997:
1006:
1015:
44:
973:
907:
916:
898:
889:
457:
days. Large numbers can be produced by well established cacti and may open new flowers over a period of weeks. The flowers are large, around 19–24 cm (7.5–9.4 in) long with a diameter of up to 20 cm (7.9 in) and are highly fragrant. There are black hairs along the length of the thick base leading to the flower. Oblong dark green fruits are produced after fertilization, about 3 cm (1.2 in) across and 5–6 cm (2.0–2.4 in) long, eventually bursting open to reveal a white flesh filled with small seeds.
961:
985:
925:
96:
750:
529:
511:
71:
943:
623:
877:. In countries where possession of mescaline and related compounds is illegal and highly penalized, cultivation for the purposes of consumption is most likely illegal and also highly penalized. This is the case in the United States, Australia, Canada, Sweden, Germany, and New Zealand, where it is currently legal to cultivate the San Pedro cactus for gardening and ornamental purposes, but not for consumption.
952:
934:
847:(and sometimes other types of cactus) seed into plastic containers, such as those many food takeaways are delivered in. This creates a semi-controlled humidity environment chamber for six months to a year, in which the seed may germinate and then grow relatively unbothered by environmental contamination. To accelerate the growth of
792:. Plants grow up to 30 cm per year. They are susceptible to fungal diseases if over-watered, but are not nearly as sensitive as many other cacti, especially in warm weather when they are in their growth phase. They can be sunburned and display a yellowing chlorotic reaction to overexposure to sunlight.
456:
is normally 3–6 m (10–20 ft) tall and has multiple branches, usually extending from the base but will emerge around broken branches. The tallest recorded specimen was 12.2 metres (40 ft) tall. White flowers are produced at the end of the stems; they open at night and last for about two
609:
cactus. The name is attributed to the belief that just as St Peter holds the keys to heaven, the effects of the cactus allow users "to reach heaven while still on earth." In 2022, the
Peruvian Ministry of Culture declared the traditional use of San Pedro cactus in northern Peru as
408:
and cultivated in other parts of the world. Uses for it include traditional medicine and traditional veterinary medicine, and it is widely grown as an ornamental cactus. It has been used for healing and religious divination in the Andes
Mountains region for over 3,000 years.
432:
may produce up to seven yellow to brown spines, each up to 2 cm (0.8 in) long although typically shorter in cultivated varieties, sometimes being mostly spineless. The number and length of the spines is a feature that distinguishes
826:
A cactus column can be also laid on its side on the ground (like a log), and eventually roots will sprout from it and grow into the ground. After time, sprouts will form and cactus columns will grow upward out of it along its length.
734:, but with unique characteristics. According to a research project in the Netherlands, ceremonial San Pedro use seems to be characterized by relatively strong spiritual experiences, and low incidence of challenging experiences.
783:
at high altitude and with high rainfall, it can withstand temperatures far below that of many other cacti. It requires fertile, free-draining soil. A good soil mix includes an inorganic lightweight substrate such as
448:, which may have up to 20 spines with three or four longer and more robust central ones up to 5 cm (2.0 in) long. The areoles are spaced evenly along the ribs, approximately 2 cm (0.8 in) apart.
2229:
658:
823:
small cuttings onto fast-growing cultivars like the
Predominant Cultivar (PC). Some names of cultivars that are highly prized by cactus collectors are Ogunbodede, Vilcabamba A, and Yowie.
799:, or become thin, due to lower levels of light. This may be problematic if the etiolated zone is not sufficiently strong to support future growth as the cactus may break in strong winds.
1769:"Natural or artificial: An example of topographic spatial distribution analysis of mescaline in cactus plants by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging"
1852:"Validation and exploratory application of a simple, rapid and economical procedure (MESQ) for the quantification of mescaline in fresh cactus tissue and aqueous cactus extracts"
1085:
Ostalaza, C., Cáceres, F. & Roque, J. 2017. Echinopsis pachanoi (amended version of 2013 assessment). The IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species 2017: e.T152445A121474583.
1532:
605:
church authorities after the
Spanish conquest attempted to suppress its use, this failed, as shown by the Christian element in the common name "San Pedro cactus" –
2068:
2039:
2219:
1014:
1227:
1478:. Travaux de l'IFEA. Lima: IFEA Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos, Fondo Editorial de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. pp. 67–87.
