1109:
translation, before scientifically founded interpreting studies emancipated gradually from translation studies in the second half of the 20th century. While they were strongly oriented towards the theoretic framework of translation studies, interpreting studies have always been concentrating on the practical and pedagogical aspect of the activity. This led to the steady emancipation of the discipline and the consecutive development of a separate theoretical framework basedâas are translation studiesâon interdisciplinary premises. Interpreting studies have developed several approaches and undergone various paradigm shifts, leading to the most recent surge of sociological studies of interpreters and their work(ing conditions).
58:
1128:
translator-training institutions. Accordingly, there has been a growth in conferences on translation, translation journals and translation-related publications. The visibility acquired by translation has also led to the development of national and international associations of translation studies. Ten of these associations formed the
International Network of Translation and Interpreting Studies Associations in September 2016.
924:' philosophical work on ethics and subjectivity on this issue. As his publications have been interpreted in different ways, various conclusions on his concept of ethical responsibility have been drawn from this. Some have come to the assumption that the idea of translation itself could be ethically doubtful, while others receive it as a call for considering the relationship between
748:(Even-Zohar 1990) in which translated literature is seen as a sub-system of the receiving or target literary system. Gideon Toury bases his theory on the need to consider translations as "facts of the target culture" for the purposes of research. The concepts of "manipulation" and "patronage" have also been developed in relation to literary translations.
1027:" and "community translation". Fernåndez-Costales and Jiménez-Crespo prefer "collaborative translation", while Pérez-Gonzålez labels it "amateur subtitling". Pym proposes that the fundamental difference between this type of translation and professional translation relies on monetary reward, and he suggests it should be called "volunteer translation".
1108:
The discipline of interpreting studies is often referred to as the sister of translation studies. This is due to the similarities between the two disciplines, consisting in the transfer of ideas from one language into another. Indeed, interpreting as an activity was long seen as a specialized form of
1003:
being the main objects of study. The various conditions and constraints imposed by the different media forms and translation modes, which influence how translation is carried out, are often at the heart of most studies of the product or process of AVT. Many researchers in the field of AVT Studies are
719:
introduced the notion of deverbalized sense into translation studies, drawing a distinction between word correspondences and sense equivalences, and showing the difference between dictionary definitions of words and phrases (word correspondences) and the sense of texts or fragments thereof in a given
739:
Descriptive translation studies aims at building an empirical descriptive discipline, to fill one section of the Holmes map. The idea that scientific methodology could be applicable to cultural products had been developed by the
Russian Formalists in the early years of the 20th century, and had been
1147:
Translation studies has shown a tendency to broaden its fields of inquiry, and this trend may be expected to continue. This particularly concerns extensions into adaptation studies, intralingual translation, translation between semiotic systems (image to text to music, for example), and translation
935:
Parallel to these studies, the general recognition of the translator's responsibility has increased. More and more translators and interpreters are being seen as active participants in geopolitical conflicts, which raises the question of how to act ethically independent from their own identity or
1131:
The growing variety of paradigms is mentioned as one of the possible sources of conflict in the discipline. As early as 1999, the conceptual gap between non-essentialist and empirical approaches came up for debate at the Vic Forum on
Training Translators and Interpreters: New Directions for the
689:
Through to the 1950s and 1960s, discussions in translation studies tended to concern how best to attain "equivalence". The term "equivalence" had two distinct meanings, corresponding to different schools of thought. In the
Russian tradition, "equivalence" was usually a one-to-one correspondence
605:
In 1958, at the Fourth
Congress of Slavists in Moscow, the debate between linguistic and literary approaches to translation reached a point where it was proposed that the best thing might be to have a separate science that was able to study all forms of translation, without being wholly within
564:
Historically, translation studies has long been "prescriptive" (telling translators how to translate), to the point that discussions of translation that were not prescriptive were generally not considered to be about translation at all. When historians of translation studies trace early
Western
672:
Before the 1990s, translation scholars tended to form particular schools of thought, particularly within the prescriptive, descriptive and Skopos paradigms. Since the "cultural turn" in the 1990s, the discipline has tended to divide into separate fields of inquiry, where research projects run
1143:
A second source of conflict rises from the breach between theory and practice. As the prescriptivism of the earlier studies gives room to descriptivism and theorization, professionals see less applicability of the studies. At the same time, university research assessment places little if any
1099:
The field refers to the set of pedagogical approaches used by academic educators to teach translation, train translators, and endeavor to develop the translation discipline thoroughly. Moreover, translation learners face many difficulties in trying to come up with the right equivalence of a
1139:
Interdisciplinarity has made the creation of new paradigms possible, as most of the developed theories grew from contact with other disciplines like linguistics, comparative literature, cultural studies, philosophy, sociology or historiography. At the same time, it might have provoked the
970:
studies (AVT) is concerned with translation that takes place in audio and/or visual settings, such as the cinema, television, video games and also some live events such as opera performances. The common denominator for studies in this field is that translation is carried out on multiple
1127:
Translation studies has developed alongside the growth in translation schools and courses at the university level. In 1995, a study of 60 countries revealed there were 250 bodies at university level offering courses in translation or interpreting. In 2013, the same database listed 501
843:
Translation history concerns the history of translators as a professional and social group, as well as the history of translations as indicators of the way cultures develop, interact and may die. Some principles for translation history have been proposed by Lieven D'hulst and
919:
that differ in some aspects but agree on the idea of emphasizing the differences between source and target language and culture when translating. Both are interested in how the "cultural other can best preserve that otherness". In more recent studies, scholars have applied
897:
Gender studies look at the sexuality of translators, at the gendered nature of the texts they translate, at the possibly gendered translation processes employed, and at the gendered metaphors used to describe translation. Pioneering studies are by Luise von Flotow,
975:
systems, as the translated texts (so-called polysemiotic texts) have messages that are conveyed through more than one semiotic channel, i.e. not just through the written or spoken word, but also via sound and/or images. The main translation modes under study are
547:). In the United States, there is a preference for the term "translation and interpreting studies" (as in the American Translation and Interpreting Studies Association), although European tradition includes interpreting within translation studies (as in the
888:
Post-colonial studies look at translations between a metropolis and former colonies, or within complex former colonies. They radically question the assumption that translation occurs between cultures and languages that are radically separated.
