20:
568:
Between 1939 and 1941, the CAA/CAB considered 23 grandfather applications by US domestic airlines, as reflected in the CAA/CAB Reports in which CAA/CAB decisions were recorded. Of these applicants, three were denied. Two of these, Airline Feeder System (an east coast airline) and Condor Air Lines (in
76:
The CAB tightly regulated the industry and categorized airlines by function, the name of the trunk carriers reflected their role, the airlines that flew the main domestic (or trunk) routes. By contrast, a later group of CAB-regulated domestic carriers, first certificated in a five-year period after
57:: those carriers that were able to show they performed scheduled service prior to the passage of the Act. During the regulated period (1938–1978) these carriers were an especially protected class, with the CAB regulating the industry in many respects in the interests of these companies, a form of
694:
However, as Table 2 below shows, the distinction between trunk airline and local service airline remained meaningful even in 1978, the last year of the regulated era. Relative to local service carriers, even the smallest trunk airlines flew substantially greater seat-miles and distances and with
648:
The 16 grandfathered carriers that continued to operate were the trunk carriers or trunk airlines or trunk lines or trunks. Note the category encompassed airlines that were originally strikingly different in size. In 1948, American was well over 20 times the size of
Colonial by ASMs, as Table 1
98:
The Civil
Aeronautics Act of 1938 established a tight regulatory regime for the US airline industry. Airlines were required to be certificated by the Civil Aeronautics Authority (after 1940, this function was inherited by the Civil Aeronautics Board). However, carriers that could show they had
652:
As Table 1 also shows, six (Capital, Chicago & Southern, Colonial, Inland, Mid-Continent, Northeast) of the 16 trunk carriers merged out of existence during the regulated period, 1938–1978, leaving 10 trunks as US airline deregulation dawned in 1979: American, Braniff, Continental, Delta,
671:
Over time, local service carriers did come to compete with trunk carriers to a degree. In permitting local service carriers to enter some trunk routes, the CAB was motivated in significant part by a desire to reduce government subsidy paid to local service carriers, a process known as “route
600:
Tri-State
Aviation was certificated for freight-only operations in Maryland, Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Before it could start operation, the carrier was sold. The new owner continued to delay the start of operations several times until the CAB revoked the carrier’s certification in
666:
When the local service carriers (or “feeder airlines”) were created to bring air service into small cities, the CAB took particular care to ensure they did not compete with the trunk carriers, seeing itself as having an obligation to the trunks to protect them from
614:
Marquette
Airlines was certificated to fly from St Louis to Detroit but outsourced its operation to TWA (which at that time stood for Transcontinental & Western Air) in August 1940, and then sold out completely to TWA in December.
592:
was a
Massachusetts-based airline that had flown to Cape Cod, Martha’s Vinyard and Nantucket prior to passage of the Act. However, Mayflower never flew while certificated and in 1944, the CAB approved the merger of the airline into
703:
It’s worth considering what airlines were not trunks. What mattered was flying domestic routes in 1938, where “domestic” was the continental United States, since until 1959, Hawaii and Alaska were territories, not states.
2818:
Civil
Aeronautics Board Practices and Procedures: Report of the Subcommittee on Administrative Practice and Procedure of the Committee of the Judiciary of the United States Senate, 94th Congress, 1st Session
708:
was not a trunk carrier, because as of 1938 it did not fly domestic service. A number of other carriers were certificated to fly routes outside the continental United States by the CAB, such as
640:, which forced the airline to cease operation in 1942. The company never resumed airline operations of its own, though it contracted with United Air Lines to operate on its behalf 1946–1954.
683:, a trunk airline, after Parks failed to start operation in a timely manner. And in 1955, the CAB also permitted a merger between a trunk airline and a local service carrier, when
558:(1) ASM = Available seat mile: one passenger seat, available for sale, flown one mile. A flight with 150 seats flown 2000 miles generates 150Ă—2000 = 300,000 ASMs
125:
483:
237:
577:, was not an operating airline, but rather a freight forwarder who worked with airlines, and the CAB saw no reason it should be certificated.
663:
Once the trunk airlines were certificated, the CAB’s view was their number comprised a sufficient number of airlines, no others were needed.