1877:
779:
8b to 10. The range of minimum temperatures in which it is known to grow is between -9.4 °C and 10 °C. Because it grows naturally in the
2291:
539:, San Pedro Cactus, the tall cactus in the mid-foreground, in its natural habitat in Peru. Several fruits with shrivelled flowers can be seen.
2655:
2458:
380:
at 2,000–3,000 m (6,600–9,800 ft) in altitude. It is one of a number of kinds of cacti known as San Pedro cactus. It is native to
2816:
2761:
1559:"New mescaline concentrations from 14 taxa/cultivars of Echinopsis spp. (Cactaceae) ("San Pedro") and their relevance to shamanic practice"
2801:
1249:
1716:
Bohn, Arne; Kiggen, Michiel H. H.; Uthaug, Malin V.; van
Oorsouw, Kim I. M.; Ramaekers, Johannes G.; van Schie, Hein T. (2022-12-05).
2796:
2577:
2393:
2300:
2629:
2590:
2445:
2406:
864:
1979:
1515:
1417:"Use of psychoactive and stimulant plants on the south coast of Peru from the Early Intermediate to Late Intermediate Period"
1259:
1152:
2634:
2450:
843:
is easily grown from seed, often by means of a so-called "Takeaway Tek". This term refers to the practice of the sowing of
1343:
2076:
1952:
2047:
2821:
1483:
2660:
2463:
972:
2771:
2616:
2432:
2313:
1219:
2331:
2806:
741:
tissue just beneath the skin. Mescaline is not evenly distributed within single specimens of San Pedro cactus.
737:
Anecdotal evidence suggests that the highest concentration of active substances is found in the layer of green
2476:
1885:
1608:"Cactus Alkaloids. XIX Crystallization of Mescaline HCl and 3-Methoxytyramine HCl from Trichocereus panchanoi"
2699:
1196:
2569:
984:
819:
of the parent plant. It is therefore a popular method of propagating highly prized cultivars, sometimes by
996:
2811:
2791:
2140:
2115:
2097:
1056:
650:
95:
2595:
2411:
1005:
502:
by the smaller number of spines per areole, and usually being somewhat shorter with more slender stems.
2694:
2471:
2326:
1120:
1115:
1066:
1906:
1086:
2781:
1717:
1607:
1533:"Declaran Patrimonio Cultural de la NaciĂłn a los conocimientos, saberes y usos del cactus San Pedro"
2207:
Shamanism & the Sacred Cactus: Ethnoarchaeological
Evidence for San Pedro Use in Northern Peru.
708:
1366:"Traditional medicinal plant use in Northern Peru: tracking two thousand years of healing culture"
1061:
696:
490:
442:
200:
1472:
Larco, Laura (2008). "Archivo
Arquidiocesano de Trujillo SecciĂłn IdolatrĂas. (Años 1768-1771)".
2786:
2564:
2249:
1826:
1558:
1036:
723:
702:
248:
227:
2766:
2673:
960:
714:
2647:
2551:
1672:
1428:
586:
2014:
8:
2776:
60:
2686:
1676:
1432:
1140:
1046:
915:
906:
897:
888:
43:
2733:
2497:
2339:
1803:
1768:
1698:
1454:
1392:
1365:
1299:
357:
257:
90:
589:. Archaeological studies have found evidence of use going back two thousand years, to
428:, with a diameter of 6–15 cm (2.4–5.9 in) and usually 6–8 ribs. The whitish
424:
is native to
Ecuador, Peru and Colombia. Its stems are light to dark green, sometimes
2668:
2538:
2380:
1808:
1790:
1749:
1702:
1690:
1622:
1581:
1511:
1479:
1458:
1446:
1397:
1255:
1148:
654:
611:
1303:
1145:
Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven
Pflanzen. Botanik, Ethnopharmakologie und Anwendungen
598:
2738:
2543:
2502:
2385:
2344:
1990:
1925:
1859:
1798:
1780:
1739:
1729:
1680:
1573:
1436:
1387:
1377:
1291:
681:
642:
20:
1734:
1557:
Ogunbodede, O.; McCombs, D.; Trout, K.; Daley, P.; Terry, M. (15 September 2010).
2712:
2371:
2276:
2234:
2230:
International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research, and Service (ICEERS)
1767:
Lin, Jiaman; Yang, Shuo; Ji, Jiaojiao; Xiang, Ping; Wu, Lina; Chen, Hang (2023).