660:
in 1972. In that paper, "The name and nature of translation studies", Holmes asked for the consolidation of a separate discipline and proposed a classification of the field. A visual "map" of Holmes' proposal was later presented by
1012:
Non-professional translation refers to the translation activities performed by translators who are not working professionally, usually in ways made possible by the
Internet. These practices have mushroomed with the recent
902:
and Keith Harvey. The effacement or inability to efface threatening forms of same-sex sexuality is a topic taken up, when for instance ancient writers are translated by
Renaissance thinkers in a Christian context.
723:
The discussions of equivalence accompanied typologies of translation solutions (also called "procedures", "techniques" or "strategies"), as in
Fedorov (1953) and Vinay and Darbelnet (1958). In 1958, Loh Dianyang's
690:
between linguistic forms, or a pair of authorized technical terms or phrases, such that "equivalence" was opposed to a range of "substitutions". However, in the French tradition of Vinay and
Darbelnet, drawing on
408:
879:
The sociology of translation includes the study of who translators are, what their forms of work are (workplace studies) and what data on translations can say about the movements of ideas between languages.
1023:
Depending on the feature that each scholar considers the most important, different terms have been used to label "non-professional translation". O'Hagan has used "user-generated translation", "
1017:
and the popularization of the Internet. Volunteer translation initiatives have emerged all around the world, and deal with the translations of various types of written and multimedia products.
1020:
Normally, it is not required for volunteers to have been trained in translation, but trained translators could also participate, such as the case of Translators without Borders.
527:
in his 1972 paper "The name and nature of translation studies", which is considered a foundational statement for the discipline. Writers in English occasionally use the term "
82:
707:
656:
These initial steps toward research on literary translation were collected in James S. Holmes' paper at the Third International Congress of Applied Linguistics held in
606:
linguistics or wholly within literary studies. Within comparative literature, translation workshops were promoted in the 1960s in some American universities like the
702:'s notion of equivalence in 1965 was as in the French tradition. In the course of the 1970s, Russian theorists adopted the wider sense of "equivalence" as something
1100:
particular source text. For these reasons, translation education is an important field of study that encompasses a number of questions to be answered in research.
1508:
2154:
1080:" (a target location defined by language variety and various cultural parameters). Localization usually concerns software, product documentation, websites and
2087:
Gile, Daniel. 2004 "Translation research versus interpreting research: kinship, differences and prospects for partnership". In Christina SchÀffner (ed.),
681:
The main schools of thought on the level of research have tended to cluster around key theoretical concepts, most of which have become objects of debate.
1091:, in which the start product is stripped of its culture-specific features in such a way that it can be simultaneously localized into several languages.
1076:
concern the way the contemporary language industries translate and adapt ("localize") technical texts across languages, tailoring them for a specific "
1050:. These practices are mostly supported by a strong and consolidated fan base, although larger non-professional translation projects normally apply
418:
581:
several centuries earlier is typically not thought of as translation studiesâpresumably because it does not tell translators how to translate. In
1864:
FernĂĄndez-Costales, Alberto (2012). "Collaborative Translation Revisited: Exploring the Rationale and the Motivation for Volunteer Translation".
1168:
947:
providing some guiding principles to reduce uncertainties and improve professionalism, as having been stated in other disciplines (for example
863:(2002) for Western theories up to Nietzsche; by D'hulst (1990) for French theories, 1748â1847; by Santoyo (1987) for the Spanish tradition; by
731:
In these traditions, discussions of the ways to attain equivalence have mostly been prescriptive and have been related to translator training.
2166:
1064:
has set up the open translation project TED Translators in which volunteers use the Amara platform to create subtitles online for TED talks.
321:
1892:
PĂ©rez-GonzĂĄlez, Luis (2013). "Amateur subtitling as immaterial labour in digital media culture: An emerging paradigm of civic engagement".
