1174:, which in turn increased the use of the remaining arable land. Drought from the mid-1970s to early 1980s led to massive immigration from northern Darfur and Chad into the central farming belt. In 1983 and 1984, the rains failed. When the Government of Suadan ignored warnings of critical crop failure because they feared it would affect the administration's image abroad, the Governor of the Fur-dominated administration in Darfur resigned in protest. The region was plunged into a horrific famine. When 60,000–80,000 Darfuris walked across the country to Khartoum seeking food, the government declared them to be Chadian refugees and sent them by truck to Kordofan in "Operation Glorious Return", only for them walk back to Khartoum as there was no food in Kordofan. The famine killed an estimated 95,000 Darfuris out of a population of 3.1 million and it was clear that the deaths had been entirely preventable. Attempts by some commentators to attribute subsequent political instability solely to
736:
1215:
desiccated landscape, tried to force the routes south open, attacking farmers who tried to block their path. Small arms were plentiful in Darfur from the various neighboring conflicts and stories spread of herders raiding farming villages for all of their animals or villagers who had armed themselves in self-defense. To
Darfuris facing starvation, the concept of African versus Arab began to have explanatory power. Amongst some stationary Africans, the idea that uncaring Arabs in Khartoum had let the famine happen and then Darfuri Arabs armed by their Libyan allies had attacked African farmers began to gain credence. Similarly, semi-nomadic Darfuri Arabs began to seriously consider that Africans had vindictively tried to punish them for the famine by trying to keep them from pastureland and that perhaps the difference between
1555:
861:
703:, who married the daughter of the last Daju monarch. Ahmed reduced many chiefs to submission, and under him the country prospered. His great-grandson, the sultan Dali, a celebrated figure in Darfur histories, was on his mother's side a Fur, and thus brought the dynasty closer to the people it ruled. Dali divided the country into provinces, and established a penal code, which, under the title of Kitab Dali or Dali's Book, is still preserved, and differs in some respects from
69:
17:
728:
671:
Daju. The
Nubians attacked the Daju empire again and caused the destruction of the city of Semna east of el-Fashir. During this period the name of the country was Dardaju (land of the Daju). According to tradition the last sultan experienced a coup after his order to relocate Jebel Um-Kardoos and the Daju dynasty migrated westward after the famous Kasifurogei tale about the 15th century, the
1136:, the new Chadian president after Tombalbaye's 1975 assassination. In retaliation, Gaddafi sent a 1,200-man force across the desert to assault Khartoum directly. The Libyan force was barely defeated after three days of house to house fighting and Nimeiry chose to support the most anti-Libyan of the various Chadian leaders,
1214:
in southern Sudan. Meanwhile, the famine had severely upset the structure of
Darfuri society. The farmers had claimed every available bit of land to farm or forage for food, closing off the traditional routes used by the herders. The herders, faced with watching their animals die of starvation in the
670:
region. Due to an attack from Nubia about 1100 AD, and for a desire of expansion sultan Ahmed el-Daj relocated his capital to Jebel Marra. He won a battle against the
Nubians at Wadi el-Malik and this made him a hero and Emperor for this event the Wadi took his name and his people became known as the
1190:
Political and economic discontent against
Nimeiry had been growing for several years leading to him being overthrown on 5 April 1985. Sadiq al-Mahdi came out of exile, making a deal with Gaddafi – which he had no intention of honoring – that he would turn over Darfur to Libya if he was supplied with
1165:
A major factor in the intensification of the conflict was control over the shrinking supply of arable land. In a longer term cycle, the gradual reduction in annual precipitation, coupled with a growing population, had begun a cycle in which increased use of arable land along the southern edge of the
1012:
and Darfur, resulting in about 5-6% in Darfur as
Kordofan received the bulk of funds in the West. This was despite the provinces in the Nile Valley having a population of 2.3 million versus 3 million people in the West. Darfur, like the rest of Sudan outside the Nile Valley, remained an undeveloped
1110:
in the
Chadian conflict. Obsessed with the vision of creating a band of Sahelian nations that were both Muslim and culturally Arab, Gaddafi made an offer to Nimeiry to merge their two countries in 1971. However, Gaddafi was disillusioned with Nimeiry's Arab credentials after the Sudanese president