1051:
602:
590:
476:
by Britton and Rose in 1920. As a species, it has also been placed in the genera
133:
1317:
1102:
2681:
2225:
1685:
1660:
1475:
Más allá de los encantos – Documentos sobre extirpaciĂłn de idolatrĂas, Trujillo
1333:
924:
816:
776:
738:
478:
156:
120:
1785:
1577:
1441:
1416:
2755:
2642:
2529:
2164:
1794:
1753:
1450:
594:
551:
80:
75:
749:
1863:
1812:
1694:
1585:
1401:
1382:
852:
662:
528:
186:
2725:
2489:
1626:
1473:
2603:
2419:
2285:
1295:
606:
2305:
2582:
2398:
1744:
731:
690:
666:
510:
484:
176:
2608:
2424:
1415:
Socha, Dagmara M.; Sykutera, Marzena; Orefici, Giuseppe (2022-12-01).
942:
1851:
1031:
685:
670:
646:
638:
514:
405:
393:
2318:
2243:
1020:
The fruit after bursting open, revealing the seeds in a sweet flesh.
2720:
2523:
2484:
2365:
2270:
1087:
https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T152445A121474583.en
848:
820:
796:
674:
425:
389:
146:
2437:
622:
2621:
1926:"Growing San Pedro Cactus: How To Care For Trichocereus Pachanoi"
1718:"Altered States of Consciousness During Ceremonial San Pedro Use"
1278:
Albesiano, SofĂa (2012), "A New Taxonomic Treatment of the Genus
1247:
1220:"Could Synthetic Mescaline Protect Declining Peyote Populations?"
951:
789:
397:
381:
2556:
1315:
2238:
1338:
1041:
785:
719:
429:
373:
166:
52:
2707:
1980:"What if the cut end doesn't dry properly and starts to mold"
780:
401:
377:
107:
1605:
933:
1715:
1556:
1319:
Plantas de los dioses. Origenes del uso de los alucinogenos
773:
385:
1640:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
727:
1722:
The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion
649:(from 0.053% up to 4.7% of dry cactus weight), and also
1161:
2193:
Mescaline: A Global History of the First Psychedelic
1414:
294:(Rauh & Backeb.) H.Friedrich & G.D.Rowley
286:(Rauh & Backeb.) H.Friedrich & G.D.Rowley
278:(Britton & Rose) H.Friedrich & G.D.Rowley
688:, which is also found in some species of the genus
1097:
1095:
815:can be propagated from cuttings. The result is a
2753:
1111:(Britton & Rose) Albesiano & R.Kiesling"
585:. It has a long history of being used in Andean
2040:"Grow Cacti from Seed - Enhanced Takeaway Tek"
1766:
1363:
1092:
2098:"Takeaway Tek (How to germinate cacti seeds)"
2138:
1849:
1248:Bigwood, Jeremy; Stafford, Peter J. (1992).
869:In most countries, it is legal to cultivate
802:
2141:"Grafting cacti to Pereskiopsis spathulata"
1615:Lloydia and the Journal of Natural Products
1606:Crosby, D.M.; McLaughlin, J.L. (Dec 1973).
1254:. Berkeley, CA: Ronin Pub. pp. 118–9.
2069:"How to Grow Trichocereus Cacti from Seed"
69:
42:
1974:
1972:
1802:
1784:
1743:
1733:
1684:
1440:
1391:
1381:
1277:
251:and Rose) Albesiano & R.Kiesling 2012
2116:"Coke bottle tek: A terrarium technique"
1907:"Echinopsis pachanoi (San Pedro Cactus)"
1878:"San Pedro Cactus (Echinopsis pachanoi)"
1646:
1505:
1316:Richard Evans Schultes; Albert Hofmann.
1273:
1271:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1174:
748:
621:
527:
509:
865:Legality of mescaline cactus by country
645:), including the well-studied chemical
2754:
1969:
1923:
1850:Van Der Sypt, Frederick (2022-04-03).
1658:
1139:
494:in 2012. It can be distinguished from
2292:Trichocereus macrogonus var. pachanoi
2248:
2247:
2220:Cactus Culture Volume 1: Trichocereus
1947:
1945:
1471:
1268:
1217:
1180:
1133:
659:4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine
1661:"Finding medical value in mescaline"
2817:Psychedelic phenethylamine carriers
2762:IUCN Red List least concern species
2015:"Trichocereus 'Yowie' (Echinopsis)"
1218:Mchem, Benjamin Bury (2021-08-02).
505:
472:was first described as the species
13:
2332:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77125731-1
2185:
1942:
1510:. Pentland, Oregon: Timber Press.
1089:. Downloaded on 11 September 2021.
