandro de' Medici, elected as 8227: 8042: 7931: 7909: 7563: 7461: 7345: 7213: 6702: 6431: 6350: 6227: 6166: 6151: 6074: 6038: 5994: 5984: 5762: 5734: 5540: 5384: 5282: 5226: 5087: 5006: 4970: 4920: 4779: 4704: 4489: 4366: 4158: 3933: 3911: 3906: 3871: 3813: 1864: 1843: 1793: 1574: 1488: 1446: 1286: 1250: 1010: 799: 717: 632: 1379: 8: 8511: 8501: 8456: 8222: 8187: 8182: 7899: 7520: 7456: 7376: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6783: 6590: 6543: 6528: 6513: 6372: 6103: 6006: 5989: 5979: 5834: 5757: 5580: 5575: 5510: 5410: 5320: 5112: 5057: 4894: 4884: 4869: 4859: 4824: 4754: 4669: 4639: 4586: 4303: 4057: 4052: 3951: 3946: 3713: 3668: 3627: 3532: 2095: 1770: 1700: 1632: 1593: 1427: 1366:

Francis I (as Francis Stephen became known) lived in Florence briefly with his wife, the

1290: 1149: 1129:, which set up to attract scientists from all over Tuscany to Florence for mutual study. 982: 966: 787: 724:. In the 19th century the population of the Grand Duchy was about 1,815,000 inhabitants. 590: 277: 3516: 2436:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; House of Commons, John Bowring, 1839, p. 6.

8486: 8471: 8451: 8308: 8249: 8202: 8124: 7981: 7951: 7941: 7916: 7889: 7796: 7789: 7725: 7481: 7476: 7193: 6848: 6838: 6767: 6732: 6575: 6296: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6161: 6126: 6121: 6079: 6043: 5902: 5797: 5719: 5692: 5632: 5535: 5520: 5358: 5338: 5011: 4834: 4829: 4794: 4774: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4714: 4709: 4654: 4561: 4407: 4278: 4168: 4148: 4104: 4047: 4042: 4019: 3986: 3976: 3966: 3848: 2397: 1998: 1797: 1688: 1613: 1601: 1559: 1549: 1492: 1395: 1016:

Ferdinando, despite no longer being a cardinal, exercised much influence at successive

970: 885: 877: 869: 783: 645: 576: 417: 6793: 6400: 1792:

broke out in the summer of 1859. Leopold felt obliged to espouse Austria's cause. The

8436: 8426: 8298: 8212: 8177: 8104: 8094: 7872: 7742: 7656: 7486: 7466: 7440: 7428: 7223: 7218: 7203: 7198: 7183: 7012: 7002: 6823: 6803: 6655: 6141: 6136: 6069: 6028: 6022: 5863: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5570: 5550: 5500: 5490: 5471: 5037: 5027: 4990: 4864: 4849: 4724: 4694: 4664: 4659: 4634: 4571: 4566: 4556: 4427: 4376: 4263: 4258: 3981: 3617: 3602: 3491: 3463: 3449: 3435: 3421: 3148: 2667: 2630: 2450: 2283: 2071: 2066: 2029: 2002: 1880: 1856: 1657:. In March 1809 a "General Government of the Departments of Tuscany" was set up, and 1650: 1533: 1511: 1375: 1298: 1133: 1050: 896: 889: 850: 846: 838: 732: 562: 548: 288: 265: 2703: 1032:. Leo XI died less than a month later, but fortunately for the Medici his successor 985:, with the intention of establishing a Tuscan settlement in the area of what is now 8600: 8506: 8328: 8278: 8259: 8254: 8207: 8114: 8052: 8032: 8020: 7976: 7779: 7759: 7747: 7610: 7491: 7208: 7071: 7063: 6833: 6747: 6742: 6727: 6707: 6681: 6595: 6580: 6358: 5940: 5935: 5858: 5792: 5787: 5657: 5627: 5595: 5451: 5396: 5375: 5353: 5132: 5053: 5017: 4935: 4759: 4529: 4474: 4437: 4412: 4402: 4336: 4288: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4188: 4183: 3876: 3622: 3066: 3062: 2102: 2083: 1907: 1832: 1692: 1681: 1442: 1208: 1137: 697: 252: 149: 66: 31: 7578: 2468: 1961:

Over time, the Medici acquired several territories, which included: the County of

8416: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8293: 8217: 8079: 7598: 7496: 7381: 7281: 7188: 6873: 6843: 6762: 6650: 5881: 5849: 5844: 5824: 5687: 5647: 5617: 5600: 5560: 5545: 5530: 5461: 5446: 5363: 5343: 5216: 4930: 4679: 4649: 4644: 4504: 4494: 4459: 4449: 4432: 4268: 4223: 4138: 3856: 3831: 3678: 3164: 2174: 2025: 1994: 1929:(titular ruler of Florence elected for a two-month term); in their place was the 1816: 1662: 1563: 1503: 1450: 1254: 1168: 1068: 1045: 1025: 939: 748: 404: 384: 115: 5739: 2510: 756:, which saw the beginning of the state's long economic decline. It peaked under 8549: 8496: 8466: 8411: 8318: 8192: 8139: 8099: 7769: 7764: 7615: 7515: 7471: 7423: 7371: 7325: 7293: 7251: 7228: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6808: 6798: 6640: 6481: 6455: 6364: 6260: 6254: 5854: 5829: 5702: 5697: 5682: 5677: 5612: 5607: 5590: 5555: 5348: 5326: 5270: 5209: 5072: 4854: 4839: 4804: 4544: 4539: 4422: 4356: 4228: 3886: 3861: 3766: 3683: 3637: 2091: 2061:

From 1553 to 1559, Tuscany raised 30,000 troops for their participation in the

2024:. Francis Stephen altered the laws of succession in 1763, when he declared his 1820: 1769:

In Leopold's years Italy was engulfed in popular rebellion, culminating in the

1763: 1731: 1609: 1224: 1164: 1017: 925: 881: 705: 618: 510: 269: 52: 2466: 1641: 1543: 8564: 8421: 8062: 7632: 7320: 7298: 7157: 6752: 6737: 6717: 6686: 6538: 6048: 5886: 5390: 5264: 5236: 4719: 4484: 4479: 3901: 3759: 3718: 3698: 3193: 1966: 1403: 1371: 1333: 1118: 986: 950: 938:. Francesco is best remembered for dying on the same day as his second wife, 747:

to Grand Duke of Tuscany on 27 August 1569. The Grand Duchy was ruled by the

294: 285: 229: 216: 4248: 1329:

of Francis Stephen and his wife Maria Theresa, by Peter Kobler von Ehrensorg

1321: 8539: 8346: 8151: 7921: 7525: 7391: 7340: 7315: 6894: 6788: 6565: 6471: 5421: 5276: 5256: 4809: 4331: 4293: 4193: 3776: 2258: 2236: 2157: 2146: 1925: 1431: 2129:

expand Tuscany's naval strength during his reign, and cooperated with the

8441: 8381: 8351: 7704: 7335: 6818: 5974: 5839: 5041: 4550: 4346: 4238: 4233: 4153: 3744: 3728: 2105:. From 1629 to 1630 he also sent 6,000 troops to join the Spanish in the 2079: 1990: 1699:

to a restored Tuscany. Ferdinand III resumed his rule, and died in 1824.

1680:(r. 1824–1859), in the uniform of an Austrian field marshal, 1828, after 1668: 1554: 1484: 1337: 1110: 1033: 1029: 892:. Cosimo's reign was one of the most militaristic Tuscany had ever seen. 854: 744: 504: 199:

Administrative divisions of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany at the end of 1847

1812:

was formally deposed by the Tuscan National Assembly on 16 August 1859.

1708:, for the defence of the state. Ferdinand aligned Tuscany with Austria. 1673: 1374:, who became Tuscany's grand duchess. Francis had to cede his ancestral 7699: 7308: 7017: 4596: 4534: 4453: 3693: 3658: 2182: 2121:

The grand duchy had two sources of naval power: the state navy and the

2055: 1978: 1962: 1759: 1747: 1739: 1540:

at once became ruler of the Grand Duchy. Leopold himself died in 1792.

1102: 1078:, was still a minor. This led to a regency of Ferdinand's grandmother, 740: 370: 1487:

against smallpox), and an early institution for the rehabilitation of

6518: 5241: 4955: 4945: 4514: 3821: 3708: 1755: 1743: 1414: 1399: 1378:

in order to accommodate the deposed ruler of Poland, whose daughter

1185: 1114: 1106: 802:, following a landslide referendum, in which 95% of voters approved. 8356: 8341: 8336: 8237: 7271: 7266: 5959: 5441: 5246: 5189: 5092: 4975: 4965: 4784: 4283: 3555: 3400: 2170: 2033: 1658: 1480: 1367: 1201: 904: 775: 767: 721: 716:

that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1860, replacing the

713: 208: 949:. To augment the Tuscan silk industry, he oversaw the planting of 860:

The international reaction to Cosimo's elevation was bleak. Queen

815: 7303: 7028: 5221: 5182: 4985: 4940: 4915: 4469: 4178: 3796: 3749: 3688: 3612: 3566: 3122:, Saunders and Benning, 1832, (pre-dates use of the ISBN), p. 42. 2142: 2017: 2013:. They reverted to the crown with the ascension of Gian Gastone. 1950: 1582: 1496: 1423: 1310: 1002: 946: 841:

for 32 years. During his reign, Florence purchased the island of

728: 1883:

one. Siena was ruled by a governor appointed by the grand duke.