430:
827:. The concept uses linguistic translation as a tool or metaphor in analyzing the nature of transformation and interchange in cultures.
456:
1163:
548:
488:. As an interdiscipline, translation studies borrows much from the various fields of study that support translation. These include
617:
During the 1950s and 1960s, systematic linguistic-oriented studies of translation began to appear. In 1958, the French linguists
403:
728:(è±æ±çż»èŻçèźșäžæć·§) drew on Fedorov and English linguistics to present a typology of translation solutions between Chinese and English.
715:
2304:
2021:
1088:
290:
265:
1781:"Community Translation: Translation as a social activity and its possible consequences in the advent of Web 2.0 and beyond"
1150:
569:'s remarks on how he used translation from Greek to Latin to improve his oratorical abilitiesâan early description of what
1386:
Hermans, T. (ed.) .1985. 'The Manipulation of Literature: Studies in Literary Translation'. London and Sydney: Croom Helm.
17:
1000:
590:
316:
936:
judgement. This leads to the conclusion that translating and interpreting cannot be considered solely as a process of
756:
Another discovery in translation theory can be dated from 1984 in Europe and the publication of two books in German:
398:
306:
1469:
PaRDeS: Zeitschrift der Vereinigung fĂŒr JĂŒdische Studien = Transformative Translations in Jewish History and Culture
1465:"Radical Translation as Transvaluation: From Tsene-Rene to The Jews Are Coming: Three Readings of Korah's Rebellion"
2036:
Caminade, M. and A. Pym. 1995. "Les formations en traduction et interpretation. Essai de recensement mondial". In
944:
1521:
1004:
organized in the European Association for Studies in Screen Translation, as are many practitioners in the field.
1927:
Pym, Anthony (2011). "Translation research terms: a tentative glossary for moments of perplexity and dispute".
1043:
449:
372:
178:
776:, which gives priority to the purpose to be fulfilled by the translation instead of prioritizing equivalence.
1198:
1014:
219:
204:
31:
796:, and quickly represented by the exchanges between translation studies and other area studies and concepts:
784:
The cultural turn meant still another step forward in the development of the discipline. It was sketched by
2319:
1579:(Polish Writers on the Art of Translation, 1440â1974: an Anthology), PoznaĆ, Wydawnictwo PoznaĆskie, 1977.
2210:
1437:
860:
574:
342:
311:
137:
1688:
Larkosh, Christopher (2004): "Levinas, Latin American Thought and the Futures of Translational Ethics",
1675:
1411:(1989). "Text Types, Translation Types and Translation Assessment" In: Chesterman, Andrew (ed.) (1989).
1148:
as the form of all interpretation and thus of all understanding, as suggested in Roman Jakobson's work,
280:
1077:
586:
2257:
1780:
673:
parallel to each other, borrowing methodologies from each other and from other academic disciplines.
645:
theorized translation from a linguistic perspective. In the 1960s and early 1970s, the Czech scholar
442:
535:") to refer to translation studies, and the corresponding French term for the discipline is usually
1203:
638:
393:
1942:
1173:
948:
565:
thought about translation, for example, they most often set the beginning at the renowned orator
275:
183:
122:
97:
967:
741:
489:
358:
244:
142:
112:
77:
1188:
1073:
745:
485:
413:
270:
173:
117:
102:
1753:
Vervecken, Anika. 2012. "Surtitling for the Stage and Directors' Attitude: Room for Change".
1818:". Evolution of User-generated Translation: Fansubs, Translation Hacking and Crowdsourcing"
981:
804:
611:
425:
285:
127:
41:
1877:
JimĂ©nez-Crespo, Miguel Ăngel. "Collaborative and volunteer translation and interpreting".
959:
in this field, opinions about the particular appearance of such a code vary considerably.
8:
1193:
352:
209:
168:
132:
107:
772:(Translatorisches Handeln) by Justa Holz-MÀnttÀri. From these two came what is known as
621:
and Jean Darbelnet carried out a contrastive comparison of French and English. In 1964,
1909:
607:
214:
92:
87:
2299:
2138:
2050:
2017:
2002:
Efforts and Models in Interpreting and Translation Research: A Tribute to Daniel Gile
1913:
1367:
1133:
1081:
996:
937:
929:
630:
337:
188:
72:
1322:
789:
646:
2009:
1901:
1829:
1572:
1030:
Some of the most popular fan-controlled non-professional translation practices are
995:
Media accessibility studies is often considered a part of this field as well, with
921:
864:
820:
493:
363:
1849:
O'Hagan, Minako. "Fan Translation Networks: An Accidental Training Environment?".
1764:
Audiovisual Translation and Media Accessibility at the Crossroads: Media for All 3
1718:
Pedersen, January 2010. "Audiovisual Translation â In General and in Scandinavia".
1254:
Cary, Edmond. 1959. '"Murimi James". Introduction à la théorie de la traduction."