550:is known by many names throughout
14:
2833:
2802:Medicinal plants of South America
2213:
1421:Journal of Archaeological Science
488:. It was reduced to a variety of
19:For the mountain in Bolivia, see
2477:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:257116-2
1147:. Aarau: AT-Verlag. p. 15.
1013:
1004:
995:
983:
971:
959:
950:
941:
932:
923:
914:
905:
896:
887:
726:comparable to those produced by
270:(Britton & Rose) Werderm.
94:
2797:Herbal and fungal hallucinogens
2700:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:88444-2
2157:
2132:
2108:
2090:
2061:
2032:
2007:
1917:
1899:
1870:
1843:
1819:
1760:
1709:
1652:
1599:
1550:
1525:
1499:
1465:
1408:
1357:
1346:from the original on 2020-03-18
1326:
1230:from the original on 2021-08-02
2165:"Pereskiopsis – Trout's Notes"
1856:PhytoChem & BioSub Journal
1364:Bussmann RW, Sharon D (2006).
1309:
1241:
1211:
1079:
744:
412:
1:
1735:10.1080/10508619.2022.2139502
1072:
835:Like a lot of its relatives,
372:) is a fast-growing columnar
2075:. 2018-07-15. Archived from
1566:Journal of Ethnopharmacology
1506:Anderson, Edward F. (2001).
830:
617:
7:
2200:This Is Your Mind on Plants
2139:Herbalistics (2015-07-08).
1924:Antosh, Gary (2021-07-06).
1827:"Mescaline in Trichocereus"
1659:Bender, Eric (2022-09-28).
1057:List of psychoactive plants
1025:
858:
651:3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine
460:
16:Mescaline-containing cactus
10:
2838:
1773:Frontiers in Plant Science
1686:10.1038/d41586-022-02873-8
1121:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1116:Plants of the World Online
1067:Stela of the cactus bearer
880:
862:
761:(San Pedro Cactus) cutting
18:
2513:
2355:
2256:
1786:10.3389/fpls.2023.1066595
1578:10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.021
1442:10.1016/j.jas.2022.105688
1251:Psychedelics encyclopedia
851:, they can be grafted on
803:Propagation from cuttings
263:
256:
233:
226:
91:Scientific classification
89:
67:
58:
50:
41:
30:
2822:Plants described in 1920
2258:Trichocereus macrogonus
2235:Psychoactive Cacti vault
2209:San Diego Museum of Man.
2205:Sharon, Douglas (2000).
2198:Pollan, Michael (2021).
2195:. Yale University Press.
1539:(in Spanish). 2022-11-17
807:Like many other plants,
709:Echinopsis tacaquirensis
335:Trichocereus torataensis
299:Trichocereus macrogonus
32:Trichocereus macrogonus
2120:Entheogenesis Australis
1953:"Trichocereus pachanoi"
1334:"San Pedro: Basic Info"
1282:(Cactaceae) in Chile",
1105:Trichocereus macrogonus
1062:Psychedelic microdosing
990:Five-month-old seedling
978:Three-week-old seedling
871:Trichocereus macrogonus
837:Trichocereus macrogonus
809:Trichocereus macrogonus
795:In winter, plants will
766:Trichocereus macrogonus
755:Trichocereus macrogonus
722:). Mescaline induces a
697:Echinopsis lageniformis
631:Trichocereus macrogonus
544:Trichocereus macrogonus
533:Trichocereus macrogonus
519:Trichocereus macrogonus
517:, an alkaloid found in
491:Trichocereus macrogonus
466:Trichocereus macrogonus
450:Trichocereus macrogonus
418:Trichocereus macrogonus
349:Trichocereus macrogonus
319:Trichocereus santaensis
237:Trichocereus macrogonus
2772:Cacti of South America
1864:10.5281/zenodo.6409376
1383:10.1186/1746-4269-2-47
1198:Visionary Cactus Guide
762:
753:A small newly planted
703:Echinopsis scopulicola
627:
540:
525:
306:M.H.J.van der Meer
2807:Night-blooming plants
2357:Trichocereus pachanoi
2226:San Pedro: Basic Info
1911:Worldofsucculents.com
752:
715:Lophophora williamsii
637:contains a number of
625:
531:
513:
474:Trichocereus pachanoi
363:Trichocereus pachanoi
330:Rauh & Backeb.
327:Trichocereus schoenii
322:Rauh & Backeb.
