45:
578:, called for direct talks with the SPLM, and offered an amnesty to rebel fighters. The TMC recognized the need for special development efforts in the south and proposed a national conference to review the southern problem. However, Dhahab's refusal to repeal the sharia negated these overtures and convinced SPLM leader Garang that the Sudanese government still wanted to subjugate the south.
708:
533:. Dhahab also promised to negotiate an end to the southern civil war and to relinquish power to a civilian government in twelve months. The general populace welcomed and supported the new regime. Despite the TMC's energetic beginning, it soon became evident that Dhahab lacked the skills to resolve Sudan's economic problems, restore peace to the south, and establish national unity.
628:
The other factor that prevented the emergence of a national political consensus concerned party factionalism. After sixteen years of one-party rule, most
Sudanese favored the revival of the multiparty system. In the aftermath of Nimeiri's overthrow, approximately forty political parties registered
565:
The TMC lacked a realistic strategy to resolve these problems. The Dhahab government refused to accept IMF economic austerity measures. As a result, the IMF, which influenced nearly all bilateral and multilateral donors, in
February 1986, declared Sudan bankrupt. Efforts to attract a US$ 6 billion
570:
failed when Sudan mismanaged an initial US$ 2.3 billion investment. A rapid expansion of the money supply and the TMC's inability to control prices caused a soaring inflation rate. Although he appealed to forty donor and relief agencies for emergency food shipments, Dhahab was unable to prevent
585:, which called for a Sudan "free from racism, tribalism, sectarianism and all causes of discrimination and disparity." The declaration also demanded the repeal of the sharia and the opening of a constitutional conference. All major political parties and organizations, with the exception of the
593:(NIF), supported the Koka Dam Declaration. To avoid a confrontation with the DUP and the NIF, Dhahab decided to leave the sharia question to the new civilian government. Meanwhile, the SPLA kept up the military pressure on the Sudanese government, especially in
561:
remained in the planning stages. Most factories operated at less than 50 percent of capacity, while agricultural output had dropped by 50 percent since 1960. Moreover, famine threatened vast areas of southern and western Sudan.
524:
Three days after
Nimeiri's downfall, Dhahab authorized the creation of a fifteen-man Transitional Military Council (TMC) to rule Sudan. During its first few weeks in power, the TMC suspended the constitution; dissolved the
621:. The cabinet, which was subordinate to the TMC, devoted itself to conducting the government's daily business and to preparing for the election. Although it contained three southerners who belonged to the newly formed
641:'s political aspirations. However, policy disagreements over the sharia, the southern civil war, and the country's future direction contributed to the confusion that characterized Sudan's national politics.
614:
622:
629:
with the TMC and announced their intention to participate in national politics. The political parties ranged from those committed to revolutionary socialism to those that supported
625:, the cabinet failed to win the loyalty of most southerners, who believed the TMC only reflected the policies of the deposed Nimeiri. As a result, Sudan remained a divided nation.
529:
party (SSU), the secret police, and the parliament and regional assemblies; dismissed regional governors and their ministers; and released hundreds of political detainees from
571:
famine from claiming an estimated 400,000 to 500,000 lives. He also failed to end hostilities in the south, which constituted the major drain on Sudan's limited resources.
