304:
288:
46:
406:. In the United States, the national trichinellosis surveillance system has documented a steady decline in the reported incidence of this disease. During 1947 to 1951, a median of 393 human cases was reported annually, including 57 trichinellosis-related deaths. During 1997–2001, the incidence in the US decreased to a median of 12 cases annually, with no reported deaths. The decrease was largely due to improved compliance with standards and regulations by commercial pork producers.
261:
2363:
2375:
443:. If tests are consistently negative, then a trichinella-free designation is applied to a given meat supply. Rare outbreaks still occur despite this rigorous system: France, Italy, and Poland have reported outbreaks due to eating raw horsemeat. At that time, the parasite was considered endemic in Japan and China, while Korea had recently reported its first human cases of trichinosis.
471:
countries, and exportation of pork outside the EU. As a result, the
European Union and some associated countries implemented a Trichinella monitoring program for pigs, horses, wild boar, and other wildlife species; while the European Commission implemented a new regulation to control Trichinella in meat in order to improve food safety for European consumers
33:
470:
It was reported in 2009 that political and economic changes had caused an increase in the prevalence and incidence rates of this parasite in many former eastern
European countries due to weakened veterinary control on susceptible animals. This complicated the meat trade industry within European Union
478:
The economic cost of detecting trichinosis can be another cost burden. In 1998, a rough global cost estimate was $ 3.00 per pig to detect the parasite. At the same time, in the 15 countries comprising the
European Union in 1998, about 190 million pigs were killed in slaughterhouses annually, leading
409:
In the United States, Congress passed the
Federal Swine Health Protection Act, restricting the use of uncooked garbage as feed stock for pigs, and creating a voluntary Trichinae Herd Certification Program. The Trichinae Herd Certification Program is a voluntary pre-slaughter pork safety program that
356:
and fever may occur. Ten days following ingestion, intense muscular pain, difficulty breathing, weakening of pulse and blood pressure, heart damage, and various nervous disorders may occur, eventually leading to death due to heart failure, respiratory complications, or kidney malfunction, all due to
256:
in the meat (due to stomach pH), and migrate to the intestine, where they burrow into the intestinal mucosa, mature, and reproduce. Juveniles within nurse cells have an anaerobic or facultative anaerobic metabolism, but when they become activated, they adopt the aerobic metabolism characteristics of
474:
Illegal pork importation from places with low safety standards allows the spread of the parasite from endemic to nonendemic countries. Illegal importation and new food practices and dishes including raw meat have resulted in human trichinosis outbreaks in many
European countries, including Denmark,
419:
prevalence in commercial pork, processing methods also have contributed to the dramatic decline in human trichinellosis associated with pork products. Through the U.S. Code of
Federal Regulations, the USDA has created guidelines for specific cooking temperatures and times, freezing temperatures and
275:
worms live for about six weeks, and in that time can produce up to 1,500 larvae; when a spent female dies, she passes out of the host. The larvae gain access to the circulation and migrate around the body of the host, in search of a muscle cell in which to encyst. The migration and encystment of
457:
Post-slaughter human exposure is also preventable by educating consumers on simple steps that can be taken to kill any larvae that can potentially be in meat bought at the local supermarket. Freezing meat in an average household freezer for 20 days before consumption will kill some species of
251:
adults invade the intestinal wall of a pig, and produce larvae that invade the pig's muscles. The larval forms are encapsulated as a small cystic structure within a muscle cell of the infected host. When another animal (perhaps a human) eats the infected meat, the larvae are released from the
351:
can cause traumatic damage to the host tissue, and the waste products they excrete can provoke an immunological reaction. The resulting inflammation can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, sweating, and diarrhea. Five to seven days after the appearance of these symptoms, facial
235:
are about twice the size of the males, and have an anus found terminally. The vulva is located near the esophagus. The single uterus of the female is filled with developing eggs in the posterior portion, while the anterior portion contains the fully developed juveniles.
431:
was low in the United States, despite nonexistent meat inspection with respect to trichinella. This was due to strict enforcement of the regulations applying to large meat production facilities: most cases have been from raw or undercooked meat from game animals.
