165:-like elements are sometimes observed. The accent system of Tsushima in general can be seen as a variant of the Chikuzen subgroup of the Hichiku dialect. However, Okumura (1990) argued that the Tsutsu accent system of Tsushima could hardly have a Chikuzen-like ancestor and was more close to the Buzen subgroup of the Hōnichi dialect. He questioned the mainstream view of Chikuzen membership because Tsutsu appeared to be more conservative than the rest of Tsushima.
186:
conducting field work because the access to the island was restricted by the army for its strategic importance. In 1950 and 1951, the
Linguistic Society of Japan finally conducted full-scale research together with several other academic societies. They were surprised that Korean had virtually no influence on the Tsushima dialect. All they could find in the northernmost community of Waniura was a couple of Korean loanwords such as
185:
The
Tsushima dialect was noted for the nearly total lack of Korean influence. Due to Tsushima's geographic proximity and special role in Japanese diplomacy with Korea, linguists used to expect the Tsushima dialect to show some influence from Korean. However, they were unable to test the hypothesis by
173:
Although
Tsushima attracts folklorists for its preservation of archaic practices, linguists often find the Tsushima dialect uninteresting because Tsushima's vocabulary can usually be found elsewhere in Japan. Words that appear to be specific to Tsushima include
150:
Despite being a mountainous island, Tsushima has a relatively homogeneous dialect. The sole exception is Tsutsu at the southern tip of the island. Okumura (1990) assumed
154:
of new lexical features from
Izuhara, Tsushima's politico-cultural center. They appear to have little influence on the geographically isolated community of Tsutsu.
157:
Tsushima's general resemblance to mainland Kyūshū dialects is obvious, but exactly how it has evolved remains an open question. Tsushima is often classified as a
1596:
1447:
345:
1643:
390:
1442:
1069:
1064:
548:
949:
1655:
1374:
1328:
1323:
849:
383:
1497:
1338:
1054:
1469:
1308:
867:
555:
1683:
1202:
1182:
986:
939:
1678:
1318:
376:
1192:
1603:
1581:
1369:
1638:
1576:
1566:
1530:
1428:
1379:
1303:
1278:
887:
944:
1022:
214:(sweet potato) is likely to have been borrowed from the Tsushima dialect. Sweet potato is called
151:
1039:
1223:
1520:
1409:
882:
428:
418:
293:
Ogura
Shinpei 小倉進平 (1921). "Kokugo tokuni Tsushima hōgen ni oyoboshita Chōsen goi no eikyō"
1571:
1394:
1298:
1172:
974:
909:
423:
67:
218:
in southern Kyūshū but is getting closer to the Korean form as it moves toward the north:
8:
1620:
1502:
1474:
1389:
969:
210:). They were not nativized but used with clear awareness of their foreign origin. Korean
139:
914:
1650:
1591:
1512:
1399:
1333:
1218:
931:
673:
919:
755:
704:
162:
118:
1479:
1414:
1384:
1187:
1006:
991:
964:
959:
897:
835:
810:
745:
619:
457:
447:
438:
399:
131:
62:
57:
663:
462:
1608:
1586:
1364:
1160:
1001:
793:
788:
776:
629:
565:
521:
1129:
724:
668:
506:
1633:
1293:
1288:
1283:
996:
769:
680:
580:
541:
536:
497:
477:
158:
135:
72:
49:
40:
762:
1628:
979:
954:
877:
857:
830:
781:
733:
697:
651:
595:
590:
570:
1672:
1419:
1165:
1144:
862:
714:
658:
526:
516:
492:
482:
472:
1404:
1233:
798:
692:
636:
605:
600:
413:
1459:
687:
323:. In Kyū gakkai rengō Tsushima kyōdō chōsa iinkai 九學會連合對馬共同調査委員會 (ed.).