1144:
sanctuary in Darfur. All of these external events buffeted the traditional structure of
Darfuri society. Tribes that had seen themselves in local terms were asked to declare if they were "progressive, revolutionary Arabs" or "reactionary, anti-Arab Africans". The Khartoum government, rather than
1526:
The 1999 clashes were deadlier, with hundreds killed, including a number of Arab tribal chiefs. The government brought in military forces in an attempt to quell the violence and took direct control of security. A reconciliation conference held in 1999 agreed on compensation. Many
Masalit
1061:
joined the southerners in opposition, perceiving the constitution as a ploy by the center to consolidate their dominance of the marginalized regions. The fracturing of the Umma led to the first political demagoguery attempting to split the "Africans" from the "Arabs" in the
32:
1573:(SLA) – accusing the government of oppressing non-Arabs in favor of Arabs. The government was also accused of neglecting the Darfur region of Sudan. In response, the government mounted a campaign of aerial bombardment supporting ground attacks by an Arab militia, the
558:. This lasted until Darfur was formally annexed in 1916. The region remained underdeveloped through the period of colonial rule and after independence in 1956. The majority of national resources were directed toward the riverine Arabs clustered along the
611:
The history of the region is extremely poorly documented, especially the earlier periods. Archaeology has hardly made any progress, in part thanks to the continuing state of warfare which hinders research. Documentary history is also rather sparse,
844:. The following war resulted in the destruction of the sultanate. Ibrahim was slain in battle in the autumn of 1874, and his uncle Hassab Alla, who sought to maintain the independence of his country, was captured in 1875 by the troops of the
1589:; many of the camps in Darfur are surrounded by Janjaweed forces. By the summer of 2004, 50,000 to 80,000 people had been killed and at least a million had been driven from their homes, causing a major humanitarian crisis in the region.
1527:
intellectuals and notables were arrested, imprisoned, and tortured in the towns as government-supported Arab militias began to attack
Masalit villages; a number of Arab chiefs and civilians were also killed in these clashes.
620:
kingdoms, who possessed two towns, the first and capital being Tajuwa and a second town lying six stages away from it called Samna, which was destroyed according to a traveler in the region, by the governor of the Kingdom of
1536:, a dissident manuscript detailing the domination of the north and the impoverishment of the other regions. It was widely discussed, despite attempts to censor it, and many of the writers went on to help found the rebel
1604:
and the Genocide Intervention Network. These organizations point to statements by former U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell, referring to the conflict as a genocide. Other activists organizations, such as
1131:
in Darfur, which claimed the province to have an "Arab" nature. Nimeiry, concerned by the warm welcome Gaddafi had given to al-Mahdi, his exiled opposition, began to encourage the fragile administration of
657:
The Daju – inhabitants of Jebel Marra – appear to have been the dominant group in Darfur in the earliest period recorded. How long they ruled is uncertain with little being known of them save for a list of
616:, writing in 1154 is the first author to offer information about the region that provides any concrete detail. The Sicilian geographer describes the Tajuwa as pagans inhabiting the region adjacent to the
1070:, calculating that the Fur and other "African" tribes formed a majority of the electorate, allied with the DDF in blaming "the Arabs" for Darfur's neglect. This left Sadiq's opponent, his uncle Imam
666:(1959) mentions that the Daju are originally meroites who re-established their capital at Jebel Gadir (Gadir was a Daju king who died and buried beneath this Jebel which is attributed to him) in the
1162:, chosen to oversee the support to Habré, sparked riots by Darfuri across Sudan in which three students were killed. Nimeiry relented due to fears that his anti-Libyan bases were being jeopardized.
1029:. By the 1960s, some Darfuris were beginning to question the neglect of the region by the Umma, despite their consistent political support. Disillusionment with the religious sect-based parties –
1182:
noted, "The challenge is to avoid over-simplistic or deterministic formulations that equate climate change inexorably with genocide or terrorism, as some less careful commentators have done."