872:
The majority of the decline in reported trichinellosis cases is a result of improved observance of standards and regulations in the U.S. commercial pork industry, which has altered animal husbandry practices resulting in reduced
Trichinella prevalence among
1056:
Mitreva M, Jasmer DP, Zarlenga DS, Wang Z, Abubucker S, Martin J, Taylor CM, Yin Y, Fulton L, Minx P, Yang SP, Warren WC, Fulton RS, Bhonagiri V, Zhang X, Hallsworth-Pepin K, Clifton SW, McCarter JP, Appleton J, Mardis ER, Wilson RK (March 2011).
479:
to an estimated economic impact of testing of about $ 570 million per year. However, depending on the size of the specific slaughterhouse, the actual costs could be more than an order of magnitude smaller (i.e. less than $ 0.30 per pig).
338:
and induce the transformation into the nurse cell. VEGF expression is detected surrounding the nurse cell immediately after nurse cell formation, and the continued secretion of VEGF can maintain the constant state of hypoxia.
538:
414:
exposure. The goal of the program is to establish a system under which pork production facilities that follow good production practices might be certified as
Trichinella-safe. In addition to the reduction in
230:
measure between 1.4 and 1.6 mm long, and are more flat anteriorly than posteriorly. The anus can be found in the terminal end, and they have a large copulatory pseudobursa on each side. The females of
539:
Xiaolei Liu,#1 Yanxia Song,#1,2 Ning Jiang,1 Jielin Wang,1 Bin Tang,1 Huijun Lu,1 Shuai Peng,1 Zhiguang Chang,1 Yizhi Tang,1 Jigang Yin,1 Mingyuan Liu,1 Yan Tan,2,* and Qijun Chen1,3,* (August 2012).
194:
species, the smallest nematode parasite of humans, has an unusual life cycle, and are one of the most widespread and clinically important parasites in the world. The small adult worms mature in the
439:
was significantly higher in people living in parts of Europe, Asia, and
Southeast Asia than in the United States. However, EU nations employ several strategies for detecting meat infected with
728:
Capo VA, Despommier DD, Polvere RI (1998). "Trichinella spiralis: vascular endothelial growth factor is up-regulated within the nurse cell during the early phase of its formation".
179:. It is sometimes referred to as the "pork worm" due to it being typically encountered in undercooked pork products. It should not be confused with the distantly related
462:. Cooking pork products to a minimum internal temperature of 160 °F (72 °C) will kill most species, and is the best way to ensure the meat is safe to eat.
322:
environment surrounding the new vessel formation. The hypoxic environment stimulates muscle cells in the surrounding tissue to upregulate and secrete angiogenic
291:
Animal tissue infected with the parasite that causes the disease trichinosis: Most parasites are shown in cross section, but some randomly appear in long section.
276:
larvae can cause fever and pain, brought on by the host inflammatory response. In some cases, accidental migration to specific organ tissues can cause
1243:
945:
Morbidity and
Mortality Weekly Report: Surveillance Summaries (2003): 1–8. JSTOR. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC). Web. 1 Dec. 2014.
368:
Muscle biopsy may be used for trichinosis detection. Several immunodiagnostic tests are also available. Typically, patients are treated with either
1578:
885:
638:
590:
300:
This nematode is a multicellular parasite that lives within a single muscle cell, which it extensively modifies according to its own requirements.
2655:
2565:
594:
2578:
1106:
Gao F, Liu X, Wu XP, Wang XL, Gong D, Lu H, Xia Y, Song Y, Wang J, Du J, Liu S, Han X, Tang Y, Yang H, Jin Q, Zhang X, Liu M (October 2012).
347:
The first symptoms may appear between 12 hours and two days after ingestion of infected meat. The migration of adult worms in the intestinal
1224:
2642:
2539:
1247:
2688:
1285:
1220:
541:"Global Gene Expression Analysis of the Zoonotic Parasite Trichinella spiralis Revealed Novel Genes in Host Parasite Interaction"
2683:
2713:
916:
898:
National Pork Board. Trichinae Herd Certification. Des Moines, Iowa: National Pork Producers Council, 2000. Available at
2500:
327:
2708:
1189:
926:
2518:
1258:
2583:
2531:
376:, but efficacy of such products is uncertain. Symptoms can be relieved by use of analgesics and corticosteroids.