314:Britton & Rose
311:Trichocereus pachanoi
283:Echinopsis santaensis
2073:Dissidentreality.com
2044:Arkhamsbotanical.com
1882:Desert-tropicals.com
1831:The Mescaline Garden
1370:J Ethnobiol Ethnomed
1296:10.2985/026.018.0114
587:traditional medicine
392:, but also found in
2515:Echinopsis pachanoi
1677:2022Natur.609S..90B
1433:2022JArSc.148j5688S
626:Sliced to be brewed
369:Echinopsis pachanoi
291:Echinopsis schoenii
275:Echinopsis pachanoi
61:Conservation status
2812:Psychoactive cacti
2792:Flora of the Andes
2191:Jay, Mike (2019).
763:
712:) and the species
628:
541:
526:
496:T. macrogonus
435:T. macrogonus
201:T. macrogonus
2749:
2748:
2669:Open Tree of Life
2250:Taxon identifiers
1671:(7929): S90–S91.
1649:, pp. 44–49.
1517:978-0-88192-498-5
1508:The Cactus Family
1261:978-0-914171-51-5
1154:978-3-85502-570-1
1141:Rätsch, Christian
1037:ChavĂn de Huántar
724:psychedelic state
655:3-Methoxytyramine
612:cultural heritage
345:
344:
339:
331:
323:
315:
307:
295:
287:
279:
271:
84:
2829:
2782:Flora of Ecuador
2742:
2741:
2729:
2728:
2716:
2715:
2703:
2702:
2690:
2689:
2677:
2676:
2664:
2663:
2651:
2650:
2638:
2637:
2625:
2624:
2612:
2611:
2599:
2598:
2586:
2585:
2573:
2572:
2560:
2559:
2547:
2546:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2506:
2505:
2493:
2492:
2480:
2479:
2467:
2466:
2454:
2453:
2441:
2440:
2428:
2427:
2415:
2414:
2402:
2401:
2389:
2388:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2348:
2347:
2335:
2334:
2322:
2321:
2309:
2308:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2261:
2245:
2244:
2202:. Penguin Press.
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2102:Herbalistics.com
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2046:. Archived from
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2019:Trichocereus.net
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1995:
1989:. Archived from
1987:Sacredcactus.com
1984:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1949:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1930:Plant Care Today
1921:
1915:
1914:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1884:. Archived from
1874:
1868:
1867:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1806:
1788:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1747:
1737:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1688:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1612:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1563:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1444:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1395:
1385:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1193:
1178:
1172:
1159:
1158:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1099:
1090:
1083:
1047:El ParaĂso, Peru
1017:
1008:
999:
987:
975:
963:
954:
945:
936:
927:
918:
909:
900:
891:
682:psychedelic drug
643:cactus alkaloids
506:Traditional uses
337:
329:
321:
313:
305:
302:
293:
285:
277:
269:
243:
99:
98:
78:
73:
72:
46:
35:
28:
27:
21:Achuma (Bolivia)
2837:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2737:
2732:
2724:
2719:
2711:
2706:
2698:
2693:
2685:
2680:
2672:
2667:
2659:
2654:
2646:
2641:
2633:
2628:
2620:
2615:
2607:
2602:
2594:
2589:
2581:
2576:
2568:
2563:
2555:
2550:
2542:
2537:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2509:
2501:
2496:
2488:
2483:
2475:
2470:
2462:
2457:
2449:
2444:
2436:
2431:
2423:
2418:
2410:
2405:
2397:
2392:
2384:
2379:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2351:
2343:
2338:
2330:
2325:
2317:
2312:
2304:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2259:
2252:
2222:by Patrick Noll
2216:
2188:
2186:Further reading
2183:
2182:
2173:
2171:
2169:sacredcacti.com
2163:
2162:
2158:
2149:
2147:
2137:
2133:
2124:
2122:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2082:
2080:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2053:
2051:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2024:
2022:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1961:
1959:
1951:
1950:
1943:
1934:
1932:
1922:
1918:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1891:
1889:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1848:
1844:
1835:
1833:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1765:
1761:
1714:
1710:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1610:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1542:
1540:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1470:
1466:
1413:
1409:
1362:
1358:
1349:
1347:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1314:
1310:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1246:
1242:
1233:
1231:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1202:
1195:
1194:
1181:
1173:
1162:
1155:
1138:
1134:
1125:
1123:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1052:Guitarrero Cave
1028:
1021:
1018:
1009:
1000:
991:
988:
979:
976:
967:
964:
955:
946:
937:
928:
919:
910:
901:
892:
883:
867:
861:
833:
805:
777:hardiness zones
747:
680:Mescaline is a
620:
508:
463:
415:
300:
267:Cereus pachanoi
252:
245:
235:
222:
204:
93:
85:
74:
70:
63:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2835:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2739:wfo-0000662239
2730:
2717:
2704:
2691:
2678:
2665:
2652:
2639:
2626:
2613:
2600:
2587:
2574:
2561:
2548:
2535:
2519:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2503:wfo-0001287783
2494:
2481:
2468:
2455:
2442:
2429:
2416:
2403:
2390:
2377:
2361:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2345:wfo-0001434469
2336:
2323:
2310:
2297:
2282:
2266:
2264:
2254:
2253:
2242:
2241:
2232:
2223:
2215:
2214:External links
2212:
2211:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2156:
2131:
2107:
2089:
2060:
2031:
2006:
1968:
1957:www.llifle.com
1941:
1916:
1913:. 9 June 2018.
