Energy transition - Knowledge

1428: 1067: 2048: 1868: 1402: 1440: 1462: 1333: 1386: 997: 1835: 2590: 1016:

being used by humankind, the picture is one of ever-increasing consumption of all the main energy sources available to humankind. For instance, the increased use of coal in the 19th century did not replace wood consumption, indeed more wood was burned. Another example is the deployment of passenger cars in the 20th century. This evolution triggered an increase in both oil consumption (to drive the car) and coal consumption (to make the steel needed for the car). In other words, according to this approach, humankind never performed a single energy transition in its history but performed several energy additions.

1474: 2524: 941: 1304: 1085: 2036: 2133: 2102: 1324: 8674: 1151:, for example in Africa. The costs for retraining workers for the renewable energy industry was found to be trivial for both coal in the U.S. and oil sands in Canada. The latter of which would only demand 2–6% of federal, provincial, and territorial oil and gas subsidies for a single year to be reallocated to provide oil and gas workers with a new career of approximately equivalent pay. In non-electrified rural areas, the deployment of solar mini-grids can significantly improve electricity access. 2685: 33: 251: 1313: 2153: 1714: 2444: 2141: 10509: 8457: 842: 10497: 7962: 2671: 856: 1909:(IRENA) projected that by 2050, over half of the world's energy will be carried by electricity and over three-quarters of the global energy mix will be from renewables. Although overtaken by both biomass and clean hydrogen, fossil fuels were still projected to supply 12% of energy. The transition is expected to reshape geopolitical power by reducing reliance on long-distance fossil fuel trade and enhancing the importance of regional energy markets. 8467: 1012:. It underlines the change in the energy mix of countries and the global economy. By looking at data in percentages of the primary energy source used in a given context, it paints a picture of the world's energy systems as having changed significantly over time, going from biomass to coal, to oil, and now a mix of mostly coal, oil and natural gas. Until the 1950s, the economic mechanism behind energy systems was local rather than global. 2699: 10533: 10521: 1894:, one of the largest oil companies in the world, spent nearly $ 16 million in anti-climate change lobbying and providing misleading information about climate change to the general public. The fossil fuel industry acquires significant support through the existing banking and investment structure. The concept that the industry should no longer be financially supported has led to the social movement known as divestment. 1186:

military targets, but others conclude that civil NPPs in war zones can be weaponised and exploited by the hostile forces not only for impeding energy supplies (and thus shattering the public morale of the adversary) but also for blackmailing and coercing the decisionmakers of the attacked state and their international allies with a vision of man-made nuclear disaster.

1523:

limited. Wind and solar power are considered more scalable, but still require vast quantities of land and materials. They have higher potential for growth. These sources have grown nearly exponentially in recent decades thanks to rapidly decreasing costs. In 2019, wind power supplied 5.3% worldwide electricity while solar power supplied 2.6%.

1685:

economically viable. A cross-sectoral, holistic approach is seen as an important feature of 100% renewable energy systems and is based on the assumption "that the best solutions can be found only if one focuses on the synergies between the sectors" of the energy system such as electricity, heat, transport or industry.

2495:(LCOE) for solar and onshore wind power. As the technologies have matured and become integral parts of the existing sociotechnical systems it is to be expected that in the future, experience effects and general interest rates will be key determinants for the cost-competitiveness of these technologies. 205:

An energy transition is a broad shift in technologies and behaviours that are needed to replace one source of energy with another. A prime example is the change from a pre-industrial system relying on traditional biomass, wind, water and muscle power to an industrial system characterized by pervasive

6590: 2502:

The reduction of reliance on nuclear stations has had the consequence of increased reliance on fossil fuels. One factor that has inhibited efficient employment of new renewable energy has been the lack of an accompanying investment in power infrastructure to bring the power to market. It is believed

2498:

Producers have been guaranteed a fixed feed-in tariff for 20 years, guaranteeing a fixed income. Energy co-operatives have been created, and efforts were made to decentralize control and profits. The large energy companies have a disproportionately small share of the renewables market. Nuclear power

2469:

The policy has been embraced by the German federal government and has resulted in a huge expansion of renewables, particularly wind power. Germany's share of renewables has increased from around 5% in 1999 to 17% in 2010, reaching close to the OECD average of 18% usage of renewables. In 2022 Germany

1019:

Contemporary energy transitions differ in terms of motivation and objectives, drivers and governance. As development progressed, different national systems became more and more integrated becoming the large, international systems seen today. Historical changes of energy systems have been extensively

2366:

Vietnam has led the Southeast Asia in solar and wind uptake, achieving about 20 GW in 2022 from almost zero in 2017. Thailand has the highest number of EV registrations, with 218,000 in 2022. The energy transition in Southeast Asia can be summarized as: Challenging, achievable, and interdependent.

2017:

Amongst the key issues to consider in relation to the pace of the global transition to renewables is how well individual electric companies are able to adapt to the changing reality of the power sector. For example, to date, the uptake of renewables by electric utilities has remained slow, hindered

2002:

Recently, an energy crisis is upon the nations of Europe as a result of dependence on Russia's natural gas, which was cut off during the Russia-Ukraine war. This goes to show that humanity is still heavily dependent on fossil fuel energy sources and care should be taken to have a smooth transition,

1901:

Banks, investing firms, governments, universities, institutions and businesses are all being challenged with this new moral argument against their existing investments in the fossil fuel industry and many; such as Rockefeller Brothers Fund, the University of California, New York City and more; have

1854:

A shift in energy sources has the potential to redefine relations and dependencies between countries, stakeholders and companies. Countries or land owners with resources – fossil or renewable – face massive losses or gains depending on the development of any energy transition. In 2021, energy costs

1561:

emphasizes the necessity of increasing grid investments to over $ 600 billion annually by 2030, up from $ 300 billion, to accommodate the integration of renewable energy. By 2040, the grid must expand by more than 80 million kilometers to manage renewable sources, which are projected to account for

1522:

is the largest source of renewable electricity in the world, providing 16% of the world's total electricity in 2019. However, because of its heavy dependence on geography and the generally high environmental and social impact of hydroelectric power plants, the growth potential of this technology is

1227:

has outlined a policy framework, the Africa Mining Vision, to leverage the continent's mineral reserves in pursuit of sustainable development and socio-economic transformation. Achieving these goals requires mineral-rich African economies to transition from commodity export to manufacture of higher

1135:

for a 1.5 °C path, the global deployment of renewable energy could not catch up with the increasing energy demand for many years. Coal, oil and gas were cheaper. Only in countries with special tariffs and subsidies, wind and solar power gained a considerable share, limited to the power sector.

1803:

alone will not be sufficient for the electrification of industrial heat. This because in several processes higher temperatures are required which cannot be achieved with these types of equipment. For example, for the production of ethylene via steam cracking temperatures as high as 900 °C are

1015:

The second discourse was most broadly described by Jean-Baptiste Fressoz. It emphasises that the term "energy transition" was first used by politicians, not historians, to describe a goal to achieve in the future – not as a concept to analyse past trends. When looking at the sheer amount of energy

1004:

Historic approaches to past energy transitions are shaped by two main discourses. One argues that humankind experienced several energy transitions in its past, while the other suggests the term "energy additions" as better reflecting the changes in global energy supply in the last three centuries.

983:

The historical transitions from locally supplied wood, water and wind energies to globally supplied fossil and nuclear fuels has induced growth in end-use demand through the rapid expansion of engineering research, education and standardisation. The mechanisms for the whole-systems changes include

2060:

From 2000 to 2012 coal was the source of energy with the total largest growth. The use of oil and natural gas also had considerable growth, followed by hydropower and renewable energy. Renewable energy grew at a rate faster than any other time in history during this period. The demand for nuclear

2428:

A survey found that digitally advanced companies put more money into energy-saving strategies. In the European Union, 59% of companies that have made investments in both basic and advanced technologies have also invested in energy efficiency measures, compared to only 50% of US firms in the same

1185:

can be put out of action by air attack, whereas although solar can be attacked decentralised power such as solar and wind may be less vulnerable. Solar and batteries reduces risky fuel convoys. However large hydropower plants are vulnerable. Some say that nuclear power plants are unlikely to be

1023:

For current energy systems, many lessons can be learned from history. The need for large amounts of firewood in early industrial processes in combination with prohibitive costs for overland transportation led to a scarcity of accessible (e.g. affordable) wood, and eighteenth century glass-works

3099:

Reforming fossil fuel subsidies is a complex task for politicians. All in all, our study shows that abolishing fossil fuel subsidies is a no-brainer only for a limited number of subsidies. Abolishing inventoried fossil subsidies does not appear to help the energy transition in all cases. It is

2478:

reported capital costs of around 1.1% and 2.4% for solar and wind onshore. This constitutes a significant decrease from previous numbers in the early 2000s, where capital costs hovered around 5.1% and 4.5% respectively. This decrease in capital costs was influenced by a variety of economic and

1684:

Research into this topic is fairly new, with very few studies published before 2009, but has gained increasing attention in recent years. The majority of studies show that a global transition to 100% renewable energy across all sectors – power, heat, transport and industry – is feasible and

2377:

initiatives and public demand for a clean environment have been found to be drivers of the energy transition in developing countries, such as Vietnam. Thanks to a relatively more conducive investment environment, Vietnam is poised to a faster energy transition than some other ASEAN members

1770:

With the switch to clean energy sources where power is generated via electricity, end uses of energy such as transportation and heating need to be electrified to run on these clean energy sources. Concurrent with this switch is an expansion of the grid to handle larger amounts of generated

1625:

With highly variable prices, electricity storage and grid extension become more competitive. Researchers have found that "costs for accommodating the integration of variable renewable energy sources in electricity systems are expected to be modest until 2030". Furthermore, "it will be more

1147:: positive socio-economic effects on employment, industrial development, health and energy access. Depending on the country and the deployment scenario, replacing coal power plants can more than double the number of jobs per average MW capacity. The energy transition could create many 2514:

have been passed on to consumers, who have had rising electricity bills. Germans in 2013 had some of the highest electricity costs in Europe. Nonetheless, for the first time in more than ten years, electricity prices for household customers fell at the beginning of 2015.

1778:

is a way to make transport more sustainable. While electric vehicle technology is relatively mature in road transport, electric shipping and aviation are still early in their development, hence sustainable liquid fuels may have a larger role to play in these sectors.

1479:

Rechargeable battery prices for electric vehicles fell, given economies of scale and new cell chemistries improving energy density. However, general inflationary pressures, and rising costs of raw materials and components, inhibited price declines in the early

932:

into account. Parties to the agreement committed "to limit global warming to "well below 2 °C, preferably 1.5 °C compared to pre-industrial levels". This requires a rapid energy transition with a downshift of fossil fuel production to stay within the

6587: 7338: 1020:

studied. While historical energy changes were generally protracted affairs, unfolding over many decades, this does not necessarily hold true for the present energy transition, which is unfolding under very different policy and technological conditions.

6407:

The energy transition will significantly increase demand for minerals....The increasing number of social and environmental conflicts associated with mining in emerging economies is a manifestation of this tension and raises questions about just energy

1170:. Unlike Europes 2010s dependence on Russian gas, even if China stops supplying solar panels those already installed continue generating electricity. Militaries are using and developing electric vehicles, particularly for their stealthiness, but not 2073:

in 2011). More recently, consumption of coal has declined relative to low carbon energy. Coal dropped from about 29% of the global total primary energy consumption in 2015 to 27% in 2017, and non-hydro renewables were up to about 4% from 2%.

1263:°C will require a system-wide transformation of the way energy is produced, distributed, stored, and consumed. For a society to replace one form of energy with another, multiple technologies and behaviours in the energy system must change. 1960:

of coal mining communities. Potential mitigation could include expanding the program base for vulnerable communities to assist with new training programs, opportunities for economic development and subsidies to assist with the transition.

1199:(IEA) has identified 37 minerals as critical for clean energy technologies and estimates that by 2050 global demand for these will increase by 235 per cent. Africa has large reserves of many of these so-called "green minerals, such as 912:

in his 1977 Address on the Nation on Energy, calling to "look back into history to understand our energy problem. Twice in the last several hundred years, there has been a transition in the way people use energy ... Because we are now

2981: 1951:

Coal mining is economically important in some regions, and a transition to renewables would decrease its viability and could have severe impacts on the communities that rely on this business. Not only do these communities face

225:

as: "The process of changing from one state or condition to another in a given period of time. Transition can occur in individuals, firms, cities, regions and nations, and can be based on incremental or transformative change."

1747:

but comes with risks and increasing costs. Since the late 1990s, deployment has slowed down. Decommissioning increases as many reactors are close to the end of their lifetime or long before because of anti-nuclear sentiments.

1687:

The main barriers to the widespread implementation of large-scale renewable energy and low-carbon energy strategies are seen to be primarily social and political rather than technological or economic. The key roadblocks are:

6571: 1928:

A renewable energy transition can present negative social impacts for some people who rely on the existing energy economy or who are affected by mining for minerals required for the transition. This has led to calls for a

7656: 1859:. Global rivalries have contributed to the driving forces of the economics behind the low carbon energy transition. Technological innovations developed within a country have the potential to become an economic force. 1798:

not only reduces total annual energy loads associated with heating and cooling, it also flattens the electric demand curve by eliminating the extreme summer peak electric supply requirements. However, heat pumps and

1024:"operated like a forest clearing enterprise". When Britain had to resort to coal after largely having run out of wood, the resulting fuel crisis triggered a chain of events that two centuries later culminated in the 2490:

in manufacturing, project organisation as well as financing thanks to rising investment and order volumes. This coupled with various forms of subsidies contributed to a large reduction of the capital cost and the

2349:

While there has been positive change, air pollution from coal still kills many people and India has to cut down its reliance on traditional coal based power production as it still accounts for around 50% of its

2021:

Incomplete regulations on clean energy uptake and concerns about electricity shortages have been identified as key barriers to the energy transition in coal-dependent, fast developing economies such as Vietnam.

1240:

by 85%. This has made wind and solar power the cheapest form for new installations in many regions. Levelized costs for combined onshore wind or solar with storage for a few hours are already lower than for gas

5105: 1194:

For many developing economies, for example in the mineral-rich countries of Sub-Saharan Africa, the transition to renewable energies is predicted to become a driver of sustainable economic development. The

5007: 2338:. Recently, India has given due importance to emerging renewable technologies like solar power plants and wind farms. They house 3 of the world's top 5 solar farms, including world's largest 2255 MW 7347: 6462: 3233: 1956:

already, but they also face economic collapse when the coal mining businesses move elsewhere or disappear altogether. This broken system perpetuates the poverty and vulnerability that decreases the

1937:

defines as, "A set of principles, processes and practices that aim to ensure that no people, workers, places, sectors, countries or regions are left behind in the transition from a high-carbon to a

5081: 1000:

Over centuries, energy consumption has evolved from burning wood to fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), and in recent decades to using nuclear, hydroelectric and other renewable energy sources.