1851:

Tuscany was divided into two main administrative districts: the

1766:. The same year, a Tuscan state council was brought into being. 1293:, he allowed Tuscany to be bestowed upon Don Carlos. During the 7996: 5729: 5067: 4980: 4243: 4143: 3786: 3642: 3216:"Leopold II (grand duke of Tuscany) -- Encyclopædia Britannica" 2162: 1974: 1938: 1815:

In December 1859, the Grand Duchy was joined to the Duchies of

1173: 1006: 998: 7276: 7059: 5707: 5231: 5204: 3524: 2650:, University Press, 1921 (pre-dates use of the ISBN), p. 232. 2511:"Cosimo I | duke of Florence and Tuscany [1519–1574]" 2138: 1942: 1782: 1101:

Ferdinando was obsessed with new technology, and had several

1049:

Maria Maddalena, Cosimo II and Ferdinando II, painting after

994: 684: 3093:"Leopold II (holy Roman emperor) -- Encyclopædia Britannica" 2704:"Cosimo I de' Medici: nel 1569 il primo Granduca di Toscana" 7784: 7261: 5199: 4950: 3791: 3781: 3771: 3754: 2262: 2240: 1934: 1872: 1808:. Ferdinand IV's hypothetical reign did not last long; the 1544:

Tuscany during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars

1021: 990: 842: 1600:. The Grand Duchy was then dissolved, and replaced by the 3483:, Saunders and Benning, 1832, (pre-dates use of the ISBN) 3055:

Investigaciones Históricas, época moderna y contemporánea

1665:

at its head, with the title of Grand Duchess of Tuscany.

1362:

Coat of arms of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine (Tuscany).

3167:, "The French Dependencies and Switzerland", in A. Ward 6430: 2467:

Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce (1862).

1301:

and was forced to give up the Tuscan succession by the

3488:

Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide

3145:

Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide

1669:

Tuscany restored and its absorption into unified Italy

1156:, for which they were rewarded with spoils by Emperor 1125:, the Grand Duke's youngest brother, established the 152:

for 'Under one Faith and Law one Lord alone')

8651:

1859 disestablishments in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany

8641:

1801 disestablishments in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany

5162: 7543:

Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia

1588:was created by the French army, and then after the 1386:ruled Lorraine as compensation for his loss of the 903:, to rule the duchy. Cosimo I died in 1574 of 3191: 3045: 2594: 2592: 1981:in 1650, Silvia Piccolomini sold her estates, the 8646:1815 establishments in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany 8636:1569 establishments in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany 3401:Bandiere degli Stati italiani preunitari: Toscana 3294: 3292: 3290: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 1390:. Francis was reluctant to resign the duchy, but 1340:: 10 paoli of Grand Duchy of Tuscana 1747, under 884:, siding with the other Catholic powers, such as 187:Borders of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1815–1847) 8562: 1631:(27 October 1807), Etruria was to be annexed by 1261: 6348: 3111: 3109: 2589: 1240:Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine 1088:Francesco Maria II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino 1062:Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany 3287: 3178: 2749: 2747: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2573: 1449:, were stipulated, Tuscany was erected into a 1268:Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany 1040: 921:Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany 786:, 1801–1807), then annexed it directly to the 101:Bottom: Flag (1765–1800, 1815–1848, 1849–1860) 8631:States and territories disestablished in 1860 8626:States and territories disestablished in 1859 8621:States and territories disestablished in 1801 7044: 6416: 5148: 3540: 1754:were given to Modena. Tuscany then ceded its 1577:. He was forced out by the French during the 1316: 1242:and the last Medicean grand duke of Tuscany, 917:Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany 910: 161: 142: 58: 5551:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia) 3106: 2535:"COSIMO III de' Medici, granduca di Toscana" 1758:territories to Modena with the exception of 1734:, a state created solely to accommodate the 1711:Following Ferdinand's death, his elder son, 1616:, died and was succeeded by his infant son, 1195:Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany 3517:The Papal Bull that created the Grand Duchy 3396: 3394: 3087: 3085: 3083: 2744: 2730: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 1090:, in 1634. Together they had two children: 1058:Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany 44: 27:Former Italian state (1569–1801; 1815–1859) 8616:States and territories established in 1859 8611:States and territories established in 1814 8606:States and territories established in 1569 7051: 7037: 6423: 6409: 5155: 5141: 3547: 3533: 3244: 3242: 2870: 2868: 2795: 2793: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2658: 2656: 2188: 1894:Following the Republic's surrender in the 1627:Etruria lasted less than a decade. By the 1573:. Ferdinand was the son of Leopold I, and 193: 181: 6549:Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states 3432:The Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance 2447:The Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance 1855:(the new state) consisting of the former 1620:, under the regency of his mother, Queen 3391: 3080: 2552: 1923:(elective government) and the office of 1842: 1672: 1553: 1460: 1357: 1332: 1320: 1271: 1223:reconfirmed the statuses of Tuscany and 1184: 1044: 924: 824: 814: 6967:Anniversary of the Unification of Italy 6636:Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861 5506:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca 3239: 2865: 2790: 2756: 2701: 2653: 1562:, Tuscany's successor state during the 1285:, which gave the grand ducal throne to 955:Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence 731:under his control after conquering the 30:For the medieval duchy of Tuscany, see 14: 8563: 3582:List of current non-sovereign monarchs 3173:Cambridge Modern History, IX: Napoleon 2022:Marc de Beauvau-Craon, Prince de Craon 1612:. In 1803, the first King of Etruria, 979:Archduchess Maria Maddalena of Austria 144:Sotto una Fede et Legge un Signor solo 7032: 6404: 5136: 3812: 3528: 2702:Candidi, Vieri Tommasi (2018-07-17). 2471:tempi antichi sino all'anno 1860. 1.1 2036:and lived there in exile until 1918. 1847:Map of Grand Duchy of Tuscany in 1815 1596:, ruling the territory of the former 1132:Tuscany was one of the states of the 7589:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 6931:Museum of the Risorgimento (Bologna) 6631:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 3503:Report on the Grand Duchy of Tuscany 2271:House of Habsburg-Lorraine (Tuscany) 1608:, in compensation for their loss of 1491:was founded. Leopold also abolished 1382:was Queen of France. Marie's father 1189:The Grand Duke Cosimo III in old age 6972:National Unity and Armed Forces Day 3046:Belmonte Hernández, Sergio (2022). 2300:State flag with Lesser Coat of arms 1536:and become Emperor, his second son 1136:that sided with the Emperor in the 24: 7058: 6946:Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin) 6936:Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan) 6611:Second Italian War of Independence 3577:List of current sovereign monarchs 2328:Flag of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany 2314:State flag with Great Coat of arms 1790:Second Italian War of Independence 1406:, and Francis' imperial successor 1347: 1249:Cosimo contemplated restoring the 1074:When Cosimo died, his oldest son, 605:Principality of Lucca and Piombino 25: 8692: 6941:Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome) 6646:Third Italian War of Independence 6616:United Provinces of Central Italy 6571:First Italian War of Independence 6315:United Provinces of Central Italy 3510: 2358:(1765–1800, 1815–1848, 1849–1860) 2316:(1765–1800, 1815–1848, 1849–1860) 1825:United Provinces of Central Italy 1779:First Italian War of Independence 1678:Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany 1211:. Tuscany was neutral during the 866:Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor 792:United Provinces of Central Italy 660:United Provinces of Central Italy 341:Ferdinand IV of Habsburg-Lorraine 8545: 8544: 8533: 6495: 5164:List of historic states of Italy 4095:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2826:Strathern, pp. 375–377, 380–381. 2377: 2363: 2349: 2335: 2321: 2307: 2293: 2275: 2248: 2226: 2212: 2198: 1469:with his children and wife, 1776 805: 720:. The grand duchy's capital was 664: 650: 625: 611: 597: 583: 569: 555: 541: 169: 127:Greater coat of arms used under 121: 107: 91: 84: 8274:Orders, decorations, and medals 6297:Provisional Government of Milan 3572:Imperial, royal and noble ranks 3434:, Vintage books, London, 2003, 3410: 3382: 3373: 3364: 3355: 3346: 3337: 3328: 3319: 3310: 3301: 3278: 3269: 3260: 3251: 3230: 3208: 3158: 3137: 3125: 3039: 3030: 3021: 3012: 3003: 2994: 2985: 2976: 2967: 2958: 2949: 2940: 2931: 2922: 2913: 2904: 2895: 2886: 2877: 2856: 2847: 2838: 2829: 2820: 2811: 2802: 2781: 2772: 2721: 2695: 2686: 2677: 2640: 2619: 2610: 1639:. Tuscany was divided into the 1506:. On 23 January 1774, the 1080:Dowager Grand Duchess Christina 829:Coat of arms of House of Medici 6905:Francis II of the Two Sicilies 6713:Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour 6661:Italian entry into World War I 5496:City of Fiume and its District 3554: 3067:10.24197/ihemc.42.2022.577-614 2601: 2574:François Velde (4 July 2005). 2527: 2503: 2478: 2474:(in Italian). Stamperia Reale. 2460: 2439: 2430: 2403:List of grand dukes of Tuscany 2205:Flag of Grand Duchy of Tuscany 2113:to cross the duchy unopposed. 1581:, first in spring 1799 when a 1420:War of the Austrian Succession 1392:Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor 778:Bonaparte gave Tuscany to the 13: 1: 6758:Annibale Santore di Santarosa 5931:County of Apulia and Calabria 5437:Campagna e Marittima Province 3462:, Orion books, London, 2005, 3448:, Orion books, London, 1977, 2666:, Orion books, London, 1977, 2629:, Orion books, London, 2005, 2107:War of the Mantuan Succession 1885:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 1838: 1354:Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor 1262:The last years of the Medicis 1213:War of the Spanish Succession 1180: 1037:provincial yolk of politics. 810: 6829:Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi 6524:Revolutions during the 1820s 3587:List of monarchy referendums 3486:Jackson-Laufer, Guida Myrl: 2576:"The Grand-Duchy of Tuscany" 2423: 1827:, which were annexed by the 1295:War of the Polish Succession 1217:Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor 1163:Tuscany participated in the 1020:; elections which chose the 929:The Grand Duke Ferdinando I. 880:, Cosimo fought against the 7: 8676:Former monarchies of Europe 8314:Water supply and sanitation 7738:Italian geographical region 7606:Monarchy and the World Wars 7548:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 7434:War of the Sicilian Vespers 7087:Timeline of Italian history 7008:Revisionism of Risorgimento 6586:Sicilian revolution of 1848 6467:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 6462:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 6333:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 6327:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 6279:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza 5457:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza 3479:Woolrych, Humphry William: 3474:Cosimo I – Duke of Florence 3420:, Macmillan, London, 1980, 3143:Jackson-Laufer, Guida Myrl: 2648:Cosimo I – Duke of Florence 2418:Grand Princesses of Tuscany 2391: 2384:Civil flag and civil ensign 2039: 1307:Francis Stephen of Lorraine 1297:, Don Carlos conquered the 1232:Marguerite Louise d'Orléans 1041:Cosimo II and Ferdinando II 764:Francis Stephen of Lorraine 10: 8697: 8666:House of Habsburg-Lorraine 8233:Inventions and discoveries 7643:Fall of the Fascist regime 7626:Fourth War of Independence 7584:Expedition of the Thousand 7574:Second War of Independence 6915:Joseph Radetzky von Radetz 6621:Expedition of the Thousand 6487:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 6273:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 6267:Duchy of Massa and Carrara 5668:Prince-Bishopric of Trento 5638:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 5623:Duchy of Massa and Carrara 3175:(Cambridge, 1934), p. 399. 