1898:
1869:
1842:
1818:
1759:
1728:(4): 309–331.
1708:
1651:
1639:
1621:(4): 416–418.
1598:
1572:(2): 356–362.
1549:
1524:
1516:
1498:
1484:
1464:
1407:
1356:
1342:. 2019-09-20.
1325:
1308:
1267:
1260:
1240:
1210:
1179:
1177:, p. 276.
1160:
1153:
1132:
1091:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1012:
1010:
1003:
1001:
994:
992:
989:
982:
980:
977:
970:
968:
965:
958:
956:
949:
947:
940:
938:
931:
929:
922:
920:
913:
911:
904:
902:
895:
893:
886:
882:
879:
863:Main article:
860:
857:
832:
829:
804:
801:
746:
743:
739:photosynthetic
619:
616:
603:Roman Catholic
599:ChavĂn culture
507:
504:
462:
459:
414:
411:
343:
342:
341:
340:
332:
324:
316:
308:
296:
288:
280:
272:
261:
260:
254:
253:
246:
231:
230:
228:Trinomial name
224:
223:
212:
210:
206:
205:
198:
196:
192:
191:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
157:Caryophyllales
154:
150:
149:
144:
137:
136:
131:
124:
123:
118:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
87:
86:
68:
65:
64:
59:
56:
55:
48:
47:
39:
38:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2834:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2787:Flora of Peru
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2104:. 2015-07-07.
2103:
2099:
2093:
2079:on 2019-08-08
2078:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2050:on 2019-03-29
2049:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2020:
2016:
2010:
1996:on 2016-03-03
1992:
1988:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1888:on 2011-10-21
1887:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1647:Anderson 2001
1643:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1487:
1485:9782821844537
1481:
1477:
1476:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1322:(in Spanish).
1321:
1320:
1312:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1272:
1263:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1244:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1176:
1175:Anderson 2001
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1156:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1096:
1088:
1082:
1078:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1002:
998:
993:
986:
981:
974:
969:
962:
957:
953:
948:
944:
939:
935:
930:
926:
921:
917:
912:
908:
903:
899:
894:
890:
885:
884:
878:
876:
872:
866:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
828:
824:
822:
818:
817:genetic clone
814:
810:
800:
798:
793:
791:
787:
782:
778:
775:
771:
767:
760:
756:
751:
742:
740:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
716:
711:
710:
705:
704:
699:
698:
693:
692:
687:
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
624:
615:
613:
608:
604:
600:
596:
595:Nazca culture
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
553:
552:South America
549:
545:
538:
534:
530:
524:
520:
516:
512:
503:
501:
497:
493:
492:
487:
486:
481:
480:
475:
471:
467:
458:
455:
451:
447:
446:
440:
436:
431:
427:
423:
419:
410:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
376:found in the
375:
371:
370:
365:
364:
359:
355:
354:
350:
336:
333:
328:
325:
320:
317:
312:
309:
304:
297:
292:
289:
284:
281:
276:
273:
268:
265:
264:
262:
259:
255:
250:
244:
242:
238:
232:
229:
225:
221:
220:
216:
211:
208:
207:
203:
202:
197:
194:
193:
190:
189:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