1053:
581:
Despite this gulf, both sides continued to work for a peaceful resolution of the southern problem. In March 1986, the
Sudanese government and the SPLM produced the
1434:
1217:
582:
1036:
986:
893:
1371:
1481:
913:
613:
The TMC's greatest failure concerned its inability to form a national political consensus. In late April 1985, negotiations between the TMC and the
981:
933:
618:
567:
219:
653:, which the authorities spread over a twelve-day period and postponed in thirty-seven southern constituencies because of the civil war. The
1026:
791:
475:
1568:
1302:
411:
574:
Shortly after taking power, Dhahab adopted a conciliatory approach toward the south. Among other things, he declared a unilateral
1031:
1006:
756:
598:
948:
650:
318:
1287:
923:
694:
1439:
883:
833:
586:
541:
By the time Dhahab seized power, Sudan's economy was in shambles. The country's international debt was approximately
267:
211:
1637:
928:
806:
148:
1632:
1292:
903:
863:
826:
943:
918:
888:
873:
858:
848:
843:
308:
280:
275:
242:
138:
1511:
468:
65:
1282:
853:
786:
451:
234:
313:
1376:
717:
666:
554:
1232:
371:
1345:
1247:
908:
749:
509:
1041:
868:
723:
654:
501:
461:
381:
257:
24:
801:
1011:
838:
682:
526:
201:
1486:
1417:
1297:
1191:
1061:
991:
1627:
1546:
1133:
1016:
938:
590:
796:
84:
1516:
1456:
1424:
1338:
1277:
1272:
1252:
1227:
742:
634:
542:
386:
496:. The combination of the south's redivision, the introduction throughout the country of the
1573:
1521:
1328:
1256:
1066:
821:
416:
353:
178:
158:
114:
8:
1553:
1266:
1237:
436:
396:
303:
44:
1476:
1451:
1429:
1381:
1242:
1186:
996:
964:
638:
508:'s downfall. On April 6, 1985, a group of military officers, led by Lieutenant General
391:
1531:
1466:
1461:
1412:
1407:
1262:
1205:
1001:
594:
550:
421:
348:
1597:
1503:
1471:
1395:
1333:
1316:
1222:
1173:
1143:
1093:
976:
774:
670:
493:
426:
33:
1536:
1526:
1446:
1358:
1098:
1080:
1021:
661:, won ninety-nine seats. The DUP, which was led after the April 1985 uprising by
376:
126:
60:
673:'s NIF obtained fifty-one seats. Regional political parties from the south, the
1606:
1578:
1563:
1558:
1493:
1363:
1350:
1158:
1128:
1118:
1103:
674:
658:
617:
resulted in the establishment of a civilian cabinet under the direction of Dr.
505:
441:
431:
406:
401:
1621:
1541:
1168:
1138:
1113:
898:
816:
811:
712:
678:
168:
102:
55:
1153:
1148:
1123:
1088:
685:(SCP) and other radical parties failed to score any significant victories.
546:
530:
729:
1163:
1108:
662:
602:
575:
558:
734:
711:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
497:
765:
630:
513:
295:
649:
In this troubled atmosphere, Dhahab sanctioned the promised
504:, and growing economic problems eventually contributed to
1619:
1052:
750:
633:. Of these latter, the NIF had succeeded the
568:Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development
469:
757:
743:
519:
476:
462:
615:Alliance of Professional and Trade Unions
914:Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile
536:
512:, overthrew Nimeiry, who took refuge in
623:Southern Sudanese Political Association
1620:
1079:
738:
566:twenty-five-year investment from the
16:1985–1986 military junta ruling Sudan
924:Second Transitional Military Council
695:Transitional Military Council (2019)
608:
879:First Transitional Military Council
492:, April 1985 to April 1986, in the
488:This article details the period of
13:
764:
14:
1649:
934:2019–2021 transition to democracy
681:won lesser numbers of seats. The
644:
929:Transitional Sovereignty Council
706:
43:
669:, gained sixty-four seats. Dr.
94:
1:
490:Transitional Military Council
90:
637:as the main vehicle for the
7:
688:
667:Muhammad Uthman al Mirghani
651:April 1986 general election
555:International Monetary Fund
10:
1654:
792:Pre-independence governors
700:
510:Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab
1591:
1502:
1403:
1394:
1324:
1315:
1213:
1204:
972:
963:
822:Anglo-Egyptian occupation
782:
773:
724:Federal Research Division
587:Democratic Unionist Party
153:c. 9th cent. – 19th cent.
139:Christian Nubian Kingdoms
683:Sudanese Communist Party
527:Sudanese Socialist Union
1638:Provisional governments
864:National Reconciliation
553:projects funded by the
520:Introduction of the TMC
1633:Military dictatorships
904:United Nations Mission
591:National Islamic Front
143:6th cent. – 15th cent.
