1561:(present-day Aali an Nil)--under a regional president appointed by the national president on the recommendation of an elected Southern Regional Assembly. The High Executive Council or cabinet named by the regional president would be responsible for all aspects of government in the region except such areas as defense, foreign affairs, currency and finance, economic and social planning, and interregional concerns, authority over which would be retained by the national government in which southerners would be represented. Southerners, including qualified Anyanya veterans, would be incorporated into a 12,000-man southern command of the Sudanese army under equal numbers of northern and southern officers. The accords also recognized Arabic as Sudan's official language, and English as the south's principal language, which would be used in administration and would be taught in the schools.
1646:. In what became known as the "national reconciliation," the two leaders signed an eight-point agreement that readmitted the opposition to national life in return for the dissolution of the National Front. The agreement also restored civil liberties, freed political prisoners, reaffirmed Sudan's nonaligned foreign policy, and promised to reform local government. As a result of the reconciliation, the government released about 1,000 detainees and granted an amnesty to Sadiq al Mahdi. The SSU also admitted former supporters of the National Front to its ranks. Sadiq renounced multiparty politics and urged his followers to work within the regime's one-party system.
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1415:, in the belief that the government had decided to strike at the Ansar movement. The Imam had demanded a return to democratic government, the exclusion of communists from power, and an end to RCC rule. In March 1970, hostile Ansar crowds prevented Nimeiri from visiting the island for talks with the imam. Fighting subsequently erupted between government forces and as many as 30,000 Ansar. When the Ansar ignored an ultimatum to surrender, army units with air support assaulted Aba Island. Around 3,000 people died during the battle. The Imam escaped only to be killed while attempting to cross the border into
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1458:, surprised Nimeiri and the RCC meeting in the presidential palace and seized them along with a number of pro-Nimeiri officers. Atta named a seven-member revolutionary council, in which communists ranked prominently, to serve as the national government. Three days after the coup, however, loyal army units stormed the palace, rescued Nimeiri, and arrested Atta and his confederates. Nimeiri, who blamed the SCP for the coup, ordered the arrest of hundreds of communists and dissident military officers. The government subsequently executed some of these individuals and imprisoned many others.
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1696:, were bitterly resented both by secularized Muslims and by the predominantly non-Muslim southerners. Even some conservative Muslims were suspicious of morality laws that banned, for example, "attempted adultery" as they felt there was no Islamic basis for it.(source Mansur Khalid) The SPLM denounced the sharia and the executions and amputations ordered by religious courts. Meanwhile, the security situation in the south had deteriorated so much that by the end of 1983 it amounted to a resumption of the civil war.
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the SSLM. After considerable consultation, a conference between SSLM and
Sudanese government delegations convened at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in February 1972. Initially, the two sides were far apart, the southerners demanding a federal state with a separate southern government and an army that would come under the federal president's command only in response to an external threat to Sudan. Eventually, however, the two sides, with the help of Ethiopia's Emperor
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trial thousands of opponents and dissidents. Nimeiri also dismissed or transferred any minister or senior military officer who appeared to be developing his own power base. Nimeiri selected replacements based on their loyalty to him rather than on their abilities. This strategy caused the president to lose touch with popular feeling and the country's deteriorated political situation.
1372:(RCC), which possessed collective executive authority under Nimeiri's chairmanship. On assuming control, the RCC proclaimed the establishment of a "democratic republic" dedicated to advancing independent "Sudanese socialism." The RCC's first acts included the suspension of the Transitional Constitution, the abolition of all government institutions, and the banning of
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special position in the country, recognized the sharia as the source of all legislation, and released some members of religious orders who had been incarcerated. However, a reconciliation with conservative groups, which had organized outside Sudan under Sadiq al Mahdi's leadership and were later known as the
National Front, eluded Nimeiri.