675:
Further, some local service carrier routes were assigned to trunks. For instance, in 1950, some of the routes originally awarded to
1196:
Thirteen of the original 19 passenger grandfather certificates from the 1938 Act are still represented in the industry as of 2024.
3078:
2587:
2541:
2403:
2311:
2219:
1897:
1805:
1667:
1575:
1529:
1483:
1437:
1391:
2948:
2725:
2633:
2265:
2173:
1943:
2357:
2127:
2081:
2035:
1989:
1851:
1759:
1713:
1621:
2449:
1359:
1327:
2495:
660:
Until shortly before deregulation, the CAB did not authorize a single airline to compete with trunklines on an equal basis.
103:
Table 1: Grandfather certificate applications under 1938 Civil
Aeronautics Act and 1948 ASMs for resulting trunk carriers
61:. The importance of these carriers is reflected is shown that in 2024, the three largest airlines in the United States,
633:
2852:
463:
385:
1270:
2803:
2757:
2711:
2665:
2619:
2573:
2527:
2481:
2435:
2389:
2343:
2297:
2251:
2205:
2159:
2113:
2067:
2021:
1975:
1929:
1883:
1837:
1791:
1745:
1699:
1653:
1607:
1561:
1515:
1469:
1423:
1208:
218:
1012:
866:
427:
1148:
619:
539:
161:
99:
engaged in bona fide airline service prior to passage of the 1938 Act were entitled to be grandfathered.
46:
731:
Table 2: 1978 CAB-regulated trunk and local service carriers, including revenues and select statistics
709:
199:
23:
713:
50:
3083:
1060:
680:
574:
573:) were denied on the basis of service interruptions and financial weakness. Another applicant,
570:
446:
366:
2797:
2751:
2705:
2659:
2613:
2567:
2521:
2475:
2429:
2383:
2337:
2291:
2245:
2199:
2153:
2107:
2061:
2015:
1969:
1923:
1877:
1831:
1785:
1739:
1693:
1647:
1601:
1555:
1509:
1463:
1417:
800:
684:
585:
Two grandfather applicants received certification but failed to launch certificated service:
254:
82:
2128:"Pennsylvania-Central Airlines Corporation—Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity"
85:
or feeder carriers, again names reflecting their purpose within the CAB-regulated industry.
3030:
2220:"Transcontinental & Western Air, Inc.—Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity"
1275:
1249:
910:
26:
routes flown by trunk carriers in 1953. The key to the map is in the lower left hand corner
719:
Similarly, there were carriers certificated as, originally, territorial carriers, such as
8:
2312:"United Air Lines Transport Corporation—Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity"
629:
520:
2842:
1300:
1254:
1228:
1223:
1218:
990:
888:
609:
589:
408:
348:
330:
58:
54:
1622:"Chicago and Southern Air Lines, Inc.—Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity"
656:
The CAB saw the trunks as a special category of airline to be particularly protected:
2848:
2404:"Wilmington Catalina Air Line, Ltd.—Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity"
1306:
1241:
1104:
954:
844:
756:
720:
688:
292:
142:
62:
2826:
2820:(Report). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1975. pp. 217, 231.
3057:
3052:
3016:
3011:
2987:
2965:
2960:
2933:
2928:
2821:
2783:
2742:
2737:
2691:
2650:
2645:
2599:
2553:
2512:
2507:
2461:
2415:
2369:
2323:
2282:
2277:
2231:
2190:
2185:
2139:
2093:
2047:
2001:
1960:
1955:
1909:
1863:
1817:
1771:
1725:
1679:
1633:
1587:
1541:
1495:
1449:
1403:
1376:
1371:
1344:
1339:
1296:
1233:
1213:
1126:
932:
691:. So the division between local service carriers and trunks was far from absolute.