2429:
1108:"Differential DNA methylation in discrete developmental stages of the parasitic nematode Trichinella spiralis"
2693:
1251:
773:"Proangiogenic cytokines as hypoxia-dependent factors stimulating migration of human hepatic stellate cells"
1744:
214:, or become enclosed in a capsule. Humans can become infected by eating infected pork, horsemeat, or wild
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times, and curing methods for processed pork products to reduce the risk of human infection from
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1957:
1810:
1500:
1495:
1486:
1462:
1271:
771:
Novo E, Cannito S, Zamara E, Valfre di Bonzo L, Caligiuri A, Cravanzola C, et al. (2007).
360:
In pigs, infection is usually subclinical, but large worm burdens can be fatal in some cases.
247:
can live the majority of its adult life in the intestines of humans. To begin its life cycle,
2443:
2043:
1586:
1467:
1348:
859:
Sharon L. Roy, M.D.; Adriana S. Lopez, M.H.S.; Peter M. Schantz, V.M.D., Ph.D. (2003-07-25).
584:
140:
2606:
2456:
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303:
175:, occurring in rodents, pigs, bears, hyenas and humans, and is responsible for the disease
2438:
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1962:
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1918:
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8:
2334:
2309:
2236:
1903:
1852:
1427:
1408:
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contaminated meat. Pork products meeting these guidelines are designated certified pork.
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319:
1178:
People, Parasites, and Plowshares: Learning from Our Body's Most Terrifying Invaders
714:
2228:
2221:
2101:
1715:
1683:
1129:
1119:
1078:
1070:
999:
983:
792:
784:
737:
694:
562:
552:
203:
402:(trichinellosis) is a disease caused by tissue-dwelling roundworms of the species
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2379:
2055:
1969:
1707:
1657:
1652:
1550:
1535:
1474:
1373:
557:
511:, an epigenetic mechanism that was not previously thought to exist in nematodes.
508:
207:
195:
97:
932:
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of a definitive host, such as a pig. Each adult female produces batches of live
2526:
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1816:
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202:, which bore through the intestinal wall, enters the blood (to feed on it) and
107:
698:
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2414:
2174:
2155:
1929:
1924:
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1414:
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384:
180:
657:
An Introduction to Human Disease: Pathology and Pathophysiology Correlations
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1948:
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806:
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576:
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757:
685:
Fong GH (2008). "Mechanism of adaptative angiogenesis to tissue hypoxia".
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2004:
1995:
1983:
1837:
1801:
1783:
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1454:
1399:
1334:
987:
863:. Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases
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117:
32:
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1842:
749:
348:
253:
215:
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1828:
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1324:
1319:
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427:
It was reported in 2005 that the prevalence of human infections from
323:
57:
2385:
825:
741:
2627:
2492:
2408:
2362:
2255:
2136:
2028:
1977:
1792:
1306:
1074:
972:"Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control of Trichinellosis"
504:
172:
169:
77:
318:
Nurse cell formation in skeletal muscle tissue is mediated by the
1866:
1608:
1059:"The draft genome of the parasitic nematode Trichinella spiralis"
970:
Gottstein, Bruno; Pozio, Edoardo; Nöckler, Karsten (2009-01-01).
833:
410:
provides documentation of swine management practices to minimize
335:
87:
770:
674:(English translation ed.). The University of Chicago Press.
622:
492:
67:
1293:
1208:
380:
353:
199:
1154:
914:
861:"Trichinellosis Surveillance --- United States, 1997--2001"
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became available in March, 2011. The genome size was 58.55
211:
1055:
450:, the diaphragms of pigs are routinely sampled to detect
627:(7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 405–407.
2351:
969:
727:
1155:
Despommier DD, Gwadz RG, Hotez P, Knirsch C (2002).
435:Also reported in 2005, the rate of infection from
2675:
654:
475:Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom.
1164:14 "Microbiology: An Introduction 9/e" (2006)
383:testing is possible as a method of diagnosis.
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921:(5th ed.). Apple Trees Productions LLC.
1105:
884:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
637:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
589:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1782:
1286:
1272:
1225:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1159:(5th ed.). New York: Apple Trees Pub.
915:Despommier; Gwadz; Hotez; Knirsch (2005).
593:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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31:
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900:http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/trichinella/
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1248:Washington University School of Medicine
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623:Roberts, Larry S., John Janovay (2005).
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2532:97ad2933-61e3-4daa-9fb6-3474a79d2b3f
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499:with an estimated 16,549 genes. The
764:
721:
678:
659:(8th ed.). Jones and Bartlett.
13:
1167:
948:
847:
465:
330:(VEGF). This allows the migrating
328:vascular endothelial growth factor
14:
2725:
1200:
218:such as fox, cat, hyena or bear.