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The end of the SSU's political monopoly, coupled with rampant corruption at all levels of government, cast increasing doubt on
Nimeiri's ability to govern Sudan. To preserve his regime, Nimeiri adopted a more dictatorial leadership style. He ordered the State Security Organisation to imprison without
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Militarily, the
Anyanya controlled much of the southern countryside while government forces occupied the region's major towns. The guerrillas operated at will from remote camps. However, rebel units were too small and scattered to be highly effective in any single area. Estimates of Anyanya personnel
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In
November 1969, after he claimed the regime could not survive without communist assistance, Awadallah lost the prime ministership. Nimeiri, who became head of a largely civilian government in addition to being chief of state, succeeded him. Awadallah retained his position as RCC deputy chairman and
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Although many SSLM leaders opposed the settlement, Lagu approved its terms and both sides agreed to a cease-fire. The national government issued a decree legalizing the agreement and creating an international armistice commission to ensure the well-being of returning southern refugees. Khartoum also
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Despite his political problems, Nimeiri remained committed to ending the southern insurgency. He believed he could stop the fighting and stabilize the region by granting regional self-government and undertaking economic development in the south. By
October 1971, Khartoum had established contact with
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tanks, armored personnel carriers, and aircraft, the nation failed to deliver any equipment to
Khartoum by May 1969. During this period, Sudan obtained some Soviet-manufactured weapons from Egypt, most of which went to the Sudanese air force. By the end of 1969, however, the Soviet Union had shipped
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Government operations against the rebels declined after the 1969 coup. However, when negotiations failed to result in a settlement, Khartoum increased troop strength in the south to about 12,000 in 1969, and intensified military activity throughout the region. Although the Soviet Union had concluded
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In early 1985, anti-government discontent resulted in a general strike in
Khartoum. Demonstrators opposed rising food, gasoline, and transport costs. The general strike paralyzed the country. Nimeiri, who was on a visit to the United States, was unable to suppress the rapidly growing demonstrations
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In May 1973, the
Constituent Assembly promulgated a draft constitution. This document provided for a continuation of presidential government, recognized the SSU as the only authorized political organization, and supported regional autonomy for the south. The constitution also stipulated that voters
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After the settlement in the south, Nimeiri attempted to mend fences with northern Muslim religious groups. The government undertook administrative decentralization, popular with the Ansar, that favored rural over urban areas, where leftist activism was most evident. Khartoum also reaffirmed Islam's
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In August 1972, Nimeiri sought to consolidate his position by creating a
Constituent Assembly to draft a permanent constitution. He then asked for the government's resignation to allow him to appoint a cabinet whose members were drawn from the Constituent Assembly. Nimeiri excluded individuals who
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recruits and shipped weapons via Ethiopia and Uganda to the rebels. The Anyanya also purchased arms from Congolese rebels and international arms dealers with monies collected in the south and from among southern Sudanese exile communities in the Middle East, Western Europe, and North America. The
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Discontent with Nimeiri's policies and the increased military role in government escalated as a result of food shortages and the southern settlement, which many Muslim conservatives regarded as surrender. In 1973 and 1974 there were unsuccessful coup attempts against Nimeiri. Muslims and leftist
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to stand for election as independent candidates. These independents won 140 of 304 seats, leading many observers to applaud Nimeiri's efforts to democratize Sudan's political system. However, the People's Assembly elections marked the beginning of further political decline. The SSU's failure to
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indicated that trade unions, a traditional communist stronghold, would be placed under government control. The RCC also banned communist affiliated student, women's, and professional organizations. Additionally, Nimeiri announced the planned formation of a national political movement called the
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Awadallah – appointed prime minister to form a new government that would implement RCC policy directives – wanted to dispel the notion that the coup had installed a military dictatorship. He presided over a twenty-one-member cabinet that included only three officers from the RCC, among them its
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Soon after the army had crushed the Ansar at Aba Island, Nimeiri moved against the SCP. He ordered the deportation of Abdel Khaliq Mahjub. Then, when the SCP secretary general returned to Sudan illegally after several months abroad, Nimeiri placed him under house arrest. In March 1971, Nimeiri
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Having survived the SCP-inspired coup, Nimeiri reaffirmed his commitment to establishing a socialist state. A provisional constitution, published in August 1971, described Sudan as a "socialist democracy" and provided for a presidential form of government to replace the RCC. A plebiscite the
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sponsor official candidates weakened party discipline and prompted many assembly deputies who also were SSU members to claim that the party had betrayed them. As a result, an increasing number of assembly deputies used their offices to advance personal rather than national interests.