4968: 1542:

to provide continuous and reliable electricity. For this reason, storage technologies also play a key role in the renewable energy transition. As of 2020, the largest scale storage technology is

7317: 4110: 7384: 7101: 2977: 2405:

reductions target for 2030 to at least 50% and towards 55% compared with 1990 levels. The plan is to review each existing law on its climate merits, and also introduce new legislation on the

7715: 7686: 2171: 7994: 1391:

Companies, governments and households have committed increasing amounts to decarbonization, including solar, wind, electric vehicles, charging infrastructure, storage, heating systems,

5050: 7596: 6568: 4016: 3172: 4869: 7648: 1995:). Transitioning these workforces during the rapid period of economic change requires considerable forethought and planning. The international labor movement has advocated for a 7626: 3794: 1154:

Employment opportunities by the green transition are associated with the use of renewable energy sources or building activity for infrastructure improvements and renovations.

5961: 4949: 1618:

and derivatives will ultimately be needed to accommodate large shares of renewables in energy systems". Fluctuations can be smoothened by combining wind and sun power and by

10233: 7479: 6607: 5151: 1871:

Acceptance of wind and solar facilities in one's community is stronger among Democrats (blue), while acceptance of nuclear power plants is stronger among Republicans (red).

5756: 3420:

Appendix D.1, and Tables 1.3 an 10.1, April 2022, preliminary data for 2021. / Wood includes wood and wood waste; Renewables includes biofuels, geothermal, solar and wind.

1944:

Use of local energy sources may stabilise and stimulate some local economies, create opportunities for energy trade between communities, states and regions, and increase

3995: 6176: 5667: 5242:

IEA (2023), Electricity Grids and Secure Energy Transitions, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/electricity-grids-and-secure-energy-transitions, Licence: CC BY 4.0

5771: 5094: 3642:

Rühl, C.; Appleby, P.; Fennema, F.; Naumov, A.; Schaffer, M. (2012). "Economic development and the demand for energy: a historical perspective on the next 20 years".

2643:

Although the need for the energy transition is not disputed by any major political party, in 2020 there is debate about how much of the funding to try and escape the

10409: 4833:

Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

3970:

Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

3194:

Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

10077: 8019: 8003: 5028: 3517: 2738: 1236:

From 2010 to 2019, the competitiveness of wind and solar power substantially increased. Unit costs of solar energy dropped sharply by 85%, wind energy by 55%, and

4999: 7987: 4901:

Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change: Working Group III contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

1967:

Increased mining for lithium, cobalt, nickel, copper, and other critical minerals needed for expansion of renewable energy infrastructure has created increased

5737:

Scholten, D., Criekemans, D., & de Graaf, T. V. (2020). An Energy Transition Amidst Great Power Rivalry. Journal of International Affairs, 73(1), 195–203.

5525: 4384: 3900: 10250: 6941:

Do, Thang Nam; Burke, Paul, J.; Baldwin, Ken; Nguyen, T.C. (2020). "Underlying drivers and barriers for solar photovoltaics diffusion: The case of Vietnam".

6284: 2956: 2952: 2728: 2483:

of 2008–2009, Germany eased the refinancing regulations on banks by giving out cheap loans with low interest rates in order to stimulate the economy again.

2326:" and believed them to be key drivers of modernity and industrialism for the nascent republic. Notable examples of hydro power stations include the 2400 MW 6446: 5869:

Mercure, J.-F.; Pollitt, H.; Viñuales, J. E.; Edwards, N. R.; Holden, P. B.; Chewpreecha, U.; Salas, P.; Sognnaes, I.; Lam, A.; Knobloch, F. (2018-06-04).

2451:

Germany has played an outsized role in the transition away from fossil fuels and nuclear power to renewables. The energy transition in Germany is known as

7537: 5344: 4660: 3030: 9686: 9512: 5070: 7566: 7309: 4964: 2869: 9681: 8503: 7980: 7066: 5925: 3955:

Data sources: Markandya & Wilkinson (2007); UNSCEAR (2008; 2018); Sovacool et al. (2016); IPCC AR5 (2014); Pehl et al. (2017); Ember Energy (2021).

6761: 3921: 2402: 9549: 7093: 4238:"Secure and reliable electricity access with renewable energy mini-grids in rural India. Assessing the co-benefits of decarbonising the power sector" 2425:, stated that the European Green Deal would be Europe's "man on the Moon moment", as the plan would make Europe the first climate-neutral continent. 5254:"Full energy sector transition towards 100% renewable energy supply: Integrating power, heat, transport and industry sectors including desalination" 1804:

required. Hence, drastically new processes are required. Nevertheless, power-to-heat is expected to be the first step in the electrification of the

925:." The term was later globalised after the 1979 second oil shock, during the 1981 United Nations Conference on New and Renewable Sources of Energy. 7707: 6994: 6504:"A global analysis of the progress and failure of electric utilities to adapt their portfolios of power-generation assets to the energy transition" 3867: 17: 7678: 7292: 3051:

Kök, A. Gürhan; Shang, Kevin; Yücel, Safak (2020-01-23). "Investments in Renewable and Conventional Energy: The Role of Operational Flexibility".

9486: 5713: 4215: 2537:

Due to the high share of hydroelectricity (59.6%) and nuclear power (31.7%) in electricity production, Switzerland's per capita energy-related CO

1898:

is defined as the removal of investment capital from stocks, bonds or funds in oil, coal and gas companies for both moral and financial reasons.

6729: 2470:

has a share of 46,2 % and surpassed the OECD average. A large driver for this increase in the shares of renewables energy are decreases in

2370:

Public demand for improved local environmental quality and government's aims to promote a green economy are found to be key drivers in Vietnam.

6063: 4560: 2598: 1526:

While production from most types of hydropower plants can be actively controlled, production from wind and solar power depends on the weather.

4793: 4745: 3234:"Lost in transition. The world's energy past, present and future at the 1981 United Nations Conference on New and Renewable Sources of Energy" 3094: 9195: 7376: 4351: 2656: 2187: 5042: 9428: 6079:"Local Governments Supporting Local Energy Initiatives: Lessons from the Best Practices of Saerbeck (Germany) and Lochem (The Netherlands)" 1467:

In 2023, electricity generation from wind and solar sources was projected to exceed 30% by 2030, as fossil fuels' use continues to decline.

887: 7588: 4973:

Defying supply chain disruptions and macroeconomic headwinds, 2022 energy transition investment jumped 31% to draw level with fossil fuels

4254: 3144: 10584: 9312: 8217: 4327: 2175: 1964:

Increasing energy prices resulting from an energy transition may negatively impact developing countries including Vietnam and Indonesia.

164: 7508: 7397: 4610: 2924: 2458:(literally, "the energy turn") indicating a turn away from old fuels and technologies to new one. The key policy document outlining the 1044:

and other petroleum-derived products. To speed up the energy transition it is also conceivable that there will be government buyouts or

9571: 9529: 8733: 8707: 4303: 4044: 170: 7618: 3843: 10450: 9566: 9151: 5371:"Transition pathway towards 100% renewable energy across the sectors of power, heat, transport, and desalination for the Philippines" 4882: 2510:

have varying attitudes to the construction of new power lines. Industry has had their rates frozen and so the increased costs of the

1934: 210: 6787:

Do, Thang Nam; Burke, Paul J.; Nguyen, Hoang Nam; Overland, Indra; Suryadi, Beni; Swandaru, Akbar; Yurnaidi, Zulfikar (2021-12-01).

3411: 9781: 9502: 9220: 8997: 6014: 5950: 4941: 4409: 2618: 1825: 1144: 7471: 4535: 3868:"The Great Carbon Arbitrage: Going short on coal and long on renewables | Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR)" 3531:

Höök, Mikael; Li, Junchen; Johansson, Kersti; Snowden, Simon (2011). "Growth Rates of Global Energy Systems and Future Outlooks".

2401:

with the overarching aim of making Europe climate neutral in 2050. An impact assessed plan will also be presented to increase the

10137: 9926: 9094: 5147: 4445: 4045:"Future skills and job creation through renewable energy in Vietnam. Assessing the co-benefits of decarbonising the power sector" 3950: 6547: 5748: 5457: 5197: 4828: 4536:"Ukraine and Kyrgyzstan. How solar power can help communities in crisis - CANEECCA: Восточная Европа, Кавказ и Центральная Азия" 3113: 2655:

may significantly affect the energy transition, but this is unclear as of 2020. The government is urging UK business to sponsor

1879:. One way that oil companies are able to continue their work despite growing environmental, social and economic concerns is by 1594:

With the integration of renewable energy, local electricity production is becoming more variable. It has been recommended that "

1546:, accounting for the great majority of energy storage capacity installed worldwide. Other important forms of energy storage are 9786: 9749: 9603: 9588: 9507: 9156: 9100: 8496: 8328: 8177: 8164: 6484: 5688: 2610: 2429:

category. Overall, there is a significant disparity between businesses' digital profiles and investments in energy efficiency.

1817: 1566:

increase over the next two decades. Failure to enhance grid infrastructure timely could lead to an additional 58 gigatonnes of

382: 4635: 10445: 9583: 8375: 8313: 7753: 7133: 6456: 6024: 5482: 5320: 4913: 3441: 3387: 3158: 2475: 2288: 1906: 1072:

With increasing adoption of renewable energy sources, costs have declined, most notably for energy generated by solar panels.

6168: 5659: 1427: 10467: 9423: 9418: 8460: 8401: 8396: 7181: 6235:

Bouzarovski, Stefan; Tirado Herrero, Sergio; Petrova, Saska; Frankowski, Jan; Matoušek, Roman; Maltby, Tomas (2017-01-02).

6120:"Energy sustainability indicators for local energy planning: Review of current practices and derivation of a new framework" 5130: 2648: 1829: 3965: 9948: 9726: 9544: 9476: 9466: 9449: 9356: 9163: 8242: 8132: 7920: 2733: 2636:

must also be replaced by either electricity or another form of low-carbon energy, such as sustainable bioenergy crops or

2614: 2602: 1585: 136: 61: 9481: 7206: 5024: 4586: 4237: 2474:. Germany boasts some of the lowest cost of capitals for renewable solar and wind onshore energy worldwide. In 2021 the 1078:(LCOE) is a measure of the average net present cost of electricity generation for a generating plant over its lifetime.) 10377: 10238: 10195: 9691: 8809: 7925: 2463: 2070: 1774:

It is easier to sustainably produce electricity than it is to sustainably produce liquid fuels. Therefore, adoption of

152: 5444:

The great majority of all publications highlights the technical feasibility and economic viability of 100% RE systems.

5168: 4085: 1867: 1346: 1066: 10304: 10180: 9997: 9200: 8718: 8489: 6059: 3688: 3365: 1753: 709: 529: 250: 7160: 6308:

Do, Thang Nam; Burke, Paul (2023). "Phasing out coal power in a developing country context: Insights from Vietnam".

5637: 2354:. India is also moving towards its goal for electrification of the automotive industry, aiming to have at least 30% 1254: 10537: 10175: 10155: 10102: 10054: 9116: 8054: 5993: 5369:

Gulagi, Ashish; Alcanzare, Myron; Bogdanov, Dmitrii; Esparcia, Eugene; Ocon, Joey; Breyer, Christian (2021-07-01).

4432: 3892: 2606: 2245: 1503:

per year each, half of it with lower net lifetime costs than the reference. Other renewable energy sources include

1401: 1167: 880: 317: 6276: 4469: 3261: 2948: 2659:, possibly including energy companies but only if they have a credible short-term plan for the energy transition. 2532: 2047: 10294: 10245: 9671: 9633: 9578: 9048: 8799: 8723: 8696: 8576: 8546: 8406: 8072: 3189: 2633: 1543: 1111: 573: 4927: 4518: 3100:

important to assess policies from the perspective of adequate pricing of climate damage and other externalities.

2545:

the new Energy Act establishing the 'energy strategy 2050'. The aims of the energy strategy 2050 are: to reduce

1771:

electricity to supply to these end uses. Two key areas of electrification are electric vehicles and heat pumps.

1633:. Large-scale batteries can react within seconds and are increasingly used to keep the electricity grid stable. 1461: 1439: 10559: 10362: 9646: 9403: 8360: 8232: 8107: 8077: 8049: 7529: 3615:

Podobnik, B. (1999). "Toward a sustainable energy regime: a long-wave interpretation of global energy shifts".

2480: 1589: 1410:

reported that in 2022, global energy transition investment equaled fossil fuels investment for the first time.

5218: 2542: 2541:

emissions are 28% lower than the European Union average and roughly equal to those of France. On 21 May 2017,

10472: 10007: 9539: 8427: 8391: 8227: 8127: 8102: 7875: 7558: 7430: 5503: 4111:"Renewable energy offers Africa's best opportunity to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, experts say" 2876: 2492: 2343: 402: 7058: 5870: 2651:. Some believe that due to post-covid government debt that funding for the transition will be insufficient. 1385: 1332: 972:. This could imply a shift from centralized to distributed generation. It also includes attempts to replace 10564: 10455: 10127: 9656: 9651: 9556: 9433: 8990: 8442: 8365: 8333: 8252: 8142: 8122: 8112: 8029: 7890: 4985: 3914: 2629: 2578: 2315: 218: 2061:

energy decreased, in part due to fear mongering and inaccurate media portrayal of some nuclear disasters (

10574: 9666: 9519: 8581: 8323: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8212: 8202: 8192: 8187: 8172: 8147: 8044: 8039: 7935: 7900: 7835: 7775: 7346:. Berlin, Germany: Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi). November 2015. Archived from 7123: 6421:"Korean firms asked to consult with indigenous peoples prior to searching for renewable energy resources" 5000:"Global Clean Energy Investment Jumps 17%, Hits $ 1.8 Trillion in 2023, According to BloombergNEF Report" 4845: 2487: 2351: 2331: 1674: 1558: 1196: 873: 1094:

electricity generation (areas of rectangles in chart) greatly exceed those resulting from production of

10525: 10289: 10092: 10049: 9822: 9744: 9598: 8939: 8878: 8432: 8411: 8370: 8355: 8318: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8262: 8247: 8207: 8197: 8137: 8087: 8082: 8011: 7952: 7940: 7880: 7860: 7770: 6888:

Do, Thang Nam (2023). "Phasing out coal power in a developing country context: Insights from Vietnam".

4905: 3150: 2191: 2062: 1987:. Moreover, many other industries are currently dependent on unsustainable energy sources (such as the 1834: 1787: 1765: 1392: 996: 743: 6788: 6362: 6197:

Strangleman, Tim (June 2001). "Networks, Place and Identities in Post-industrial Mining Communities".