2011:Francesco Maria de' Medici 1810:House of Habsburg-Lorraine 1575:Grand Duchess Maria Louisa 1547: 1351: 1317:House of Habsburg-Lorraine 1265: 1192: 1055: 914: 911:Francesco and Ferdinando I 727:Having brought nearly all 457:• Formally annexed to 446:Provinces of Central Italy 442:• Merged to form the 29: 8529: 8327: 8173: 8164: 8028: 8019: 8007:Security and intelligence 7880: 7871: 7733: 7724: 7667: 7594:Third War of Independence 7569:First War of Independence 7556: 7449: 7358: 7239: 7176: 7095: 7079: 7070: 6980: 6959: 6923: 6900:Franz Joseph I of Austria 6887: 6777:Literature and philosophy 6776: 6695: 6674: 6626:Dictatorship of Garibaldi 6504: 6493: 6442: 6385:Free Territory of Trieste 6245: 6175: 6114: 6097: 6021: 5958: 5921: 5903:Principality of Benevento 5895: 5872: 5817: 5806: 5748: 5718: 5470: 5420: 5374: 5305: 5292: 5255: 5170: 4999: 4908: 4622: 4385: 4319: 4131: 4122: 4018: 4000: 3932: 3847: 3805: 3737: 3651: 3595: 3562: 3116:Woolrych, Humphry William 2490:archeologiavocidalpassato 1983:Marquisate of Castiglione 1863:(the old state), the old 1752:Castiglione di Garfagnana 1721:Treaty of Florence (1844) 1590:Treaty of Aranjuez (1801) 1579:French Revolutionary Wars 1569:Leopold was succeeded by 1456: 1342:Francis of House Lorraine 1287:Don Carlos, Duke of Parma 1148:, Mattias de'Medici, and 680: 520: 497: 493: 483: 479: 474: 470: 455: 440: 429:• Deposition of the 427: 414: 395: 381: 373:to Grand Duke of Tuscany 363: 359: 351: 347: 334: 321: 317: 307: 276: 261: 245: 204: 192: 180: 156: 138: 80: 75: 39: 7685:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus 7680:Institutional referendum 6291:Italian United Provinces 5643:Principality of Piombino 5432:Patrimony of Saint Peter 3724:Self-proclaimed monarchy 3476:, University Press, 1921 3192:Catholic Encyclopaedia. 2616:Strathern, pp. 375, 381. 2445:Strathern, Paul (2003). 1991:Lordship of Pietra Santa 1697:Principality of Piombino 1154:Albrecht von Wallenstein 794:, a client state of the 8656:2nd millennium in Italy 8208:Emigration and diaspora 7417:Guelphs and Ghibellines 7402:the Sardinian Judicates 6879:Francesco Saverio Salfi 6869:Gian Domenico Romagnosi 6379:Italian Social Republic 6054:Principality of Taranto 5946:Principality of Taranto 5908:Principality of Salerno 5663:Bishopric of Tarantasia 5486:Bishopric of Bressanone 5403:Duchy of the Pentapolis 3992:Vatican City (Holy See) 3446:Florence and the Medici 3018:Strathern, pp. 408–409. 3009:Strathern, pp. 402–405. 2946:Strathern, pp. 390–391. 2727:Strathern, pp. 340–341. 2664:Florence and the Medici 2515:Encyclopedia Britannica 2486:"bolla papale di Pio V" 2413:Grand Prince of Tuscany 2408:List of Tuscan consorts 2282:Imperial Banner of the 2189:Flags and coats of arms 2116: 2044: 1717:Marie Louise of Austria 1629:Treaty of Fontainebleau 1524:Virginia Bill of Rights 1303:Treaty of Vienna (1738) 1244:Gian Gastone de' Medici 1086:, the granddaughter of 710:Magnus Ducatus Etruriae 298:constitutional monarchy 114:Coat of arms under the 46:Magnus Ducatus Etruriae 8661:House of Bourbon-Parma 8571:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 8090:Science and technology 8038:Italian regions by GDP 7839:Marine protected areas 7511:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 6910:Klemens von Metternich 6477:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 6432:Unification of Italy ( 6285:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 6059:Terra Sancti Benedicti 5963:(from the 9th century) 5673:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 4274:Islands of Refreshment 3704:Legitimacy (political) 2386:(1815–1848, 1849–1860) 2344:(1815–1848, 1849–1860) 2302:(1815–1848, 1849–1860) 2131:Order of Saint Stephen 2123:Order of Saint Stephen 1848: 1736:House of Bourbon-Parma 1684: 1637:Jacques François Menou 1606:House of Bourbon-Parma 1586:provisional government 1566: 1470: 1447:Maria Luisa of Bourbon 1363: 1344: 1330: 1277: 1190: 1053: 930: 830: 822: 780:House of Bourbon-Parma 709: 701: 694:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 291:(1569–1848, 1852–1860) 162: 143: 59: 45: 41:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 8289:Public administration 7397:the Holy Roman Empire 6951:Tricolour Flag Museum 6723:Federico Confalonieri 6554:Republic of San Marco 6303:Republic of San Marco 6085:Crown Colony of Malta 5913:Principality of Capua 5653:Marquisate of Saluzzo 5516:County of Santa Fiora 5178:Etruscan civilization 4085:Saint Kitts and Nevis 3674:Criticism of monarchy 3664:Abolition of monarchy 3505:– John Bowring – 1839 3061:(42): 577–614 (587). 2539:Dizionario Biografico 2141:in 1599 (a failure), 2007:Vittoria della Rovere 1977:in 1633; Spain ceded 1971:County of Santa Fiora 1965:, purchased from the 1912:Alessandro de' Medici 1889:Alessandro de' Medici 1846: 1676: 1557: 1464: 1384:Stanisław Leszczyński 1361: 1336: 1324: 1275: 1188: 1127:Accademia del Cimento 1084:Vittoria della Rovere 1048: 961:, a granddaughter of 959:Christina of Lorraine 928: 849:(in 1548), conquered 828: 818: 772:Marc de Beauvau-Craon 702:Granducato di Toscana 246:Common languages 99:Top: Flag (1532–1737) 60:Granducato di Toscana 8517:World Heritage Sites 7972:Council of Ministers 7710:Coronavirus pandemic 7108:Currency and coinage 6606:Plombières Agreement 6099:French Revolutionary 6039:State of the Presidi 5763:Republic of Florence 5735:Domini di Terraferma 5385:Exarchate of Ravenna 5283:Western Roman Empire 5227:Nuragic civilization 3917:United Arab Emirates 3460:Catherine de' Medici 2692:Frieda, pp. 271–272. 2627:Catherine de' Medici 1973:, acquired from the 1910:willed his relative 1865:Republic of Florence 1802:Peace of Villafranca 1794:Royal Sardinian Army 1762:which passed to the 1489:juvenile delinquents 1398:in 1745. He died at 1251:Republic of Florence 1146:Francesco de' Medici 963:Catherine de' Medici 868:and his cousin King 800:unification of Italy 739:, was elevated by a 718:Republic of Florence 633:Principality of Elba 8586:History of Florence 8048:Automotive industry 7987:Metropolitan cities 7533:Early Modern period 7506:Kingdom of Sardinia 7457:Italian city-states 6998:Italian nationalism 6993:Italian irredentism 6988:Altare della Patria 6784:Giovanni Arrivabene 6591:Ten Days of Brescia 6544:Revolutions of 1848 6529:Revolutions of 1830 6514:Rimini Proclamation 6452:Kingdom of Sardinia 6373:Free State of Fiume 6321:Kingdom of Sardinia 6064:Neapolitan Republic 6012:Kingdom of Sardinia 6007:Republic of Sassari 5835:Catepanate of Italy 5758:Republic of Cospaia 5581:Duchy of Montferrat 5576:March of Montferrat 5511:County of Guastalla 5411:Exarchate of Africa 5113:Trinidad and Tobago 5000:Commonwealth realms 4885:United Baltic Duchy 4028:Antigua and Barbuda 4020:Commonwealth realms 3714:Order of succession 3284:Acton, pp. 207–208. 2964:Acton, pp. 272–273. 2919:Acton, pp. 140–141. 2449:. London: Vintage. 2342:Lesser Coat of arms 2286:as state/naval flag 2096:Duchy of Montferrat 2078:In response to the 1993:, and the Duchy of 1829:Kingdom of Sardinia 1775:Kingdom of Sardinia 1771:Revolutions of 1848 1701:Italian nationalism 1594:Elector of Salzburg 1592:, becoming instead 1227:as imperial fiefs. 1221:Treaty of the Hague 1150:Ottavio Piccolomini 1123:Leopoldo de' Medici 878:Holy League of 1571 862:Catherine of France 820:Cosimo I de' Medici 796:Kingdom of Sardinia 788:First French Empire 737:Cosimo I de' Medici 591:First French Empire 462:after a plebiscite 460:Kingdom of Sardinia 328:Cosimo I de' Medici 226: / 8581:History of Tuscany 8110:Telecommunications 7477:Maritime republics 6849:Alessandro Manzoni 6839:Francesco Lomonaco 6768:Victor Emmanuel II 6733:Giuseppe Garibaldi 6576:Five Days of Milan 6444:Pre-unitary states 6203:Lucca and Piombino 6080:Malta Protectorate 6044:Duke of San Donato 5798:Republic of Ancona 5720:Republic of Venice 5633:Duchy of Mirandola 5521:Duchy of Guastalla 5359:Duchy of Tridentum 5339:Duchy of Benevento 5306:Barbarian kingdoms 3490:, ABC-CLIO, 1999, 3388:Hanlon. pp. 41–42. 3379:Hanlon, pp. 40–41. 3370:Hanlon, pp. 38–40. 3325:Hanlon, pp. 82–83. 3147:, ABC-CLIO, 1999, 3027:Strathern, p. 410. 2973:Strathern, p. 400. 2937:Strathern, p. 392. 2910:Strathern, p. 391. 2901:Strathern, p. 382. 2892:Strathern, p. 381. 2862:Hanlon, pp. 97–98. 2607:Strathern, p. 335. 2598:Strathern, p. 340. 2398:History of Tuscany 2356:Great Coat of arms 1849: 1798:Victor Emmanuel II 1706:Francis of Austria 1689:Congress of Vienna 1685: 1602:Kingdom of Etruria 1567: 1560:Kingdom of Etruria 1550:Kingdom of Etruria 1534:Austrian dominions 1493:capital punishment 1471: 1396:Holy Roman Emperor 1364: 1345: 1331: 1291:Prince of Ottajano 1278: 1191: 1054: 1024:, the head of the 971:Henry IV of France 936:Johanna of Austria 931: 870:Philip II of Spain 831: 823: 784:Kingdom of Etruria 646:Kingdom of Etruria 577:Kingdom of Etruria 8558: 8557: 8525: 8524: 8160: 8159: 8095:Southern question 8015: 8014: 7947:Political parties 7895:Foreign relations 7867: 7866: 7720: 7719: 7441:Kingdom of Naples 7429:Kingdom of Sicily 7026: 7025: 7013:Southern question 6824:Vincenzo Gioberti 6804:Felice Cavallotti 6703:Massimo d'Azeglio 6656:Law of Guarantees 6398: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6241: 6240: 6208:Massa and Carrara 6093: 6092: 6070:Hospitaller Malta 6029:Kingdom of Naples 6023:Kingdom of Sicily 5954: 5953: 5864:Duchy of Sorrento 5783:Republic of Genoa 5778:Republic of Siena 5773:Republic of Massa 5768:Republic of Lucca 5501:County of Gorizia 5491:Corsican Republic 5472:Holy Roman Empire 5130: 5129: 5126: 5125: 4815:Piedmont-Sardinia 4567:Sip Song Chau Tai 4377:Thirteen Colonies 4118: 4117: 3496:978-1-57607-091-8 3440:978-0-09-952297-3 3430:Strathern, Paul: 3153:978-1-57607-091-8 2455:978-0-09-952297-3 2072:Kingdom of Naples 2067:Republic of Siena 2030:Habsburg monarchy 2003:Kingdom of Naples 1896:Siege of Florence 1857:Republic of Siena 1719:, and the secret 1529:Emperor Joseph II 1512:Vincenzo Chiarugi 1499:was also banned. 