1488:
1454:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1134:
1268:
1197:
1177:
1119:
111:
99:
1139:
1124:
368:
1433:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1031:
872:
1548:
1525:
1464:
1081:
16:
Japanese dialect spoken on
Tsushima Island of Nagasaki Prefecture
246:
Okumura Mitsuo 奥村三雄 (1990). "Tsushima hōgen no shiteki kōsatsu"
1543:
1076:
1044:
1538:
1086:
1049:
30:
1096:
319:
Izui
Hisanosuke 泉井久之助 (1954). "Tsushima hōgen no goi"
318:
271:
Horii
Reiichi 堀井令以知 (1988) . "Tsushima hōgen no goi"
343:
270:
245:
292:
1670:
384:
241:
239:
339:
337:
266:
264:
391:
377:
346:"Tsushima hōgen 1950 nen no chōsa kenkyū"
314:
312:
236:
334:
286:
261:
309:
1671:
356:Kansai Gaikokugo Daigaku kenkyū ronshū
398:
372:
159:Hichiku (northwestern Kyūkyū) dialect
13:
14:
1695:
145:
330:(in Japanese). pp. 105–106.
282:(in Japanese). pp. 248–257.
257:(in Japanese). pp. 136–175.
222:in central-western Tsushima and
206:("unmarried man," from Korean
1:
229:
168:
1535:Kanji pronunciation sources
1309:Katakana Phonetic Extensions
361:(in Japanese) (73): 171–187.
344:Horii Reiichi 堀井令以知 (2001).
277:Chiiki shakai no gengo bunka
7:
1644:Speculative fiction writers
1203:Transcription into Japanese
10:
1700:
562:Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka
325:Tsushima no sizen to bunka
178:(round shaped valley) and
1619:
1559:
1511:
1353:
1211:
1153:
1095:
1030:
1021:
930:
905:
896:
848:
821:
744:
618:
446:
437:
406:
190:("the rich," from Korean
109:
97:
92:
46:
36:
26:
21:
1429:Sino-Japanese vocabulary
888:Yokohama Pidgin Japanese
358:
347:
327:
320:
294:
279:
272:
254:
247:
163:Hōnichi (eastern Kyūshū)
1375:Godan and ichidan verbs
1193:Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai
252:Hōgen kokugo-shi kenkyū
130:(対馬方言) is a dialect of
226:in northern Tsushima.
1480:Court lady language (
950:Southern Amami Ōshima
883:Yilan Creole Japanese
198:("ship," from Korean
1299:Small Kana Extension
910:Eastern Old Japanese
549:Northern Izu Islands
295:國語特に對馬方言に及ぼした朝鮮語彙の影響
850:Pidgins and creoles
152:wave-like dispersal
140:Nagasaki Prefecture
1684:Tsushima, Nagasaki
1651:Classical Japanese
1498:Gender differences
1334:Extended shinjitai
1679:Japanese dialects
1666:
1665:
1370:Verb conjugations
1349:
1348:
1017:
1016:
898:Japonic languages
844:
843:
836:Okinawan Japanese
400:Japanese language
182:(narrow valley).
125:
124:
78:Tsushima Japanese
22:Tsushima Japanese
1691:
1609:Polivanov system
1470:Honorific speech
1365:Japanese grammar
1028:
1027:
903:
902:
444:
443:
393:
386:
379:
370:
369:
363:
362:
353:
341:
332:
331:
316:
307:
306:
290:
284:
283:
268:
259:
258:
243:
128:Tsushima dialect
121:
102:
52:
19:
18:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1615:
1560:Transliteration
1555:
1531:Sound symbolism
1507:
1489:Role language (
1448:from Portuguese
1380:Irregular verbs
1358:
1356:
1345:
1294:Kana Supplement
1289:Kana Extended-B
1284:Kana Extended-A
1207:
1183:Historical kana
1149:
1091:
1070:by stroke count
1061:Kanji radicals
1055:by stroke count
1013:
926:
892:
868:Hawaiian Creole
840:
817:
740:
614:
433:
402:
397:
367:
366:
360:
351:
349:
342:
335:
329:
322:
317:
310:
301:(in Japanese).