4125: 3207: 2644: 1629:

Fast fluctuations increase with a high integration of wind and solar energy. They can be addressed by

1245:. In 2021, the new electricity generating capacity of renewables exceeded 80% of all installed power. 10579: 10394: 10069: 10044: 10017: 9979: 9896: 9714: 9561: 9524: 9274: 9043: 9038: 9033: 8934: 8919: 8652: 8536: 8437: 8257: 8237: 8222: 8117: 8097: 8092: 8034: 8024: 7905: 7855: 7840: 7746: 6597:(WEA). UNDP, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Energy Council, New York 2280: 2211: 1579: 1535: 1117: 929: 846: 422: 73: 9909: 8182: 6052: 4720: 2851: 2314:

Hydro electric power plants are a major part of India's energy infrastructure since the days of its

10404: 10399: 10389: 10330: 10170: 9676: 9641: 9534: 9461: 9302: 9131: 9067: 9028: 8924: 8868: 8637: 8622: 8596: 8512: 8064: 7930: 7915: 7865: 7845: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7780: 7010:"Phasing out coal power in two major Southeast Asian thermal coal economies: Indonesia and Vietnam" 5125:

Bond, Kingsmill; Butler-Sloss, Sam; Lovins, Amory; Speelman, Laurens; Topping, Nigel (2023-06-13).

4216:"How to ensure Alberta's oil and gas workers have jobs during the energy transition - Alberta News" 2239: 1839: 1732: 1567: 1342: 1075: 795: 733: 407: 362: 352: 282: 89: 7373: 6420: 5546:

Bogdanov, Dmitrii; Farfan, Javier; Sadovskaia, Kristina; Aghahosseini, Arman; et al. (2019).

4494: 3982: 3972:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.002. 3795:"Energy prices and resource depletion: lessons from the case of whaling in the nineteenth century" 2589: 2367:

This implies that while there are obstacles, feasibility largely relies on international support.

1407: 10513: 10435: 10345: 10087: 10059: 9739: 9398: 9376: 8983: 8647: 8632: 8617: 8470: 7966: 7910: 7895: 7885: 7870: 7850: 7830: 7790: 7785: 4835:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.001 3463: 3196:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.020 2676: 2499:

stations were closed, and the existing nine stations will close earlier than necessary, in 2022.

2323: 2291:

are well on track of achieving their goals, producing 160 GW electricity from clean sources like

1847: 1531: 860: 738: 728: 432: 367: 2647:

should be spent on the transition, and how many jobs could be created, for example in improving

10569: 10112: 9932: 9874: 9791: 9776: 9661: 9307: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 8914: 8642: 8611: 8601: 8526: 7815: 7795: 2523: 2089: 1968: 1895: 1876: 1856: 1650: 1643: 1607: 985: 945: 824: 633: 618: 566: 427: 347: 7457: 6277:"Training Available for Dislocated Coal Miners and Dependents « UMWA Career Centers, Inc" 5802: 4176:"Retraining investment for Alberta's oil and gas workers for green jobs in the solar industry" 2900: 1131:

In spite of the knowledge about the risks of climate change since the 1980s and the vanishing

940: 139:

are responsible for most human-caused greenhouse gas emissions. To meet the goals of the 2015

10501: 10147: 10024: 9832: 9292: 9215: 8826: 8793: 8662: 7825: 7820: 7500: 6988: 6077:

Hoppe, Thomas; Graf, Antonia; Warbroek, Beau; Lammers, Imke; Lepping, Isabella (2015-02-11).

4385:"This quiet electric motorcycle is helping Ukrainian snipers fight back against the Russians" 3739:

Fouquet, R.; Pearson, P.J.G. (1998). "A thousand years of energy use in the United Kingdom".

3031:"Are renewable heating options cost-competitive with fossil fuels in the residential sector?" 2235: 2003:

less energy-shortage shocks cripple the very efforts to effectively energise the transition.

1972: 1701: 1689: 1615: 1473: 1182: 1025: 668: 613: 603: 442: 357: 194: 101: 93: 7972: 4965:"Global Low-Carbon Energy Technology Investment Surges Past $ 1 Trillion for the First Time" 4061: 1992: 40:

such as coal, oil, and natural gas still remain the world's primary energy sources, even as

10340: 10218: 9879: 9454: 9381: 8964: 8894: 8884: 8821: 8757: 8571: 8541: 7739: 7247: 7021: 6950: 6897: 6800: 6789:"Vietnam's solar and wind power success: Policy implications for the other ASEAN countries" 6515: 6374: 6317: 6131: 5885: 5833: 5559: 5425: 5302: 5265: 4137: 3809: 3713: 3651: 3579: 3301: 3288:; Forster, Piers M.; Kriegler, Elmar; Smith, Christopher J.; Séférian, Roland (July 2019). 2798: 2550: 2422: 2012: 1795: 977: 802: 697: 541: 447: 307: 3002: 8: 10357: 10132: 9366: 9361: 8949: 8944: 8899: 8858: 8788: 6704: 6677: 6237:"Multiple transformations: theorizing energy vulnerability as a socio-spatial phenomenon" 3983:

Theme Report on Energy Transition towards the Achievement of SDG 7 and Net-Zero Emissions

3752: 3493: 3403: 2713: 2410: 2398: 2392: 2304: 2163:

hydroelectric power plant in China, the largest hydroelectric power station in the world.

1821: 1611: 1446: 1242: 1237: 1116:

A rapid energy transition to very-low or zero-carbon sources is required to mitigate the

918: 623: 489: 472: 417: 272: 260: 7251: 7025: 6954: 6901: 6804: 6656: 6519: 6378: 6321: 6135: 5889: 5837: 5603: 5563: 5429: 5269: 4898:(2014). Edenhofer, O.; Pichs-Madruga, R.; Sokona, Y.; Farahani, E.; et al. (eds.). 4141: 3813: 3717: 3655: 3583: 3477: 3458: 3305: 2802: 2115:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

10185: 10117: 10034: 9884: 9849: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9371: 8767: 8749: 8738: 8702: 8657: 8627: 7731: 6976: 6923: 6539: 6398: 6343: 6040: 5917: 5790: 5580: 5548:"Radical transformation pathway towards sustainable electricity via evolutionary steps" 5547: 5326: 4979: 3835: 3756: 3725: 3548: 3076: 2827: 2786: 2743: 2690: 2546: 2283:

goals to transition 50% of its total energy consumption into renewable sources in the

2183: 2066: 1938: 1843: 1697: 1693: 1654: 1547: 1033: 1028:. Similarly, increased use of peat and coal were vital elements paving the way for the 504: 332: 242: 144: 69: 5458:"Stanford Researchers Have an Exciting Plan to Tackle The Climate Emergency Worldwide" 4278: 4126:"Retraining investment for U.S. transition from coal to solar photovoltaic employment" 3946: 3628: 2486:

During this period, the industry around renewable energies also started to experience

1752:

stopped its last three nuclear power plants by mid April 2023. On the other hand, the

10419: 10082: 9593: 9386: 9349: 9136: 9090: 8691: 8466: 7445: 7273: 7129: 7039: 6980: 6927: 6870: 6826: 6737: 6543: 6531: 6503: 6452: 6402: 6390: 6347: 6258: 6214: 6149: 6100: 6020: 5909: 5851: 5798: 5794: 5585: 5392: 5330: 5316: 5283: 5189: 4919: 4909: 4794:"Yesterday mineral supplier, tomorrow battery producer - The Nordic Africa Institute" 4746:"Yesterday mineral supplier, tomorrow battery producer - The Nordic Africa Institute" 4678: 4359: 4197: 4153: 3774:

Unger, R.W. (1984). "Energy sources for the dutch golden age: peat, wind, and coal".

3684: 3597: 3552: 3437: 3383: 3361: 3337: 3329: 3164: 3154: 3080: 3068: 2832: 2814: 2625: 2507: 2462:

was published by the German government in September 2010, some six months before the

2339: 2231: 2132: 2035: 1957: 1887: 1805: 1800: 1744: 1630: 1508: 1267: 1084: 1036:

triggered technological innovation and a shift to new energy sources is 19th century

494: 163:. Another benefit of the energy transition is its potential to reduce the health and 7235: 6631: 5921: 3839: 3568:"How long will it take? Conceptualizing the temporal dynamics of energy transitions" 10462: 10029: 10012: 9953: 9844: 9608: 9332: 9205: 9141: 8909: 8863: 8830: 8804: 8778: 8728: 8712: 8566: 8561: 8531: 7263: 7255: 7029: 6966: 6958: 6913: 6905: 6860: 6816: 6808: 6523: 6382: 6333: 6325: 6248: 6206: 6139: 6090: 5985: 5901: 5893: 5841: 5782: 5575: 5567: 5433: 5416: 5382: 5308: 5278: 5273: 5253: 4668: 4470:"Ukrenergo: Russia targeted solar power plant in Ukraine's rear for the first time" 4187: 4145: 3964:

M. Pathak, R. Slade, P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Pichs-Madruga, D. Ürge-Vorsatz,2022:

3825: 3817: 3748: 3721: 3659: 3624: 3587: 3540: 3472: 3319: 3309: 3290:"Estimating and tracking the remaining carbon budget for stringent climate targets" 3060: 2822: 2810: 2806: 2722: 2570: 2554: 2406: 2355: 2319: 2308: 2215: 2207: 2160: 1775: 1658: 1519: 1354: 1293: 1140: 1095: 1029: 685: 680: 514: 499: 460: 412: 387: 327: 148: 97: 77: 41: 8673: 7589:"UK government announces millions in funding for 'low carbon' hydrogen production" 6253: 6236: 5749:"Americans don't hate living near solar and wind farms as much as you might think" 5252:

Bogdanov, Dmitrii; Gulagi, Ashish; Fasihi, Mahdi; Breyer, Christian (2021-02-01).

4561:"Solar-Powered Defense: How Renewable Energy is Shaping Modern Military Operation" 2342:

in and world's second-largest solar park of 2000 MW Pavgada Solar Park and 100 MW

10414: 10335: 10299: 10228: 10202: 10190: 10107: 10039: 9914: 9771: 9393: 9344: 9322: 8929: 8904: 8772: 8762: 7649:"Gulf between government ambition and ability to deliver green energy transition" 7380: 6594: 6575: 5438: 5411: 3678: 2978:"Plunging cost of wind and solar marks turning point in energy transition: IRENA" 2632:, so natural gas used for industrial and residential heat and petroleum used for 2471: 2284: 2267: 1996: 1945: 1930: 1923: 1875:

The energy transition discussion is heavily influenced by contributions from the

1666: 1595: 1527: 1277: 1166:

and independence, with increasing importance in Europe and Taiwan because of the

1163: 901: 437: 392: 322: 193:

are vital to enable the use of variable, weather-dependent technologies. However

182: 174: 140: 7340:

The Energy of the Future: Fourth "Energy Transition" Monitoring Report — Summary

6962: 6909: 6329: 5345:"Cheap, safe 100% renewable energy possible before 2050, says Finnish uni study" 5126: 4433:

https://www.cfe-dmha.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=sJ7hhDPJFl8%3D&portalid=0

4149: 3663: 1174:. As of 2023 renewable energy in Taiwan is far too small to help in a blockade. 10367: 10223: 10165: 10160: 10002: 9891: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9471: 9408: 9146: 9126: 9085: 9006: 8853: 8835: 8606: 8586: 8551: 7268: 6527: 6386: 6144: 6119: 5571: 5387: 5370: 4696: 4192: 4175: 3938: 3592: 3567: 2785:

Tian, Jinfang; Yu, Longguang; Xue, Rui; Zhuang, Shan; Shan, Yuli (2022-02-01).

2637: 2260: 2203: 2195: 2145: 1988: 1953: 1670: 1662: 1599: 1563: 1539: 1496: 1433:

Renewable energy sources provide an increasing share of overall power capacity.

1362: 1280:– that is increased use of electricity instead of directly burning fossil fuels 1125: 988:

amongst all engineering professions, entrepreneurs, researchers and educators.

973: 807: 780: 753: 721: 704: 583: 372: 342: 186: 7259: 7236:"A dynamic analysis of financing conditions for renewable energy technologies" 7034: 7009: 6812: 5897: 5846: 5821: 5312: 3821: 3544: 3314: 3289: 3168: 921:

and to the renewed use of coal and to permanent renewable energy sources like

10553: 10440: 10372: 10097: 9919: 9904: 9839: 9734: 8591: 8556: 7708:"Big oil need not apply: UK raises the bar for UN climate summit sponsorship" 7277: 7043: 6874: 6830: 6741: 6730:"Clean-up of Indian coal-fired power plants 'could have saved 720,000 lives'" 6535: 6394: 6262: 6218: 6153: 6104: 5913: 5855: 5817: 5396: 5287: 4923: 4682: 4363: 4201: 4157: 3601: 3333: 3146:

The Citizen's Guide to Climate Success: Overcoming Myths that Hinder Progress

3072: 2818: 2704: 2684: 2601:

will be reduced to net zero by 2050. To help in reaching this statutory goal

2335: 2263: 2227: 2199: 2179: 1983:

A large portion of the global workforce works directly or indirectly for the

1791: 1728: 1722: 1358: 1224: 1132: 969: 957: 934: 819: 785: 692: 675: 556: 546: 397: 65: 57: 6210: 4661:"Nuclear power plants in war zones: Lessons learned from the war in Ukraine" 1790:). The IEA estimates that heat pumps currently provide only 5% of space and 1717:

Timeline of commissioned and decommissioned nuclear capacity since the 1950s

32: 10325: 10122: 9766: 9756: 9413: 9297: 9210: 8954: 8873: 8481: 7125:

Digitalisation in Europe 2021-2022: Evidence from the EIB Investment Survey

5589: 5012:

Start years differ by sector but all sectors are present from 2020 onwards.

3341: 3324: 3285: 3140: 3095:"Abolishing fossil fuel subsidies: a brain teaser rather than a no-brainer" 3064: 2836: 2454: 2438: 2414: 2374: 2256: 2152: 1551: 1512: 1323: 1178: 976:

and avoidable energy consumption with energy-saving measures and increased

909: 758: 643: 312: 277: 143:

on climate change, emissions must be reduced as soon as possible and reach

132: 37: 6234: 4673: 2765: 1487:

The most important energy sources in the low carbon energy transition are

181:

being the most efficient technology by far. To improve the flexibility of

10352: 9869: 9861: 9121: 8889: 7152: 5786: 5629: 4942:"Energy Transition Investment Hit $ 500 Billion in 2020 – For First Time" 3355: 2562: 2443: 2292: 2219: 2140: 1984: 1713: 1678: 1492: 1350: 1266:

Many climate change mitigation pathways envision three main aspects of a

1091: 1009: 949: 922: 763: 638: 588: 551: 534: 519: 337: 156: 121: 5474: 4495:"Taiwan war game exposes vulnerability of energy grid to a China attack" 3760: 10384: 9761: 7385:

Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications

6971: 6918: 6821: 6485:"Europe's Energy Crisis Exposes Old Fault Lines and New Power Dynamics" 6338: 6303: 6301: 6169:"Conceptualizing and measuring energy security: A synthesized approach" 5905: 3830: 3114:"How fossil fuel subsidies are hurting the energy transition | Context" 2566: 2558: 2418: 2300: 2296: 2223: 1891: 1890:

has been highly successful in limiting regulations. From 1988 to 2005,

1626:

challenging to supply the entire energy system with renewable energy".