1388:Kingdom of Poland 1380:Marie Leszczyńska 1376:Duchy of Lorraine 1299:Kingdom of Naples 1142:Mattias de'Medici 1134:Holy Roman Empire 1117:installed in the 1051:Justus Sustermans 1011:Cosimo de' Medici 983:colony in America 897:Eleanor of Toledo 890:Battle of Lepanto 847:Republic of Genoa 839:Duchy of Florence 835:Cosimo de' Medici 733:Republic of Siena 712:) was an Italian 690: 689: 676: 675: 672: 671: 638: 637: 563:Republic of Siena 549:Duchy of Florence 369:is elevated by a 336:• 1859–1860 323:• 1569–1574 289:absolute monarchy 266:Roman Catholicism 174: 129:Habsburg-Lorraine 16:(Redirected from 8688: 8681:Christian states 8591:History of Siena 8548: 8547: 8540:Italy portal 8537: 8536: 8477:National symbols 8171: 8170: 8026: 8025: 7878: 7877: 7731: 7730: 7611:Kingdom of Italy 7538:Napoleonic Italy 7077: 7076: 7053: 7046: 7039: 7030: 7029: 6834:Giacomo Leopardi 6814:Giuseppe Ferrari 6748:Bettino Ricasoli 6743:Giuseppe Mazzini 6728:Francesco Crispi 6708:Agostino Bertani 6682:Cockade of Italy 6666:Impresa di Fiume 6596:Belfiore martyrs 6581:Sortie on Mestre 6499: 6425: 6418: 6411: 6402: 6401: 6359:Kingdom of Italy 6346: 6345: 6112: 6111: 5941:County of Sicily 5936:County of Aversa 5859:Byzantine Sicily 5845:Theme of Lucania 5815: 5814: 5793:Republic of Pisa 5788:Republic of Noli 5658:Duchy of Spoleto 5628:Duchy of Merania 5526:Kingdom of Italy 5452:Duchy of Ferrara 5397:Duchy of Perugia 5376:Byzantine Empire 5354:Duchy of Spoleto 5321:Ostrogothic rule 5303: 5302: 5171:Pre-Roman period 5157: 5150: 5143: 5134: 5133: 5054:Irish Free State 4820:Poland–Lithuania 4129: 4128: 4080:Papua New Guinea 3810: 3809: 3549: 3542: 3535: 3526: 3525: 3458:Frieda, Leonie: 3404: 3398: 3389: 3386: 3380: 3377: 3371: 3368: 3362: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3344: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3326: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3308: 3305: 3299: 3296: 3285: 3282: 3276: 3273: 3267: 3264: 3258: 3255: 3249: 3246: 3237: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3218:. 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Britannica.com 3089: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3052: 3043: 3037: 3034: 3028: 3025: 3019: 3016: 3010: 3007: 3001: 2998: 2992: 2989: 2983: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2956: 2953: 2947: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2929: 2926: 2920: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2902: 2899: 2893: 2890: 2884: 2881: 2875: 2872: 2863: 2860: 2854: 2851: 2845: 2842: 2836: 2833: 2827: 2824: 2818: 2815: 2809: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2788: 2785: 2779: 2776: 2770: 2767: 2754: 2751: 2742: 2739: 2728: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2715: 2699: 2693: 2690: 2684: 2681: 2675: 2660: 2651: 2644: 2638: 2625:Frieda, Leonie: 2623: 2617: 2614: 2608: 2605: 2599: 2596: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2583: 2571: 2550: 2549: 2547: 2546: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2521: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2498: 2497: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2464: 2458: 2443: 2437: 2434: 2381: 2367: 2353: 2339: 2325: 2311: 2297: 2279: 2252: 2230: 2216: 2202: 2103:Thirty Years War 2084:Long Turkish War 2065:, which saw the 2063:Last Italian War 1997:and the city of 1908:Pope Clement VII 1833:Kingdom of Italy 1729: 1693:State of Presidi 1682:Pietro Benvenuti 1443:Infanta of Spain 1428:Seven Years' War 1283:Treaty of Vienna 1209:Battle of Vienna 1138:Thirty Years War 873:100,000 ducats. 668: 667: 654: 653: 642: 641: 629: 628: 615: 614: 601: 600: 587: 586: 573: 572: 559: 558: 545: 544: 538: 537: 522: 521: 241: 240: 238: 237: 236: 231: 227: 224: 223: 222: 219: 197: 185: 176: 175: 167: 146: 125: 111: 95: 88: 70: 62: 56: 48: 37: 36: 32:March of Tuscany 21: 8696: 8695: 8691: 8690: 8689: 8687: 8686: 8685: 8671:House of Medici 8596:History of Pisa 8561: 8560: 8559: 8554: 8534: 8521: 8492:Public holidays 8323: 8269:Life expectancy 8156: 8011: 7927:Law enforcement 7863: 7716: 7663: 7652:Social Republic 7616:Colonial Empire 7599:Capture of Rome 7552: 7445: 7354: 7247:Ancient peoples 7235: 7172: 7133:Historic states 7091: 7066: 7057: 7027: 7022: 6976: 6955: 6919: 6883: 6874:Antonio Rosmini 6844:Goffredo Mameli 6794:Giosuè Carducci 6772: 6763:Ruggero Settimo 6691: 6670: 6651:Capture of Rome 6500: 6491: 6438: 6429: 6399: 6390: 6344: 6247: 6246:Post-Napoleonic 6237: 6171: 6107: 6101: 6089: 6031: 6027: 6026:(1130–1816) and 6025: 6017: 5962: 5950: 5917: 5891: 5882:Emirate of Bari 5868: 5855:Theme of Sicily 5850:Duchy of Naples 5825:Duchy of Amalfi 5810: 5802: 5750: 5749:Other Republics 5744: 5722: 5714: 5708:County of Tenda 5688:County of Savoy 5648:Duchy of Reggio 5618:Duchy of Mantua 5546:March of Friuli 5478: 5476: 5474: 5466: 5462:Duchy of Urbino 5447:Duchy of Castro 5424: 5416: 5370: 5364:Duchy of Tuscia 5344:Duchy of Friuli 5307: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5288: 5267:(753 BC–509 BC) 5251: 5166: 5161: 5131: 5122: 5047:princely states 4995: 4931:Kingdom of Fiji 4904: 4650:Austria-Hungary 4618: 4381: 4315: 4114: 4100:Solomon Islands 4014: 3996: 3928: 3843: 3801: 3733: 3679:Democratization 3647: 3591: 3558: 3553: 3522: 3513: 3472:Booth, Cecily: 3418:The Last Medici 3416:Acton, Harold: 3413: 3408: 3407: 3399: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3361:Hanlon, p. 322. 3360: 3356: 3352:Hanlon, p. 132. 3351: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3302: 3298:Hanlon, p. 139. 3297: 3288: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3221: 3219: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3199: 3197: 3196:. newadvent.org 3190: 3179: 3165:H. A. L. Fisher 3163: 3159: 3142: 3138: 3130: 3126: 3114: 3107: 3098: 3096: 3091: 3090: 3081: 3071: 3069: 3050: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2866: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2757: 2752: 2745: 2740: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2713: 2711: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2661: 2654: 2646:Booth, Cecily: 2645: 2641: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2590: 2581: 2579: 2578:. heraldica.org 2572: 2553: 2544: 2542: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2519: 2517: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2495: 2493: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2465: 2461: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2394: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2289: 2287: 2280: 2266: 2256: 2253: 2244: 2234: 2231: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2194:House of Medici 2191: 2175:Algerian pirate 2119: 2047: 2042: 1985:at the time of 1975:House of Sforza 1841: 1723: 1671: 1663:Elisa Bonaparte 1661:put his sister 1564:Napoleonic Wars 1552: 1546: 1508:legge sui pazzi 1459: 1451:secundogeniture 1356: 1350: 1348:Francis Stephen 1319: 1270: 1264: 1255:Geertruidenberg 1230:Cosimo married 1197: 1183: 1169:Pope Urban VIII 1094:, in 1642, and 1069:Galileo Galilei 1064: 1056:Main articles: 1043: 1026:Catholic Church 1018:Papal conclaves 940:Bianca Cappello 923: 913: 813: 808: 749:House of Medici 665: 651: 626: 612: 598: 584: 570: 556: 542: 516: 486: 463: 458: 451:8 December 1859 448: 445: 433: 420: 407: 405:Napoleonic Wars 402: 388: 374: 337: 324: 303: 257: 234: 232: 228: 225: 220: 217: 215: 213: 212: 211: 200: 188: 170: 168: 147: 134: 133: 132: 126: 119: 112: 104: 103: 100: 96: 89: 71: 64: 57: 50: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8694: 8684: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8576:Italian states 8573: 8556: 8555: 8553: 8552: 8542: 8530: 8527: 8526: 8523: 8522: 8520: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8333: 8331: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8265: 8264: 8263: 8262: 8247: 8246: 8245: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8174: 8168: 8162: 8161: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8143: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8100:Stock exchange 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8066: 8065: 8060: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8029: 8023: 8017: 8016: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8009: 8004: 8002:Municipalities 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7962:Prime Minister 7959: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7913: 7912: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7881: 7875: 7869: 7868: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7849:Regional parks 7846: 7844:National parks 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7805: 7804: 7794: 7793: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7756: 7755: 7753:Climate change 7745: 7740: 7734: 7728: 7722: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7714: 7713: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7671: 7669: 7665: 7664: 7662: 7661: 7660: 7659: 7654: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7629: 7628: 7618: 7613: 7603: 7602: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7560: 7558: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7529: 7528: 7518: 7516:Duchy of Savoy 7513: 7508: 7503: 7502: 7501: 7500: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7453: 7451: 7447: 7446: 7444: 7443: 7438: 7437: 7436: 7426: 7424:Lombard League 7421: 7420: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7362: 7360: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7350: 7349: 7348: 7346:Western Empire 7338: 7333: 7331:Roman conquest 7328: 7323: 7313: 7312: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7285: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7252:Italic peoples 7243: 7241: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7233: 7232: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7180: 