296:
291:
287:
281:
274:
269:
262:
256:
249:
244:
237:
232:
171:
148:
136:Tsushima Island
117:
98:
88:
68:Kyūshū Japanese
53:
50:Language family
48:
41:Tsushima Island
17:
12:
11:
5:
1697:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1486:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1431:
1426:
1420:Native words (
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1047:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1025:
1023:Writing system
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
984:
983:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
936:
934:
928:
927:
925:
924:
923:
922:
912:
906:
900:
894:
893:
891:
890:
885:
880:
878:Pseudo-Chinese
875:
870:
865:
860:
858:Bamboo English
854:
852:
846:
845:
842:
841:
839:
838:
833:
831:Amami Japanese
827:
825:
819:
818:
816:
815:
808:
807:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
785:
784:
767:
766:
765:
752:
750:
742:
741:
739:
738:
731:
730:
729:
728:
727:
719:
718:
717:
702:
701:
700:
695:
690:
678:
677:
676:
671:
666:
661:
649:
648:
647:
646:
645:
642:
626:
624:
616:
615:
613:
612:
611:
610:
609:
608:
603:
598:
593:
585:
584:
583:
575:
574:
573:
568:
553:
552:
551:
546:
545:
544:
539:
531:
530:
529:
524:
519:
504:
503:
502:
501:
500:
495:
487:
486:
485:
480:
475:
460:
454:
452:
441:
435:
434:
432:
431:
426:
421:
416:
410:
408:
404:
403:
396:
395:
388:
381:
373:
365:
364:
348:対馬方言1950年の調査研究
333:
308:
285:
260:
234:
233:
231:
228:
170:
167:
147:
146:Classification
144:
123:
122:
115:
107:
106:
103:
95:
94:
93:Language codes
90:
89:
87:
86:
85:
84:
83:
82:
81:
80:
56:
54:
47:
44:
43:
38:
34:
33:
28:
27:Native to
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1696:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1604:Cyrillization
1602:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1592:Wāpuro rōmaji
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1422:yamato kotoba
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1410:Counter words
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1352:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1145:Kana ligature
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1040:Script reform
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
989:
988:
985:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
942:
941:
938:
937:
935:
933:
929:
921:
918:
917:
916:
913:
911:
908:
907:
904:
901:
899:
895:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
863:Bonin English
861:
859:
856:
855:
853:
851:
847:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
826:
824:
820:
814:
813:
809:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
783:
780:
779:
778:
775:
774:
773:
772:
768:
764:
761:
760:
759:
758:
754:
753:
751:
749:
748:
743:
737:
736:
732:
726:
723:
722:
720:
716:
713:
712:
710:
709:
708:
707:
703:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
685:
684:
683:
679:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
656:
655:
654:
650:
643:
640:
639:
638:
635:
634:
633:
632:
628:
627:
625:
623:
622:
617:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
588:
586:
582:
579:
578:
576:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
561:
560:
559:
558:
554:
550:
547:
543:
540:
538:
535:
534:
532:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
514:
512:
511:
510:
509:
505:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
488:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
470:
468:
467:
466:
465:
461:
459:
456:
455:
453:
451:
450:
445:
442:
440:
436:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
411:
409:
407:Earlier forms
405:
401:
394:
389:
387:
382:
380:
375:
374:
371:
357:
350:
340:
338:
326:
315:
313:
304:
300:
289:
278:
267:
265:
253:
242:
240:
235:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
183:
181:
177:
166:
164:
160:
155:
153:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
120:
116:
114:
113:
108:
104:
101:
96:
91:
79:
76:
75:
74:
71:
70:
69:
66:
65:
64:
61:
60:
59:
55:
51:
45:
42:
39:
35:
32:
29:
25:
20:
1597:In Esperanto
1567:Romanization
1521:Pitch accent
1503:Dictionaries
1490:
1482:nyōbō kotoba
1481:
1435:
1434:Loan words (
1421:
1405:Topic marker
1319:ARIB STD B24
1065:by frequency
945:Amami Ōshima
822:
811:
803:
770:
756:
746:
734:
721:East San'in
705:
681:
652:
630:
620:
556:
507:
463:
448:
429:Early Modern
419:Early Middle
355:
324:
302:
298:
288:
276:
251:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
184:
179:
175:
172:
156:
149:
127:
126:
110:
77:
1577:Nihon-shiki
1460:Wasei-kango
1395:Possessives
1355:Grammar and
1188:Modern kana
1173:Punctuation
1154:Orthography
975:Tokunoshima
587:Gifu-Aichi
557:Tōkai–Tōsan
424:Late Middle
359:関西外国語大学研究論集
161:, but some
1673:Categories
1621:Literature
1491:yakuwarigo
1475:Honorifics
1455:Wasei-eigo
1443:from Dutch
1390:Adjectives
1357:vocabulary
1135:Hentaigana
1130:Man'yōgana
970:Okinoerabu
674:Okuyoshino
305:(7): 1–21.