501:
311:
2817:
2358:"Western Air Express Corporation—Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity"
1530:"Braniff Airways, Incorporated — Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity"
3048:
3007:
2992:
2916:
1576:"Canadian Colonial Airways, Inc.—Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity"
1262:
1200:
1082:
822:
778:
676:
625:
273:
180:
70:
66:
2266:"Tri-State Aviation Corporation—Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity"
636:. 1941 plans for expansion using land-based aircraft were ended by the start of
2983:
1038:
3049:
Supplement to the
Handbook of Airline Statistics: Calendar Years 1977 and 1978
2634:"Railway Express Agency, Inc.—Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity"
2174:"Railway Express Agency, Inc.—Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity"
1990:"Mid-Continent Airlines, Inc.—Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity"
1176:(2) Available Seat Miles: an ASM is one seat available for sale flown one mile
3072:
2788:
2696:
2604:
2558:
2542:"Airline Feeder System, Inc.—Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity"
2466:
2420:
2374:
2328:
2236:
2144:
2098:
2052:
2006:
1914:
1868:
1822:
1776:
1730:
1714:"Continental Air Lines, Inc.—Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity"
1684:
1638:
1592:
1546:
1500:
1454:
1408:
1392:"Airline Feeder System, Inc.—Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity"
45:, were the US scheduled airlines certificated in the period 1939–1941 by the
1484:"Boston-Maine Airways, Inc.—Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity"
19:
2771:
2679:
2082:"Northwest Airlines, Inc.—Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity"
637:
78:
2036:"National Airlines, Inc.—Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity"
1944:"Mayflower Airlines, Inc.—Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity"
1898:"Marquette Airlines, Inc.—Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity"
1806:"Eastern Air Lines, Inc.—Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity"
1438:"American Airlines, Inc.—Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity"
605:
Two grandfathered carriers had brief existences as certificated carriers.
73:
were among the carriers certificated through this grandfathering in 1939.
53:(CAB) after the passage of the 1938 Civil Aeronautics Act on the basis of
2588:"Condor Air Lines, Inc.—Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity"
1852:"Inland Air Lines, Inc.—Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity"
1668:"Condor Air Lines, Inc.—Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity"
580:
3047:"Part III. Traffic Statistics of the Certificated Route Air Carriers".
1760:"Delta Air Corporation—Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity"
1035:
2680:"Acquisition of Mayflower Airlines, Inc., by Northeast Airlines, Inc"
594:
597:, effectively transferring Mayflower’s route authority to Northeast.
2598:. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 593–597. February 1939 – July 1940.
2552:. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 167–172. February 1939 – July 1940.
2414:. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 431–434. February 1939 – July 1940.
2322:. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 136–144. February 1939 – July 1940.
2230:. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 190–203. February 1939 – July 1940.
1908:. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 301–311. February 1939 – July 1940.
1816:. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 173–181. February 1939 – July 1940.
1678:. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 593–597. February 1939 – July 1940.
1632:. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 520–524. February 1939 – July 1940.
1586:. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 520–524. February 1939 – July 1940.
1540:. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 291–300. February 1939 – July 1940.
1494:. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 145–150. February 1939 – July 1940.
1448:. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 105–117. February 1939 – July 1940.
1402:. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 167–172. February 1939 – July 1940.
724:
3051:(Report). Civil Aeronautics Board. November 1979. pp. 12–27.
1305:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 12.
3010:(Report). Civil Aeronautics Board. December 1979. pp. 1–58.
2460:. Civil Aeronautics Authority: v–vii. February 1939 – July 1940.
2368:. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 39–44. February 1939 – July 1940.
2138:. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 66–73. February 1939 – July 1940.
2092:. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 18–23. February 1939 – July 1940.
2046:. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 24–28. February 1939 – July 1940.
1862:. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 34–38. February 1939 – July 1940.
1724:. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 15–17. February 1939 – July 1940.
2000:. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 8–13. February 1939 – July 1940.
1310:
2986:(Report). Civil Aeronautics Board. May 1978. pp. 154–155.
2736:. Civil Aeronautics Board: 100–103. December 1942 – June 1944.
2690:. Civil Aeronautics Board: 680–685. December 1942 – June 1944.
1770:. Civil Aeronautics Authority: 1–4. February 1939 – July 1940.
1244:
over time (as well as
American's own grandfather certificate):
705:
394:
2782:. Civil Aeronautics Board: 409–424. July 1940 – August 1941.
2644:. Civil Aeronautics Board: 531–542. July 1940 – August 1941.
2276:. Civil Aeronautics Board: 159–174. July 1940 – August 1941.
2184:. Civil Aeronautics Board: 531–542. July 1940 – August 1941.
1954:. Civil Aeronautics Board: 175–180. July 1940 – August 1941.