7178: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7099: 7097: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7089: 7083: 7081: 7074: 7068: 7067: 7056: 7055: 7048: 7041: 7033: 7024: 7023: 7021: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6984: 6982: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6974: 6969: 6963: 6961: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6927: 6925: 6921: 6920: 6918: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6891: 6889: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6864:Carlo Pisacane 6861: 6859:Silvio Pellico 6856: 6854:Ippolito Nievo 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6809:Vincenzo Cuoco 6806: 6801: 6799:Carlo Cattaneo 6796: 6791: 6786: 6780: 6778: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6699: 6697: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6689: 6684: 6678: 6676: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6641:Roman Question 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6562: 6561: 6559:Roman Republic 6556: 6551: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6510: 6508: 6502: 6501: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6489: 6484: 6482:Duchy of Parma 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6456:House of Savoy 6448: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6428: 6427: 6420: 6413: 6405: 6396: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6382: 6376: 6370: 6369: 6368: 6365:Italian Empire 6355: 6353: 6343: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6312: 6309:Roman Republic 6306: 6300: 6294: 6288: 6282: 6276: 6270: 6264: 6261:Duchy of Lucca 6258: 6255:Duchy of Genoa 6251: 6249: 6243: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6118: 6116: 6109: 6095: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6035: 6033: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6015: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5998: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5966: 5964: 5956: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5927: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5889: 5884: 5878: 5876: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5866: 5861: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5830:Duchy of Gaeta 5827: 5821: 5819: 5812: 5808:Southern Italy 5804: 5803: 5801: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5754: 5752: 5751:(c. 1000–1797) 5746: 5745: 5743: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5726: 5724: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5703:County of Nice 5700: 5698:Duchy of Aosta 5695: 5690: 5685: 5678:Savoyard state 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5613:Duchy of Milan 5610: 5608:Duchy of Ivrea 5605: 5604: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5482: 5480: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5428: 5426: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5381: 5379: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5349:Duchy of Ivrea 5346: 5341: 5330: 5324: 5318: 5315:Odoacer's rule 5311: 5309: 5300: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5286: 5280: 5279:(27 BC–395 AD) 5274: 5273:(509 BC–27 BC) 5271:Roman Republic 5268: 5261: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5213: 5212: 5210:Cisalpine Gaul 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5167: 5160: 5159: 5152: 5145: 5137: 5128: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5051: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5009: 5003: 5001: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4912: 4910: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4805:Ottoman Empire 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4765:Kartli-Kakheti 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4626: 4624: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4616: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4447: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4389: 4387: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4313: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4174:Central Africa 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4135: 4133: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4112: 4110:United Kingdom 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4076: 4075: 4070: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4024: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4012: 4006: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3938: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3926: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3853: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3841: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3818: 3816: 3807: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3767:Prince regnant 3764: 3763: 3762: 3752: 3747: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3684:Decolonization 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3655: 3653: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3638:Personal union 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3608:Constitutional 3605: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3563: 3560: 3559: 3552: 3551: 3544: 3537: 3529: 3520: 3519: 3512: 3511:External links 3509: 3508: 3507: 3498: 3484: 3477: 3470: 3456: 3442: 3428: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3390: 3381: 3372: 3363: 3354: 3345: 3343:Hanlon, p. 97. 3336: 3334:Hanlon, p. 65. 3327: 3318: 3316:Hanlon, p. 63. 3309: 3300: 3286: 3277: 3268: 3259: 3250: 3238: 3229: 3207: 3177: 3157: 3136: 3124: 3105: 3079: 3057:(in Spanish). 3038: 3029: 3020: 3011: 3002: 3000:Acton, p. 255. 2993: 2991:Acton, p. 254. 2984: 2975: 2966: 2957: 2955:Acton, p. 243. 2948: 2939: 2930: 2928:Acton, p. 185. 2921: 2912: 2903: 2894: 2885: 2876: 2864: 2855: 2846: 2837: 2828: 2819: 2810: 2801: 2789: 2780: 2771: 2755: 2743: 2729: 2720: 2694: 2685: 2683:Hanlon, p. 81. 2676: 2652: 2639: 2637:, pp. 268–269. 2618: 2609: 2600: 2588: 2551: 2526: 2502: 2477: 2459: 2457:. pp. 315–321. 2438: 2428: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2388: 2383: 2376: 2374: 2369: 2362: 2360: 2355: 2348: 2346: 2341: 2334: 2332: 2327: 2320: 2318: 2313: 2306: 2304: 2299: 2292: 2290: 2281: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2267: 2254: 2247: 2245: 2232: 2225: 2223: 2218: 2211: 2209: 2204: 2197: 2195: 2190: 2187: 2149:(8 galleys, 9 2118: 2115: 2092:Duchy of Milan 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 1871:was a Spanish 1840: 1837: 1764:Duchy of Parma 1732:Duchy of Lucca 1730:, annexed the 1670: 1667: 1610:Duchy of Parma 1548:Main article: 1545: 1542: 1458: 1455: 1352:Main article: 1349: 1346: 1318: 1315: 1305:. Soon after, 1266:Main article: 1263: 1260: 1225:Parma-Piacenza 1193:Main article: 1182: 1179: 1165:Wars of Castro 1042: 1039: 951:Mulberry trees 912: 909: 882:Ottoman Empire 837:had ruled the 812: 809: 807: 804: 688: 687: 682: 678: 677: 674: 673: 670: 669: 662: 656: 655: 648: 639: 636: 635: 630: 622: 621: 619:Duchy of Lucca 616: 608: 607: 602: 594: 593: 588: 580: 579: 574: 566: 565: 560: 552: 551: 546: 534: 533: 528: 518: 517: 515: 514: 511:Tuscan fiorino 508: 501: 499: 495: 494: 491: 490: 487: 484: 481: 480: 477: 476: 472: 471: 468: 467: 464: 456: 453: 452: 449: 441: 438: 437: 436:16 August 1859 434: 428: 425: 424: 421: 415: 412: 411: 408: 396: 393: 392: 389: 383:• End of 382: 379: 378: 377:27 August 1569 375: 364: 361: 360: 357: 356: 353: 349: 348: 345: 344: 338: 335: 332: 331: 325: 322: 319: 318: 315: 314: 311: 305: 304: 302: 301: 292: 282: 280: 274: 273: 263: 259: 258: 256: 255: 249: 247: 243: 242: 206: 202: 201: 198: 190: 189: 186: 178: 177: 154: 153: 136: 135: 120: 113: 106: 105: 97: 90: 83: 82: 81: 78: 77: 73: 72: 43: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8693: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8551: 8543: 8541: 8532: 8531: 8528: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8334: 8332: 8330: 8326: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8261: 8258: 8257: 8256: 8253: 8252: 8251: 8248: 8244: 8241: 8240: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8175: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8163: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8055: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8030: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8018: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7967: 7963: 7960: 7957: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7911: 7908: 7907: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7882: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7870: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7803: 7800: 7799: 7798: 7795: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7777: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7754: 7751: 7750: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7723: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7695:Years of Lead 7693: 7691: 7690:Economic Boom 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7677: 7676: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7666: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7633:Fascist Italy 7631: 7627: 7624: 7623: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7608: 7607: 7604: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7579:Niçard exodus 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7565: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7555: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7527: 7524: 7523: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7479: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7459: 7458: 7455: 7454: 7452: 7448: 7442: 7439: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7369: 7368: 7367: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7357: 7347: 7344: 7343: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7318: 7317: 7314: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7299:Magna Graecia 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7254: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7248: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7238: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7175: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7094: 