675:
assumed power and the country was renamed Dartunjur (land of Tunjur). The Egyptian historian al-Maqrizi, writing about 1400, described "Taju" as being a fairly powerful kingdom lying between
1995:
1596:
to assess the Sudanese conflict. On January 31, 2005, the UN released a 176-Page report saying that while there were mass murders and rapes, they could not label it as genocide because "
813:, began operations in the land south of Darfur and set up a network of trading posts defended by well-armed forces and soon had a sprawling state under his rule. This area known as the
901:. The Darfurians did not support the Mahdi's rule and found themselves in a state of almost constant warfare that ended in the gradual removal of the Mahdi's forces from Darfur.
1198:
and the military junta that had taken power moved quickly to discontinue pro-American policies. Beginning in August 1985, Libya began sending military/humanitarian convoys from
1885:
1622:
On 31 August 2020, a peace agreement was signed between the Sudanese authorities and rebel factions to end armed hostilities. However, major clashes occurred in December 2020
1585:
of the non-Arab population of Darfur. They have frequently burned down whole villages, driving the surviving inhabitants to flee to refugee camps, mainly in Darfur and
1532:
1042:
1507:, Minister of Federal Affairs, who hoped that by dividing the Fur so they did not form a majority in any state that it would allow Islamist candidates to be elected.
825:. The natives of Bahr el Ghazal paid tribute to Darfur, and these were the chief articles of merchandise sold by the Darfurians to the Egyptian traders along the
1123:, began supporting the FROLINAT against the black Christian Tombalbaye, and supporting Arab supremacist militants to achieve his goals by force, including the
762:
epithet Solon, meaning "the Arab" or "the Red", Browne stated that he was of a Daju origins) reigned from 1603 to 1637, and was a great warrior and a devote
735:
837:
1179:
700:
1616:, agreed to a draft peace agreement with the Sudanese government. On May 5, both sides signed the agreement, which was drafted in Abuja, Nigeria.
1714:
243:
1504:
1104:
604:
As the region is composed mostly of semi-arid plains it cannot support a dense population. The one exception is the area in and around the
2280:
2064:
722:
499:
1877:
1565:
The region became the scene of a rebellion in 2003 against the Arab-dominated Sudanese government, with two local rebel groups – the
1158:
In 1979, Nimeiry appointed a provincial governor to Darfur who was not from the local population. The appointment of a Nile Valley
435:
2134:
Danielová, Veronika. "Darfur Crisis of 2003: Analysis of the Darfur Conflict from the Times of First Clashes to the Present Day."
984:, leaving the rest of the country relatively undeveloped. The inhabitants of the river side states, referred to themselves as the
943:. Under Ali Dinar – who during the Mahdi's era had been kept as a prisoner in Omdurman – Darfur enjoyed a period of peace and a
2240:
Savelsberg, Joachim J. "Global Human Rights Organizations and National Patterns: Amnesty International’s Responses to Darfur."
2023:
Joachim J. Savelsberg, "Global Human Rights Organizations and National Patterns: Amnesty International’s Responses to Darfur."
814:
625:. The bulk of the inhabitants were nomadic with large numbers of cattle and camels, but subject to raiding by their neighbors.
342:
1096:– to establish bases in Darfur in 1969. However, FROLINAT factional infighting killed dozens within Darfur in 1971, leading
574:, from soon after independence led to sporadic armed resistance from the mid-1980s. The continued violence culminated in an
1145:
trying to calm these new ethnic tensions, instead exacerbated them when it seemed useful in the Sudan-Libya-Chad struggle.
1063:
2245:
2153:
2028:
1207:
566:
and overly underdevelopment resulted in increasing restiveness among Darfuris. The influence of regional geopolitics and
2048:
869:
2007:
1959:
1771:
1693:
1461:
1211:
1034:
291:
235:
1206:
and began arming the local Baggara tribes, whom Gaddafi considered to be his local Arab allies. By the time of the
172:
2207:
2180:
1468:
entered Darfur in the hopes of spreading the southern rebellion to the West. Before Bolad's force could reach the
1593:
1476:
militia mounted on horses. Dozens of Fur villages that had not resisted the SPLA force were burned in reprisal.
332:
304:
299:
266:
162:
2084:
Abdul-Jalil, Musa, and Jon D. Unruh. "Land rights under stress in Darfur: A volatile dynamic of the conflict."
492:
89:
1810:
Musa Abdul-Jalil, and Jon D. Unruh, "Land rights under stress in Darfur: A volatile dynamic of the conflict."