694:, "equivalence" was the attainment of equal functional value, generally requiring
650:
523:
The term "translation studies" was coined by the Amsterdam-based American scholar
2242:
2232:
2133:
1670:
1408:
1222:
1024:
916:
761:
618:
524:
473:
368:
347:
476:
dealing with the systematic study of the theory, description and application of
2220:
2173:
2161:
2149:
2123:
1548:
Cent ans de théorie française de la traduction: de Batteux à Littré (1748-1847)
1061:
912:
812:
808:
797:
785:
744:. It was now applied to literary translation. Part of this application was the
2274:
2089:
Translation Research and Interpreting Research: Traditions, Gaps and Synergies
1894:
Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies
2313:
2183:
2071:
Chesterman, A. and R. Arrojo (2000), "Shared ground in translation studies",
1905:
1238:
1178:
1051:
868:
823:
to denote the process of transformation, linguistic or otherwise, in a given
773:
699:
691:
642:
634:
260:
163:
2136:(1923). "The Task of the Translator", an introduction to the translation of
911:
In the field of ethics, much-discussed publications have been the essays of
1338:
1285:
Comparative Stylistics of French and English: A Methodology for Translation
952:
899:
765:
662:
481:
57:
2289:
2225:
2200:
2013:
1834:
1817:
1183:
1039:
845:
622:
594:
517:
501:
477:
239:
234:
49:
1659:
Setting Plato Straight: Translating Ancient Sexuality in the Renaissance
2143:
2113:
1140:
fragmentation of translation studies as a discipline on its own right.
1060:
has used crowdsourcing to have its website translated by its users and
1047:
1035:
1031:
989:
985:
977:
955:). However, as there is still no clear understanding of the concept of
932:
as more interpersonal, thus making it an equal and reciprocal process.
657:
509:
388:
1225:(1972/1988). "The Name and Nature of Translation Studies". In Holmes,
1802:
1729:
Screen Translation: Six studies in subtitling, dubbing and voice-over
1054:
models and are controlled by companies or organizations. Since 2008,
859:
Historical anthologies of translation theories have been compiled by
653:
and FrantiĆĄek Miko worked on the stylistics of literary translation.
578:
513:
505:
229:
2275:
Bibliography for newcomers to translation & interpreting studies
1464:
2295:
International Association for Translation and Intercultural Studies
1563:. Bellaterra: Publicacions de la Universitat AutĂČnoma de Barcelona.
1056:
972:
800:, cannibalism, post-colonialism or cultural studies, among others.
2284:
2258:
https://www.academia.edu/37029973/Translation_Studies_2nd_Edition_
1227:
Translated! Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies
824:
497:
224:
2000:
Pöchhacker, Franz (2009). "The turns of Interpreting Studies".
956:
925:
577:. The descriptive history of interpreters in Egypt provided by
570:
566:
383:
378:
1136:, explicitly sought common shared ground for both approaches.
2305:
4 Practical Reasons to Use a Professional Translation Service
2008:(ed. Chesterman/andrew, GerzymischâArbogast/Heidrun): 25â46.
1397:
Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literary Fame
582:
1633:
Translation and gender: translating in the "era of feminism"
940:, but also as socially and politically directed activities.
2285:
Indonesian Translation and Interpreting Studies Association
1631:. London and New York: Routledge; Von Flotow, Luise. 1997.
848:. Major projects in translation history have included the
2270:
American Translation and Interpreting Studies Association
1648:, ed. Lawrence Venuti (Manchester,: St. Jerome), 295-320.
1603:
Translation and Empire: Postcolonial Approaches Explained
2294:
2279:
2269:
1851:
Translator and Interpreter Training: Methods and Debates
1442:
Translation and Empire: Postcolonial Theories Explained.
2237:
The Translator's Invisibility: A History of Translation
2217:. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press.
1676:
The Translator's Invisibility: A History of Translation
1577:
Pisarze polscy o sztuce przekĆadu, 1440â1974: Antologia
2280:
European Association for Studies in Screen Translation
1742:
Audiovisual Translation â Theories, Methods and Issues
943:
There is general agreement on the need for an ethical
1956:
1762:
Remael, Aline, Pilar Orero & Mary Carroll. 2012.
1705:
Inghilleri, Moira; Maier, Carol. 2001. "Ethics", in:
997:
audio description for the blind and partially sighted
1483:
Essais d'histoire de la traduction. Avatars de Janus
883:
867:(1977) for the Polish experience, 1440â1974; and by
2155:
La traduction et la lettre ou l'auberge du lointain
1984:
600:
1863:
962:
734:
1509:Oxford History of Literary Translation in English
1132:Millennium. The discussants, Rosemary Arrojo and
850:Oxford History of Literary Translation in English
2311:
1985:Seleskovitch, Danica; Lederer, Marianne (1989).
1822:Journal of Internationalization and Localization
1644:Harvey, Keith. 1998. "Translating Camp Talk" in
1325:(1967). "Translation as a Decision Process". In
1112:
2229:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
1550:. Lille: Presses Universitaires du Septentrion.