1265:
over time (as well as United's own grandfather certificate):
1203:
over time (as well as Delta's own grandfather certificate):
2726:"Tri-State Aviation Corporation, Revocation of Certificate"
2506:. Civil Aeronautics Board: v–vii. July 1940 – August 1941.
1370:(4). Civil Aeronautics Administration: 44. April 15, 1949.
1338:(3). Civil Aeronautics Administration: 32. March 15, 1949.
2984:
628:
in 1931 and flew two small amphibious aircraft from the
2897:
653:
Eastern, National, Northwest, TWA, United and Western.
563:
2885:
2873:
2861:
1261:
Two of the grandfather certificates were merged into
1240:
Two of the grandfather certificates were merged into
1199:
Six of the grandfather certificates were merged into
581:
Unexploited or short-lived grandfather certifications
1181:(3) Average seats per flight weighted by miles flown
16:
Type of US airline in the regulated era (1938–1978)
3070:
624:Wilmington-Catalina Airline was founded by the
3031:Air Transport Association 1979 Annual Report
3042:
3040:
3038:
3006:
716:, none of these counted as trunks either.
679:, a local service carrier, were handed to
3056:
3015:
2991:
2964:
2932:
2825:
2787:
2741:
2695:
2649:
2603:
2557:
2511:
2465:
2419:
2373:
2327:
2281:
2235:
2189:
2143:
2097:
2051:
2005:
1959:
1913:
1867:
1821:
1775:
1729:
1683:
1637:
1591:
1545:
1499:
1453:
1407:
1375:
1343:
3035:
2927:: 779–851. December 1949 – August 1950.
18:
2847:. Brookings Institution. pp. 3–5.
3071:
2978:
2976:
2949:"Continental-Pioneer Acquisition Case"
2891:
2879:
2867:
2816:
698:
49:(CAA) or its immediate successor, the
1322:
1320:
1295:
3046:
2903:
2844:The Local Service Airline Experiment
2840:
2973:
2592:Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports
2546:Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports
2454:Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports
2408:Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports
2362:Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports
2316:Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports
2224:Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports
2132:Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports
2086:Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports
2040:Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports
1994:Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports
1902:Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports
1856:Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports
1810:Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports
1764:Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports
1718:Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports
1672:Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports
1626:Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports
1580:Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports
1534:Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports
1488:Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports
1442:Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports
1396:Civil Aeronautics Authority Reports
564:Unsuccessful grandfather applicants
13:
1360:"Scheduled Air Carrier Operations"
1328:"Scheduled Air Carrier Operations"
1317:
643:
464:Transcontinental & Western Air
14:
3095:
2772:"Acquisition of Marquette by TWA"
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
556:
93:
3008:Air Carrier Financial Statistics
1302:Air Transport and its Regulators
3024:
3000:
2953:Civil Aeronautics Board Reports
2941:
2921:Civil Aeronautics Board Reports
2909:
2834:
2810:
2776:Civil Aeronautics Board Reports
2764:
2730:Civil Aeronautics Board Reports
2718:
2684:Civil Aeronautics Board Reports
2672:
2638:Civil Aeronautics Board Reports
2626:
2580:
2534:
2500:Civil Aeronautics Board Reports
2488:
2442:
2396:
2350:
2304:
2270:Civil Aeronautics Board Reports
2258:
2212:
2178:Civil Aeronautics Board Reports
2166:
2120:
2074:
2028:
1982:
1948:Civil Aeronautics Board Reports
1936:
1890:
1844:
1798:
1752:
1706:
1660:
695:substantially larger aircraft.
223:Chicago and Southern Air Lines
2959:: 323–401. February–May 1955.