121:Tracheophytes
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
97:
92:
88:
82:
77:
76:Least Concern
66:
62:
57:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
29:
26:
22:
2767:Trichocereus
2514:
2356:
2257:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2172:. Retrieved
2168:
2159:
2148:. Retrieved
2145:Herbalistics
2144:
2134:
2123:. Retrieved
2119:
2110:
2101:
2092:
2081:. Retrieved
2077:the original
2072:
2063:
2052:. Retrieved
2048:the original
2043:
2034:
2023:. Retrieved
2021:. 2015-12-27
2018:
2009:
1998:. Retrieved
1991:the original
1986:
1960:. Retrieved
1956:
1933:. Retrieved
1929:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1890:. Retrieved
1886:the original
1881:
1872:
1855:
1845:
1834:. Retrieved
1830:
1821:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1668:
1664:
1654:
1642:
1630:. Retrieved
1618:
1614:
1601:
1589:. Retrieved
1569:
1565:
1552:
1541:. Retrieved
1537:elperuano.pe
1536:
1527:
1507:
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1474:
1467:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1348:. Retrieved
1337:
1328:
1318:
1311:
1287:
1283:
1280:Trichocereus
1279:
1250:
1243:
1232:. Retrieved
1223:
1213:
1203:, retrieved
1201:, Erowid.org
1197:
1144:
1135:
1124:. Retrieved
1114:
1108:
1104:
1081:
874:
870:
868:
853:Pereskiopsis
845:Trichocereus
844:
840:
836:
834:
825:
812:
808:
806:
794:
769:
765:
764:
758:
754:
736:
713:
707:
701:
695:
689:
679:
663:anhalonidine
641:(especially
634:
630:
629:
582:
578:
574:
570:
568:hahuacollay,
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
547:
543:
542:
536:
532:
522:
518:
499:
495:
489:
483:
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:
453:
449:
444:
438:
434:
421:
417:
416:
368:
367:
362:
361:
352:
348:
347:
346:
334:
326:
318:
310:
298:
290:
282:
274:
266:
240:
236:
234:
218:
214:
213:
199:
188:Trichocereus
187:
140:
127:
114:
31:
25:
2687:kew-2783547
2604:iNaturalist
2420:iNaturalist
2286:Wikispecies
1745:2066/285968
1632:13 December
1290:: 116–139,
745:Cultivation
607:Saint Peter
601:. Although
413:Description
338:F.Ritter
173:Subfamily:
134:Angiosperms
2777:Entheogens
2756:Categories
2682:Plant List
2319:77125731-1
2174:2024-06-07
2150:2024-06-07
2125:2023-07-01
2083:2018-09-21
2054:2018-09-21
2025:2024-09-11
2000:2012-02-07
1962:2024-08-30
1935:2023-01-21
1892:2008-02-23
1836:2024-08-30
1543:2022-12-10
1522:pp. 45–49.
1427:: 105688.
1350:2022-01-01
1284:Haseltonia
1234:2021-09-21
1205:2012-10-24
1126:2023-09-25
1073:References
732:psilocybin
691:Echinopsis
667:anhalinine
565:aguacolla,
500:macrogonus
485:Echinopsis
445:macrogonus
360:including
215:T. m.
177:Cactoideae
2570:242427836
2372:Q14931625
2277:Q92450324
1795:1664-462X
1754:1050-8619
1703:252548055
1459:252954052
1451:0305-4403
1376:(1): 47.
1032:Ayahuasca
849:seedlings
831:From seed
686:entheogen
671:hordenine
647:mescaline
639:alkaloids
618:Alkaloids
593:culture,
579:San Pedro
559:huachuma,
515:Hordenine
406:Venezuela
394:Argentina
209:Variety:
195:Species:
167:Cactaceae
104:Kingdom:
2721:Tropicos
2708:Species+
2524:Wikidata
2485:Tropicos
2438:257116-2
2366:Wikidata
2306:11093098
2271:Wikidata
2262:pachanoi
1813:36844095
1695:36171368
1591:19 March
1586:20637277
1491:April 9,
1402:17090303
1344:Archived
1304:84425131
1228:Archived
1224:Chacruna
1143:(2002).