1007:
1891:
1535:Translation Theory From Herodotus to Nietzsche
1169:International Doctorate in Translation Studies
758:Foundation for a General Theory of Translation
27:Study of translation as an academic discipline
2167:Pour une critique des traductions: John Donne
2118:Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies
1972:Zufall und GesĂ€tzmĂ€Ăigkeit in der Ăbersetzung
1707:Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies
1590:Anthology on Chinese Discourse on Translation
1345:. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
1287:. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
1283:Vinay, Jean-Paul and J.Darbelnet. 1958/1995.
874:
450:
2091:. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. pp. 10â34.
1866:Forum - International Journal of Translation
1561:Teoria y critica de la traduccion: antologia
1522:Histoire des traductions en langue française
1329:. The Hague: Mouton, II, pp. 1171â1182.
1084:, where the technological component is key.
854:Histoire des traductions en langue française
819:. Cultural translation is a concept used in
542:
536:
2239:(2nd ed.). Abingdon, Oxon, U.K.: Routledge.
1815:
1778:
1117:
2188:A Model for Translation Quality Assessment
2053:. European Society for Translation Studies
2040:. Paris: Société Française des Traducteurs
1999:
1876:
1343:Descriptive Translation Studies and beyond
726:Translation: Its Principles and Techniques
667:Descriptive Translation Studies and beyond
457:
443:
1833:
1679:. London and New York: Routledge. p. 306.
1001:subtitles for the deaf or hard-of-hearing
2290:European Society for Translation Studies
1879:Researching Translation and Interpreting
1164:European Society for Translation Studies
549:European Society for Translation Studies
1987:Pédagogie Raisonnée de l'Interprétation
1848:
1774:
1772:
1690:TTR: traduction, terminology, rédaction
1661:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1462:
1274:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 8
1245:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 4
1103:
1094:
779:
14:
2312:
1974:. Leipzig: Leipzig Verl. EnzyklopÀdie.
838:
409:Bhagavad-gita translations by language
1618:. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press.
1453:London and New York: Routledge, 1994.
676:
266:Internationalization and localization
1969:
1769:
1428:. London and New York: Routledge. 47
1356:Translation â The Interpretive Model
1151:On Linguistic Aspects of Translation
1144:importance on translation practice.
833:
740:recovered by various researchers in
2254:Translation and Translation Studies
1926:
1766:. Amsterdam & New York: Rodopi.
1709:. New York & London: Routledge.
1122:
589:originated with the translation of
24:
2300:Société Française de Traductologie
2107:
2051:"Translator-Training Institutions"
1744:. London & New York: Routledge
1311:A Linguistic Theory of Translation
716:Interpretive Theory of Translation
544:Société Française de Traductologie
399:Books and magazines on translation
25:
2331:
2263:
2178:Contemporary Translation Theories
2130:. New York and London: Routledge.
2120:. New York and London: Routledge.
2004:. Benjamins Translation Library.
1498:. London and New York: Routledge.
1399:. London and New York: Routledge.
1087:A key concept in localization is
892:
884:Post-colonial translation studies
2197:. London and New York: Routledge
751:
601:Calls for an academic discipline
559:
56:
2195:Introducing Translation Studies
2094:
2081:
2065:
2043:
2030:
1993:
1978:
1963:
1949:
1935:
1929:Translation Research Projects 3
1920:
1885:
1857:
1842:
1809:
1795:
1756:
1747:
1734:
1721:
1712:
1699:
1682:
1664:
1651:
1638:
1621:
1608:
1595:
1582:
1566:
1553:
1540:
1533:Robinson, Douglas, ed. (2002),
1527:
1514:
1501:
1488:
1475:
1463:Schramm, Netta (January 2019).
1456:
1447:
1431:
1418:
1402:
1389:
1380:
1361:
1348:
1298:Toward a Science of Translating
1272:Introducing Translation Studies
1243:Introducing Translation Studies
1229:, Amsterdam: Rodopi, pp. 67â80.
1067:
963:Audiovisual translation studies
794:Translation - History - Culture
735:Descriptive translation studies
627:Toward a Science of Translating
2247:The Translation Studies Reader
2205:Exploring Translation Theories
1943:"TED Open Translation Project"
1426:Exploring Translation Theories
1413:Readings in Translation Theory
1332:
1316:
1303:
1290:
1277:
1264:
1248:
1232:
1216:
1044:fan translation of video games
720:context (sense equivalences).
684:
431:Kural translations by language
404:Bible translations by language
179:Dynamic and formal equivalence
13:
1:
1989:. Brussels: Didier Ărudition.
1803:"Translators without Borders"
1496:Method in Translation History
1370:(1990b) "Polysystem theory",
1209:
1113:Cognition and process studies
1015:democratization of technology
633:influenced to some extent by
419:List of most translated works
220:Translation management system
32:Translation Studies (journal)
2249:, 3rd ed. London: Routledge.
2180:. 2nd Ed. London: Routledge.
1740:PĂ©rez-GonzĂĄlez. Luis. 2014.
1559:Santoyo, Julio-CĂ©sar. 1987.
1485:. Paris: Classiques Garnier.
1008:Non-professional translation
713:At about the same time, the
7:
1592:. Manchester: Saint Jerome.
