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195:' distinctive head studies had become a form of authorial achievement by 1562. While Floris made the head studies both for his own use and for the students and assistants in his workshop, some were clearly also created as works of art in their own right. The rapid, expressive brushwork of these panels suggests that he painted some heads as independent creative studies, and as such they anticipate the tronies of the 17th century. These studies became collectors' items for local art lovers. Floris head studies testify to the self-conscious artistic culture of Antwerp, where they were valued more for their authorship than for their preparatory value.
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108:. More common was the meaning of face or visage. Often the term referred to the entire head, even a bust, and in exceptional cases the whole body. A tronie could be two-dimensional, but also made of plaster or stone. Sometimes a tronie was a likeness of an individual, including the face of God, Christ, Mary, a saint, or an angel. In particular, a tronie denoted the characteristic appearance of the head of a type, such as a farmer, beggar or jester.
285:) shows a young man with a satirical and mocking gesture which humanises him, however uninviting he may appear. Brouwer's vigorous application of paint in this composition, with his characteristically short, unmodulated brushstrokes, increases the dramatic effect. Tronie painters often returned to the traditional theme of the allegory of the five senses and created series of tronies depicting the five senses. Examples are
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236:. The practice of tronies as independent artworks was well known by Flemish painters. It cannot be ruled out that the genre of the tronie as an independent art form emerged earlier in Flanders than in Holland. Flemish painters Rubens, van Dyck, and Jordaens are known to have used painted head studies in larger working contexts. However, some of these works were also intended as independent expressive studies.
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Tronies embodied abstract notions such as transience, youth, and old age, but could also function as positive or negative examples of human qualities, such as wisdom, strength, piety, folly, or impulsiveness. These works were very popular in
Holland and Flanders and were produced as independent works for the free market.
209:Ín the 17th century these studies of faces became an art form in their own right in the Dutch Republic. The most important artistic precursors of tronies, which were produced in Leiden and Haarlem in the 1620s, include painted and drawn study heads of the 16th and early 16th and early 17th centuries. It was
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in a portrait format. Typically a painted head or bust only, concentrating on the facial expression, but often half-length when featured in an exotic costume, tronies might be based on studies from life or use the features of actual sitters. The picture was typically sold on the art market without
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who initiated tronie production in Leiden. Starting from his own single-figure genre and history paintings in half-figures, Lievens limited the subject of the painting to the representation of a head or a bust. He took his cue from the
Flemish study heads of masters such as Rubens and van Dyck. The
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The main goal of the artists who created tronies was to achieve a lifelike representation of the figures and to show off their illusionistic abilities through the free use of color, strong light contrasts, or a peculiar color scheme. Tronies conveyed different meanings and values to their viewers.
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The genre started in the Low
Countries in the 16th century where it was likely inspired by some of the grotesque heads drawn by Leonardo. Leonardo had pioneered drawings of paired grotesque heads whereby two heads, usually in profile, were placed opposite each other in order to accentuate their
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The making of tronies spread and developed into an independent art form around
Rembrandt. There was a lucrative market for tronies in the Netherlands. The price of tronies was lower than that of other types of paintings, which brought them within the reach of a wider audience. Several
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In the 16th century, painters created tronies, which they painted from live models to be used for the figures of large history paintings. Many artists made collections of character heads as preparatory studies for paintings, especially history paintings. The
Flemish painter
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was a successful practitioner of the genre as he had a talent for expressiveness. His work gave a face to lower-class figures by infusing their images with recognizable and vividly expressed human emotions such as anger, joy, pain, and pleasure. His
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sometimes meant a grotesque head or model, such as an ugly old person. When conceived as the face of an individual, a tronie's aim was to express feelings and character in an accurate manner and must therefore be expressive.
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is not clearly defined in art historical literature. Literary and archival sources show that initially the term 'tronie' was not always associated with people. Inventories sometimes referred to flower and fruit still lifes as
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diversity. This paired juxtaposition was also adopted by artists in the Low
Countries. In 1564 or 1565 Joannes and Lucas van Doetecum are believed to have engraved 72 heads attributed to
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but as studies of expression, type, physiognomy or an interesting character such as an old man or woman, a young woman, the soldier, the shepherdess, the "
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In modern art-historical usage, the term tronie is typically restricted to figures not intended to depict an identifiable person, so it is a form of
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emergence of the tronie as the result of a reduction of larger compositions was also evident in the work of Frans Hals, a
Haarlem painter. Some of
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The tronie is related to, and has some overlap with, the "portrait historié", a portrait of a real person as another, usually historical or
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Das Tronie. Muster - Studie - Meisterwerk. Die Genese einer
Gattung der Malerei vom 15. Jahrhundert bis zu Rembrandt
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who was active in the first half of the 17th century painted a number of tronies juxtaposing different faces.
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This paired model was still being used by some artists in the 17th century. For instance, the
Flemish artist
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would normally be given a title from the classical world, for example the
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specialised in these, and such portraits often showed aristocratic ladies as mythological figures.
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528:, in: De zeventiende eeuw. Jaargang 17. Uitgeverij Verloren, Hilversum 2001, p. 174-203
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Training Piece and Sales Product: on the Functions of the Tronie in Rembrandt's Workshop
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identification of the sitter, and was not commissioned and retained by the sitter as
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Frans Floris’s Allegory of the Trinity (1562) and the Limits of Tolerance
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Black tronies in seventeenth-century Flemish art and the African presence
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are tronies, as are paintings of himself, his son and his wives. Three
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Tronie und Porträt in der niederländischen Malerei des 17. Jahrhunderts
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Tronie und Porträt in der niederländischen Malerei des 17. Jahrhunderts
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Portrait of a young man holding a cat (Allegory of touch)
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normally were. Similar unidentified figures treated as
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218:'s tronies are his best-known works such as the
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61:that depicts an exaggerated or characteristic
650:Hirschfelder, Dagmar / Krempel, León (Eds.):
254:paintings were described as "tronies" in the
594:A man removing a plaster, the sense of touch
291:A man removing a plaster, the sense of touch
556:. In: Art History 10/2014, 38(1), pp. 39-76
652:Tronies. Das Gesicht in der Frühen Neuzeit
418:Man removing a plaster, the sense of touch
525:Tronies toegeschreven aan Pieter Bruegel
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622:. Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, 2008.
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482:, Berlin: Mann, 2008, p. 351-359
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338:Girl with a Pearl Earring
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55:Dutch Golden Age painting
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301:which represents taste.
59:Flemish Baroque painting
722:Dutch words and phrases
582:National Gallery of Art
510:, de arte, 50:91, 18-38
283:National Gallery of Art
267:Young Girl with a flute
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673:at Wikimedia Commons
177:by Jan van de Venne
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577:Youth Making a Face
364:Youth Making a Face
321:Examples of tronies
295:Joos van Craesbeeck
279:Youth Making a Face
264:and the Washington
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712:Facial expressions
687:Visual arts genres
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575:Brouwer, Adriaen,
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628:978-3-7861-2567-9
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127:history paintings
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67:caricatures
681:Categories
530:(in Dutch)
444:References
308:, figure.
299:The Smoker
221:Gypsy Girl
216:Frans Hals
81:Definition
39:The Smoker
378:Rembrandt
242:Rembrandt
123:portraits
99:The term
640:, 2009.
605:, London
425:See also
248:etchings
71:Oriental
671:Tronies
613:Sources
601:at the
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316:Gallery
256:Dissius
252:Vermeer
139:History
106:tronies
18:Tronies
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101:tronie
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642:ISBN
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