1619: 1603: 1530:

must be extended and adjusted to avoid wastage. Dammed hydropower is a

1488: 773: 598: 593: 561: 524: 509: 292: 190: 160: 128: 6095: 6078: 5689:"Dream or Reality? Electrification of the Chemical Process Industries" 4899: 4832: 4174:

Meyer, Theresa K.; Hunsberger, Carol; Pearce, Joshua M. (2023-09-30).

3969: 3193: 1902:

begun making the shift to more sustainable, eco-friendly investments.

9339: 8959: 8682: 7398:"The Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution (HTML version)" 7293:"A Reconsideration of Fiscal Policy in the Era of Low Interest Rates" 6865: 6848: 6369:. Celebrating a decade of EIST: What's next for transition studies?. 3942: 2327: 2249: 1783: 1504: 1216: 1148: 928:

From the 1990s, debates on energy transition have increasingly taken

628: 608: 377: 287: 178: 117: 7961: 7234:

Egli, Florian; Steffen, Bjarne; Schmidt, Tobias S. (December 2018).

6298: 5545: 5148:"Race to Net Zero: The Pressures of the Battery Boom in Five Charts" 3518:"Figure 1: World Energy Consumption by Source, based on Vaclav Smil" 2670: 1665:, pollution and other environmental issues, as well as economic and 1557:

The "Electricity Grids and Secure Energy Transitions" report by the

1312: 855: 6762:"The Electric Vehicle (EV) sector in India to boost both the ec..." 6448:

Total Transition: The Human Side of the Renewable Energy Revolution

5449: 5403: 4352:"Europe is importing a solar boom. Good news for (nearly) everyone" 3680:

In the Servitude of Power: Energy and Civilisation Through the Ages

2311:

renewable energy country attractive index behind the US and China.

2157: 1880: 1756:

is aiming for 200 GW by 2035, produced by 150 additional reactors.

1740: 1573: 1366: 1303: 1220: 1212: 1045: 1041: 914: 768: 653: 648: 302: 297: 267: 7619:"Why zero-carbon homes must lead the green recovery from COVID-19" 7422: 6849:"Insider perspectives on Southeast Asiaʼs clean energy transition" 2593:

United Kingdom electricity generation by source - percentage share

2018:

by their continued investment in fossil fuel generation capacity.

1032:, roughly spanning the entire 17th century. Another example where 1008:

The chronologically first discourse was most broadly described by

9317: 8975: 8783: 5526:"China's Climate Goals Hinge on a $ 440 Billion Nuclear Buildout" 5127:"Report / 2023 / X-Change: Electricity / On track for disruption" 4769: 4410:"Trump's False Claim That U.S. Military Moving to Electric Tanks" 2925:"Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Energy Data Explorer – Data Tools" 2905:

Center on Global Energy Policy at Columbia University SIPA | CGEP

2698: 2574: 1749: 1743:

more than half of the electrical power is still nuclear. It is a

1538:

sources. These sources require dispatchable backup generation or

1259:

The emissions reductions necessary to keep global warming below 2

1200: 1037: 790: 748: 484: 467: 109: 2194:

in the 1960s, China is currently the world's largest emitter of

1661:

for electricity, heating, cooling and transport is motivated by

10320: 5368: 4611:"Ukraine says Russia's attacks are threatening energy security" 4587:"Why the Military May Need Microgrids to Win A Near-Peer Fight" 4446:"Geopolitics and Energy Security in Taiwan: A Refined Analysis" 2652: 2609:

and delivering new and advanced nuclear power. The increase in

2527:

Switzerland electricity generation by source - percentage share

2252: 1736: 1208: 1204: 953: 479: 6705:"Renewable Energy in India - Indian Power Industry Investment" 6632:"China's Energy Policymaking Processes and Their Consequences" 5714:"Energy Costs Set to Reach Record 13% of Global GDP This Year" 5124: 2787:"Global low-carbon energy transition in the post-COVID-19 era" 2447:

Gross generation of electricity by source in Germany 1990–2020

2397:

The European Green Deal is a set of policy initiatives by the

2307:, this is 40% of its total capacity. India is ranked third on 1570:

by 2050, significantly risking a 2°C global temperature rise.

10234:

Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

9327: 8002: 7094:"EU Commission unveils 'European Green Deal': The key points" 5868: 5822:"The climate responsibilities of industrial carbon producers" 5043:"Share of cumulative power capacity by technology, 2010-2027" 4636:"Taiwan's Election Has Big Ramifications for Energy Security" 4005:. The Hague: PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. 3704:

Nef, J.U (1977). "Early energy crisis and its consequences".

2167: 1677:, since most of today's energy is derived from non-renewable 1274:

The use of low-emission energy sources to produce electricity

1231: 714: 100:. A previous energy transition perhaps took place during the 6636:

The National Bureau of Asian Research Energy Security Report

5219:"Electricity Grids and Secure Energy Transitions – Analysis" 5095:"Renewable Energy Market Update / Outlook for 2021 and 2022" 5080:. International Energy Agency (IEA). June 2023. p. 19. 4304:"For Taiwan, as for Ukraine, Energy Security Is Existential" 1105: 7472:"Reducing UK emissions: 2020 Progress Report to Parliament" 5747:

Chiu, Allyson; Guskin, Emily; Clement, Scott (2023-10-03).

4895: 1622:. This reduces the dependence on local weather conditions. 1171: 908:

was coined by politicians and media. It was popularised by

812: 113: 105: 36:

Progress of current energy transition to renewable energy:

6623: 5412:"Status and perspectives on 100% renewable energy systems" 5251: 5071:"Renewable Energy Market Update Outlook for 2023 and 2024" 5025:"Energy Transition Investment Now On Par with Fossil Fuel" 3357:

Energy Transition in Metropolises, Rural Areas and Deserts

3284: 2716: – change in transport planning, and transport policy 2577:). The Energy Act of 2006 forbids the construction of new 2373:

Governments ambition to attract international support for

2270:

is a huge component of the Chinese national energy policy.

2182:

to sustain economic growth has been a core concern of the

1794:

requirements globally, but could provide over 90%. Use of

1782:

A key sustainable solution to heating is electrification (

10410:

Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change

3003:"Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options" 96:

and changing as many processes as possible to operate on

7761: 7057:

Tamma, Paola; Schaart, Eline; Gurzu, Anca (2019-12-11).

6076: 5362: 5337: 5294: 5245: 5142: 5140: 3893:"Solar power got cheap. So why aren't we using it more?" 3641: 2739:

List of renewable energy topics by country and territory

1051: 4023: 3802:

Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy

2503:

8300 km of power lines must be built or upgraded.

917:, we must prepare quickly for a third change to strict 5660:"5 Things You Should Know about Geothermal Heat Pumps" 4872:, The International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi 3931: 3530: 3410:. U.S. Energy Information Administration. April 2022. 1255:

Sustainable energy § Energy system transformation

991: 10251:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

7950: 6786: 6016:

Geopolitics of the energy transition: Energy security

5871:"Macroeconomic impact of stranded fossil fuel assets" 5137: 5055:

Source states "Fossil fuel capacity from IEA (2022),

5017: 4956: 4934: 4173: 3947:"What are the safest and cleanest sources of energy?" 3416:

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration,

3380:

Transition Engineering, Building a Sustainable Future

2953:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

2729:

List of countries by renewable electricity production

1808:

with an expected large-scale implementation by 2025.

1515:, but they currently have higher net lifetime costs. 1445:

Renewable energy capacity has steadily grown, led by

7679:"Why a deal on energy could break the Brexit logjam" 6940: 6199:

International Journal of Urban and Regional Research

5815: 5104:. International Energy Agency. May 2021. p. 8. 3434:

Energy Transitions. History, Requirements, Prospects

2718:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

2666: 2628:

must be strengthened. Electricity is only a part of

2613:– together with the 20% of electricity generated by 2611:

national renewable power – particularly from biomass

2466:; legislative support was passed in September 2010. 2041:

Global energy consumption by source (raw quantities)

1846:) while still growing their economy. This is called 1811: 1495:. They could reduce net emissions by 4 billion tons 1120:. Coal, oil and gas combustion account for 89% of CO 5779:

The Energy Transition Governance Research Materials

3676: 2053:

Global energy consumption by source (percent share)