1157:
992:for the opera and theatre.
575:sense-for-sense translation
10:
2336:
875:Sociologies of translation
708:linguistic transformations
554:
29:
2256:, 2nd ed. India: ICDEOL.
1785:Linguistica Antverpiensia
1635:. Manchester: St. Jerome;
1614:von Flotow, Luise. 2011.
1605:. Manchester: St. Jerome.
1601:Robinson, Douglas. 1997.
1537:. Manchester: St. Jerome.
1494:Pym, Anthony. 1998/2014.
1358:, Manchester: St. Jerome.
1354:Lederer Marianne (2003).
906:
543:
1906:10.1177/1354856512466381
1816:O'Hagan, Minako (2009).
1779:O'Hagan, Minako (2011).
1727:Gottlieb, Henrik. 2001.
1646:Translation and Minority
1415:. Helsinki: Finn Lectura
1204:Post-translation studies
1118:Translation technologies
764:(also written ReiĂ) and
649:and the Slovak scholars
639:transformational grammar
394:Journalistic translation
2252:Sandeep Sharma (2017).
2193:Munday, Jeremy (2008).
1444:Manchester: St. Jerome.
1327:To Honor Roman Jakobson
1309:Catford, J.C., (1965).
1300:. Leiden: Murimi James.
1174:Language interpretation
968:Audiovisual translation
949:military medical ethics
817:The Location of Culture
276:Video game localization
184:Contrastive linguistics
1657:Reeser, Todd W. 2016.
1588:Cheung, Martha. 2006.
1270:Munday, Jeremy. 2008.
807:" largely ensues from
742:comparative literature
537:
531:" (and less commonly "
490:comparative literature
359:Telephone interpreting
245:Multimedia translation
2215:The Translatorâs Turn
1629:Gender in translation
1627:Simon, Sherry. 1996.
1189:Translation criticism
746:theory of polysystems
291:Software localization
271:Language localization
174:Translation criticism
103:Linguistic validation
30:For the journal, see
2207:. London: Routledge.
2014:10.1075/btl.80.04poc
1835:10.1075/jial.1.04hag
1546:D'hulst, L. (1990).
1481:D'hulst, L. (2014).
1424:Pym, Anthony. 2008.
1296:Nida, Eugene. 1964.
1199:Translation scholars
1104:Interpreting Studies
1095:Translator education
1089:internationalization
871:(2006) for Chinese.
805:cultural translation
780:Cultural translation
770:Translatorial Action
585:, the discussion on
286:Website localization
2320:Translation studies
2170:, Paris: Gallimard.
2128:Translation Studies
1970:Kade, Otto (1968).
1395:Lefevere, A. 1992.
1194:Translation project
839:Translation history
470:Translation studies
353:Video relay service
210:Machine translation
169:Translation project
159:Translation studies
18:Translation Studies
2126:(1980/1991/2002).
2100:Munday 2010. p.15.
1313:. London: Longman.
677:Schools of thought
608:University of Iowa
215:Mobile translation
2211:Robinson, Douglas
2139:Les fleurs du mal
2023:978-90-272-1689-2
1616:Translating women
1438:Robinson, Douglas
1134:Andrew Chesterman
938:language transfer
834:Fields of inquiry
631:Bible translation
573:ended up calling
467:
466:
338:Untranslatability
189:Polysystem theory
16:(Redirected from
2327:
2243:Venuti, Lawrence
2233:Venuti, Lawrence
2134:Benjamin, Walter
2101:
2098:
2092:
2085:
2079:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2047:
2041:
2034:
2028:
2027:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1873:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1776:
1767:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1738:
1732:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1710:
1703:
1697:
1686:
1680:
1671:Venuti, Lawrence
1668:
1662:
1655:
1649:
1642:
1636:
1625:
1619:
1612:
1606:
1599:
1593:
1586:
1580:
1573:Edward Balcerzan
1570:
1564:
1557:
1551:
1544:
1538:
1531:
1525:
1518:
1512:
1505:
1499:
1492:
1486:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1445:
1435:
1429:
1422:
1416:
1409:Reiss, Katharina
1406:
1400:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1365:
1359:
1352:
1346:
1336:
1330:
1320:
1314:
1307:
1301:
1294:
1288:
1281:
1275:
1268:
1262:
1252:
1246:
1236:
1230:
1223:Holmes, James S.
1220:
1123:Future prospects
945:code of practice
922:Emmanuel Levinas
865:Edward Balcerzan
821:cultural studies
803:The concept of "
587:how to translate
546:
545:
540:
494:computer science
459:
452:
445:
414:Translated books
364:Language barrier
281:Dub localization
60:
37:
36:
21:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2310:
2309:
2266:
2221:Steiner, George
2174:Gentzler, Edwin
2162:Berman, Antoine
2158:. Paris: Seuil.