7088: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7054: 7049: 7047: 7042: 7040: 7035: 7034: 7031: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6979: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6960:National days 6958: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6928: 6926: 6922: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6886: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6775: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6753:Aurelio Saffi 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6738:Daniele Manin 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6718:Celso Ceretti 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6694: 6688: 6687:Flag of Italy 6685: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6673: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6539:Neo-Guelphism 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6503: 6498: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6457: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6435: 6426: 6421: 6419: 6414: 6412: 6407: 6406: 6403: 6386: 6383: 6380: 6377: 6374: 6371: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6347: 6340: 6337: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6319: 6316: 6313: 6310: 6307: 6304: 6301: 6298: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6286: 6283: 6280: 6277: 6274: 6271: 6268: 6265: 6262: 6259: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6244: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6174: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6113: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6096: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6049:Duchy of Sora 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6030: 6024: 6020: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5894: 5888: 5887:Muslim Sicily 5885: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5871: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5816: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 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5193: 5191: 5188: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5158: 5153: 5151: 5146: 5144: 5139: 5138: 5135: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5055: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5004: 5002: 4998: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4926:Easter Island 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4621: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4552: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4465:Jabal Shammar 4463: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 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3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3808: 3804: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3761: 3760:Queen regnant 3758: 3757: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3719:Republicanism 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3699:Head of state 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3650: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3633:Non-sovereign 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3561: 3557: 3550: 3545: 3543: 3538: 3536: 3531: 3530: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3506: 3504: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3482: 3478: 3475: 3471: 3469: 3468:0-7538-2039-0 3465: 3461: 3457: 3455: 3454:1-84212-456-0 3451: 3447: 3444:Hale, J. R.: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3427: 3426:0-333-29315-0 3423: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3402: 3397: 3395: 3385: 3376: 3367: 3358: 3349: 3340: 3331: 3322: 3313: 3304: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3281: 3275:Hale, p. 178. 3272: 3266:Hale, p. 153. 3263: 3257:Hale, p. 121. 3254: 3248:Hale, p. 119. 3245: 3243: 3236:Hale, p. 118. 3233: 3217: 3211: 3195: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3110: 3094: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3042: 3033: 3024: 3015: 3006: 2997: 2988: 2979: 2970: 2961: 2952: 2943: 2934: 2925: 2916: 2907: 2898: 2889: 2883:Hale, p. 181. 2880: 2874:Hale, p. 180. 2871: 2869: 2859: 2853:Acton, p. 38. 2850: 2844:Acton, p. 27. 2841: 2835:Acton, p. 30. 2832: 2823: 2817:Hale, p. 187. 2814: 2808:Hale, p. 165. 2805: 2799:Hale, p. 160. 2796: 2794: 2787:Hale, p. 158. 2784: 2775: 2769:Hale, p. 150. 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2753:Hale, p. 151. 2750: 2748: 2741:Hale, p. 147. 2738: 2736: 2734: 2724: 2709: 2708:TuscanyPeople 2705: 2698: 2689: 2680: 2673: 2672:1-84212-456-0 2669: 2665: 2662:Hale, J. R.: 2659: 2657: 2649: 2643: 2636: 2635:0-7538-2039-0 2632: 2628: 2622: 2613: 2604: 2595: 2593: 2577: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2540: 2536: 2530: 2516: 2512: 2506: 2491: 2487: 2481: 2473: 2472: 2463: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2442: 2433: 2429: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2380: 2375: 2366: 2361: 2352: 2347: 2338: 2333: 2324: 2319: 2310: 2305: 2296: 2291: 2285: 2278: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2251: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2229: 2224: 2215: 2210: 2201: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2186: 2184: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2166: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2126: 2124: 2114: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1969:in 1604; the 1968: 1967:Orsini family 1964: 1959: 1957: 1956:Ferdinando II 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1909: 1906:of Florence. 1905: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1877:stato vecchio 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1861:stato vecchio 1858: 1854: 1845: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1618:Charles Louis 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1598:archbishopric 1595: 1591: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1571:Ferdinand III 1565: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1519: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1475: 1468: 1463: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1404:heir apparent 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1372:Maria Theresa 1369: 1360: 1355: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1328: 1327:doppelporträt 1323: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1274: 1269: 1259: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1196: 1187: 1178: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1072: 1070: 1063: 1059: 1052: 1047: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 987:French Guiana 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 943: 941: 937: 927: 922: 918: 908: 906: 902: 898: 893: 891: 887: 883: 879: 874: 871: 867: 863: 858: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 827: 821: 817: 806:Medici period 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 759: 755: 754:Ferdinando II 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 686: 683: 681:Today part of 679: 663: 661: 658: 657: 649: 647: 644: 643: 640: 634: 631: 624: 623: 620: 617: 610: 609: 606: 603: 596: 595: 592: 589: 582: 581: 578: 575: 568: 567: 564: 561: 554: 553: 550: 547: 540: 539: 536: 535: 532: 529: 527: 524: 523: 519: 512: 509: 506: 503: 502: 500: 496: 492: 488: 482: 478: 473: 469: 466:22 March 1860 465: 461: 454: 450: 447: 439: 435: 432: 426: 422: 419: 418:Reestablished 413: 410:21 March 1801 409: 406: 400: 394: 390: 386: 380: 376: 372: 368: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 339: 333: 329: 326: 320: 316: 312: 310: 306: 299: 296: 293: 290: 287: 284: 283: 281: 279: 275: 271: 267: 264: 260: 254: 251: 250: 248: 244: 239: 210: 207: 203: 196: 191: 184: 179: 166: 165: 159: 155: 151: 145: 141: 137: 130: 124: 117: 110: 102: 94: 87: 79: 74: 68: 61: 54: 47: 38: 33: 19: 8377:Architecture 8347:Quattrocento 8304:Social class 8284:Prostitution 8198:Demographics 8120:Trade unions 8063:Central Bank 7905:Human rights 7885:Constitution 7668:Contemporary 7638:World War II 7526:Italian Wars 7510: 7450:Early modern 7392:Papal States 7370:Italy under 7316:Ancient Rome 6895:Pope Pius IX 6789:Cesare Balbo 6696:Main leaders 6566:Quadrilatero 6476: 6472:Papal States 6434:Risorgimento 6433: 6361:(1861–1946) 6339:Papal States 6284: 6222: 6167:Transpadania 5740:Stato da Màr 5672: 5422:Papal States 5333:Lombard rule 5297:Early Modern 5285:(395–476 AD) 5277:Roman Empire 5257:Ancient Rome 5103:South Africa 5098:Sierra Leone 5045: 4879: 4875:Two Sicilies 4810:Papal States 4610: 4549: 4442: 4308: 4068:Cook Islands 3921: 3907:Saudi Arabia 3836: 3521: 3502: 3487: 3480: 3473: 3459: 3445: 3431: 3417: 3411:Bibliography 3384: 3375: 3366: 3357: 3348: 3339: 3330: 3321: 3312: 3303: 3280: 3271: 3262: 3253: 3232: 3222:26 September 3220:. 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Retrieved 2492:(in Italian) 2489: 2480: 2469: 2462: 2446: 2441: 2432: 2259:17th century 2255:Civil ensign 2237:16th century 2219:Coat of arms 2180: 2167: 2158:Portoferraio 2155: 2150: 2147:Bone in 1607 2134: 2127: 2120: 2111: 2100: 2080:Türkenkriege 2077: 2060: 2048: 2015: 1960: 1930: 1926:gonfaloniere 1924: 1920: 1916: 1903: 1899: 1893: 1876: 1868: 1860: 1852: 1850: 1823:to form the 1814: 1787: 1768: 1710: 1691:, ceded the 1686: 1651:Méditerranée 1642:départements 1640: 1626: 1568: 1520: 1516: 1507: 1504:mentally ill 1501: 1478: 1472: 1436: 1432:Papal States 1412: 1365: 1326: 1279: 1248: 1229: 1206: 1198: 1174:barter trade 1162: 1158:Ferdinand II 1131: 1111:thermometers 1100: 1092:Cosimo (III) 1073: 1065: 1015: 944: 932: 894: 875: 859: 832: 762: 726: 693: 691: 531:Succeeded by 530: 525: 485:• 1801 157: 140:Motto: 139: 8442:Italophilia 8402:Coat of arm 8352:Cinquecento 8228:Immigration 8178:Aristocracy 8043:Agriculture 7937:Nationality 7910:LGBT rights 7824:Earthquakes 7705:Mani pulite 7621:World War I 7564:Unification 7557:Late modern 7521:Renaissance 7366:Middle Ages 7359:Middle Ages 7336:Roman Italy 7103:Citizenship 6819:Ugo Foscolo 6601:Crimean War 6534:Young Italy 6387:(1947–1954) 6381:(1943–1945) 6375:(1920–1924) 6367:(1882–1960) 6351:unification 6341:(1814–1870) 6335:(1815–1866) 6329:(1816–1861) 6323:(1814–1860) 6317:(1859–1860) 6311:(1849–1850) 6305:(1848–1849) 6287:(1815–1859) 6281:(1814–1859) 6275:(1814–1859) 6269:(1814–1829) 6263:(1815–1847) 6257:(1815–1848) 6147:Parthenopea 6108:(1792–1815) 6066:(1647–1648) 6032:(1282–1816) 6014:(1324–1861) 5975:Agugliastra 5840:Longobardia 5477:independent 5327:Vandal rule 5042:British Raj 5014:(Sri Lanka) 4900:Württemberg 4612:South Yemen 4500:Maguindanao 4393:Afghanistan 4154:Barotseland 4090:Saint Lucia 4063:New Zealand 3972:Netherlands 3745:Chhatrapati 3729:Sovereignty 3669:Aristocracy 3133:J Hist Med. 3072:19 December 2372:(1737–1749) 2330:(1848–1849) 2288:(1749–1765) 2221:(1562–1737) 2207:(1562–1737) 2082:during the 1931:consigliere 1887:proclaimed 1869:stato nuovo 1853:stato nuovo 1724: [ 1622:María Luisa 1485:inoculation 1465:Grand Duke 1426:during the 1338:Silver coin 1121:. In 1657, 1103:hygrometers 1098:, in 1660. 