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On June 5, 1983, Nimeiri sought to counter the south's growing political power by redividing the Southern Region into the three old provinces of Bahr al Ghazal, Al Istiwai, and Aali an Nil; he had suspended the Southern Regional Assembly almost two years earlier. The southern-based
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students also staged strikes against the government. In September 1974, Nimeiri responded to this unrest by declaring a state of emergency, purging the SSU, and arresting large numbers of dissidents. Nimeiri also replaced some cabinet members with military personnel loyal to him.
1388:. Since the RCC lacked political and administrative experience, the communists played a significant role in shaping government policies and programs. Despite the influence of individual SCP members, the RCC claimed that its cooperation with the party was a matter of convenience.
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After neutralizing this conservative opposition, the RCC concentrated on consolidating its political organization to phase out communist participation in the government. This strategy prompted an internal debate within the SCP. The orthodox wing, led by party secretary general
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chairman, Nimeiri, who was also defense minister. The cabinet's other military members held the portfolios for internal security and communications. Nine members of the Awadallah regime were allegedly communists, including one of the two southerners in the cabinet,
1534:(SSLM). Anyanya leaders united behind him, and nearly all exiled southern politicians supported the SSLM. Although the SSLM created a governing infrastructure throughout many areas of southern Sudan, real power remained with Anyanya, with Lagu at its head.
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groups. He justified the coup on the grounds that civilian politicians had paralyzed the decision-making process, had failed to deal with the country's economic and regional problems, and had left Sudan without a permanent constitution.
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as the faith of a large number of Sudanese citizens. In May 1974, voters selected 125 members for the assembly; SSU-affiliated occupational and professional groups named 100; and the president appointed the remaining 25.
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Following the 1976 coup attempt, Nimeiri and his opponents adopted more conciliatory policies. In early 1977, government officials met with the National Front in London, and arranged for a conference between Nimeiri and
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1614:. Government soldiers quickly restored order by killing more than 700 rebels in Khartoum and arresting scores of dissidents, including many prominent religious leaders. Despite this unrest, in the
1478:. By the late 1960s, the war had resulted in the deaths of about 500,000 people. Several hundred thousand more southerners hid in the forests or escaped to refugee camps in neighboring countries.
1376:. The RCC also nationalized many industries, businesses, and banks. Furthermore, Nimeiri ordered the arrest of sixty-three civilian politicians and forcibly retired senior army officers.
1447:(SSU), which would assume control of all political parties, including the SCP. After this speech, the government arrested the SCP's central committee and other leading communists.
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The first test of national reconciliation occurred during the February 1978 People's Assembly elections. Nimeiri authorized returning exiles who had been associated with the old
1439:, demanded a popular front government with communists participating as equal partners. The National Communist wing, on the other hand, supported cooperation with the government.
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were to choose members for the 250-seat People's Assembly from an SSU-approved slate. Although it cited Islam as Sudan's official religion, the constitution acknowledged
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1669:, an Islamist leader who had been imprisoned and exiled after Nimeiri's coup in 1969, was invited back into the country and was promoted to Justice Minister in 1979.