2292:
1566:
1537:
1519:, hostilities broke out in West Darfur in 1998. The 1998 clashes, were relatively minor, but more than 5,000
1619:
SaveDarfur.org claims that as of May 2007, up to 400,000 Darfurians have died as a result of this conflict.
1600:
appears to be missing". Many activists, however, refer to the crisis in Darfur as a genocide, including the
2270:
1613:
1112:
475:
258:
337:
1066:, a difficult task as they were substantially intermarried and could not be distinguished by skin tone.
608:
mountains. It was from bases in these mountains that a series of groups expanded to control the region.
395:
2307:
778:
the religion of the state, and increased the prosperity of the country by encouraging immigration from
2150:
The Origins of Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Politics and Violence in Darfur, Oromia, and the Tana Delta
1141:
939:, a grandson of Mohammed-el-Fadhl, as the Sultan of Darfur, in exchange for an annual tribute of 500
873:
571:
485:
405:
281:
48:
1523:
were displaced. Clashes resumed in 1999 when nomadic herdsmen again moved south earlier than usual.
1992:
Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary-General
1706:
1660:
Palaces in the Mountains: An Introduction to the Archaeological Heritage of the Sultanate of Darfur
1570:
1116:
225:
1554:
992:("children of the west"), an implicit slur. Meanwhile, the "Africans" were pejoratively known as
2190:
912:
tribe of cattle-herders. Abdallahi forced warriors of the Western tribes to move to the capital
988:("children of the country") in pride over their primary role and referred to the Westerners as
905:
880:
810:
1093:
108:
1606:
1601:
1078:
using the rhetoric of "Arabism" to offer hope of somehow being a part of the wealthy center.
1005:
876:
641:
origin. They are credited to have introduced monumental stone architecture and sophisticated
563:
410:
2185:
Jemirade, Dele. "The failure of humanitarian intervention and the role of NGOs in Darfur."
1938:
1862:
932:
860:
826:
547:
440:
377:
202:
182:
138:
1592:
On September 18, 2004, the UN Security Council passed Resolution 1564, which called for a
8:
1623:
931:
in 1898, In 1899, following Abdallahi defeat at Omdurman a year prior, the government of
795:
783:
771:
716:
599:
539:
531:
460:
420:
327:
1210:, Libya was providing key logistical and air support to Sudanese offensives against the
879:
suggested the reinstatement of the ancient royal family. This was not done, and in 1881
68:
1516:
1137:
1097:
1081:
Underdevelopment and domestic political tension added to cross-border instability with
1041:/Umma in the West – led to a temporary rise of regionally-based parties, including the
1022:
970:
956:
613:
543:
415:
2115:
Darfur and the International Community: The Challenges of Conflict Resolution in Sudan
1991:
981:
2089:
1955:
1934:
1857:
1815:
1767:
1689:
1642:
1090:
445:
1649:(Cambridge, 1981; republished Princeton, NJ: Marcus Wiener, 2000), p. 114-115; 124.
1609:, while calling for international intervention, avoid the use of the term genocide.
2204:
Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur
1597:
1469:
1128:
1071:
1050:
897:
Sheikh named Madibbo, but surrendered in 1883 and Darfur was incorporated into the
527:
450:
57:
2228:
Culture History in the Southern Sudan: Archaeology, Linguistics, and Ethnohistory,
1659:
1133:
996:("Blacks"). Over the course of the Condominium, 56% of all investment occurred in
2122:
The Post-Colonial State and Civil War in Sudan: The Origins of Conflict in Darfur
2052:
1582:
1171:
1107:
961:
Darfur remained independent until the First World War when the Sultan of Darfur,
755:
575:
400:
150:
84:
1520:
1175:
1124:
1100:
1067:
1054:
1026:
997:
966:
940:
890:
744:
595:
555:
465:
455:
430:
425:
1980:
1479:
In 1994, Darfur was divided into three federal states within Sudan: Northern (
2301:
2040:
1549:
1195:
1075:
1058:
1038:
1001:
898:
767:
688:
634:
587:
535:
523:
192:
126:
79:
1578:
1496:
1120:
1046:
818:
817:
had long been the source of the goods that Darfur would trade to Egypt and
799:
779:
759:
696:
692:
676:
663:
659:
591:
567:
519:
2044:
1530:
In 2000, a clandestine group consisting mostly of Darfuris published the
909:
646:
642:
617:
605:
1103:
to expel the group. This was further complicated by the interest of new
731:
Political entities in the eastern Sahel, circa 1750, with Darfur in grey
727:
530:
of Darfur begins in the seventeenth century, with the foundation of the
1858:"SUDAN: Climate change - only one cause among many for Darfur conflict"
1473:
1465:
976:
Within Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, the bulk of resources were devoted toward
886:
Slatin defended the province against the forces of the self-proclaimed
36:
2267:
The Devil Came on Horseback: Bearing Witness to the Genocide in Darfur
1671:
al-Maqrizi in Nehemiah Levztion and J. F. P. Hopkins, eds. and trans.