1912: 7233: 6657:"China coal surge threatens Paris climate targets" 5740: 5664:Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy 5027:. Bloomberg NEF (New Energy Finance). 2023-02-10. 4721:"Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2024 – Analysis" 4124:Louie, Edward P.; Pearce, Joshua M. (2016-06-01). 2725: – Using hydrogen to decarbonize more sectors 1283:Accelerated adoption of energy efficiency measures 1248: 7147: 7145: 7056: 6367:Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 5772:"Energy Transition Governance Research Materials" 5763: 5746: 5049:. International Energy Agency (IEA). 2022-12-05. 3053:Manufacturing & Service Operations Management 2533:Energy in Switzerland § Energy strategy 2050 27:Significant structural change in an energy system 10551: 10451:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 6608:"Statistical Review of World Energy (June 2018)" 4967:. Figure 1: Bloomberg NEF (New Energy Finance). 3677:Debeir, J.C.; Deléage, J.P.; Hémery, D. (1991). 1574:Integration of variable renewable energy sources 206:mechanization, steam power and the use of coal. 6561: 6482: 6363:"Mining—The dark side of the energy transition" 5523: 5504:"Operational & Long-Term Shutdown Reactors" 3907: 2784: 92:from energy quickly and sustainably, mostly by 7153:"Germany's energy transformation Energiewende" 7142: 6444: 6241:Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 6118:Neves, Ana Rita; Leal, Vítor (December 2010). 4948:. (Bloomberg New Energy Finance). 2021-01-19. 3890: 3738: 3143:(2020). "Chapter 11 – "Renewables Have Won"". 2621:had overtaken that generated by fossil fuels. 2599:greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom 9196:History of climate change policy and politics 8991: 8497: 7988: 7747: 6629: 5455: 4992: 4881:United Nations Environment Programme (2019). 4042: 3993: 3456: 3396: 3050: 3010:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 881: 8511: 7369: 7367: 7008:Do, Thang Nam; Burke, Paul J. (2024-06-01). 6993:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6445:Pai, Sandeep; Carr-Wilson, Savannah (2018). 5118: 5035: 4770:"AMV – Africa Mining Vision | African Union" 4086:"Renewables set to energize Africa's growth" 3937: 3494:"Pour une histoire désorientée de l'énergie" 3354:Louis Boisgibault, Fahad Al Kabbani (2020): 2766:"Figures from the Global Carbon Budget 2021" 2421:. The president of the European Commission, 1620:extending electricity grids over large areas 1112:Climate change mitigation § Co-benefits 165:environmental impacts of the energy industry 9313:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation 7207:"The cost of financing for renewable power" 7186:Die Bundesregierung informiert | Startseite 7182:"Wo steht Deutschland bei der Energiewende" 6675: 6196: 5769: 5524:Murtaugh, Dan; Krystal, Chia (2021-11-02). 5304:Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals 4123: 3617:Technological Forecasting and Social Change 10532: 10520: 9977: 8998: 8984: 8504: 8490: 7995: 7981: 7754: 7740: 7331: 6676:Rosen, Daniel; Houser, Trevor (May 2007). 6361:Marín, Anabel; Goya, Daniel (2021-12-01). 5163: 5161: 5062: 4000:and total greenhouse gas emissions (2020)" 3994:Olivier, J.G.J.; Peters, J.A.H.W. (2020). 3891:Chrobak, Ula; Chodosh, Sara (2021-01-28). 2358:ownership among private vehicles by 2030. 2188:founding of the People's Republic of China 1232:Cost competitiveness of renewable energies 1059:Drivers for transition to renewable energy 1040:: whale oil eventually became replaced by 888: 874: 249: 229: 147:by mid-century. Since the late 2010s, the 10272: 10078:Adaptation strategies on the German coast 9221:United Nations Climate Change conferences 8004:Renewable energy by country and territory 7364: 7267: 7033: 6970: 6917: 6864: 6820: 6360: 6337: 6252: 6143: 6117: 6094: 6062:) CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6019:. Abu Dhabi. 2024-04-17. pp. 10–12. 5845: 5711: 5579: 5481:Wiseman, John; et al. (April 2013). 5437: 5386: 5277: 4672: 4658: 4443: 4283:European Commission - European Commission 4191: 4017:"Statistical Review of World Energy 2021" 3829: 3591: 3476: 3377: 3371: 3323: 3313: 2849: 2826: 1766:Sustainable energy § Electrification 1106:Climate change mitigation and co-benefits 135:, but this usage emits greenhouse gases. 9782:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation 8597:Environmentally healthy community design 7586: 7310:"Germany's energy reform: Troubled turn" 7122:Bank, European Investment (2022-05-05). 6678:"China Energy A Guide for the Perplexed" 6166: 6124:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 5375:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 4962: 3987: 3884: 3614: 3565: 2588: 2522: 2442: 2151: 2139: 2131: 1866: 1833: 1826:Energy security and renewable technology 1712: 1636: 1145:co-benefits of climate change mitigation 995: 939: 88:. The current transition aims to reduce 31: 10138:National Adaptation Programme of Action 9927:Land use, land-use change, and forestry 7677:Grubb, Professor Michael (2020-09-08). 7616: 7007: 6654: 6630:Andrews-Speed, Philip (November 2014). 6307: 6230: 6228: 5657: 5627: 5480: 5158: 4444:Institute, Global Taiwan (2024-02-07). 4255:"Regional Cohesion in Europe 2021-2022" 3915:"Lazard LCOE Levelized Cost Of Energy+" 3491: 3139: 1838:Countries that managed to reduce their 1189: 151:transition has also been driven by the 14: 10552: 9787:Economics of climate change mitigation 9750:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard) 9273: 9101:Scientific consensus on climate change 7646: 7559:"Land use: Policies for a Net Zero UK" 7229: 7227: 7087: 7085: 7083: 6842: 6840: 6782: 6780: 6727: 6483:Stevis-Gridneff, Matina (2022-10-07). 5948: 5604:"World Energy Outlook 2020 – Analysis" 5409: 4407: 3231: 2025: 1818:Economics of climate change mitigation 1341:Examples of renewable energy options: 383:List of low-energy building techniques 10446:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 10271: 9976: 9712: 9272: 9184: 9065: 9017: 8979: 8485: 7976: 7735: 7676: 7115: 7091: 6853:Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies 6581: 6501: 5410:Hansen, Kenneth; et al. (2019). 5300: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4519:"Solar: the military's secret weapon" 4235: 4169: 4167: 3792: 3773: 3184: 3182: 3135: 3133: 2657:the climate change conference in 2021 2624:In order to meet the net zero target 2476:International Renewable Energy Agency 2255:for both domestic consumption and as 2006: 1907:International Renewable Energy Agency 1673:supply to renewable sources requires 1098:(rectangles barely visible in chart). 1052:Drivers for current energy transition 10468:Representative Concentration Pathway 9419:Tipping points in the climate system 9095:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere 7762:Energy policies of various countries 7121: 6225: 5816:Frumhoff, Peter C.; Heede, Richard; 5496: 4894: 4584: 4382: 3753:10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol19-No4-1 3572:Energy Research & Social Science 3566:Sovacool, Benjamin K. (2016-03-01). 3431: 3425: 3111: 2649:energy efficiency in British housing 2206:. China is also the world's largest 2136:Most energy in China comes from coal 2095: 1830:Russia in the European energy sector 1669:concerns. Shifting the total global 76:. Most of the sustainable energy is 10239:Nationally determined contributions 9949:Individual action on climate change 9164:World energy supply and consumption 7224: 7080: 7059:"Europe's Green Deal plan unveiled" 6837: 6777: 6438: 5951:"A Guide to Fossil Fuel Divestment" 5456:Koumoundouros, Tessa (2019-12-27). 5068:Source for data beginning in 2017: 4247: 3703: 3478:10.1146/annurev.eg.02.110177.000245 2734:List of energy storage power plants 2615:nuclear power in the United Kingdom 1586:Combined cycle hydrogen power plant 1287: 1124:emissions and still provide 78% of 992:Examples of past energy transitions 197:are slowing the energy transition. 24: 10585:Renewable energy commercialization 10378:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis 9005: 8734:waste-water treatment technologies 7530:"Office for Low Emission Vehicles" 7383:, Swiss Federal Office of Energy, 7290: 7014:Energy for Sustainable Development 6887: 6846: 6793:Energy for Sustainable Development 6569:Statistical Review of World Energy 4810: 4301: 4164: 4117: 4062:"Realizing the Green Jobs Promise" 4015: 3726:10.1038/scientificamerican1177-140 3205: 3179: 3130: 2995: 2763: 2607:the country's off-shore wind power 1759: 1157: 56:) is a major structural change to 25: 10596: 10305:Satellite temperature measurement 9910:forestry for carbon sequestration 9201:History of climate change science 8719:agricultural wastewater treatment 7420: 5111:from the original on 2023-03-25. 5087:from the original on 2023-07-11. 5010:from the original on 2024-06-28. 4971:from the original on 2023-05-22. 3920:. Lazard. June 2024. p. 16. 3414:from the original on 2023-03-13. 3208:"Address to the Nation on Energy" 2584: 2479:political drivers. Following the 2386: 1812:Economic and geopolitical aspects 1754:China General Nuclear Power Group 1675:a transition of the energy system 1534:source, while solar and wind are 137:Energy production and consumption 10531: 10519: 10508: 10507: 10495: 10156:Climate Change Performance Index 8672: 8465: 8456: 8455: 8020:Democratic Republic of the Congo 7960: 7700: 7670: 7640: 7610: 7580: 7551: 7522: 7493: 7464: 7414: 7390: 7302: 7284: 7199: 7174: 7050: 7001: 6934: 6881: 6754: 6721: 6697: 6669: 6648: 6600: 6495: 6476: 6413: 6354: 6269: 6190: 6160: 6111: 6070: 6007: 5978: 5942: 5862: 5809: 5759:from the original on 2023-10-03. 5731: 5705: 5681: 5651: 5621: 5596: 5539: 5517: 5154:from the original on 2023-09-07. 5133:from the original on 2023-07-13. 5092:● Source for data through 2016: 5053:from the original on 2023-02-04. 5031:from the original on 2023-03-27. 4963:Catsaros, Oktavia (2023-01-26). 4952:from the original on 2021-01-19. 4930:from the original on 2017-01-26. 4870:Renewable Energy Statistics 2022 4659:Przybylak, Joanna (2023-11-27). 3953:from the original on 2024-01-15. 3927:from the original on 2024-08-28. 3903:from the original on 2021-01-29. 3360:. Wiley - ISTE. (Energy series) 3175:from the original on 2021-09-12. 2867: 2746: – Climate-friendly economy 2697: 2683: 2669: 2100: 2088:This section is an excerpt from 2046: 2034: 1913:Social and environmental aspects 1883:local and national governments. 1708: 1698:unsustainable energy consumption 1642:This section is an excerpt from 1472: 1460: 1438: 1426: 1400: 1384: 1331: 1322: 1311: 1302: 1168:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 1083: 1065: 854: 841: 840: 318:Energy efficiency implementation 18:Transition to sustainable energy 10295:Instrumental temperature record 10246:Sustainable Development Goal 13 8800:List of energy storage projects 8724:industrial wastewater treatment 8577:Environmental impact assessment 8547:Environmental impact assessment 7718:from the original on 2020-09-23 7689:from the original on 2020-09-12 7659:from the original on 2020-09-17 7629:from the original on 2020-09-09 7599:from the original on 2020-10-29 7569:from the original on 2020-09-22 7540:from the original on 2020-09-11 7511:from the original on 2020-09-18 7482:from the original on 2020-09-20 7433:from the original on 2020-10-10 7320:from the original on 2013-03-04 7163:from the original on 2018-01-15 7104:from the original on 2020-12-15 7069:from the original on 2020-11-28 6578:, Workbook (xlsx), London, 2016 6550:from the original on 2021-03-21 6465:from the original on 2021-05-10 6287:from the original on 2020-03-29 6179:from the original on 2020-03-21 5996:from the original on 2017-11-19 5967:from the original on 2020-10-22 5931:from the original on 2020-07-28 5670:from the original on 2021-04-15 5640:from the original on 2021-03-03 5236: 5211: 5200:from the original on 2020-05-23 5182: 4888: 4875: 4862: 4838: 4786: 4762: 4738: 4713: 4689: 4652: 4628: 4603: 4591:Air & Space Forces Magazine 4578: 4553: 4528: 4511: 4487: 4462: 4437: 4426: 4401: 4376: 4344: 4320: 4295: 4271: 4229: 4208: 4103: 4078: 4054: 4036: 4009: 3975: 3958: 3860: 3786: 3767: 3732: 3697: 3670: 3635: 3608: 3559: 3524: 3510: 3492:Fressoz, Jean-Baptiste (2014). 3485: 3450: 3348: 3278: 3254: 3225: 3212:The American Presidency Project 3199: 3105: 3087: 3044: 3023: 2984:from the original on 2020-08-10 2959:from the original on 2021-03-19 2634:transport in the United Kingdom 2318:in 1947. Former prime Minister 2214:), and the largest producer of 2192:the country's industrialization 2172:world's largest energy consumer 2013:Renewable energy § Debates 1999:that addresses these concerns. 1544:pumped storage hydroelectricity 1249:Key technologies and approaches 1177:Centralised facilities such as 968:encompasses a reorientation of 574:Ocean thermal energy conversion 10363:Climate variability and change 9713: 9404:Retreat of glaciers since 1850 7617:Boydell, Ranald (2020-06-22). 7587:Frangoul, Anmar (2020-02-18). 7387:(page visited on 21 May 2017). 7092:Simon, Frédéric (2019-12-11). 5712:Gillespie, Todd (2022-03-16). 5628:Abergel, Thibaut (June 2020). 5279:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116273 4665:Security and Defence Quarterly 3457:Häfelse, W; Sassin, W (1977). 2970: 2941: 2917: 2893: 2861: 2843: 2811:10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118205 2778: 2757: 2617:meant that by 2019 low carbon 2518: 1590:Hydrogen fuel cell power plant 80:. Therefore, another term for 13: 1: 10473:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 10008:Climate emergency declaration 7647:Penman, Hamish (2020-09-02). 6254:10.1080/04353684.2016.1276733 5006:. Bloomberg NEF. 2024-01-30. 4408:Farley, Robert (2023-11-11). 4328:"EURACTIV Press Release Site" 3629:10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00042-6 3232:Basosi, Duccio (2020-03-20). 2751: 2493:levelized cost of electricity 2289:Central Electricity Authority 2234:, where the goals of China's 2230:of China is connected to its 1975:issues for some communities. 1862: 1090:Deaths caused as a result of 403:Passive solar building design 200: 68:. Currently, a transition to 10456:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 9682:Middle East and North Africa 9018: 7128:. European Investment Bank. 6655:McGrath, Matt (2019-11-20). 5658:Mueller, Mike (2017-08-01). 5439:10.1016/j.energy.2019.03.092 5129:. Rocky Mountain Institute. 4697:"Critical Minerals – Topics" 3776:Research in Economic History 3404:"Renewable energy explained" 2630:energy in the United Kingdom 2403:EU's greenhouse gas emission 1993:cement and concrete industry 1704:, and financial constraints. 1162:Another important driver is 54:energy system transformation 7: 9185: 8582:Environmental impact design 7563:Committee on Climate Change 7476:Committee on Climate Change 6963:10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111561 6910:10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113512 6896:(May 2023 113512): 113512. 6728:Fuller, Gary (2024-04-19). 6330:10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113512 6316:(May 2023 113512): 113512. 6167:SOVACOOL, Benjamin (2011). 5770:Nzaou-Kongo, Aubin (2020). 5666:. US Department of Energy. 5059:. IEA. Licence: CC BY 4.0." 4846:"Levelized Cost of Energy+" 4150:10.1016/j.eneco.2016.05.016 3664:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.07.039 2852:"Global Energy Transitions" 2662: 2332:Koyna hydroelectric project 1197:International Energy Agency 948:use of renewable energies: 861:Renewable energy portal 579:Renewable energy transition 127:Over three-quarters of the 86:renewable energy transition 10: 10601: 10290:Global surface temperature 10181:Popular culture depictions 10093:Ecosystem-based adaptation 9823:Carbon capture and storage 9745:Carbon offsets and credits 9066: 8940:High-performance buildings 6949:(September 2020): 111561. 6847:Do, Thang Nam (May 2024). 6528:10.1038/s41560-020-00686-5 6387:10.1016/j.eist.2021.09.011 6145:10.1016/j.rser.2010.07.067 6058:CS1 maint: date and year ( 5572:10.1038/s41467-019-08855-1 5388:10.1016/j.rser.2021.110934 4906:Cambridge University Press 4585:Roza, David (2023-10-31). 4383:Toll, Micah (2022-05-12). 4193:10.1007/s43979-023-00067-3 3593:10.1016/j.erss.2015.12.020 3533:Natural Resources Research 3459:"The global energy system" 3151:Cambridge University Press 2530: 2464:Fukushima nuclear accident 2436: 2432: 2390: 2361: 2176:largest industrial country 2087: 2010: 1921: 1917: 1815: 1763: 1720: 1641: 1583: 1577: 1291: 1252: 1109: 964:In this context, the term 915:running out of gas and oil 10502:Climate change portal 10489: 10428: 10395:Extreme event attribution 10313: 10282: 10278: 10267: 10211: 10146: 10068: 10018:School Strike for Climate 9990: 9986: 9972: 9941: 9897:Climate-smart agriculture 9858: 9815: 9725: 9721: 9708: 9632: 9495: 9442: 9285: 9281: 9268: 9191: 9180: 9109: 9078: 9074: 9061: 9044:Climate change adaptation 9039:Climate change mitigation 9034:Effects of climate change 9024: 9013: 8935:Heat recovery ventilation 8920:Environmental remediation 8845: 8748: 8681: 8670: 8537:Climate smart agriculture 8519: 8451: 8420: 8384: 8348: 8271: 8163: 8156: 8063: 8010: 7767: 7501:"Decarbonisation of Heat" 7260:10.1038/s41560-018-0277-y 7035:10.1016/j.esd.2024.101451 6813:10.1016/j.esd.2021.09.002 5898:10.1038/s41558-018-0182-1 5847:10.1007/s10584-015-1472-5 5313:10.1007/978-3-030-05843-2 5301:Teske, Sven, ed. (2019). 5057:World Energy Outlook 2022 4883:Emissions Gap Report 2019 3822:10.1080/15567240600629435 3545:10.1007/s11053-011-9162-0 3378:Krumdieck, Susan (2020). 3315:10.1038/s41586-019-1368-z 3238:Journal of Energy History 2850:Davidsson, Simon (2015). 