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The origins of the civil war in the south date back to the 1950s. On August 18, 1955, the Equatoria Corps, a military unit composed of southerners, mutinied at
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Conservative opposition to Nimeiri coalesced in the National Front, formed in 1974. The National Front included people from Sadiq's wing of Umma; the
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The SCP, however, retained a covert organization that was not damaged in the sweep. Before further action could be taken against the party, the SCP
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transport aircraft. Over the next two years, the Soviet Union delivered an impressive array of equipment to Sudan, including
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By 1969 the rebels had developed foreign contacts to obtain weapons and supplies. Israel, for example, trained
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regime. Nimeiry's coup preempted plots by other groups, most of which involved army factions supported by the
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had opposed the southern settlement or who had been identified with the SSU's pro-Egyptian faction.
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promised to keep him under guard to prevent him from succeeding his uncle as head of the Ansar.
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remained in the government as foreign minister and as an important link with leftist elements.
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a US$ 100 million to US$ 150 million arms agreement with Sudan in August 1968, which included
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as the basis of the Sudanese legal system. Nimeiri's decrees, which became known as the
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against Nimeiri. The coup occurred on July 19, 1971, when one of the plotters, Major
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guaranteed autonomy for a southern region—composed of the three provinces of
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1419:. The government exiled al-Hadi al-Mahdi's nephew and former Prime Minister
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ousted him from power. At the subsequent elections the pro-Islamist leader
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rebels also captured arms, equipment, and supplies from government troops.
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1717:(who had attempted a coup against Nimeiry in 1976) became prime minister.
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Nimeiri was reelected with 98.3% voter turn out, having run unopposed.
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announced an amnesty, retroactive to 1955. The two sides signed the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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following month elected Nimeiri to a six-year term as president.
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sworn into the government after the 1977 National Reconciliation
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Within a few months, in September 1983 Nimeiri proclaimed the
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On 25 May 1969, several young officers calling themselves the
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1330:. At the conspiracy's core were nine officers led by Colonel
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1821:"The Sudan, 1985-9: The Fading Democracy Kamal Osman Salih"
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382:"We are the Soldiers of God, the Soldiers of the Nation"
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on March 27, 1972, which was thereafter celebrated as
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unknown quantities of 85mm antiaircraft guns, sixteen
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During this time, Nimeiri moved closer to Islamism.
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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721:2,530,397 km (976,992 sq mi) (
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3223:States and territories disestablished in 1985
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1399:, posed the greatest threat to the RCC. Imam
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194:introducing citations to additional sources
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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150:Learn how and when to remove this message
2462:Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile
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184:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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1490:strength ranged from 5,000 to 10,000.
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1679:Sudanese People's Liberation Movement
1612:July 1976 Ansar-inspired coup attempt
2472:Second Transitional Military Council
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88:adding citations to reliable sources
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2427:First Transitional Military Council
1610:. Their activity crystallized in a
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294:Jumhūrīyat as-Sūdān ad-Dīmuqrāṭīyah
16:Northeast African state (1969–1985)
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1681:(SPLM) and its military wing, the
1532:Southern Sudan Liberation Movement
14:
3254:
2482:2019–2021 transition to democracy
1709:led by his defense minister Gen.
1683:Sudanese People's Liberation Army
793:Republic of the Sudan (1985–2019)
780:Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969)
34:This article has multiple issues.
3233:1985 disestablishments in Africa
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1395:Conservative forces, led by the
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279:Democratic Republic of the Sudan
177:relies largely or entirely on a
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3213:Contemporary history by country
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376:Naḥnu Jund Allah, Jund Al-waṭan
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
1829:. Cambridge University Press.
205:"Democratic Republic of Sudan"
99:"Democratic Republic of Sudan"
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1370:Revolutionary Command Council
1360:Revolutionary Command Council
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284:جمهورية السودان الديمُقراطية
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1476:first war in southern Sudan
1308:Egyptian revolution of 1952
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3238:Former socialist republics
3208:History of Sudan by period
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1711:Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab
1616:1977 Presidential election
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583:Abdul Majid Hamid Khalil
435:Other languages of Sudan
2412:National Reconciliation
1707:bloodless military coup
1705:against his regime. A
1622:National Reconciliation
1604:National Unionist Party
559:Mohamed Al-Baghir Ahmed
362:نحن جند الله، جند الوطن
2452:United Nations Mission
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1577:Political Developments
1348:conservative religious
1300:Free Officers Movement
953:6th cent. – 15th cent.