1577:. The government-supported Janjaweed were accused of committing major
1574:
1492:
1203:
1030:
962:
936:
872:
since 1882. Various revolts were suppressed, but in 1879 the British
841:
740:
551:
16:
840:
challenged al-Zubayr who allied himself with his former enemies the
833:. Al-Zubayr redirected this flow of goods to Khartoum and the Nile.
637:, who allegedly reached Darfur from the north, perhaps indicating a
2011:
1199:
1086:
1009:
977:
944:
928:
921:
917:
913:
894:
806:
667:
868:
The Darfurians were restive under the rule of Egypt, itself under
554:
as the Sultan of Darfur, in exchange for an annual tribute of 500
1500:
973:, and incorporated the region into Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in 1916.
845:
638:
518:
has been the home to several cultures and kingdoms, such as the
2226:
O'Fahey, R. S. "Fur and Fartit: The History o fa Frontier," in
1167:
791:
763:
704:
672:
514:
21:
2163:
1560:(Source: DigitalGlobe, Inc. and Department of State via USAID)
2253:
Genocide in Darfur: Investigating the Atrocities in the Sudan
1202:, including an 800-strong military force that set up base in
887:
849:
830:
822:
794:. Throughout its history, the sultanate engaged in wars with
775:
748:
622:
319:
25:
1675:(Cambridge, 1981, reprinted Princeton, NJ, 2000), pp 353-54.
774:. Soleiman's grandson, Ahmad Bakr (c. 1682 – c. 1722), made
1586:
1472:
they were attacked by a combined force of regular army and
1082:
787:
723:
Egyptian invasion of Sudan 1820-24 § Kordofan Campaign
559:
645:. By the 12th century, the Tora had been succeeded by the
31:
1021:
After independence, it became a major power base for the
1878:"SUDAN'S PRESIDENT IS OUSTED IN COUP BY MILITARY CHIEF"
1673:
Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History
1647:
Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History
2277:
An Oral and Documentary History of the Darfur Genocide
2129:
Darfur's Sorrow: A History of Destruction and Genocide
2065:"Sudan signs peace deal with rebel groups from Darfur"
1045:(DDF). During the discussions of the proposed Islamic
1935:"Causes of conflict in Sudan: Testing the Black Book"
1153:
864:
Mahdist state, 1881–98, within modern Sudan's borders
633:
Oral traditions record a race of white giants called
1707:"SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDON GAZETTE, 25 OCTOBER, 1916"
1185:
1937:, Queen Elizabeth House Working Paper Number 121,
1844:
1842:
1558:Destroyed Darfuri villages as of August 2004
1510:
2110:Sudan Notes and Records, Vol. XL, pp. 44–47.
1581:violations, including mass killing, looting, and
2299:
2143:The Civilizations of Africa: A history to 1800.
1839:
2279:(2 vol Praeger Security International, 2010).
2177:Darfur Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide
2168:Hagan, John, and Wenona Rymond-Richmond, eds.
916:and fight for him, sparking rebellions by the
2108:Medieval History of Darfur and Nilotic Sudan.
2008:Sudan's mass killings not genocide: UN report
758:(or "Sulayman", usually distinguished by the
699:. The first Tunjur king is said to have been
493:
2293:"Sudan — Darfur: Humanitarian Profile," 2007
1178:have been firmly rebuffed. A scholar at the
802:, Arab tribes and eventually the Egyptians.
766:; he is considered to be the founder of the
1013:even as independence was achieved in 1956.