2381: 2240:energy demand managements 2109:This article needs to be 1978: 1580:Variable renewable energy 1536:variable renewable energy 1118:effects of climate change 930:climate change mitigation 910:US President Jimmy Carter 423:Sustainable refurbishment 94:phasing-down fossil fuels 10405:Global warming potential 10212:International agreements 9859:Preserving and enhancing 9303:Arctic methane emissions 9225:Years in climate change 9132:Greenhouse gas emissions 9029:Causes of climate change 8925:Glass in green buildings 8869:sustainable architecture 8513:Environmental technology 7423:"Drax Electric Insights" 6593:12 November 2020 at the 6451:. Rocky Mountain Books. 5986:"Divestment Commitments" 5190:"Solar Energy Potential" 5169:"Electricity production" 4984:: CS1 maint: location ( 4829:Summary for Policymakers 4542:(in Russian). 2022-10-23 2328:Tehri hydropower complex 2274: 2178:, and ensuring adequate 2082: 1840:greenhouse gas emissions 1796:ground source heat pumps 1786:, or the less efficient 1745:low carbon energy source 1727:In the 1970s and 1980s, 1347:molten salt heat storage 1343:concentrated solar power 1076:Levelized cost of energy 1048:of coal mining regions. 408:Sustainable architecture 363:Glass in green buildings 353:Environmental technology 283:Compact fluorescent lamp 104:from 1760 onwards, from 90:greenhouse gas emissions 10436:Climate change scenario 10088:Disaster risk reduction 9740:Carbon emission trading 9550:U.S. insurance industry 9530:Civilizational collapse 9377:sea surface temperature 7505:Energy Systems Catapult 7188:(in German). 2023-07-12 6588:World Energy Assessment 6574:17 October 2020 at the 6211:10.1111/1468-2427.00310 5990:Fossil Free: Divestment 5490:University of Melbourne 5113:IEA. Licence: CC BY 4.0 4450:Global Taiwan Institute 3464:Annual Review of Energy 2980:. Reuters. 2020-06-01. 2677:Renewable energy portal 2481:global financial crisis 2346:Ultra mega solar park. 2324:temples of modern India 2077: 1848:eco-economic decoupling 1653:is the goal of the use 1562:over 80% of the global 1228:value-added products. 935:carbon emissions budget 729:Human-powered transport 433:Tropical green building 368:Green building and wood 230:Development of the term 219:Sixth Assessment Report 217:in the glossary of its 10429:Research and modelling 10113:Nature-based solutions 9933:Nature-based solutions 9875:Carbon dioxide removal 9792:Fossil fuel divestment 9777:Climate risk insurance 9687:Small island countries 9308:Arctic sea ice decline 8915:Environmental movement 8612:Sustainability science 8602:Public interest design 8527:Appropriate technology 7427:Drax Electric Insights 6765:www.investindia.gov.in 6709:www.investindia.gov.in 6173:ink.library.smu.edu.sg 5483:"Post Carbon Pathways" 4043:IASS/Green ID (2019). 3418:Monthly Energy Review, 3065:10.1287/msom.2019.0789 3012:. 2021. pp. 49–55 2605:is mainly focusing on 2603:national energy policy 2594: 2528: 2448: 2164: 2149: 2137: 2090:Energy policy of China 1969:environmental conflict 1877:fossil fuel industries 1872: 1857:gross domestic product 1855:reached 13% of global 1851: 1718: 1696:, political inaction, 1608:demand side management 1001: 986:Transition Engineering 961: 946:Distributed generation 825:Personal rapid transit 567:Tidal stream generator 428:Thermal energy storage 348:Environmental planning 185:, the installation of 98:low carbon electricity 45: 44:are increasing in use. 10560:Energy infrastructure 10390:Earth's energy budget 10273:Background and theory 10161:Climate crisis (term) 9833:Fossil fuel phase-out 9727:Economics and finance 9692:by individual country 9634:By country and region 9609:Security and conflict 9604:Psychological impacts 9293:Abrupt climate change 9216:Charles David Keeling 9049:By country and region 8794:hydrogen technologies 8708:Solid waste treatment 5949:Howard, Emma (2015). 5878:Nature Climate Change 5552:Nature Communications 3949:. Our World in Data. 3683:. London: Zed Books. 3432:Smil, Vaclav (2010). 3262:"The Paris Agreement" 2949:"The Paris Agreement" 2597:By law production of 2592: 2543:Swiss voters accepted 2526: 2446: 2285:Paris climate accords 2244:Being a country that 2236:industrial production 2155: 2143: 2135: 1973:environmental justice 1870: 1837: 1764:Further information: 1731:gained a large share 1716: 1702:energy infrastructure 1690:climate change denial 1657:for all energy. 100% 1651:100% renewable energy 1644:100% renewable energy 1637:100% renewable energy 1616:hydrogen electrolysis 1353:in South Africa; the 1253:Further information: 1238:lithium-ion batteries 1110:Further information: 1026:Industrial Revolution 999: 943: 669:Sustainable transport 614:Floating wind turbine 443:Zero heating building 358:Fossil fuel phase-out 195:fossil-fuel subsidies 102:Industrial Revolution 35: 10219:Glasgow Climate Pact 9880:Carbon sequestration 9455:Mass mortality event 8965:Water heat recycling 8895:Efficient energy use 8885:Conservation biology 8822:Sustainable lighting 8758:Efficient energy use 8572:Environmental Design 8542:Environmental design 7374:Energy strategy 2050 5787:10.2139/ssrn.3556410 3996:"Trends in global CO 2870:"Energy Transitions" 2579:nuclear power plants 2423:Ursula von der Leyen 2305:nuclear power plants 2202:is a major cause of 1612:sustainable biofuels 1243:peaking power plants 1190:Economic development 1183:thermal power plants 803:Personal transporter 698:Wind-powered vehicle 542:Marine current power 448:Zero-energy building 308:Efficient energy use 171:Heating of buildings 153:rapidly falling cost 129:world's energy needs 74:limit climate change 10565:Emissions reduction 10358:Climate sensitivity 10133:The Adaptation Fund 9589:Infectious diseases 9496:Social and economic 8950:Nature conservation 8945:Land rehabilitation 8900:Energy conservation 8789:carbon-neutral fuel 8697:dispersion modeling 7379:19 May 2017 at the 7269:20.500.11850/309636 7252:2018NatEn...3.1084E 7026:2024ESusD..8001451D 6955:2020EnPol.14411561D 6902:2023EnPol.17613512D 6805:2021ESusD..65....1D 6520:2020NatEn...5..920A 6379:2021EIST...41...86M 6322:2023EnPol.17613512D 6136:2010RSERv..14.2723N 5890:2018NatCC...8..588M 5838:2015ClCh..132..157F 5753:The Washington Post 5564:2019NatCo..10.1077B 5430:2019Ene...175..471H 5270:2021ApEn..28316273B 4674:10.35467/sdq/174810 4302:Taplin, Nathaniel. 4142:2016EneEc..57..295L 3814:2007EneSB...2..297B 3718:1977SciAm.237e.140N 3706:Scientific American 3656:2012EnPol..50..109R 3584:2016ERSS...13..202S 3306:2019Natur.571..335R 3112:Tripathi, Bhasker. 2803:2022ApEn..30718205T 2714:Mobility transition 2619:British electricity 2411:building renovation 2399:European Commission 2393:European Green Deal 2026:Examples by country 1985:fossil fuel economy 1842:(working towards a 1822:Energy independence 1655:renewable resources 490:Carbon-neutral fuel 418:Sustainable habitat 273:Building insulation 261:Energy conservation 237:Part of a series on 221:but it does define 131:are met by burning 10575:Energy development 9929:(LULUCF and AFOLU) 9901:Forest management 9885:Direct air capture 9850:Sustainable energy 9807:Net zero emissions 9802:Low-carbon economy 9797:Green Climate Fund 9584:Indigenous peoples 9487:Plant biodiversity 9275:Effects and issues 8768:Energy development 8750:Sustainable energy 8739:water purification 8703:Industrial ecology 7456:has generic name ( 6502:Alova, G. (2020). 6489:The New York Times 5506:. IAEA. 2013-04-13 4565:Foresight Learning 3872:siepr.stanford.edu 3793:Bardi, U. (2007). 3741:The Energy Journal 3214:. UC Santa Barbara 2744:Low carbon economy 2691:Environment portal 2645:COVID-19 recession 2595: 2555:renewable energies 2547:energy consumption 2529: 2449: 2322:called them the " 2226:in the world. The 2184:Chinese Government 2165: 2150: 2148:emissions in China 2138: 2007:Risks and barriers 1939:low carbon economy 1886:Historically, the 1873: 1852: 1844:low-carbon economy 1719: 1694:fossil fuels lobby 1631:operating reserves 1548:electric batteries 1447:solar photovoltaic 1420:Growth in capacity 1139:The deployment of 1034:resource depletion 1002: 984:new discipline in 962: 505:Geothermal heating 333:Energy saving lamp 243:Sustainable energy 70:sustainable energy 46: 10547: 10546: 10485: 10484: 10481: 10480: 10420:Radiative forcing 10263: 10262: 10259: 10258: 10083:Adaptive capacity 9968: 9967: 9964: 9963: 9828:Energy transition 9704: 9703: 9700: 9699: 9424:Tropical cyclones 9350:Urban heat island 9264: 9263: 9176: 9175: 9172: 9171: 9137:Carbon accounting 9091:Greenhouse effect 9057: 9056: 8973: 8972: 8810:commercialization 8479: 8478: 8344: 8343: 7948: 7947: 7712:Climate Home News 7246:(12): 1084–1092. 7135:978-92-861-5233-7 6458:978-1-77160-248-8 6096:10.3390/su7021900 6026:978-92-9260-599-5 5693:www.aiche-cep.com 5322:978-3-030-05842-5 4915:978-1-107-05821-7 4180:Carbon Neutrality 3981:UN Energy (2021) 3966:Technical Summary 3443:978-0-313-38177-5 3389:978-0-367-34126-8 3300:(7765): 335–342. 3192:. In IPCC, 2022: 3190:Annex I: Glossary 3160:978-1-108-47937-0 2553:; and to promote 2551:energy efficiency 2352:energy production 2340:Bhadla Solar Park 2320:Jawahar Lal Nehru 2309:Ernst and Young's 2287:. As of 2022 the 2232:industrial policy 2130: 2129: 2063:Three Mile Island 1958:adaptive capacity 1888:fossil fuel lobby 1806:chemical industry 1801:resistive heating 1776:electric vehicles 1733:in some countries 1509:geothermal energy 1268:low-carbon energy 1143:can also include 966:energy transition 906:energy transition 898: 897: 495:Geothermal energy 215:energy transition 82:energy transition 50:energy transition 16:(Redirected from 10592: 10580:Renewable energy 10535: 10534: 10523: 10522: 10511: 10510: 10500: 10499: 10498: 10463:Paleoclimatology 10280: 10279: 10269: 10268: 10030:Ecological grief 10013:Climate movement 9988: 9987: 9974: 9973: 9954:Plant-based diet 9845:Renewable energy 9723: 9722: 9710: 9709: 9545:Economic impacts 9477:Invasive species 9333:Coastal flooding 9283: 9282: 9270: 9269: 9206:Svante Arrhenius 9182: 9181: 9152:from agriculture 9142:Carbon footprint 9127:Greenhouse gases 9076: 9075: 9063: 9062: 9015: 9014: 9000: 8993: 8986: 8977: 8976: 8910:Energy recycling 8831:electric vehicle 8805:Renewable energy 8779:alternative fuel 8729:sewage treatment 8713:Waste management 8676: 8567:Energy recycling 8562:Electric vehicle 8532:Clean technology 8506: 8499: 8492: 8483: 8482: 8469: 8459: 8458: 8402:French Polynesia 8161: 8160: 7997: 7990: 7983: 7974: 7973: 7967:Renewable energy 7965: 7964: 7956: 7756: 7749: 7742: 7733: 7732: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7723: 7704: 7698: 7697: 7695: 7694: 7683:www.euractiv.com 7674: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7664: 7644: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7634: 7623:The Conversation 7614: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7604: 7584: 7578: 7577: 7575: 7574: 7555: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7545: 7526: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7516: 7497: 7491: 7490: 7488: 7487: 7468: 7462: 7461: 7455: 7451: 7449: 7441: 7439: 7438: 7418: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7408: 7394: 7388: 7371: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7358: 7352: 7345: 7335: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7325: 7306: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7288: 7282: 7281: 7271: 7231: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7218: 7203: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7193: 7178: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7168: 7149: 7140: 7139: 7119: 7113: 7112: 7110: 7109: 7098:www.euractiv.com 7089: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7074: 7054: 7048: 7047: 7037: 7005: 6999: 6998: 6992: 6984: 6974: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6921: 6885: 6879: 6878: 6868: 6866:10.1002/app5.390 6844: 6835: 6834: 6824: 6784: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6771: 6758: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6748: 6725: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6715: 6701: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6691: 6682: 6673: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6663: 6652: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6642: 6627: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6617: 6612: 6604: 6598: 6585: 6579: 6565: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6555: 6499: 6493: 6492: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6470: 6442: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6432: 6417: 6411: 6410: 6358: 6352: 6351: 6341: 6305: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6292: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6256: 6232: 6223: 6222: 6194: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6184: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6147: 6130:(9): 2723–2735. 6115: 6109: 6108: 6098: 6089:(2): 1900–1931. 6074: 6068: 6067: 6056: 6050: 6046: 6044: 6036: 6034: 6033: 6011: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6001: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5972: 5966: 5955: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5930: 5875: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5849: 5813: 5807: 5806: 5776: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5744: 5738: 5735: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5725: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5699: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5675: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5615: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5583: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5533: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5511: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5487: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5468: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5441: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5390: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5356: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5281: 5249: 5243: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5176: 5165: 5156: 5155: 5144: 5135: 5134: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5099: 5091: 5086: 5075: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5021: 5015: 5014: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4983: 4975: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4892: 4886: 4885:. UNEP, Nairobi. 4879: 4873: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4856: 4842: 4836: 4825: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4804: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4780: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4756: 4742: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4732: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4707: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4676: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4622: 4615:Voice of America 4607: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4597: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4572: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4547: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4505: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4481: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4456: 4441: 4435: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4420: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4395: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4370: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4338: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4314: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4289: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4265: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4223: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4195: 4171: 4162: 4161: 4130:Energy Economics 4121: 4115: 4114: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4097: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4072: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4030: 4021: 4013: 4007: 4006: 4004: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3962: 3956: 3954: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3919: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3878: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3848: 3842:. Archived from 3833: 3799: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3595: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3504: 3498:HAL Open Science 3489: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3375: 3369: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3327: 3317: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3272: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3248: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3219: 3203: 3197: 3186: 3177: 3176: 3137: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3124: 3118:www.context.news 3109: 3103: 3102: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3038: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3017: 3007: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2989: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2965: 2964: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2935: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2911: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2887: 2881: 2875:. Archived from 2874: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2830: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2772: 2764:Andrew, Robbie. 2761: 2723:Hydrogen economy 2719: 2707: 2702: 2701: 2693: 2688: 2687: 2679: 2674: 2673: 2581:in Switzerland. 