1109:pachanoi
1026:See also
875:pachanoi
859:Legality
841:pachanoi
821:grafting
813:pachanoi
797:etiolate
770:pachanoi
759:pachanoi
675:tyramine
635:pachanoi
583:giganton
562:wachuma,
554:such as
548:pachanoi
537:pachanoi
523:pachanoi
470:pachanoi
461:Taxonomy
454:pachanoi
439:pachanoi
426:glaucous
422:pachanoi
390:Colombia
358:synonyms
353:pachanoi
303:sanpedro
258:Synonyms
241:pachanoi
219:pachanoi
163:Family:
147:Eudicots
81:IUCN 3.1
36:pachanoi
2726:5102168
2674:1003798
2661:1001097
2622:88444-2
2583:5622352
2557:5182508
2530:Q133426
2490:5101738
2464:2800985
2399:7282455
1804:9950628
1673:Bibcode
1627:4773270
1429:Bibcode
1393:1637095
881:Gallery
790:perlite
571:lapituq
556:achuma,
430:areoles
398:Bolivia
382:Ecuador
249:Britton
183:Genus:
153:Order:
108:Plantae
79: (
2648:152445
2635:908086
2609:327669
2596:404213
2451:911120
2425:343312
2412:404214
2239:Erowid
1811:
1801:
1793:
1752:
1701:
1693:
1665:Nature
1625:
1584:
1514:
1482:
1457:
1449:
1400:
1390:
1339:ICEERS
1302:
1258:
1151:
1042:Cimora
786:pumice
720:peyote
694:(e.g.
673:, and
597:, and
479:Cereus
374:cactus
301:subsp.
53:Hawaii
2713:27770
2544:38KHC
2386:7CQ5P
1994:(PDF)
1983:(PDF)
1699:S2CID
1611:(PDF)
1562:(PDF)
1455:S2CID
1300:S2CID
1107:var.
966:Seeds
873:var.
839:var.
811:var.
781:Andes
768:var.
757:var.
633:var.
591:Moche
575:tsuná
546:var.
535:var.
521:var.
498:var.
468:var.
452:var.
443:var.
441:from
437:var.
420:var.
402:Chile
378:Andes
351:var.
239:var.
217:var.
141:Clade
128:Clade
115:Clade
2695:POWO
2656:NCBI
2643:IUCN
2630:ITIS
2617:IPNI
2591:GRIN
2578:GBIF
2472:POWO
2459:NCBI
2446:ITIS
2433:IPNI
2407:GRIN
2394:GBIF
2327:POWO
2314:IPNI
2301:GBIF
2260:var.
1809:PMID
1791:ISSN
1750:ISSN
1691:PMID
1634:2013
1623:PMID
1593:2022
1582:PMID
1512:ISBN
1493:2020
1480:ISBN
1447:ISSN
1398:PMID
1256:ISBN
1149:ISBN
774:USDA
730:and
706:and
684:and
482:and
404:and
388:and
386:Peru
366:and
34:var.
2734:WFO
2565:FNA
2552:EoL
2539:CoL
2498:WFO
2381:CoL
2340:WFO
1860:doi
1799:PMC
1781:doi
1740:hdl
1730:doi
1681:doi
1669:609
1574:doi
1570:131
1437:doi
1425:148
1388:PMC
1378:doi
1292:doi
788:or
772:in
728:LSD
581:or
573:,​
400:,
51:In
2758::
2736::
2723::
2710::
2697::
2684::
2671::
2658::
2645::
2632::
2619::
2606::
2593::
2580::
2567::
2554::
2541::
2526::
2500::
2487::
2474::
2461::
2448::
2435::
2422::
2409::
2396::
2383::
2368::
2342::
2329::
2316::
2303::
2288::
2273::
2237:–
2228:–
2167:.
2143:.
2118:.
2100:.
2071:.
2042:.
2017:.
1985:.
1971:^
1955:.
1944:^
1928:.
1909:.
1880:.
1858:.
1854:.
1829:.
1807:.
1797:.
1789:.
1779:.
1777:14
1775:.
1771:.
1748:.
1738:.
1726:33
1724:.
1720:.
1697:.
1689:.
1679:.
1667:.
1663:.
1619:36
1617:.
1613:.
1580:.
1568:.
1564:.
1535:.
1453:.
1445:.
1435:.
1423:.
1419:.
1396:.
1386:.
1372:.
1368:.
1336:.
1298:,
1288:18
1286:,
1270:^
1226:.
1222:.
1182:^
1163:^
1119:.
1113:.
1094:^
855:.
700:,
677:.
669:,
665:,
661:,
657:,
653:,
614:.
577:,
396:,
384:,
143::
130::
117::
2177:.
2153:.
2128:.
2086:.
2057:.
2028:.
2003:.
1965:.
1938:.
1895:.
1866:.
1862::
1839:.
1815:.
1783::
1756:.
1742::
1732::
1705:.
1683::
1675::
1636:.
1595:.
1576::
1546:.
1520:.
1495:.
1461:.
1439::
1431::
1404:.
1380::
1374:2
1353:.
1294::
1264:.
1237:.
1157:.
1129:.
1103:"
718:(
356:(
247:(
83:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