1543:
1233:1996-2000 averages (% of value for North)
1194:Nimeiry had been heavily supported by the
1089:– a guerilla movement trying to overthrow
500:
486:
1662:" in "Sudan&Nubia No. 15", p. 130-131
1191:the funds to win the upcoming elections.
2251:Totten, Samuel, and Eric Markusen, eds.
1553:
1016:
927:Following the overthrow of Abdallahi at
859:
734:
726:
30:
15:
1491:) Darfur. Northern Darfur's capital is
542:was initially destroyed in 1874 by the
2300:
2199:(Indiana UP, 2003), ISBN 0-253-21584-6
2187:African Journal of History and Culture
1875:
1612:In May 2006 the main rebel group, the
2214:Sahara and Sudan. IV Wadai and Darfur
2197:The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars
1952:Darfur: A Short History of a Long War
1764:The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars
1641:Abu Abd' Allah Muhammad al-Idrisi in
1223:was not as great as between Arab and
581:
570:, coupled with economic hardship and
1717:from the original on 7 November 2023
1996:International Commission of Inquiry
1208:1986 United States bombing of Libya
1180:Woodrow Wilson International Center
883:was made governor of the province.
710:
13:
2259:
2078:
1766:, Indiana University Press, 2003,
1688:, Cornell University Press, 2005,
1154:Increasing shortage of arable land
1119:with the south. Libya claimed the
14:
2319:
2286:
2212:Nachtigal, G. transl. H. Fisher,
1231:Regional revenue and expenditure,
1186:Second Sudanese Civil War in 1983
2216:, (vol. III, 1889), London 1971.
2170:Darfur and the crime of genocide
2158:Foerstel, K. "Crisis in Darfur"
2041:Learn | Background | Save Darfur
1954:, Zed Books, London March 2006,
1888:from the original on 24 May 2015
855:
786:. His rule extended east of the
67:
2221:The Darfur Sultanate: A History
2057:
2034:
2017:
2001:
1985:
1974:
1965:
1950:Flint, Julie and Alex de Waal,
1944:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1876:Miller, Judith (7 April 1985).
1869:
1851:
1830:
1821:
1804:
1795:
1786:
1777:
1594:Commission of Inquiry on Darfur
1511:Fighting in West Darfur in 1998
1503:. The division was the idea of
950:
562:near Khartoum. This pattern of
118:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1699:
1686:Darfur: The Ambiguous Genocide
1678:
1665:
1652:
1635:
1462:Sudan People's Liberation Army
1212:Sudan People's Liberation Army
652:
1:
1629:
1567:Justice and Equality Movement
1538:Justice and Equality Movement
1148:
908:, was a Darfuri of the minor
682:
546:. In 1899, the government of
114:
1614:Sudanese Liberation Movement
1464:force that included Darfuri
965:, pledged allegiance to the
7:
2152:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2019)
1053:, Muslims from Darfur, the
790:as far as the banks of the
751:", with Darfur shaded pink.
10:
2324:
2255:(2006); essays by experts.
1744:Prunier, p. xiii & xix
1547:
954:
720:
714:
585:
2242:Societies Without Borders
2103:, 32-33 (1951-2), 37-275.
2025:Societies Without Borders
1658:Andrew McGregor (2011): "
1142:Armed Forces of the North
1085:. Sadiq al-Mahdi allowed
1035:Democratic Unionist Party
874:Governor-general of Sudan
691:reached Darfur by way of
576:armed resistance movement
572:environmental degradation
177:c. 9th cent. – 19th cent.
163:Christian Nubian Kingdoms
1971:Flint and de Waal, p. 21
1571:Sudanese Liberation Army
1117:First Sudanese Civil War
1043:Darfur Development Front
947:return to independence.
821:, especially slaves and
512:Throughout its history,
2101:Sudan Notes and Records
1544:War in Darfur from 2003
1499:; and West Darfur's is
1495:; Southern Darfur's is
628:
2235:The Ambiguous Genocide
2145:(2002) pp. 307–8.
1848:Prunier, pp. 52-53, 56
1645:and J. F. P. Hopkins,
1562:
1170:increased the rate of
906:Abdallahi ibn Muhammad
881:Rudolf Carl von Slatin
865:
811:Al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur
752:
732:
167:6th cent. – 15th cent.