2571:geothermal power 2488:learning effects 2407:circular economy 2334:and the 1670 MW 2281:renewable energy 2216:hydroelectricity 2208:renewable energy 2196:greenhouse gases 2190:in 1949. Since 2161:Three Gorges Dam 2125: 2122: 2116: 2104: 2103: 2096: 2050: 2038: 1659:renewable energy 1596:coupling sectors 1528:Electrical grids 1520:hydroelectricity 1476: 1464: 1442: 1430: 1404: 1388: 1355:Three Gorges Dam 1335: 1326: 1315: 1306: 1294:Renewable energy 1288:Renewable energy 1262: 1141:renewable energy 1096:renewable energy 1087: 1069: 1030:Dutch Golden Age 890: 883: 876: 863: 859: 858: 849: 844: 843: 681:Electric vehicle 530:Run-of-the-river 515:Hydroelectricity 500:Geothermal power 461:Renewable energy 413:Sustainable city 388:Low-energy house 328:Energy recycling 253: 234: 233: 213:does not define 183:electrical grids 149:renewable energy 78:renewable energy 21: 10600: 10599: 10595: 10594: 10593: 10591: 10590: 10589: 10550: 10549: 10548: 10543: 10496: 10494: 10477: 10424: 10415:Orbital forcing 10309: 10274: 10255: 10229:Paris Agreement 10207: 10203:Warming stripes 10142: 10108:Managed retreat 10103:Loss and damage 10064: 9998:Business action 9982: 9960: 9937: 9860: 9854: 9811: 9772:Climate finance 9717: 9696: 9628: 9491: 9467:Extinction risk 9443:Flora and fauna 9438: 9399:Permafrost thaw 9394:Ozone depletion 9323:Extreme weather 9277: 9260: 9187: 9168: 9105: 9070: 9053: 9020: 9009: 9004: 8974: 8969: 8930:Green computing 8905:Energy recovery 8841: 8773:Energy recovery 8763:Electrification 8744: 8690:Air pollution ( 8677: 8668: 8515: 8510: 8480: 8475: 8447: 8416: 8380: 8340: 8267: 8152: 8059: 8006: 8001: 7971: 7959: 7951: 7949: 7944: 7763: 7760: 7730: 7721: 7719: 7706: 7705: 7701: 7692: 7690: 7675: 7671: 7662: 7660: 7645: 7641: 7632: 7630: 7615: 7611: 7602: 7600: 7585: 7581: 7572: 7570: 7557: 7556: 7552: 7543: 7541: 7528: 7527: 7523: 7514: 7512: 7499: 7498: 7494: 7485: 7483: 7470: 7469: 7465: 7453: 7452: 7443: 7442: 7436: 7434: 7419: 7415: 7406: 7404: 7396: 7395: 7391: 7381:Wayback Machine 7372: 7365: 7356: 7354: 7350: 7343: 7337: 7336: 7332: 7323: 7321: 7308: 7307: 7303: 7295: 7291:Furman, Jason. 7289: 7285: 7232: 7225: 7216: 7214: 7205: 7204: 7200: 7191: 7189: 7180: 7179: 7175: 7166: 7164: 7151: 7150: 7143: 7136: 7120: 7116: 7107: 7105: 7090: 7081: 7072: 7070: 7055: 7051: 7006: 7002: 6986: 6985: 6939: 6935: 6886: 6882: 6845: 6838: 6785: 6778: 6769: 6767: 6760: 6759: 6755: 6746: 6744: 6726: 6722: 6713: 6711: 6703: 6702: 6698: 6689: 6687: 6680: 6674: 6670: 6661: 6659: 6653: 6649: 6640: 6638: 6628: 6624: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6606: 6605: 6601: 6595:Wayback Machine 6586: 6582: 6576:Wayback Machine 6566: 6562: 6553: 6551: 6514:(11): 920–927. 6500: 6496: 6481: 6477: 6468: 6466: 6459: 6443: 6439: 6430: 6428: 6419: 6418: 6414: 6359: 6355: 6306: 6299: 6290: 6288: 6275: 6274: 6270: 6233: 6226: 6195: 6191: 6182: 6180: 6165: 6161: 6116: 6112: 6075: 6071: 6057: 6048: 6047: 6038: 6037: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6013: 6012: 6008: 5999: 5997: 5984: 5983: 5979: 5970: 5968: 5964: 5953: 5947: 5943: 5934: 5932: 5928: 5873: 5867: 5863: 5826:Climatic Change 5814: 5810: 5774: 5768: 5764: 5745: 5741: 5736: 5732: 5723: 5721: 5710: 5706: 5697: 5695: 5687: 5686: 5682: 5673: 5671: 5656: 5652: 5643: 5641: 5626: 5622: 5613: 5611: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5544: 5540: 5531: 5529: 5522: 5518: 5509: 5507: 5502: 5501: 5497: 5485: 5479: 5475: 5466: 5464: 5454: 5450: 5408: 5404: 5367: 5363: 5354: 5352: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5323: 5299: 5295: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5228: 5226: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5203: 5201: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5174: 5172: 5167: 5166: 5159: 5146: 5145: 5138: 5123: 5119: 5108: 5097: 5093: 5089:IEA. CC BY 4.0. 5084: 5073: 5069: 5067: 5063: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5023: 5022: 5018: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4977: 4976: 4961: 4957: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4916: 4893: 4889: 4880: 4876: 4867: 4863: 4854: 4852: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4826: 4811: 4802: 4800: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4778: 4776: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4754: 4752: 4744: 4743: 4739: 4730: 4728: 4719: 4718: 4714: 4705: 4703: 4695: 4694: 4690: 4657: 4653: 4644: 4642: 4640:thediplomat.com 4634: 4633: 4629: 4620: 4618: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4595: 4593: 4583: 4579: 4570: 4568: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4545: 4543: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4516: 4512: 4503: 4501: 4493: 4492: 4488: 4479: 4477: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4454: 4452: 4442: 4438: 4431: 4427: 4418: 4416: 4406: 4402: 4393: 4391: 4381: 4377: 4368: 4366: 4350: 4349: 4345: 4336: 4334: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4312: 4310: 4300: 4296: 4287: 4285: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4263: 4261: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4240: 4234: 4230: 4221: 4219: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4172: 4165: 4122: 4118: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4095: 4093: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4070: 4068: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4047: 4041: 4037: 4028: 4026: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4002: 3999: 3992: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3963: 3959: 3939:Ritchie, Hannah 3936: 3932: 3924: 3917: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3897:Popular Science 3889: 3885: 3876: 3874: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3797: 3791: 3787: 3772: 3768: 3737: 3733: 3702: 3698: 3691: 3675: 3671: 3640: 3636: 3613: 3609: 3564: 3560: 3529: 3525: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3502: 3500: 3490: 3486: 3455: 3451: 3444: 3430: 3426: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3376: 3372: 3353: 3349: 3283: 3279: 3270: 3268: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3246: 3244: 3230: 3226: 3217: 3215: 3206:Carter, Jimmy. 3204: 3200: 3187: 3180: 3161: 3138: 3131: 3122: 3120: 3110: 3106: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3049: 3045: 3036: 3034: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3015: 3013: 3005: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2987: 2985: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2962: 2960: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2933: 2931: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2909: 2907: 2901:"Fossil Energy" 2899: 2898: 2894: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2866: 2862: 2854: 2848: 2844: 2783: 2779: 2770: 2768: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2717: 2703: 2696: 2689: 2682: 2675: 2668: 2665: 2626:energy networks 2587: 2540: 2535: 2521: 2472:cost of capital 2441: 2435: 2395: 2389: 2384: 2364: 2277: 2272: 2271: 2268:electrification 2246:depends heavily 2242:. 2144:Development of 2126: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2105: 2101: 2093: 2085: 2080: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2055: 2054: 2051: 2043: 2042: 2039: 2028: 2015: 2009: 1997:just transition 1981: 1946:energy security 1931:just transition 1926: 1924:Just transition 1920: 1915: 1865: 1832: 1814: 1788:electric heater 1768: 1762: 1760:Electrification 1725: 1711: 1706: 1705: 1667:energy security 1647: 1639: 1592: 1582: 1576: 1500: 1485: 1484: 1483: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1454: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1443: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1422: 1421: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1405: 1397: 1396: 1389: 1380: 1379: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1328: 1327: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1308: 1307: 1296: 1290: 1278:Electrification 1260: 1257: 1251: 1234: 1192: 1164:energy security 1160: 1158:Energy security 1123: 1114: 1108: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1088: 1080: 1079: 1073: 1070: 1061: 1060: 1054: 994: 902:1973 oil crisis 894: 853: 852: 839: 832: 831: 671: 661: 660: 463: 453: 452: 438:Waste-to-energy 393:Microgeneration 323:Energy recovery 263: 232: 203: 141:Paris Agreement 72:is underway to 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10598: 10588: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10545: 10544: 10542: 10541: 10529: 10517: 10505: 10490: 10487: 10486: 10483: 10482: 10479: 10478: 10476: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10459: 10458: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10432: 10430: 10426: 10425: 10423: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10381: 10380: 10370: 10368:Cloud feedback 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10349: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10323: 10317: 10315: 10311: 10310: 10308: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10286: 10284: 10276: 10275: 10265: 10264: 10261: 10260: 10257: 10256: 10254: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10242: 10241: 10236: 10226: 10224:Kyoto Protocol 10221: 10215: 10213: 10209: 10208: 10206: 10205: 10200: 10199: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10178: 10176:Media coverage 10173: 10168: 10166:Climate spiral 10163: 10158: 10152: 10150: 10144: 10143: 10141: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10074: 10072: 10066: 10065: 10063: 10062: 10057: 10055:Public opinion 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10021: 10020: 10010: 10005: 10003:Climate action 10000: 9994: 9992: 9984: 9983: 9970: 9969: 9966: 9965: 9962: 9961: 9959: 9958: 9957: 9956: 9945: 9943: 9939: 9938: 9936: 9935: 9930: 9924: 9923: 9922: 9917: 9915:REDD and REDD+ 9912: 9907: 9899: 9894: 9892:Carbon farming 9889: 9888: 9887: 9882: 9872: 9866: 9864: 9856: 9855: 9853: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9836: 9835: 9825: 9819: 9817: 9813: 9812: 9810: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9753: 9752: 9742: 9737: 9731: 9729: 9719: 9718: 9706: 9705: 9702: 9701: 9698: 9697: 9695: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9638: 9636: 9630: 9629: 9627: 9626: 9624:Water security 9621: 9619:Water scarcity 9616: 9614:Urban flooding 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9575: 9574: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9553: 9552: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9516: 9515: 9510: 9499: 9497: 9493: 9492: 9490: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9472:Forest dieback 9469: 9464: 9459: 9458: 9457: 9446: 9444: 9440: 9439: 9437: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9409:Sea level rise 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9390: 9389: 9384: 9382:stratification 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9354: 9353: 9352: 9347: 9337: 9336: 9335: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9289: 9287: 9279: 9278: 9266: 9265: 9262: 9261: 9259: 9258: 9257: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9192: 9189: 9188: 9178: 9177: 9174: 9173: 9170: 9169: 9167: 9166: 9161: 9160: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9147:Carbon leakage 9144: 9139: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9113: 9111: 9107: 9106: 9104: 9103: 9098: 9088: 9086:Climate system 9082: 9080: 9072: 9071: 9059: 9058: 9055: 9054: 9052: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9025: 9022: 9021: 9011: 9010: 9007:Climate change 9003: 9002: 8995: 8988: 8980: 8971: 8970: 8968: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8849: 8847: 8843: 8842: 8840: 8839: 8836:hybrid vehicle 8833: 8827:Transportation 8824: 8819: 8818: 8817: 8812: 8802: 8797: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8754: 8752: 8746: 8745: 8743: 8742: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8694: 8687: 8685: 8679: 8678: 8671: 8669: 8667: 8666: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8614: 8609: 8607:Sustainability 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8587:Green building 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8552:Eco-innovation 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8523: 8521: 8517: 8516: 8509: 8508: 8501: 8494: 8486: 8477: 8476: 8474: 8473: 8463: 8452: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8424: 8422: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8388: 8386: 8382: 8381: 8379: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8352: 8350: 8346: 8345: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8338: 8337: 8336: 8329:United Kingdom 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8275: 8273: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8178:Czech Republic 8175: 8169: 8167: 8165:European Union 8158: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8069: 8067: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8016: 8014: 8008: 8007: 8000: 7999: 7992: 7985: 7977: 7970: 7969: 7946: 7945: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7921:United Kingdom 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7765: 7764: 7759: 7758: 7751: 7744: 7736: 7729: 7728: 7714:. 2020-08-18. 7699: 7669: 7639: 7609: 7579: 7550: 7536:. 2019-06-04. 7521: 7492: 7463: 7413: 7389: 7363: 7330: 7316:. 2013-02-09. 7301: 7283: 7223: 7198: 7173: 7159:. 2012-07-28. 7141: 7134: 7114: 7079: 7049: 7000: 6933: 6880: 6836: 6776: 6753: 6720: 6696: 6668: 6647: 6622: 6599: 6580: 6560: 6494: 6475: 6457: 6437: 6412: 6353: 6297: 6283:. 2015-11-04. 6268: 6224: 6205:(2): 253–267. 6189: 6159: 6110: 6083:Sustainability 6069: 6049:|website= 6025: 6006: 5977: 5941: 5884:(7): 588–593. 5861: 5832:(2): 157–171. 5820:(2015-07-23). 5818:Oreskes, Naomi 5808: 5762: 5739: 5730: 5704: 5680: 5650: 5620: 5595: 5538: 5516: 5495: 5473: 5448: 5402: 5361: 5336: 5321: 5293: 5258:Applied Energy 5244: 5235: 5210: 5181: 5157: 5150:. 2022-07-21. 5136: 5117: 5061: 5034: 5016: 4991: 4955: 4933: 4914: 4887: 4874: 4868:IRENA (2022), 4861: 4850:www.lazard.com 4837: 4809: 4785: 4761: 4737: 4712: 4688: 4651: 4627: 4602: 4577: 4552: 4527: 4510: 4486: 4461: 4436: 4425: 4400: 4375: 4343: 4319: 4294: 4279:"Press corner" 4270: 4246: 4228: 4207: 4163: 4116: 4102: 4077: 4053: 4035: 4008: 3997: 3986: 3974: 3957: 3930: 3906: 3883: 3859: 3808:(3): 297–304. 3785: 3766: 3731: 3712:(5): 140–151. 3696: 3689: 3669: 3634: 3623:(3): 155–172. 3607: 3558: 3523: 3509: 3484: 3449: 3442: 3424: 3395: 3388: 3370: 3347: 3277: 3253: 3224: 3198: 3178: 3159: 3129: 3104: 3086: 3059:(5): 925–941. 3043: 3022: 2994: 2969: 2940: 2916: 2892: 2868:Smil, Vaclav. 2860: 2842: 2791:Applied Energy 2777: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2747: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2720: 2710: 2709: 2708: 2694: 2680: 2664: 2661: 2638:green hydrogen 2586: 2585:United Kingdom 2583: 2549:; to increase 2538: 2531:Main article: 2520: 2517: 2437:Main article: 2434: 2431: 2417:, farming and 2391:Main article: 2388: 2387:European Union 2385: 2383: 2380: 2363: 2360: 2330:, the 1960 MW 2279:India has set 2276: 2273: 2261:light industry 2210:producer (see 2204:global warming 2146:carbon dioxide 2128: 2127: 2108: 2106: 2099: 2094: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2052: 2045: 2044: 2040: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2008: 2005: 1989:steel industry 1980: 1977: 1954:energy poverty 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1864: 1861: 1813: 1810: 1761: 1758: 1721:Main article: 1710: 1707: 1671:primary energy 1663:climate change 1648: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1600:energy storage 1578:Main article: 1575: 1572: 1564:power capacity 1540:energy storage 1498: 1478: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1444: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1425: 1424: 1423: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1406: 1399: 1398: 1390: 1383: 1382: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1363:biomass energy 1340: 1339: 1330: 1329: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1310: 1309: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1298: 1297: 1292:Main article: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1284: 1281: 1275: 1250: 1247: 1233: 1230: 1191: 1188: 1179:oil refineries 1159: 1156: 1126:primary energy 1121: 1107: 1104: 1089: 1082: 1081: 1071: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1053: 1050: 993: 990: 974:overproduction 952:business with 896: 895: 893: 892: 885: 878: 870: 867: 866: 865: 864: 850: 834: 833: 830: 829: 828: 827: 817: 816: 815: 808:Rail transport 805: 800: 799: 798: 793: 788: 783: 781:Roller skating 778: 777: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 754:Cycle rickshaw 751: 741: 736: 726: 725: 724: 719: 718: 717: 710:Human-electric 705:Hybrid vehicle 702: 701: 700: 695: 690: 689: 688: 672: 667: 666: 663: 662: 659: 658: 657: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 596: 591: 586: 584:Renewable heat 581: 576: 571: 570: 569: 564: 559: 549: 544: 539: 538: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 476: 475: 464: 459: 458: 455: 454: 451: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 373:Green building 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 343:Energy storage 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 264: 259: 258: 255: 254: 246: 245: 239: 238: 231: 228: 202: 199: 187:energy storage 116:, followed by 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10597: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10570:Energy policy 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10557: 10555: 10540: 10539: 10530: 10528: 10527: 10518: 10516: 10515: 10506: 10504: 10503: 10492: 10491: 10488: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10457: 10454: 10453: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10441:Climate model 10439: 10437: 10434: 10433: 10431: 10427: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10379: 10376: 10375: 10374: 10373:Cloud forcing 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10328: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10318: 10316: 10312: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10287: 10285: 10281: 10277: 10270: 10266: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10231: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10216: 10214: 10210: 10204: 10201: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10183: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10153: 10151: 10149: 10148:Communication 