2150:Berman, Antoine
2124:Bassnett, Susan
2110:
2108:Further reading
2105:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2086:
2082:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2035:
2031:
2024:
1998:
1994:
1983:
1979:
1968:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1925:
1921:
1890:
1886:
1874:
1862:
1858:
1847:
1843:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1777:
1770:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1739:
1735:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1704:
1700:
1687:
1683:
1669:
1665:
1656:
1652:
1643:
1639:
1626:
1622:
1613:
1609:
1600:
1596:
1587:
1583:
1571:
1567:
1558:
1554:
1545:
1541:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1515:
1506:
1502:
1493:
1489:
1480:
1476:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1436:
1432:
1423:
1419:
1407:
1403:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1366:
1362:
1353:
1349:
1337:
1333:
1321:
1317:
1308:
1304:
1295:
1291:
1282:
1278:
1269:
1265:
1253:
1249:
1237:
1233:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1160:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1070:
1025:fan translation
1010:
965:
917:Lawrence Venuti
909:
895:
886:
877:
841:
836:
830:
782:
762:Katharina Reiss
754:
737:
687:
679:
629:, a manual for
619:Jean-Paul Vinay
603:
591:Buddhist sutras
562:
557:
525:James S. Holmes
474:interdiscipline
472:is an academic
463:
369:Fan translation
348:Transliteration
138:Sense-for-sense
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2333:
2323:
2322:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2265:
2264:External links
2262:
2261:
2260:
2250:
2240:
2230:
2218:
2208:
2198:
2191:
2184:House, Juliane
2181:
2171:
2159:
2147:
2131:
2121:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2093:
2080:
2064:
2042:
2029:
2022:
1992:
1977:
1962:
1948:
1934:
1919:
1900:(2): 157â175.
1884:
1872:(10): 115â142.
1856:
1841:
1808:
1794:
1768:
1755:
1746:
1733:
1720:
1711:
1698:
1681:
1663:
1650:
1637:
1620:
1607:
1594:
1581:
1565:
1552:
1539:
1526:
1513:
1500:
1487:
1474:
1455:
1446:
1430:
1417:
1401:
1388:
1379:
1377:(1): 9-26 LINK
1368:Even-Zohar, I.
1360:
1347:
1331:
1315:
1302:
1289:
1276:
1263:
1247:
1239:Munday, Jeremy
1231:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1069:
1066:
1062:TED conference
1009:
1006:
964:
961:
913:Antoine Berman
908:
905:
894:
893:Gender studies
891:
885:
882:
876:
873:
840:
837:
835:
832:
813:Salman Rushdie
811:'s reading of
798:gender studies
790:André Lefevere
786:Susan Bassnett
781:
778:
753:
750:
736:
733:
686:
683:
678:
675:
602:
599:
561:
558:
556:
553:
465:
464:
462:
461:
454:
447:
439:
436:
435:
434:
433:
428:
423:
422:
421:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
373:of video games
366:
361:
356:
350:
345:
340:
332:
331:
330:Related topics
327:
326:
325:
324:
319:
314:
309:
301:
300:
296:
295:
294:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
255:
254:
250:
249:
248:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
199:
198:
194:
193:
192:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
153:
152:
148:
147:
146:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
123:Interpretation
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
67:
66:
62:
61:
53:
52:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2332:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:(2010/2014).
2202:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2097:
2090:
2084:
2077:
2074:
2068:
2052:
2046:
2039:
2033:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1981:
1973:
1966:
1958:
1952:
1944:
1938:
1930:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1880:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1852:
1845:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1804:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1773:
1765:
1759:
1750:
1743:
1737:
1730:
1724:
1715:
1708:
1702:
1696:, nÂș 2, 27-44
1695:
1691:
1685:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1660:
1654:
1647:
1641:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1617:
1611:
1604:
1598:
1591:
1585:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1562:
1556:
1549:
1543:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1497:
1491:
1484:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1450:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1427:
1421:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1398:
1392:
1383:
1376:
1373:
1372:Poetics Today
1369:
1364:
1357:
1351:
1344:
1340:
1339:Toury, Gideon
1335:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1312:
1306:
1299:
1293:
1286:
1280:
1273:
1267:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1179:Skopos theory
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1129:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1052:crowdsourcing
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1005:
1002:
998:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
974:
969:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
941:
939:
933:
931:
927:
923:
918:
914:
904:
901:
890:
881:
872:
870:
866:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
831:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
777:
775:
774:Skopos theory
771:
767:
763:
759:
752:Skopos theory
749:
747:
743:
732:
729:
727:
721:
718:
717:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
682:
674:
670:
668:
664:
659:
654:
652:
651:Anton PopoviÄ
648:
644:
643:J. C. Catford
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
615:
613:
609:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
560:Early studies
552:
550:
539:
538:traductologie
534:
530:
529:translatology
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
460:
455:
453:
448:
446:
441:
440:
438:
437:
432:
429:
427:
424:
420:
417:
416:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
374:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
343:Transcription
341:
339:
336:
335:
334:
333:
329:
328:
323:
320:
318:
317:Organizations
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
303:
302:
299:Institutional
298:
297:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
261:Glocalization
259:
258:
257:
256:
252:
251:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
202:
201:
200:
196:
195:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
164:Skopos theory
162:
160:
157:
156:
155:
154:
150:
149:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
133:Word-for-word
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
83:Bhagavad-gita
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
70:
69:
68:
64:
63:
59:
55:
54:
51:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2253:
2246:
2236:
2224:
2214:
2204:
2201:Pym, Anthony
2194:
2187:
2177:
2165:
2153:
2137:
2127:
2117:
2116:ed. (2001).