40:
28:
2172:(Cambridge UP, 2009).
2124:(I. B. Tauris, 2013).
2117:(I. B. Tauris, 2011).
2088:32.2 (2013): 156-181
2051:May 14, 2007, at the
1941:, January 2005, p. 17
1814:32.2 (2013): 156-181
1762:Johnson, Douglas H.,
1607:Amnesty International
1602:Save Darfur Coalition
1557:
1113:Addis Ababa Agreement
1017:National independence
969:. Following this the
955:Further information:
863:
738:
730:
721:Further information:
679:and the Nile Valley.
564:structural inequality
133: – 16th cent. BC
34:
19:
2275:Totten, Samuel. ed.
2195:Johnson, Douglas H.
2189:13.1 (2021): 43–55.
2162:(2008). 2, 243–270.
2160:CQ Global Researcher
2141:Ehret, Christopher:
1939:University of Oxford
1460:In December 1991, a
1008:versus 17% for both
933:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
893:, who were led by a
548:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
203:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
183:Turco-Egyptian Sudan
157: – 4th cent. AD
145: – 9th cent. BC
139:New Kingdom of Egypt
39:within modern Darfur
2237:(Cornell UP, 2005).
2138:1.14 (2014): 37–59.
2136:Ethnologia Actualis
2097:A History of Darfur
1998:, 18 September 2004
1713:. 24 October 1916.
1234:
1094:François Tombalbaye
904:Ahmad's successor,
772:Sultanate of Darfur
717:Sultanate of Darfur
600:Sultanate of Darfur
540:Sultanate of Darfur
259:Democratic Republic
1981:Human Rights Watch
1906:Prunier, pp. 54-57
1882:The New York Times
1836:Prunier, pp. 47-52
1801:Prunier, pp. 47-48
1792:Prunier, pp. 44-47
1783:Prunier, pp. 42-44
1563:
1517:Human Rights Watch
1230:
1098:President of Sudan
982:Blue Nile Province
957:Invasion of Darfur
866:
753:
733:
614:Muhammad al-Idrisi
582:Kingdoms of Darfur
544:Khedivate of Egypt
41:
29:
2308:History of Darfur
2244:12.2 (2021): 13+
2131:, Cambridge 2010.
2086:War & Society
2071:. 31 August 2020.
2027:12.2 (2021): 13+
2014:, 1 February 2005
1812:War & Society
1735:Prunier, pp. 8-24
1684:Prunier, Gérard,
1643:Nehemiah Levtzion
1458:
1457:
1091:President of Chad
1006:Northern Province
852:with his family.
848:, and removed to
510:
509:
359:
358:
320:Republic of Sudan
292:Republic of Sudan
236:Republic of Sudan
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2230:eds John Mack...
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1598:genocidal intent
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1470:Marrah Mountains
1235:
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1129:Tajammu al-Arabi
1111:signed the 1972
1072:Al-Hadi al-Mahdi
1051:Hassan al-Turabi
1037:in the East and
711:Darfur Sultanate
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2095:Arkell, A. J.,
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1108:Muammar Gaddafi
1074:, courting the
1019:
971:British invaded
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870:British control
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2019:
2003:
1987:
1976:
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1890:. Retrieved
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1121:Aouzou Strip
1080:
1049:proposed by
1047:constitution
1020:
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951:British rule
926:
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819:North Africa
804:
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686:
664:A. J. Arkell
656:
632:
610:
603:
592:Daju kingdom
568:war by proxy
513:
511:
372:
173:Islamization
155:9th cent. BC
20:Location of
2045:Save Darfur
1711:The Gazzete
1333:Central ex.