1278:Native administration
884:Coalitions/Bashir Era
797:Pre and early history
635:Islamic Charter Front
537:Problematic decisions
109: – 16th cent. BC
583:Koka Dam Declaration
179:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
159:Turco-Egyptian Sudan
133: – 4th cent. AD
121: – 9th cent. BC
115:New Kingdom of Egypt
1037:Non-marine molluscs
235:Democratic Republic
1377:Telecommunications
812:Turkish occupation
639:Muslim Brotherhood
1615:
1614:
1587:
1586:
1390:
1389:
1353:(former currency)
1311:
1310:
1248:Foreign relations
1200:
1199:
1182:
1181:
1075:
1074:
1054:Natural disasters
959:
958:
944:October 2021 coup
909:Nomadic conflicts
834:Independent Sudan
609:Lack of consensus
502:renewed civil war
486:
485:
335:
334:
296:Republic of Sudan
268:Republic of Sudan
212:Republic of Sudan
187:
186:
1645:
1600:
1401:
1400:
1367:
1354:
1322:
1321:
1211:
1210:
1077:
1076:
1050:
1049:
970:
969:
869:Second Civil War
780:
779:
759:
752:
745:
736:
735:
727:
710:
709:
671:Hassan al-Turabi
494:history of Sudan
478:
471:
464:
331:
258:Second Civil War
198:
197:
107:c. 25th cent. BC
96:
92:
81:
80:
47:
37:
19:
18:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1644:
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1618:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1603:
1596:
1583:
1498:
1386:
1365:
1352:
1307:
1303:State Governors
1196:
1178:
1071:
1048:
955:
839:First Civil War
769:
763:
719:Country Studies
716:
707:
703:
691:
647:
611:
539:
522:
482:
446:
358:
329:
325:
304:2019 Revolution
287:
249:
226:
220:1964 Revolution
202:First Civil War
132:
127:Kingdom of Kush
120:
108:
70:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1651:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1601:
1593:
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1576:
1571:
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1549:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1487:Public toilets
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1418:Child marriage
1415:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1361:
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1343:
1342:
1341:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1298:Vice President
1295:
1290:
1288:Prime Minister
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1267:September Laws
1260:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1159:South Kordofan
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1129:North Kordofan
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1104:Central Darfur
1101:
1096:
1091:
1085:
1083:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1062:Climate change
1058:
1056:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1004:
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989:
984:
979:
973:
967:
961:
960:
957:
956:
954:
953:
952:
951:
949:2023 Civil war
946:
941:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
859:Communist coup
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
830:
829:
819:
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804:
799:
794:
789:
783:
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771:
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768: articles
762:
761:
754:
747:
739:
733:
732:
702:
699:
698:
697:
690:
687:
675:Nuba Mountains
659:Sadiq al-Mahdi
646:
645:End of the TMC
643:
619:Gazuli Dafalla
610:
607:
599:Bahr al Ghazal
589:(DUP) and the
557:(IMF) and the
538:
535:
521:
518:
506:Gaafar Nimeiry
484:
483:
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466:
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22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1650:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1628:1985 in Sudan
1626:
1625:
1623:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1599:
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1590:
1580:
1577:
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1460:
1458:
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1436:
1435:Ethnic groups
1433:
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1428:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1416:
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1212:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1169:West Kordofan
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
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1145:
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1140:
1137:
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1127:
1125:
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1120:
1117:
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1097:
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1038:
1035:
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1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
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1009:
1008:
1005:
1003:
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993:
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988:
985:
983:
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978:
975:
974:
971:
968:
966:
962:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
939:Peace process
937:
936:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
899:War in Darfur
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
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845:
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837:
835:
832:
828:
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815:
813:
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805:
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798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
784:
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772:
767:
760:
755:
753:
748:
746:
741:
740:
737:
731:
725:
721:
720:
714:
713:public domain
705:
704:
696:
693:
692:
686:
684:
680:
679:Red Sea Hills
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
642:
640:
636:
632:
626:
624:
620:
616:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
579:
577:
572:
569:
563:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
534:
532:
528:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
479:
474:
472:
467:
465:
460:
459:
457:
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453:
450:
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182:
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169:Mahdist State
167:
166:
162:
160:
157:
156:
152:
150:
147:
146:
142:
140:
137:
136:
130:
128:
125:
124:
119:16th cent. BC
118:
116:
113:
112:
106:
104:
103:Kerma culture
101:
100:
88:
86:
83:
82:
79:
78:
74:
73:
67:
64:
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59:
57:
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53:
51:
50:
46:
42:
41:
38:
32:
31:
26:
21:
20:
1517:Architecture
1425:Demographics
1339:Central Bank
1253:Human rights
1228:Constitution
1154:South Darfur
1124:North Darfur
878:
807:Islamization
718:
657:, headed by
648:
627:
612:
595:A'aly an-Nyl
580:
573:
564:
547:Agricultural
540:
531:Kober Prison
523:
489:
487:
149:Islamization
131:9th cent. BC
1574:Photography
1569:Decorations
1329:Agriculture
1257:LGBT rights
1218:Ambassadors
1164:West Darfur
1109:East Darfur
1027:Butterflies
854:Nimeiry Era
605:provinces.