2096:
2088:
2083:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2055:. Retrieved
2045:
2037:
2032:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1986:
1980:
1971:
1965:
1951:
1937:
1928:
1922:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1878:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1850:
1844:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1797:
1788:
1784:
1763:
1758:
1749:
1741:
1736:
1728:
1723:
1714:
1706:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1674:
1666:
1658:
1653:
1645:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1615:
1610:
1602:
1597:
1589:
1584:
1576:
1568:
1560:
1555:
1547:
1542:
1534:
1529:
1520:
1516:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1490:
1482:
1477:
1468:
1458:
1449:
1441:
1433:
1425:
1420:
1412:
1404:
1396:
1391:
1382:
1374:
1371:
1363:
1355:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1310:
1305:
1297:
1292:
1284:
1279:
1271:
1266:
1258:
1255:
1250:
1242:
1234:
1226:
1218:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1107:
1098:
1086:
1074:localization
1071:
1068:Localization
1055:
1029:
1022:
1019:
1011:
994:
982:film dubbing
966:
953:legal ethics
942:
934:
928:or text and
910:
900:Sherry Simon
896:
887:
878:
858:
853:
849:
842:
829:
816:
802:
793:
783:
769:
766:Hans Vermeer
757:
755:
738:
730:
725:
722:
714:
712:
703:
695:
688:
680:
671:
666:
665:in his 1995
663:Gideon Toury
655:
626:
616:
604:
563:
533:traductology
532:
528:
522:
486:localization
482:interpreting
469:
468:
307:Associations
253:Localization
197:Technologies
158:
2226:After Babel
2114:Baker, Mona
1184:Translation
1082:video games
1072:Studies of
1040:ROM hacking
988:, but also
809:Homi Bhabha
685:Equivalence
641:. In 1965,
623:Eugene Nida
595:Han dynasty
593:during the
541:(as in the
518:terminology
502:linguistics
478:translation
426:Translators
240:Postediting
235:Pre-editing
50:Translation
2245:. (2012).
2213:. (1991).
2144:Baudelaire
2078:.1:151â60.
1853:: 158â183.
1828:: 94â121.
1440:. (1997).
1323:LevĂœ, JiĆĂ
1210:References
1048:scanlation
1036:fandubbing
1032:fansubbing
990:surtitling
986:voice-over
978:subtitling
930:translator
658:Copenhagen
625:published
510:philosophy
389:Scanlation
230:Subtitling
143:Homophonic
113:Regulatory
2190:. Germany
1931:: 75â110.
1914:145019038
1261:, p. 19n.
704:resulting
698:in form.
647:JiĆĂ LevĂœ
612:Princeton
579:Herodotus
514:semiotics
506:philology
118:Technical
2314:Category
2235:(2008).
2223:(1975).
2176:(2001).
2164:(1994).
2152:(1991).
2057:19 April
2038:Traduire
1673:(1995).
1341:(1995).
1241:. 2008.
1158:See also
1057:Facebook
973:semiotic
861:Robinson
128:Cultural
78:Literary
42:a series
40:Part of
2186:(1997)
1957:"Amara"
1692:. Vol.
1575:, ed.,
825:culture
700:Catford
696:changes
555:History
498:history
322:Schools
225:Dubbing
108:Medical
2073:Target
2020:
1912:
1078:locale
1046:, and
957:ethics
926:author
907:Ethics
869:Cheung
768:, and
635:Harris
571:Jerome
567:Cicero
516:, and
484:, and
384:Fandub
379:Fansub
312:Awards
151:Theory
1910:S2CID
1256:Babel
706:from
692:Bally
583:China
355:(VRS)
98:Kural
93:Quran
88:Bible
73:Legal
65:Types
2059:2018
2018:ISBN
999:and
984:and
915:and
852:and
788:and
610:and
2142:by
2010:doi
1902:doi
1830:doi
1042:or
951:or
846:Pym
815:in
792:in
760:by
637:'s
551:).
205:CAT
2316::
2076:12
2016:.
2006:80
1908:.
1898:19
1896:.
1875:-
1868:.
1824:.
1820:.
1789:10
1787:.
1783:.
1771:^
1694:17
1467:.
1375:11
1154:.
1038:,
1034:,
980:,
856:.
710:.
669:.
614:.
597:.
520:.
512:,
508:,
504:,
500:,
496:,
492:,
480:,
44:on
2146:.
2061:.
2026:.
2012::
1959:.
1945:.
1916:.
1904::
1881:.
1870:1
1838:.
1832::
1826:1
1805:.
1791:.
1731:.
1471:.
1259:5
458:e
451:t
444:v
375:)
371:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