1614:
1568:
1522:
1476:
1430:
1384:
1352:
1289:
219:Chicago and Southern Air Lines
185:Braniff International Airways
1:
3079:Airlines of the United States
1282:
472:Merged into American in 2001
428:Pennsylvania-Central Airlines
1149:Texas International Airlines
7:
2802:: CS1 maint: date format (
2756:: CS1 maint: date format (
2710:: CS1 maint: date format (
2664:: CS1 maint: date format (
2618:: CS1 maint: date format (
2572:: CS1 maint: date format (
2526:: CS1 maint: date format (
2480:: CS1 maint: date format (
2434:: CS1 maint: date format (
2388:: CS1 maint: date format (
2342:: CS1 maint: date format (
2296:: CS1 maint: date format (
2250:: CS1 maint: date format (
2204:: CS1 maint: date format (
2158:: CS1 maint: date format (
2112:: CS1 maint: date format (
2066:: CS1 maint: date format (
2020:: CS1 maint: date format (
1974:: CS1 maint: date format (
1928:: CS1 maint: date format (
1882:: CS1 maint: date format (
1836:: CS1 maint: date format (
1790:: CS1 maint: date format (
1744:: CS1 maint: date format (
1698:: CS1 maint: date format (
1652:: CS1 maint: date format (
1606:: CS1 maint: date format (
1560:: CS1 maint: date format (
1514:: CS1 maint: date format (
1468:: CS1 maint: date format (
1422:: CS1 maint: date format (
1186:(4) Average flight distance
620:Wilmington-Catalina Airline
540:Wilmington-Catalina Airline
491:Certification revoked 1943
469:Trans World Airlines (TWA)
356:Merged into Northeast 1944
47:Civil Aeronautics Authority
10:
3100:
2917:"Parks Investigation Case"
617:
607:
416:Merged into Delta in 2010
88:
2496:"Table Of Cases Reported"
2450:"Table Of Cases Reported"
1364:Civil Aeronautics Journal
1332:Civil Aeronautics Journal
1191:
1147:
1125:
1103:
1081:
1059:
1033:
1011:
989:
953:
931:
909:
887:
865:
843:
821:
799:
777:
755:
538:
519:
500:
482:
462:
445:
426:
407:
384:
374:Merged into Braniff 1952
365:
347:
329:
319:Merged into Western 1952
310:
291:
272:
253:
236:
217:
207:Merged into Eastern 1956
200:Canadian Colonial Airways
198:
179:
160:
141:
124:
2841:Eads, George C. (1972).
2827:2027/pur1.32754076881451
435:Merged into United 1961
262:Merged into United 2012
24:Contiguous United States
3058:2027/osu.32435025695669
3017:2027/osu.32435022510978
2966:2027/osu.32437011658321
2934:2027/osu.32437011657539
2743:2027/osu.32437011657885
2651:2027/osu.32435022360663
2513:2027/osu.32435022360663
2283:2027/osu.32435022360663
2191:2027/osu.32435022360663
1961:2027/osu.32435022360663
1377:2027/osu.32437011223969
1345:2027/osu.32437011223969
544:Catalina Air Transport
528:Merged into Delta 1987
371:Mid-Continent Airlines
226:Merged into Delta 1953
169:Merged into Delta 1972
51:Civil Aeronautics Board
1061:North Central Airlines
681:Mid-Continent Airlines
575:Railway Express Agency
571:San Francisco Bay Area
547:Ceased operation 1942
447:Railway Express Agency
367:Mid-Continent Airlines
83:local service carriers
27:
2993:2027/pst.000067708109
801:Continental Air Lines
685:Continental Air Lines
634:Santa Catalina Island
453:Application rejected
338:Merged into TWA 1940
259:Continental Airlines
255:Continental Air Lines
244:Application rejected
132:Application rejected
126:Airline Feeder System
22:
1209:Chicago and Southern
911:Trans World Airlines
162:Boston-Maine Airways
117:Appl. decision date
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
732:
699:Domestic as of 1938
630:Port of Los Angeles
560:
521:Western Air Express
488:Tri-State Aviation
413:Northwest Airlines
353:Mayflower Airlines
335:Marquette Airlines
166:Northeast Airlines
104:
2906:, p. 105–176.