545:9 billion.
417:Photography
412:Decorations
75:Before 1956
34:History of
1622:Categories
1554:Literature
1440:minorities
1366:(currency)
1283:Parliament
1238:Corruption
1174:White Nile
1144:River Nile
1094:Al Qadarif
677:, and the
663:Khatmiyyah
655:Umma Party
603:Al Istiwai
576:cease-fire
559:World Bank
551:industrial
437:Television
397:Literature
387:Demography
192:Since 1955
85:Prehistory
1477:Squatting
1452:Languages
1430:Education
1382:Transport
1346:Companies
1293:President
1243:Elections
1187:Districts
1099:Blue Nile
997:Volcanoes
987:Mountains
965:Geography
919:2019 coup
889:1989 coup
874:1985 coup
849:1969 coup
844:1958 coup
392:Languages
340:By region
314:2021 Coup
309:2019 Coup
290:1986–2019
281:1989 Coup
276:1985 Coup
262:1983–2005
252:1969–1985
243:1969 Coup
229:1956–1969
206:1955–1972
183:1899–1956
173:1885–1899
163:1820–1885
1607:Category
1532:Clothing
1467:Religion
1462:Refugees
1413:Polygamy
1408:Marriage
1372:Taxation
1273:Military
1263:Islamism
1206:Politics
1134:Northern
1119:Khartoum
1042:Reptiles
1002:Wildlife
817:Mahdiyya
802:Medieval
787:Timeline
728:–
689:See also
631:Islamism
452:Timeline
422:Religion
382:Economic
363:By topic
354:Khartoum
319:2023 War
25:a series
23:Part of
1598:Outline
1547:History
1504:Culture
1482:Toilets
1472:Slavery
1396:Society
1334:Banking
1317:Economy
1223:Cabinet
1139:Red Sea
1114:Kassala
1012:Mammals
977:Geology
827:History
775:History
701:Sources
665:leader
427:Slavery
330:present
89:before
1537:Emblem
1527:Cinema
1512:Anthem
1447:Health
1364:Pound
1359:Energy
1351:Dinar
1192:Cities
1149:Sennar
1089:Gezira
1081:States
1067:Floods
1022:Horses
992:Rivers
715:.
601:, and
500:, the
498:sharia
377:Cinema
349:Darfur
66:Anthem
61:Emblem
27:on the
1579:Sport
1564:Music
1559:Media
1494:Women
1233:Coups
1032:Moths
1017:Birds
1007:Fauna
982:Lakes
894:RCCNS
766:Sudan
730:Sudan
514:Egypt
442:Women
432:Sport
407:Music
402:Media
372:Coups
328:2019–
95:cent.
93:25th
36:Sudan
1542:Flag
1457:LGBT
549:and
543:US$
56:Flag
1522:Art
1624::
722:.
597:,
516:.
97:BC
91:c.
1269:)
1265:(
1259:)
1255:(
758:e
751:t
744:v
726:.
477:e
470:t
463:v
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