1266:per capita
1264:expenditure
1262:Development
1259:per capita
1252:per capita
1245:per capita
1243:expenditure
935:recognized
805:In 1856, a
653:Daju Period
643:agriculture
618:Nile Valley
606:Jebal Marra
550:recognized
441:Photography
436:Decorations
99:Before 1956
58:History of
2069:Al Jazeera
1721:7 November
1696:, pp. 8-24
1630:References
1533:Black Book
1505:Ali al Haj
1474:Beni Halba
1466:Daud Bolad
1149:Civil wars
1023:Umma Party
705:Sharia law
683:The Tunjur
461:Television
421:Literature
411:Demography
216:Since 1955
109:Prehistory
37:Fur people
1575:Janjaweed
1493:Al Fashir
1255:Effective
1204:Al-Fashir
1031:Khatmiyya
1025:, led by
963:Ali Dinar
937:Ali Dinar
842:Egyptians
741:Abyssinia
552:Ali Dinar
416:Languages
364:By region
338:2021 Coup
333:2019 Coup
314:1986–2019
305:1989 Coup
300:1985 Coup
286:1983–2005
276:1969–1985
267:1969 Coup
253:1956–1969
230:1955–1972
207:1899–1956
197:1885–1899
187:1820–1885
2302:Category
2049:Archived
2012:CBC News
1886:Archived
1774:, p. 130
1715:Archived
1433:Kordofan
1335:Khartoum
1306:Khartoum
1288:Central
1200:Benghazi
1087:FROLINAT
1057:and the
1010:Kordofan
998:Khartoum
978:Khartoum
945:de facto
929:Omdurman
924:nomads.
922:Kababish
918:Rizeigat
914:Omdurman
895:Rizeigat
829:road to
807:Khartoum
770:and the
668:Kordofan
476:Timeline
446:Religion
406:Economic
387:By topic
378:Khartoum
343:2023 War
49:a series
47:Part of
2281:excerpt
2271:excerpt
2269:(2008)
2208:excerpt
2206:(2009)
2181:excerpt
2179:(2020)
2154:excerpt
1962:, p. 25
1521:Masalit
1501:Geneina
1257:subsidy
1250:revenue
1238:Region
1076:Baggara
1002:Kassala
910:Ta’isha
846:khedive
838:Ibrahim
836:Sultan
784:Bagirmi
534:by the
451:Slavery
354:present
113:before
24:within
2246:online
2191:online
2164:online
2090:online
2029:online
1958:
1892:24 May
1816:online
1770:
1692:
1481:Shamal
1397:Darfur
1300:245.5
1294:134.1
1291:104.0
1283:100.0
1280:100.0
1277:100.0
1274:100.0
1271:North
1168:Sahara
796:Sennar
792:Atbara
764:Muslim
689:Tunjur
673:Tunjur
639:Berber
598:, and
538:. The
524:Tunjur
515:Darfur
401:Cinema
373:Darfur
90:Anthem
85:Emblem
51:on the
22:Darfur
1497:Nyala
1489:Gharb
1485:Janub
1390:17.0
1387:43.3
1384:43.9
1381:44.1
1378:West
1373:79.5
1367:98.4
1364:73.7
1361:East
1326:532.9
1316:213.7
1311:161.5
1297:16.8
1248:Total
1241:Total
1225:zurga
1039:Ansar
994:zurga
888:Mahdi
850:Cairo
831:Asyut
823:ivory
800:Wadai
780:Bornu
776:Islam
749:Nubia
745:Sudan
697:Wadai
693:Bornu
677:Kanem
660:kings
466:Women
456:Sport
431:Music
426:Media
396:Coups
352:2019–
119:cent.
117:25th
60:Sudan
26:Sudan
1956:ISBN
1894:2015
1863:IRIN
1768:ISBN
1723:2023
1690:ISBN
1587:Chad
1453:15.5
1448:57.5
1443:47.6
1438:49.9
1425:17.2
1418:35.1
1411:41.5
1404:40.6
1370:1.6
1355:35.5
1350:23.8
1345:70.9
1340:60.6
1321:13.3
1219:and
1127:and
1083:Chad
1004:and
980:and
920:and
788:Nile
782:and
747:and
695:and
687:The
647:Daju
635:Tora
629:Tora
623:Nuba
560:Nile
522:and
520:Daju
80:Flag
760:Fur
2304::
2099:,
2067:.
2043:,
2010:,
1994:,
1884:.
1880:.
1860:,
1841:^
1709:.
1626:.
1540:.
1227:.
1000:,
798:,
743:,
707:.
662:.
649:.
594:,
590:,
121:BC
115:c.
2248:.
2092:.
2031:.
1896:.
1818:.
1725:.
1033:/
501:e
494:t
487:v
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