991:Allegheny Airlines
889:Northwest Airlines
751:Stage length (mi)
730:
610:Marquette Airlines
590:Mayflower Airlines
509:Still extant 2024
484:Tri-State Aviation
409:Northwest Airlines
390:National Airlines
349:Mayflower Airlines
331:Marquette Airlines
297:Eastern Air Lines
281:Still extant 2024
204:Colonial Airlines
150:Still extant 2024
147:American Airlines
102:
59:regulatory capture
28:
2789:2027/uc1.b2938503
2697:2027/uc1.b2988894
2605:2027/uc1.b2938502
2559:2027/uc1.b2938502
2467:2027/uc1.b2938502
2421:2027/uc1.b2938502
2375:2027/uc1.b2938502
2329:2027/uc1.b2938502
2237:2027/uc1.b2938502
2145:2027/uc1.b2938502
2099:2027/uc1.b2938502
2053:2027/uc1.b2938502
2007:2027/uc1.b2938502
1915:2027/uc1.b2938502
1869:2027/uc1.b2938502
1823:2027/uc1.b2938502
1777:2027/uc1.b2938502
1731:2027/uc1.b2938502
1685:2027/uc1.b2938502
1639:2027/uc1.b2938502
1593:2027/uc1.b2938502
1547:2027/uc1.b2938502
1501:2027/uc1.b2938502
1455:2027/uc1.b2938502
1409:2027/uc1.b2938502
1297:Caves, Richard E.
1189:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1105:Piedmont Airlines
1013:Frontier Airlines
955:Western Air Lines
867:National Airlines
845:Eastern Air Lines
757:American Airlines
721:Hawaiian Airlines
689:Pioneer Air Lines
561:
559:
555:
525:Western Airlines
432:Capital Airlines
386:National Airlines
316:Inland Air Lines
293:Eastern Air Lines
284:25 February 1939
143:American Airlines
63:American Airlines
3091:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3044:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2980:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2801:
2793:
2791:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2755:
2747:
2745:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2709:
2701:
2699:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2663:
2655:
2653:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2617:
2609:
2607:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2571:
2563:
2561:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2525:
2517:
2515:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2479:
2471:
2469:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2433:
2425:
2423:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2379:
2377:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2341:
2333:
2331:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2295:
2287:
2285:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2249:
2241:
2239:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2195:
2193:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2157:
2149:
2147:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2111:
2103:
2101:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2065:
2057:
2055:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2019:
2011:
2009:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1965:
1963:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1919:
1917:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1873:
1871:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1827:
1825:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1789:
1781:
1779:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1743:
1735:
1733:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1689:
1687:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1643:
1641:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1597:
1595:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1559:
1551:
1549:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1505:
1503:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1459:
1457:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1421:
1413:
1411:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1293:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1127:Southern Airways
1034:Hughes Air Corp
933:United Air Lines
748:Avg Seats/ Mile
745:Sched ASMs (bn)
733:
729:
727:in Puerto Rico.
672:strengthening.”
557:
550:13 October 1939
506:United Airlines
502:United Air Lines
312:Inland Air Lines
278:Delta Air Lines
238:Condor Air Lines
105:
101:
81:, were known as
3099:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3045:
3036:
3029:
3025:
3005:
3001:
2982:
2981:
2974:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2902:
2898:
2890:
2886:
2878:
2874:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2839:
2835:
2815:
2811:
2795:
2794:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2749:
2748:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2703:
2702:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2657:
2656:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2611:
2610:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2565:
2564:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2519:
2518:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2473:
2472:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2427:
2426:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2381:
2380:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2335:
2334:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2289:
2288:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2243:
2242:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2197:
2196:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2151:
2150:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2105:
2104:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2059:
2058:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2013:
2012:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1967:
1966:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1921:
1920:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1875:
1874:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1829:
1828:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1783:
1782:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1737:
1736:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1691:
1690:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1645:
1644:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1599:
1598:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1553:
1552:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1507:
1506:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1461:
1460:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1415:
1414:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1259:
1238:
1194:
1083:Ozark Air Lines
823:Delta Air Lines
779:Braniff Airways
714:Trans Caribbean
701:
677:Parks Air Lines
646:
644:Protected class
622:
612:
583:
566:
300:Collapsed 1991
274:Delta Air Lines
210:9 January 1940
188:Collapsed 1982
181:Braniff Airways
120:1948 ASMs (mm)
108:Applicant name
96:
91:
71:United Airlines
67:Delta Air Lines
17:
12:
11:
5:
3097:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3065:
3064:
3034:
3023:
2999:
2972:
2940:
2908:
2896:
2894:, p. 220.
2884:
2882:, p. 218.
2872:
2870:, p. 217.