2373:
2361:
1184:, 2016 (first edition in 2013),
44:
1099:
1049:
1020:
939:
2689:Parasitic nematodes of mammals
1259:Fluorescence image of Trichina
663:
532:
186:
1:
2684:Parasitic nematodes of humans
976:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
526:
239:
221:
1745:Diphyllobothrium mansonoides
558:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001794
7:
2714:Nematodes described in 1835
2082:Angiostrongylus cantonensis
1731:Spirometra erinaceieuropaei
672:The art of Being a Parasite
625:Foundations of Parasitology
514:
342:
210:. Once in the muscle, they
10:
2730:
1125:10.1186/gb-2012-13-10-r100
789:10.2353/ajpath.2007.060887
284:that can result in death.
2617:
2398:
2322:Capillaria philippinensis
2285:
2254:
2245:Halicephalobus gingivalis
2216:Strongyloides stercoralis
2205:
2112:
2022:
1994:
1947:
1836:
1827:
1800:
1791:
1769:
1706:
1622:
1607:
1518:
1485:
1398:
1333:
1318:
1305:
1182:Columbia University Press
699:10.1007/s10456-008-9107-3
655:Crowley, Leonard (2009).
521:List of parasites (human)
503:genome is the only known
482:
146:
139:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
2709:Veterinary helminthology
2328:Intestinal capillariasis
1423:Dicrocoelium dendriticum
507:genome to be subject to
2315:Trichuriasis / Whipworm
2265:Enterobius vermicularis
2060:Cutaneous larva migrans
1633:Echinococcus granulosus
1573:Heterophyes heterophyes
1559:Gastrodiscoides hominis
1382:Trichobilharzia regenti
670:Combes, Claude (2005).
364:Diagnosis and treatment
2163:Visceral larva migrans
1958:Gnathostoma spinigerum
1811:Dracunculus medinensis
1717:Diphyllobothrium latum
1496:Paragonimus westermani
1463:Opisthorchis viverrini
1209:"The Trichinella Page"
395:Prevention and control
387:can treat and prevent
315:
292:
268:
2044:Ancylostoma duodenale
1587:Metagonimus yokogawai
1221:"Trichina life cycle"
1207:Despommier, Dickson.
306:
290:
263:
206:, and are carried to
2694:Parasites of rodents
2527:Fauna Europaea (new)
2457:Trichinella_spiralis
2444:Trichinella_spiralis
2430:Trichinella spiralis
2400:Trichinella spiralis
2296:Trichinella spiralis
2123:Ascaris lumbricoides
1937:Lymphatic filariasis
1919:Wuchereria bancrofti
1194:Trichinella spiralis
1030:Trichinella spiralis
988:10.1128/CMR.00026-08
489:Trichinella spiralis
441:Trichinella spiralis
437:Trichinella spiralis
429:Trichinella spiralis
404:Trichinella spiralis
296:Nurse cell formation
265:Trichinella spiralis
245:Trichinella spiralis
165:Trichinella spiralis
150:Trichinella spiralis
25:Trichinella spiralis
16:Species of roundworm
2310:Trichuris trichiura
2237:Trichostrongyliasis
1853:Onchocerca volvulus
1409:Clonorchis sinensis
1344:Schistosoma mansoni
1325:Trematode infection
334:larva to enter the
2196:Parascaris equorum
2182:Dioctophyme renale
2088:Angiostrongyliasis
2068:Necator americanus
2038:Hookworm infection
1898:Dirofilaria repens
1723:Diphyllobothriasis
1614:Tapeworm infection
1545:Fasciolopsis buski
1174:Dickson Despommier
1157:Parasitic Diseases
918:Parasitic Diseases
545:PLOS Negl Trop Dis
357:larval migration.