595:Omar Muhammad al-Tayib
2826:Native administration
2432:Coalitions/Bashir Era
2345:Pre and early history
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1567:Addis Ababa Agreement
1445:Sudan Socialist Union
1403:had withdrawn to his
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479:military dictatorship
422:Common languages
1466:The Southern Problem
989:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
969:Turco-Egyptian Sudan
943: – 4th cent. AD
931: – 9th cent. BC
925:New Kingdom of Egypt
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84:improve this article
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2585:Non-marine molluscs
1547:Addis Ababa accords
1437:Abdel Khaliq Mahjub
1306:who instigated the
1045:Democratic Republic
3243:Socialism in Sudan
2925:Telecommunications
2360:Turkish occupation
1772:Emblem (1970–1985)
1760:Emblem (1969–1970)
1659:Muslim Brotherhood
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1571:National Unity Day
1407:stronghold in the
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1374:political parties
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652:• 1977–1985
640:• 1976–1977
630:• 1969–1976
590:• 1982–1985
578:• 1979–1982
566:• 1976–1979
554:• 1972–1976
542:• 1971–1972
530:• 1969–1971
500:• 1969–1985
395:
351:"Victory is ours"
273:
272:
265:
255:
254:
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159:
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134:
57:
3250:
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2758:
2625:
2624:
2598:
2597:
2518:
2517:
2417:Second Civil War
2328:
2327:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2284:
2283:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1862:
1861:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1817:
1796:History of Sudan
1781:
1769:
1757:
1746:Flag (1970–1985)
1743:
1734:Flag (1969–1970)
1731:
1667:Hassan al-Turabi
1401:al-Hadi al-Mahdi
1328:history of Sudan
1318:and started the
1288:
1281:
1274:
1141:
1068:Second Civil War
1008:
1007:
917:c. 25th cent. BC
906:
902:
891:
890:
857:
847:
829:
828:
801:
800:
789:
788:
776:
775:
769:
768:
753:
752:
624:Babiker Awadalla
535:Babiker Awadalla
437:
407:
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396:
383:
372:
364:
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329:
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92:
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49:
27:
26:
19:
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3166:
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3159:
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3144:
3131:
3046:
2934:
2913:
2900:
2855:
2851:State Governors
2744:
2726:
2619:
2596:
2503:
2387:First Civil War
2317:
2311:
2281:
2276:
1918:
1911:
1871:Country Studies
1868:
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1855:
1850:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1792:
1785:
1782:
1773:
1770:
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1758:
1747:
1744:
1735:
1732:
1723:
1702:
1700:Unrest and coup
1624:
1579:
1468:
1452:launched a coup
1362:
1357:
1292:
1256:
1168:
1139:
1135:
1114:2019 Revolution
1097:
1059:
1036:
1030:1964 Revolution
1012:First Civil War
942:
937:Kingdom of Kush
930:
918:
880:
845:
838:
820:
798:
773:
718:
697:
684:
653:
641:
631:
621:
591:
579:
567:
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543:
531:
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448:
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93:
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81:
69:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3256:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3189:15.633; 32.533
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3150:
3149:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3132:
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3035:Public toilets
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3007:
3002:
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2980:
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2966:Child marriage
2963:
2952:
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2873:
2867:
2861:
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2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2846:Vice President
2843:
2838:
2836:Prime Minister
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2815:September Laws
2808:
2798:
2793:
2788:
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2778:
2773:
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2762:
2756:
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2749:
2746:
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2743:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2707:South Kordofan
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2677:North Kordofan