2860:
2853:
2833:
2809:
2763:
2717:
2671:
2625:
2579:
2533:
2487:
2441:
2395:
2349:
2303:
2257:
2211:
2165:
2119:
2073:
2027:
1981:
1935:
1889:
1843:
1797:
1751:
1705:
1659:
1613:
1567:
1521:
1475:
1429:
1383:
1351:
1316:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1246:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1193:
1190:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1039:Hughes Airwest
1031:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
987:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
973:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
951:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
929:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
907:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
885:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
863:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
841:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
819:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
797:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
775:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
753:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
700:
697:
669:
668:
664:
661:
645:
642:
626:Wrigley family
618:Main article:
608:Main article:
603:
602:
598:
582:
579:
565:
562:
554:
553:
551:
548:
545:
542:
536:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
517:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
498:
497:
495:
492:
489:
486:
480:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
460:
459:
457:
456:13 March 1941
454:
451:
449:
443:
442:
439:
438:21 April 1939
436:
433:
430:
424:
423:
420:
419:14 March 1939
417:
414:
411:
405:
404:
401:
400:14 March 1939
398:
391:
388:
382:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
363:
362:
360:
357:
354:
351:
345:
344:
342:
339:
336:
333:
327:
326:
323:
322:28 March 1939
320:
317:
314:
308:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
289:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
270:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
251:
250:
248:
245:
242:
240:
234:
233:
230:
229:17 March 1939
227:
224:
221:
215:
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
145:
139:
138:
136:
133:
130:
128:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
95:
94:Grandfathering
92:
90:
87:
55:grandfathering
35:trunk airlines
31:Trunk carriers
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3096:
3085:
3084:Airline types
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3032:
3027:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3003:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2905:
2900:
2893:
2888:
2881:
2876:
2869:
2864:
2856:
2854:9780815720225
2850:
2846:
2845:
2837:
2828:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2805:
2799:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2759:
2753:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2713:
2707:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2667:
2661:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2621:
2615:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2575:
2569:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2529:
2523:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2483:
2477:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2437:
2431:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2391:
2385:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2345:
2339:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2299:
2293:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2253:
2247:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2207:
2201:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2161:
2155:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2115:
2109:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2069:
2063:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2023:
2017:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1977:
1971:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1931:
1925:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1885:
1879:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1839:
1833:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1793:
1787:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1747:
1741:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1701:
1695:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1655:
1649:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1609:
1603:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1563:
1557:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1517:
1511:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1471:
1465:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1425:
1419:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1288:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1197:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
992:
988:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
974:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
956:
952:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
934:
930:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
912:
908:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