316:
310:larvae within the
293:
269:
2671:
2670:
2619:Trichina spiralis
2602:Open Tree of Life
2392:Taxon identifiers
2349:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2281:
2280:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1639:E. multilocularis
1603:
1602:
1443:Fasciola hepatica
1295:Parasitic disease
161:
160:
2721:
2664:
2663:
2651:
2650:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2610:
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2419:
2418:
2417:
2387:
2386:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2366:
2365:
2357:
2230:Trichostrongylus
2222:Strongyloidiasis
2102:Metastrongylosis
1834:
1833:
1798:
1797:
1789:
1788:
1780:
1779:
1684:Hymenolepis nana
1620:
1619:
1520:Intestinal fluke
1331:
1330:
1316:
1315:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1265:
1264:
1255:
1250:. Archived from
1244:"Trichina agent"
1239:
1237:
1236:
1227:. Archived from
1216:
1160:
1148:
1147:
1137:
1127:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1086:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1007:
967:
946:
943:
937:
936:
931:. Archived from
912:
903:
896:
890:
889:
883:
875:
869:
868:
856:
845:
844:
842:
840:
822:
811:
810:
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783:(6): 1942–1953.
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719:
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682:
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643:
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204:lymphatic system
168:is a viviparous
152:
132:T. spiralis
49:
48:
35:
21:
20:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2704:Trichocephalida
2699:Animal diseases
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2450:
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2437:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2394:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2360:
2352:
2350:
2341:
2277:
2250:
2201:
2108:
2056:Ancylostomiasis
2026:
2010:
1990:
1970:Gnathostomiasis
1943:
1840:
1823:
1774:
1771:
1757:
1708:Pseudophyllidea
1702:
1653:Taenia saginata
1611:
1599:
1551:Fasciolopsiasis
1536:Echinostomiasis
1514:
1481:
1475:Opisthorchiasis
1394:
1374:Schistosomiasis
1368:S. intercalatum
1322:
1320:Fluke/trematode
1311:
1308:
1301:
1292:
1242:
1234:
1232:
1219:
1213:Trichinella.org
1203:
1192:. Chapter 1 on
1170:
1168:Further reading
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742:10.2307/3284472
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314:muscle of a pig
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135:
98:Trichocephalida
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2188:Dioctophymosis
2178:
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2151:Toxocara canis
2147:
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2145:
2133:
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2096:Metastrongylus
2092:
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2050:A. braziliense
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1911:Dirofilariasis
1901:
1894:
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1890:Mansonelliasis
1880:
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1863:
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1859:Onchocerciasis
1848:
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1696:Hymenolepiasis
1680:
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1649:
1648:
1647:
1645:Echinococcosis
1628:
1626:
1624:Cyclophyllidea
1617:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1593:Metagonimiasis
1583:
1582:
1581:
1579:Heterophyiasis
1569:
1568:
1567:
1565:Amphistomiasis
1555:
1554:
1553:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1524:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1508:Paragonimiasis
1491:
1489:
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1482:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1435:Dicrocoeliasis
1419:
1418:
1417:
1404:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1388:Swimmer's itch
1378:
1377:
1376:
1362:S. haematobium
1339:
1337:
1328:
1313:
1303:
1302:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1254:on 2008-02-14.
1240:
1217:
1202:
1201:External links
1199:
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1162:
1161:
1150:
1149:
1098:
1075:10.1038/ng.769
1069:(3): 228–235.
1048:
1019:
982:(1): 127–145.
947:
938:
935:on 2018-09-06.
927:
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891:
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736:(2): 209–214.
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1415:Clonorchiasis
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1397:
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1309:platyhelminth
1304:
1300:
1299:helminthiases
1296:
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1277:
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1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1231:on 2007-04-04
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1190:9780231161954
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928:0-9700027-7-7
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777:Am. J. Pathol
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385:Anthelmintics
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182:
181:pork tapeworm
178:
174:
171:
167:
166:
153:
151:
145:
142:
141:Binomial name
138:
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38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2618:
2399:
2335:
2320:
2308:
2295:
2294:
2271:Enterobiasis
2263:
2243:
2229:
2214:
2194:
2180:
2173:
2167:Toxocariasis
2156:
2149:
2135:
2121:
2094:
2080:
2074:Necatoriasis
2066:
2049:
2042:
2003:
1976:
1963:
1956:
1949:Thelazioidea
1930:
1923:
1917:
1904:
1896:
1882:
1873:
1865:
1851:
1809:
1743:
1729:
1716:
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1631:
1585:
1571:
1557:
1543:
1534:
1527:
1501:
1494:
1468:
1461:
1449:F. gigantica
1448:
1441:
1428:
1421:
1407:
1380:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1350:S. japonicum
1349:
1342:
1252:the original
1233:. Retrieved
1229:the original
1212:
1193:
1177:
1163:
1156:
1118:(10): R100.