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2652:Central Darfur
2649:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2610:Climate change
2606:
2604:
2595:
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2532:
2527:
2521:
2515:
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2502:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2497:2023 Civil war
2494:
2489:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
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2429:
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2407:Communist coup
2404:
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2214:
2209:
2204:
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2159:
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2129:
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2114:
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2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:(1956–present)
1910:
1909:
1902:
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1733:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1715:Sadiq al-Mahdi
1701:
1698:
1694:September Laws
1640:Sadiq al Mahdi
1631:Sadiq al-Mahdi
1623:
1620:
1578:
1575:
1555:Bahr al Ghazal
1540:Haile Selassie
1467:
1464:
1456:Hashem al Atta
1421:Sadiq al-Mahdi
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1332:Gaafar Nimeiry
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1268:
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1024:
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991:
985:
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951:
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868:
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858:
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849:
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839:
832:
825:
824:
815:
811:
810:
807:
806:
803:
802:
795:
786:
783:
782:
777:
765:
764:
759:
749:
748:
743:
737:
736:
734:Sudanese pound
731:
727:
726:
719:
716:
713:
712:
706:
705:
702:
701:
698:
695:Disestablished
692:
689:
688:
685:
679:
676:
675:
672:
671:
666:
665:Historical era
662:
661:
658:
657:
656:Gaafar Nimeiry
654:
651:
648:
647:
642:
639:
636:
635:
634:Gaafar Nimeiry
632:
629:
626:
625:
622:
619:
616:
615:
612:
611:
608:
606:Prime minister
602:
601:
598:
597:
592:
589:
586:
585:
580:
577:
574:
573:
568:
565:
562:
561:
556:
553:
550:
549:
544:
541:
538:
537:
532:
529:
526:
525:
522:
521:
518:
516:Vice President
512:
511:
508:
507:
505:Gaafar Nimeiry
502:
499:
496:
495:
492:
491:
488:
482:
481:
463:
457:
456:
443:
439:
438:
423:
419:
418:
413:
409:
408:
400:
399:
386:
353:
352:
347:
341:
340:
331:
324:
323:
315:
308:
307:
306:
303:
302:
298:
297:
283:
281:
278:
271:
270:
253:
252:
188:. Please help
174:
172:
165:
158:
157:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3255:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3196:
3193:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2983:Ethnic groups
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2953:
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2945:
2941:
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2928:
2926:
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2910:
2908:
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2903:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2880:
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2875:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:West Kordofan
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
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2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
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2626:
2616:
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2611:
2608:
2607:
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2526:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2487:Peace process
2485:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2447:War in Darfur
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
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2400:
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2315:
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2301:
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2294:
2289:
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2285:
2273:
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2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
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2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
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2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1866:
1865:public domain
1857:
1856:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
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1177:
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1125:
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1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
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929:16th cent. BC
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913:Kerma culture
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179:single source
175:This article
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73:This article
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3165:
3065:Architecture
2973:Demographics
2887:Central Bank
2801:Human rights
2776:Constitution
2702:South Darfur
2672:North Darfur
2401:
2355:Islamization
1870:
1838:. Retrieved
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959:Islamization
941:9th cent. BC
762:Succeeded by
761:
756:
717:• Total
700:6 April 1985
620:• 1969
454:Christianity
374:
356:
345:Motto:
344:
293:
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246:January 2024
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77:verification
74:
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36:Please help
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3187: /
3122:Photography
3117:Decorations
2877:Agriculture
2805:LGBT rights
2766:Ambassadors
2712:West Darfur
2657:East Darfur
2575:Butterflies
2402:Nimeiry Era
1528:Joseph Lagu
1515:tanks; and
1503:, and five
1382:John Garang
1320:Nimeiry era
1316:coup d'état
1302:(after the
1227:Photography
1222:Decorations
885:Before 1956
844:History of
822:South Sudan
757:Preceded by
687:25 May 1969
682:Coup d'état
645:Rashid Bakr
336:(1970–1985)
320:(1970–1985)
3202:Categories
3102:Literature
2988:minorities
2914:(currency)
2831:Parliament
2786:Corruption
2722:White Nile
2692:River Nile
2642:Al Qadarif
1807:References
1657:, and the
1651:Umma Party
1644:Port Sudan
1559:Upper Nile
1405:Aba Island
1324:May Regime
1247:Television
1207:Literature
1197:Demography
1002:Since 1955
895:Prehistory
547:Abel Alier
461:Government
380:(English:
216:newspapers
110:newspapers
39:improve it
3025:Squatting
3000:Languages
2978:Education
2930:Transport
2894:Companies
2841:President
2791:Elections
2735:Districts
2647:Blue Nile
2545:Volcanoes
2535:Mountains
2513:Geography
2467:2019 coup
2437:1989 coup
2422:1985 coup
2397:1969 coup
2392:1958 coup
1913:Years in
1840:21 August
1551:Equatoria
1326:, in the
1202:Languages
1150:By region
1124:2021 Coup
1119:2019 Coup
1100:1986–2019
1091:1989 Coup
1086:1985 Coup
1072:1983–2005
1062:1969–1985
1053:1969 Coup
1039:1956–1969
1016:1955–1972
993:1899–1956
983:1885–1899
973:1820–1885
486:President
472:socialist
469:one-party
442:Religion
348:النصر لنا
301:1969–1985
186:talk page
45:talk page
3155:Category
3080:Clothing
3015:Religion
3010:Refugees
2961:Polygamy
2956:Marriage
2920:Taxation
2821:Military
2811:Islamism
2754:Politics
2682:Northern
2667:Khartoum
2590:Reptiles
2550:Wildlife
2365:Mahdiyya
2350:Medieval
2335:Timeline
1927:Pre-1956
1790:See also
1526:In 1971
1427:, where
1417:Ethiopia
1413:Khartoum
1386:Marxists
1262:Timeline
1232:Religion
1192:Economic
1173:By topic
1164:Khartoum
1129:2023 War
835:a series
833:Part of
730:Currency
669:Cold War
477:under a
475:republic
416:Khartoum
3175:32°32′E
3172:15°38′N
3146:Outline
3095:History
3052:Culture
3030:Toilets
3020:Slavery
2944:Society
2882:Banking
2865:Economy
2771:Cabinet
2687:Red Sea
2662:Kassala
2560:Mammals
2525:Geology
2375:History
2323:History
1853:Sources
1721:Gallery
1521:BTR-152
1501:MiG-21s
1483:Anyanya
1411:, near
1355:History
1342:(SCP),
1237:Slavery
1140:present
899:before
693:•
680:•
466:Unitary
450:Animism
431:English
412:Capital
357:Anthem:
230:scholar
124:scholar
3085:Emblem
3075:Cinema
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2907:Energy
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2570:Horses
2540:Rivers
1867:.
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1833:
1690:Sharia
1653:, the
1557:, and
1517:BTR-40
1429:Nasser
1336:Abboud
1187:Cinema
1159:Darfur
876:Anthem
871:Emblem
837:on the
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3107:Media
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2781:Coups
2580:Moths
2565:Birds
2555:Fauna
2530:Lakes
2442:RCCNS
2314:Sudan
1915:Sudan
1831:JSTOR
1826:JSTOR
1505:AN-24
1472:Torit
1425:Egypt
1397:Ansar
1346:, or
1314:in a
1312:Sudan
1252:Women
1242:Sport
1217:Music
1212:Media
1182:Coups
1138:2019–
905:cent.
903:25th
846:Sudan
818:Sudan
710:Area
446:Islam
237:JSTOR
223:books
131:JSTOR
117:books
3090:Flag
3005:LGBT
2272:2024
2267:2023
2262:2022
2257:2021
2252:2020
2247:2019
2242:2018
2237:2017
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1842:2021
1545:The
1519:and
1513:T-55
1511:and
1509:T-54
1496:T-55
1409:Nile
866:Flag
317:Flag
209:news
103:news
3070:Art
1642:in
1423:to
723:9th
192:by
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