890:
886:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
868:
864:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
846:
842:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
824:
820:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
802:
798:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
780:
776:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
758:
754:
750:
747:
744:
741:
739:Airline type
738:
735:
734:
728:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
696:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
673:
665:
662:
659:
658:
657:
654:
650:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
621:
616:
611:
606:
599:
596:
591:
588:
587:
586:
578:
576:
572:
552:
549:
546:
543:
541:
537:
533:
531:7 April 1939
530:
527:
524:
522:
518:
514:
511:
508:
505:
503:
499:
496:
494:31 July 1940
493:
490:
487:
485:
481:
477:
475:16 June 1939
474:
471:
468:
465:
461:
458:
455:
452:
450:
448:
444:
440:
437:
434:
431:
429:
425:
421:
418:
415:
412:
410:
406:
402:
399:
396:
392:
389:
387:
383:
379:
377:7 March 1939
376:
373:
370:
368:
364:
361:
359:31 July 1940
358:
355:
352:
350:
346:
343:
341:19 July 1939
340:
337:
334:
332:
328:
324:
321:
318:
315:
313:
309:
305:
302:
299:
296:
294:
290:
286:
283:
280:
277:
275:
271:
267:
265:9 March 1939
264:
261:
258:
256:
252:
249:
247:8 March 1940
246:
243:
241:
239:
235:
231:
228:
225:
222:
220:
216:
212:
209:
206:
203:
201:
197:
193:
191:18 July 1939
190:
187:
184:
182:
178:
174:
171:
168:
165:
163:
159:
155:
152:
149:
146:
144:
140:
137:
134:
131:
129:
127:
123:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
100:
86:
84:
80:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
25:
21:
3026:
3002:
2956:
2952:
2943:
2924:
2920:
2911:
2899:
2887:
2875:
2863:
2843:
2836:
2812:
2798:cite journal
2779:
2775:
2766:
2752:cite journal
2733:
2729:
2720:
2706:cite journal
2687:
2683:
2674:
2660:cite journal
2641:
2637:
2628:
2614:cite journal
2595:
2591:
2582:
2568:cite journal
2549:
2545:
2536:
2522:cite journal
2503:
2499:
2490:
2476:cite journal
2457:
2453:
2444:
2430:cite journal
2411:
2407:
2398:
2384:cite journal
2365:
2361:
2352:
2338:cite journal
2319:
2315:
2306:
2292:cite journal
2273:
2269:
2260:
2246:cite journal
2227:
2223:
2214:
2200:cite journal
2181:
2177:
2168:
2154:cite journal
2135:
2131:
2122:
2108:cite journal
2089:
2085:
2076:
2062:cite journal
2043:
2039:
2030:
2016:cite journal
1997:
1993:
1984:
1970:cite journal
1951:
1947:
1938:
1924:cite journal
1905:
1901:
1892:
1878:cite journal
1859:
1855:
1846:
1832:cite journal
1813:
1809:
1800:
1786:cite journal
1767:
1763:
1754:
1740:cite journal
1721:
1717:
1708:
1694:cite journal
1675:
1671:
1662:
1648:cite journal
1629:
1625:
1616:
1602:cite journal
1583:
1579:
1570:
1556:cite journal
1537:
1533:
1524:
1510:cite journal
1491:
1487:
1478:
1464:cite journal
1445:
1441:
1432:
1418:cite journal
1399:
1395:
1386:
1367:
1363:
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667:competition.
655:
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638:World War II
623:
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584:
567:
512:22 May 1939
393:Merged into
303:9 June 1939
172:31 May 1939
135:9 June 1939
114:Disposition
97:
79:World War II
75:
42:
38:
34:
30:
29:
2892:Report 1975
2880:Report 1975
2868:Report 1975
1276:Continental
153:9 May 1939
111:Final name
3073:Categories
1283:References
1171:(1) USD mm
1153:local svc
1131:local svc
1109:local svc
1087:local svc
1065:local svc
1043:local svc
1017:local svc
995:local svc
39:trunklines
2904:Eads 1972
1255:Marquette
1229:Northwest
1224:Northeast
1219:Mayflower
595:Northeast
515:1,843.73
478:1,907.16
306:1,678.47
156:2,241.88
1311:62017216
1299:(1962).
1242:American
940:3,523.4
918:2,474.7
852:2,379.6
830:2,241.6
764:2,736.4
736:Airline
725:Caribair
1271:Capital
1234:Western
742:Op rev
710:Panagra
687:bought
649:shows.
534:195.95
441:562.54
422:683.32
403:256.30
380:159.48
287:351.65
268:116.44
232:215.88
194:357.72
175:108.47
89:History
2851:
1309:
1263:United
1214:Inland
1192:Legacy
1165:304.5
1156:181.7
1143:206.5
1134:188.5
1121:180.7
1112:205.6
1099:195.9
1090:229.7
1077:147.6
1068:298.5
1055:282.0
1046:313.2
1029:230.2
1020:287.2
1007:242.5
998:566.8
971:645.6
968:147.9
965:15.76
962:834.5
959:trunk
949:694.8
946:161.2
943:61.94
937:trunk
927:897.1
924:165.0
921:42.65
915:trunk
905:667.2
902:226.2
899:14.30
896:794.4
893:trunk
883:694.5
880:174.1
877:13.83
874:636.4
871:trunk
861:509.1
858:135.5
855:39.06
849:trunk
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836:151.5
833:37.55
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817:618.5
814:155.2
811:14.53
808:772.0
805:trunk
795:583.1
792:138.5
789:17.84
786:966.5
783:trunk
773:799.8
770:154.2
767:45.49
761:trunk
706:Pan Am
466:(TWA)
395:Pan Am
325:45.53
213:94.56
43:trunks
1201:Delta
1162:90.8
1159:2.60
1140:76.0
1137:2.45
1118:85.7
1115:2.62
1096:87.3
1093:2.70
1074:90.0
1071:3.09
1052:94.6
1049:4.18
1026:81.6
1023:3.77
1004:90.4
1001:6.72
601:1943.
397:1980
2849:ISBN
2804:link
2758:link
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712:and
569:the
69:and
3053:hdl
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