230:References
169:Vocabulary
134:spoken on
1513:Phonology
1400:Particles
1339:Half/Full
1269:Shift JIS
1198:Yotsugana
1178:Kanazukai
1120:Okurigana
1032:Logograms
644:Shiramine
489:Southern
469:Northern
280:地域社会の言語文化
248:対馬方言の史的考察
112:Glottolog
100:ISO 639-3
1436:gairaigo
1415:Numerals
1385:Pronouns
1324:Enclosed
1304:Katakana
1279:Hiragana
1275:Unicode
1230:ISO/IEC
1212:Encoding
1115:Furigana
1110:Katakana
1105:Hiragana
1007:Yonaguni
987:Southern
965:Okinawan
960:Kunigami
940:Northern
932:Ryukyuan
873:Kyowa-go
804:Tsushima
794:Nagasaki
789:Kumamoto
777:Chikuzen
641:Kanazawa
631:Hokuriku
566:Shizuoka
533:Eastern
522:Kanagawa
513:Western
458:Hokkaidō
439:Dialects
328:對馬の自然と文化
299:Hōgen 方言
216:kōkō-imo
208:chonggak
132:Japanese
119:tsus1237
63:Japanese
1639:Writers
1572:Hepburn
1526:Rendaku
1465:Engrish
1161:Braille
1082:Ryakuji
1002:Yaeyama
920:grammar
915:Hachijō
812:Satsugū
771:Hichiku
757:Hōnichi
711:San'yō
706:Chūgoku
682:Shikoku
621:Western
581:Nagaoka
577:Echigo
542:Tochigi
537:Ibaraki
498:Nairiku
478:Tsugaru
449:Eastern
321:對馬方言の語彙
273:対馬方言の語彙
255:方言国語史研究
192:yangban
73:Hichiku
58:Japonic
1634:Poetry
1582:Kunrei
1544:Kan-on
1315:Other
1224:EUC-JP
1140:Sōgana
1125:Gojūon
1077:Kokuji
1045:Kanbun
997:Tarama
992:Miyako
782:Hakata
747:Kyūshū
735:Umpaku
698:Sanuki
664:Banshū
653:Kansai
596:Mikawa
591:Nagoya
571:Narada
464:Tōhoku
224:kogomo
220:kōkomo
212:koguma
204:chonga
202:) and
188:yanban
37:Region
1656:texts
1629:Books
1549:Tō-on
1539:Go-on
1166:Kanji
1087:Ateji
1050:Kanji
980:Yoron
955:Kikai
823:Other
725:Inshū
715:Bingo
669:Kishū
659:Awaji
527:Tokyo
517:Gunma
508:Kantō
493:Kesen
483:Akita
473:Nanbu
352:(PDF)
31:Japan
1264:0213
1259:0212
1254:0211
1249:0208
1244:0201
1240:JIS
1234:2022
1097:Kana
799:Saga
763:Ōita
693:Tosa
637:Kaga
606:Hida
601:Mino
1587:JSL
1329:EIS
1219:EUC
688:Iyo
414:Old
200:bae
194:),
180:sae
176:wam
138:of
1675::
354:.
336:^
311:^
297:.
275:.
263:^
250:.
238:^
196:pē
142:.
1493:)
1484:)
1438:)
1424:)
392:e
385:t
378:v
303:2
105:–
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