1034:Pope Paul V 1030:Pope Leo XI 876:During the 855:Pope Pius V 745:Pope Pius V 526:Preceded by 513:(1826–1859) 505:Tuscan lira 423:9 June 1815 391:9 July 1737 300:(1848–1852) 233: / 164:La Leopolda 18:Tuscan Navy 8565:Categories 8512:Traditions 8502:Television 8487:Philosophy 8452:Literature 8392:Cathedrals 8362:Settecento 8223:Healthcare 8188:Corruption 8183:Censorship 7942:Parliament 7900:Government 7700:Maxi Trial 7648:Resistance 7377:Ostrogoths 7309:Messapians 7194:Villanovan 7184:Prehistory 7177:Prehistory 7018:Third Rome 6218:Pontecorvo 6176:Monarchies 6162:Subalpinia 6127:Cispadania 6122:Cisalpinia 6104:Napoleonic 5811:(774–1139) 5723:(697–1797) 5425:(754–1870) 5387:(584–751) 5335:(568–774) 5108:Tanganyika 5023:The Gambia 4951:Niuē-Fekai 4890:Yugoslavia 4790:Montenegro 4597:Upper Yafa 4592:Upper Asir 4229:Madagascar 3962:Luxembourg 3694:Government 3659:Abdication 3628:Hereditary 3556:Monarchies 3200:18 October 3099:2009-10-11 2714:2023-05-03 2582:2009-08-19 2545:2020-04-25 2520:2021-02-10 2496:2021-02-10 2370:Naval flag 2233:Naval flag 2183:Morean War 2056:hog-spears 2026:second son 1995:Capistrano 1979:Pontremoli 1963:Pitigliano 1859:, and the 1839:Government 1760:Pontremoli 1748:Minucciano 1740:Montignoso 1713:Leopold II 1604:under the 1441:, and the 1236:Ferdinando 1181:Cosimo III 1115:telescopes 1107:barometers 1076:Ferdinando 915:See also: 811:Foundation 758:Cosimo III 741:papal bull 475:Population 371:papal bull 309:Grand Duke 278:Government 8472:Mythology 8447:Libraries 8367:Ottocento 8309:Terrorism 8250:Languages 8203:Education 8125:Transport 8075:Companies 7982:Provinces 7952:President 7917:Judiciary 7890:Elections 7802:Volcanoes 7797:Volcanism 7790:Apennines 7775:Mountains 7743:Peninsula 7726:Geography 7657:Civil War 7382:Byzantium 7289:Etruscans 7224:Canegrate 7219:Golasecca 7204:Rinaldone 7199:Terramare 7189:Neolithic 7003:Redshirts 6888:Opponents 6519:Carbonari 6193:Guastalla 6183:Benevento 6115:Republics 5970:Judicates 5818:Byzantine 5475:and other 5413:(585–698) 5405:(554–752) 5399:(554–752) 5393:(533–751) 5378:(584–751) 5329:(435–534) 5323:(493–553) 5317:(476–493) 5308:(476–774) 5242:Iapygians 5078:Mauritius 4971:Rarotonga 4956:Nuku Hiva 4946:Mangareva 4921:Bora Bora 4800:Neuchâtel 4770:Lithuania 4675:Catalonia 4562:Sri Lanka 4515:Manchukuo 4490:Kurdistan 4444:Indonesia 4367:Talamanca 4327:Araucanía 4310:and other 4289:Wassoulou 4033:Australia 3709:Oligarchy 3194:"Tuscany" 2674:, p. 145. 2424:Citations 1902:) of the 1806:Ferdinand 1756:Lunigiana 1744:Gallicano 1538:Ferdinand 1467:Leopold I 1415:Habsburgs 1408:Joseph II 1400:Innsbruck 1096:Francesco 975:Cosimo II 901:Francesco 845:from the 833:In 1569, 507:(to 1826) 489:1,096,641 431:Habsburgs 399:Abolished 262:Religion 230:43°N 11°E 76:1569–1860 8550:Category 8437:Internet 8427:Folklore 8357:Seicento 8342:Trecento 8337:Duecento 8299:Religion 8260:Regional 8238:Italians 8213:Gambling 8105:Taxation 7932:Military 7873:Politics 7675:Republic 7462:Florence 7387:Lombards 7326:Republic 7272:Samnites 7267:Picentes 7209:Apennine 7168:Railways 7148:Military 7096:By topic 7080:Overview 7064:articles 6506:Timeline 6152:Piedmont 6002:Oristano 5995:Logudoro 5985:Cagliari 5960:Sardinia 5693:Piedmont 5442:Holy See 5293:Medieval 5247:Picentes 5190:Samnites 5093:Rhodesia 5088:Pakistan 5007:Barbados 4976:Rimatara 4966:Rapa Iti 4895:Valencia 4870:Tavolara 4860:Scotland 4825:Portugal 4785:Moldavia 4670:Bulgaria 4665:Brittany 4640:Asturias 4520:Mongolia 4510:Maldives 4372:Trinidad 4362:Suriname 4320:Americas 4304:Zimbabwe 4299:Zanzibar 4284:Wituland 4259:Ngazidja 4254:Ndzuwani 4189:Ethiopia 3912:Thailand 3892:Malaysia 3872:Cambodia 3822:Eswatini 3618:Elective 3603:Absolute 3171:(eds.), 3155:, p 142. 2392:See also 2171:Sardinia 2040:Military 2034:Salzburg 1987:Cosimo I 1921:signoria 1904:Republic 1881:Imperial 1875:and the 1695:and the 1659:Napoleon 1481:Smallpox 1370:heiress 1368:Habsburg 1202:Florence 905:apoplexy 776:Napoleon 768:cognatic 722:Florence 714:monarchy 498:Currency 367:Cosimo I 270:official 209:Florence 8601:Tuscany 8507:Theatre 8482:Palaces 8462:Museums 8432:Gardens 8417:Fashion 8407:Cuisine 8387:Castles 8329:Culture 8279:Poverty 8255:Italian 8166:Society 8147:Welfare 8115:Tourism 8085:Exports 8053:Banking 8033:Economy 8021:Economy 7977:Regions 7859:Valleys 7829:Islands 7809:Beaches 7780:Prealps 7760:Geology 7748:Climate 7412:Normans 7372:Odoacer 7321:Kingdom 7304:Ligures 7240:Ancient 7214:Nuragic 7163:Postage 7138:Judaism 7128:Genetic 7118:Fashion 7113:Economy 7072:History 6924:Museums 6675:Symbols 6233:Corsica 6223:Tuscany 6188:Etruria 6137:Liguria 5990:Gallura 5980:Arborea 5896:Lombard 5596:Tuscany 5586:Trieste 5222:Ligures 5183:Etruria 5083:Nigeria 5058:Ireland 4986:Tahuata 4961:Raiatea 4941:Huahine 4916:Abemama 4909:Oceania 4880:Tuscany 4835:Romania 4830:Prussia 4795:Navarre 4775:Majorca 4755:Ireland 4750:Imereti 4745:Iceland 4740:Hungary 4735:Hanover 4730:Granada 4720:Germany 4715:Georgia 4710:Galicia 4700:Finland 4690:Corsica 4685:Cilicia 4655:Bavaria 4645:Austria 4630:Albania 4602:Vietnam 4545:Sarawak 4535:Qu'aiti 4470:Kathiri 4433:Dapitan 4408:Bukhara 4357:Miskito 4279:Tunisia 4269:Shilluk 4179:Dahomey 4169:Burundi 4159:Bagirmi 4139:Adamawa 4058:Jamaica 4053:Grenada 4038:Bahamas 4002:Oceania 3952:Denmark 3947:Belgium 3942:Andorra 3857:Bahrain 3832:Morocco 3827:Lesotho 3806:Current 3797:Pharaoh 3750:Emperor 3689:Dynasty 3643:Regency 3623:Federal 3613:Diarchy 3567:Monarch 2151:bertoni 2143:Preveza 2135:bertoni 2088:Hungary 2018:viceroy 2001:in the 1951:Cortona 1947:Voltera 1777:in the 1655:Ombrone 1614:Louis I 1583:jacobin 1497:Torture 1474:Leopold 1439:Leopold 1424:Silesia 1311:Infante 1003:Palermo 947:Livorno 729:Tuscany 698:Italian 416:• 397:• 365:• 352:History 330:(first) 295:Unitary 286:Unitary 253:Italian 205:Capital 158:Anthem: 150:Italian 67:Italian 8538: 8412:Design 8397:Cinema 8372:Anthem 8294:Racism 8243:People 8218:Health 8080:Energy 8070:Brands 7997:Comune 7992:Cities 7854:Rivers 7814:Canals 7497:Amalfi 7482:Venice 7341:Empire 7282:Veneti 7257:Latins 7229:Latial 7062: 6299:(1848) 6293:(1831) 6248:states 6213:Naples 5923:Norman 5730:Dogado 5601:Verona 5566:Mantua 5561:Istria 5541:Finale 5531:Ancona 5479:states 5299:states 5217:Veneti 5195:Latins 5118:Uganda 5068:Malawi 5033:Guyana 5012:Ceylon 4991:Tahiti 4981:Rurutu 4936:Hawaii 4865:Serbia 4850:Saxony 4840:Russia 4725:Greece 4705:France 4695:Cyprus 4680:Crimea 4660:Bosnia 4635:Aragon 4623:Europe 4587:Taiwan 4557:Sikkim 4540:Ryukyu 4525:Najran 4423:Chehab 4403:Bengal 4352:Mexico 4337:Brazil 4264:Rwanda 4244:Maravi 4144:Ankole 4132:Africa 4124:Former 4105:Tuvalu 4048:Canada 4043:Belize 3987:Sweden 3977:Norway 3967:Monaco 3934:Europe 3887:Kuwait 3882:Jordan 3867:Brunei 3862:Bhutan 3814:Africa 3787:Sultan 3738:Titles 3652:Topics 3494: 3466: 3452: 3438: 3424: 3169:et al. 3151: 2670: 2633: 2453: 2163:Rhodes 2075:fact. 1939:Arezzo 1817:Modena 1633:France 1457:Reform 1113:, and 1007:Naples 999:Venice 886:Venice 444:United 401:during 385:Medici 355: 343:(last) 313: 235:43; 11 160: 131:period 118:period 116:Medici 63: 49: 8497:Sport 8467:Music 8457:Media 8319:Women 8193:Crime 8058:Banks 7834:Lakes 7819:Caves 7770:Flora 7765:Fauna 7487:Genoa 7472:Milan 7467:Siena 7407:Arabs 7294:Celts 7277:Umbri 7153:Music 7123:Flags 7060:Italy 6981:Other 6349:Post- 6198:Italy 6142:Lucca 6132:Italy 5683:Savoy 5591:Turin 5571:Milan 5556:Ivrea 5232:Umbri 5205:Celts 5073:Malta 5063:Kenya 5038:India 5028:Ghana 4855:Savoy 4845:Samos 4760:Italy 4607:Yemen 4582:Tibet 4577:Syria 4530:Nepal 4505:Mahra 4485:Kumul 4480:Korea 4475:Khiva 4454:Qajar 4438:Hejaz 4428:China 4413:Burma 4342:Haiti 4332:Aztec 4249:Mwali 4239:Maore 4219:Libya 4214:Kongo 4209:Kaffa 4204:Gumma 4199:Gomma 4194:Ghana 4184:Egypt 4164:Bornu 4149:Aussa 4010:Tonga 3982:Spain 3902:Qatar 3877:Japan 3051:(PDF) 2139:Chios 1999:Penna 1943:Prato 1917:Balía 1821:Parma 1783:Gaeta 1728:] 1119:Pitti 995:Milan 977:, to 969:, to 967:Marie 851:Siena 706:Latin 685:Italy 387:rule 53:Latin 8422:Flag 8152:Wine 8140:road 8135:rail 7966:List 7956:List 7785:Alps 7650:and 7492:Pisa 7262:Osci 7158:Name 7143:LGBT 6228:Elba 6157:Rome 6106:eras 6102:and 6075:Gozo 5874:Arab 5857:and 5536:Ceva 5200:Osci 5018:Fiji 4572:Sulu 4551:Shan 4495:Laos 4460:Iraq 4450:Iran 4418:Cebu 4398:Asir 4386:Asia 4347:Inca 4294:Yeke 4234:Mali 4224:Luba 4073:Niue 3923:list 3897:Oman 3849:Asia 3838:list 3792:Shah 3782:Tsar 3777:khan 3772:Raja 3755:King 3596:Type 3492:ISBN 3464:ISBN 3450:ISBN 3436:ISBN 3422:ISBN 3224:2009 3202:2009 3149:ISBN 3074:2023 2668:ISBN 2631:ISBN 2451:ISBN 2263:1737 2241:1737 2117:Navy 2052:1498 2045:Army 1949:and 1935:Pisa 1900:capo 1873:fief 1819:and 1788:The 1750:and 1653:and 1647:Arno 1558:The 1060:and 1022:Pope 1005:and 991:Rome 919:and 843:Elba 766:, a 692:The 403:the 221:11°E 218:43°N 8382:Art 8130:air 7922:Law 5295:and 4780:Man 3063:doi 2284:HRE 1879:an 1796:of 1645:of 743:of 8567:: 5056:/ 5044:, 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Knowledge

Grand Duchy of Tuscany

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