1115:
1111:
1101:
1066:
1062:
1051:
1040:. Retrieved
1035:
1029:
1022:
979:
975:
941:
933:the original
917:
894:
871:
865:. Retrieved
837:. Retrieved
827:
780:
776:
766:
733:
730:J. Parasitol
729:
723:
690:
687:Angiogenesis
686:
680:
671:
665:
656:
624:
585:cite journal
551:(8): e1794.
548:
544:
534:
500:
488:
486:
477:
473:
469:
459:
456:
454:infections.
451:
445:
440:
436:
434:
428:
426:
421:
416:
411:
408:
403:
398:
391:infections.
388:
378:
367:
359:
346:
331:
317:
307:
299:
282:encephalitis
272:
270:
264:
248:
244:
243:
232:
227:
225:
191:
190:
164:
163:
162:
156:(Owen, 1835)
149:
147:
131:
130:
118:
24:
18:
2553:iNaturalist
2424:Wikispecies
2336:C. hepatica
2302:Trichinosis
2287:Adenophorea
2143:Anisakiasis
2024:Strongylida
2005:Gongylonema
1996:Spiruroidea
1984:Thelaziasis
1964:G. hispidum
1838:Filarioidea
1802:Camallanida
1784:Secernentea
1751:Sparganosis
1737:Sparganosis
1690:H. diminuta
1659:T. asiatica
1529:Echinostoma
1469:O. felineus
1455:Fasciolosis
1400:Liver fluke
1335:Blood fluke
1112:Genome Biol
828:Trichinella
501:T. spiralis
460:Trichinella
452:Trichinella
422:Trichinella
417:Trichinella
412:Trichinella
400:Trichinosis
389:Trichinella
374:albendazole
370:mebendazole
332:T. spiralis
308:T. spiralis
278:myocarditis
273:Trichinella
257:the adult.
254:nurse cells
249:T. spiralis
233:T. spiralis
228:T. spiralis
192:Trichinella
187:Description
177:trichinosis
119:Trichinella
2678:Categories
2207:Rhabditida
2129:Ascariasis
2114:Ascaridida
1905:D. immitis
1884:Mansonella
1876:filariasis
1843:Filariasis
1770:Roundworm/
1487:Lung fluke
1356:S. mekongi
1297:caused by
1235:2011-07-26
1063:Nat. Genet
1042:2012-04-19
867:2020-04-11
839:12 October
527:References
349:epithelium
326:, such as
267:life cycle
240:Life cycle
222:Morphology
216:carnivores
2634:Q91427864
1931:B. timori
1829:Spirurida
1775:infection
1672:Taeniasis
1665:T. solium
1429:D. hospes
1312:infection
1307:Flatworm/
996:0893-8512
633:cite book
448:abattoirs
379:In pigs,
324:cytokines
312:diaphragm
226:Males of
126:Species:
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
2661:11482086
2628:Wikidata
2571:10875526
2464:BioLib:
2409:Wikidata
2380:Medicine
2256:Oxyurida
2137:Anisakis
2029:hookworm
1978:Thelazia
1793:Spiruria
1773:Nematode
1144:23075480
1093:21336279
1014:19136437
880:cite web
807:17525262
715:11528564
707:18327686
577:22953016
515:See also
505:nematode
446:In most
343:Symptoms
173:parasite
170:nematode
104:Family:
78:Nematoda
74:Phylum:
68:Animalia
54:Domain:
2648:7020350
2545:2283365
2415:Q730937
2368:Biology
2354:Portals
2157:T. cati
1874:Loa loa
1867:Loa loa
1609:Cestoda
1135:4053732
1084:3057868
1005:2620635
834:WikiVet
798:1899450
758:9576489
750:3284472
568:3429391
336:myocyte
320:hypoxic
271:Female
114:Genus:
94:Order:
88:Enoplea
84:Class:
2607:567340
2591:NZOR:
2558:417588
2519:392712
2506:251547
2493:TRCNSI
2467:167902
1667:(pork)
1188:
1142:
1132:
1091:
1081:
1038:. NCBI
1036:Genome
1012:
1002:
994:
925:
873:swine.
805:
795:
756:
748:
713:
705:
575:
565:
493:genome
491:draft
483:Genome
212:encyst
200:larvae
2656:IRMNG
2566:IRMNG
2501:EUNIS
2480:30418
746:JSTOR
711:S2CID
381:ELISA
354:edema
2643:GBIF
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