10145: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10128:Vulnerability 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10098:Flood control 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10075: 10073: 10071: 10067: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10019: 10016: 10015: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9995: 9993: 9989: 9985: 9981: 9975: 9971: 9955: 9952: 9951: 9950: 9947: 9946: 9944: 9940: 9934: 9931: 9928: 9925: 9921: 9920:reforestation 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9905:afforestation 9903: 9902: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9877: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9867: 9865: 9863: 9857: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9840:Nuclear power 9838: 9834: 9831: 9830: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9820: 9818: 9814: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9751: 9748: 9747: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9735:Carbon budget 9733: 9732: 9730: 9728: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9711: 9707: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9639: 9637: 9635: 9631: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9573: 9572:Mental health 9570: 9569: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9551: 9548: 9547: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9514: 9513:United States 9511: 9509: 9506: 9505: 9504: 9501: 9500: 9498: 9494: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9456: 9453: 9452: 9451: 9448: 9447: 9445: 9441: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9367:deoxygenation 9365: 9363: 9362:acidification 9360: 9359: 9358: 9355: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9342: 9341: 9338: 9334: 9331: 9330: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9290: 9288: 9284: 9280: 9276: 9271: 9267: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9226: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9193: 9190: 9183: 9179: 9165: 9162: 9158: 9157:from wetlands 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9134: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9117:Deforestation 9115: 9114: 9112: 9108: 9102: 9099: 9096: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9083: 9081: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9064: 9060: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9026: 9023: 9016: 9012: 9008: 9001: 8996: 8994: 8989: 8987: 8982: 8981: 8978: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8880: 8879:New Classical 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8851: 8850: 8848: 8844: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8807: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8755: 8753: 8751: 8747: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8689: 8688: 8686: 8684: 8680: 8675: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8653:refurbishment 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616:Sustainable ( 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8592:Green vehicle 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8557:Ecotechnology 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8524: 8522: 8518: 8514: 8507: 8502: 8500: 8495: 8493: 8488: 8487: 8484: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8462: 8454: 8453: 8450: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8421:South America 8419: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8389: 8387: 8383: 8377: 8376:United States 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8353: 8351: 8349:North America 8347: 8335: 8332: 8331: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8270: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8166: 8162: 8159: 8155: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8070: 8068: 8066: 8062: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8013: 8009: 8005: 7998: 7993: 7991: 7986: 7984: 7979: 7978: 7975: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7957: 7954: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7926:United States 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7766: 7757: 7752: 7750: 7745: 7743: 7738: 7737: 7734: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7703: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7673: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7643: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7613: 7598: 7594: 7590: 7583: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7554: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7525: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7496: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7467: 7459: 7447: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7421:Group, Drax. 7417: 7403: 7399: 7393: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7375: 7370: 7368: 7353:on 2016-09-20 7349: 7342: 7341: 7334: 7319: 7315: 7314:The Economist 7311: 7305: 7294: 7287: 7279: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7240:Nature Energy 7237: 7230: 7228: 7212: 7211:www.irena.org 7208: 7202: 7187: 7183: 7177: 7162: 7158: 7157:The Economist 7154: 7148: 7146: 7137: 7131: 7127: 7126: 7118: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7053: 7045: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7004: 6996: 6990: 6982: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6943:Energy Policy 6937: 6929: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6890:Energy Policy 6884: 6876: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6843: 6841: 6832: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6783: 6781: 6766: 6763: 6757: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6724: 6710: 6706: 6700: 6686: 6679: 6672: 6658: 6651: 6637: 6633: 6626: 6609: 6603: 6596: 6592: 6589: 6584: 6577: 6573: 6570: 6564: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6508:Nature Energy 6505: 6498: 6490: 6486: 6479: 6464: 6460: 6454: 6450: 6449: 6441: 6426: 6422: 6416: 6409: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6357: 6349: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6310:Energy Policy 6304: 6302: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6272: 6264: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6231: 6229: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6193: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6163: 6155: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6114: 6106: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6073: 6065: 6061: 6054: 6042: 6028: 6022: 6018: 6017: 6010: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5981: 5963: 5959: 5952: 5945: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5872: 5865: 5857: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5812: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5773: 5766: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5743: 5734: 5719: 5718:Bloomberg.com 5715: 5708: 5694: 5690: 5684: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5654: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5624: 5609: 5605: 5599: 5591: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5542: 5527: 5520: 5505: 5499: 5491: 5484: 5477: 5463: 5459: 5452: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5418: 5413: 5406: 5398: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5365: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5305: 5297: 5289: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5248: 5239: 5224: 5220: 5214: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5170: 5164: 5162: 5153: 5149: 5143: 5141: 5132: 5128: 5121: 5114: 5107: 5103: 5096: 5090: 5083: 5079: 5072: 5065: 5058: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5038: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4995: 4987: 4981: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4959: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4937: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4902: 4897: 4891: 4884: 4878: 4871: 4865: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4834: 4830: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4799: 4795: 4789: 4775: 4771: 4765: 4751: 4747: 4741: 4726: 4722: 4716: 4702: 4698: 4692: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4655: 4641: 4637: 4631: 4616: 4612: 4606: 4592: 4588: 4581: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4520: 4514: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4434: 4429: 4415: 4414:FactCheck.org 4411: 4404: 4390: 4386: 4379: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4356:The Economist 4353: 4347: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4309: 4305: 4298: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4239: 4232: 4217: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4168: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4112: 4106: 4091: 4087: 4081: 4067: 4063: 4057: 4046: 4039: 4025: 4018: 4012: 4001: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3934: 3923: 3916: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3887: 3873: 3869: 3863: 3849:on 2021-06-24 3845: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3789: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3735: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3692: 3690:9780862329426 3686: 3682: 3681: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3644:Energy Policy 3638: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3527: 3519: 3513: 3499: 3495: 3488: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3465: 3460: 3453: 3445: 3439: 3435: 3428: 3421: 3419: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3399: 3391: 3385: 3382:. CRC Press. 3381: 3374: 3367: 3366:9781786304995 3363: 3359: 3358: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3325:10044/1/78011 3321: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3286:Rogelj, Joeri 3281: 3267: 3263: 3257: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3213: 3209: 3202: 3195: 3191: 3185: 3183: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3147: 3142: 3141:Jaccard, Mark 3136: 3134: 3119: 3115: 3108: 3101: 3096: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3047: 3032: 3026: 3011: 3004: 2998: 2983: 2979: 2973: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2944: 2930: 2926: 2920: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2882:on 2023-03-09 2878: 2871: 2864: 2853: 2846: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2781: 2767: 2760: 2756: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2706: 2705:Energy portal 2700: 2695: 2692: 2686: 2681: 2678: 2672: 2667: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2591: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2575:biomass fuels 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2534: 2525: 2516: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2456: 2445: 2440: 2430: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2394: 2379: 2376: 2371: 2368: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2336:Srisailam Dam 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2269: 2265: 2264:manufacturing 2262: 2258: 2257:raw materials 2254: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2228:energy policy 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2200:coal in China 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2180:energy supply 2177: 2173: 2169: 2162: 2159: 2154: 2147: 2142: 2134: 2124: 2112: 2107: 2098: 2097: 2091: 2075: 2072: 2069:in 1986, and 2068: 2064: 2049: 2037: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2004: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1949: 1947: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1925: 1910: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1869: 1860: 1858: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1809: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1792:water heating 1789: 1785: 1780: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1729:nuclear power 1724: 1723:Nuclear power 1715: 1709:Nuclear power 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1645: 1634: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1591: 1587: 1581: 1571: 1569: 1568:CO2 emissions 1565: 1560: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1521: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1494: 1490: 1475: 1463: 1448: 1441: 1429: 1409: 1408:Bloomberg NEF 1403: 1395:and hydrogen. 1394: 1387: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1359:Yangtze River 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1334: 1325: 1314: 1305: 1295: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1269: 1264: 1256: 1246: 1244: 1239: 1229: 1226: 1225:African Union 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1187: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1134: 1133:carbon budget 1129: 1128:consumption. 1127: 1119: 1113: 1097: 1093: 1086: 1077: 1068: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1011: 1006: 998: 989: 987: 981: 979: 975: 971: 970:energy policy 967: 959: 955: 951: 947: 942: 938: 936: 931: 926: 924: 920: 916: 911: 907: 903: 891: 886: 884: 879: 877: 872: 871: 869: 868: 862: 857: 851: 848: 838: 837: 836: 835: 826: 823: 822: 821: 820:Rapid transit 818: 814: 811: 810: 809: 806: 804: 801: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 786:Skateboarding 784: 782: 779: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 746: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 731: 730: 727: 723: 720: 716: 713: 712: 711: 708: 707: 706: 703: 699: 696: 694: 693:Solar vehicle 691: 687: 684: 683: 682: 679: 678: 677: 676:Green vehicle 674: 673: 670: 665: 664: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 601: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 557:Tidal barrage 555: 554: 553: 550: 548: 547:Marine energy 545: 543: 540: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 512: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 474: 471: 470: 469: 466: 465: 462: 457: 456: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 398:Passive house 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 265: 262: 257: 256: 252: 248: 247: 244: 241: 240: 236: 235: 227: 224: 220: 216: 212: 207: 198: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 125: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 66:energy system 63: 59: 58:energy supply 55: 51: 43: 39: 34: 30: 19: 10536: 10524: 10512: 10493: 10326:Carbon cycle 10283:Measurements 9978:Society and 9862:carbon sinks 9827: 9767:Climate debt 9757:Carbon price 9579:Human rights 9414:Season creep 9372:heat content 9298:Anoxic event 9211:James Hansen 8955:Permaculture 8874:New Urbanism 8846:Conservation 8814: 8638:food systems 8623:architecture 8397:Cook Islands 8055:South Africa 7876:Saudi Arabia 7720:. Retrieved 7711: 7702: 7691:. Retrieved 7682: 7672: 7661:. Retrieved 7652: 7642: 7631:. Retrieved 7622: 7612: 7601:. Retrieved 7592: 7582: 7571:. Retrieved 7562: 7553: 7542:. Retrieved 7533: 7524: 7513:. Retrieved 7504: 7495: 7484:. Retrieved 7475: 7466: 7435:. Retrieved 7426: 7416: 7405:. Retrieved 7401: 7392: 7355:. Retrieved 7348:the original 7339: 7333: 7322:. Retrieved 7313: 7304: 7286: 7243: 7239: 7215:. Retrieved 7213:. 2023-05-03 7210: 7201: 7190:. Retrieved 7185: 7176: 7165:. Retrieved 7156: 7124: 7117: 7106:. Retrieved 7097: 7071:. Retrieved 7062: 7052: 7017: 7013: 7003: 6989:cite journal 6946: 6942: 6936: 6893: 6889: 6883: 6856: 6852: 6796: 6792: 6768:. Retrieved 6764: 6756: 6745:. Retrieved 6734:The Guardian 6733: 6723: 6712:. Retrieved 6708: 6699: 6688:. Retrieved 6684: 6671: 6660:. Retrieved 6650: 6639:. Retrieved 6635: 6625: 6614:. Retrieved 6602: 6583: 6563: 6552:. Retrieved 6511: 6507: 6497: 6488: 6478: 6467:. Retrieved 6447: 6440: 6429:. Retrieved 6427:. 2022-08-11 6424: 6415: 6406: 6370: 6366: 6356: 6313: 6309: 6289:. Retrieved 6280: 6271: 6247:(1): 20–41. 6244: 6240: 6202: 6198: 6192: 6181:. Retrieved 6172: 6162: 6127: 6123: 6113: 6086: 6082: 6072: 6030:. Retrieved 6015: 6009: 5998:. Retrieved 5989: 5980: 5969:. Retrieved 5958:The Guardian 5957: 5944: 5933:. Retrieved 5881: 5877: 5864: 5829: 5825: 5811: 5778: 5765: 5752: 5742: 5733: 5722:. Retrieved 5717: 5707: 5696:. Retrieved 5692: 5683: 5672:. Retrieved 5663: 5653: 5642:. Retrieved 5633: 5630:"Heat Pumps" 5623: 5612:. Retrieved 5610:. 2020-10-13 5607: 5598: 5555: 5551: 5541: 5530:. Retrieved 5519: 5508:. Retrieved 5498: 5489: 5476: 5465:. Retrieved 5462:ScienceAlert 5461: 5451: 5443: 5421: 5415: 5405: 5378: 5374: 5364: 5353:. Retrieved 5351:. 2019-04-12 5348: 5339: 5303: 5296: 5261: 5257: 5247: 5238: 5227:. Retrieved 5225:. 2023-10-17 5222: 5213: 5202:. Retrieved 5193: 5184: 5173:. Retrieved 5120: 5112: 5101: 5088: 5077: 5064: 5056: 5046: 5037: 5019: 5011: 5003: 4994: 4972: 4958: 4946:BloombergNEF 4945: 4936: 4900: 4890: 4877: 4864: 4853:. Retrieved 4849: 4840: 4827:IPCC, 2022: 4801:. Retrieved 4797: 4788: 4777:. Retrieved 4773: 4764: 4753:. Retrieved 4749: 4740: 4729:. Retrieved 4727:. 2024-05-17 4724: 4715: 4704:. Retrieved 4700: 4691: 4664: 4654: 4643:. Retrieved 4639: 4630: 4619:. Retrieved 4617:. 2024-03-29 4614: 4605: 4594:. Retrieved 4590: 4580: 4569:. Retrieved 4567:. 2023-11-08 4564: 4555: 4544:. Retrieved 4540:caneecca.org 4539: 4530: 4513: 4502:. Retrieved 4498: 4489: 4478:. Retrieved 4476:. 2024-04-04 4473: 4464: 4453:. Retrieved 4449: 4439: 4428: 4417:. Retrieved 4413: 4403: 4392:. Retrieved 4388: 4378: 4367:. Retrieved 4355: 4346: 4335:. Retrieved 4331: 4322: 4311:. Retrieved 4307: 4297: 4286:. Retrieved 4282: 4273: 4262:. Retrieved 4258: 4249: 4231: 4220:. Retrieved 4218:. 2023-11-01 4210: 4183: 4179: 4133: 4129: 4119: 4105: 4094:. Retrieved 4092:. 2018-01-16 4089: 4080: 4069:. Retrieved 4065: 4056: 4038: 4027:. Retrieved 4011: 3989: 3977: 3960: 3933: 3909: 3896: 3886: 3875:. Retrieved 3871: 3862: 3851:. Retrieved 3844:the original 3805: 3801: 3788: 3779: 3775: 3769: 3744: 3740: 3734: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3679: 3672: 3647: 3643: 3637: 3620: 3616: 3610: 3575: 3571: 3561: 3539:(1): 23–41. 3536: 3532: 3526: 3512: 3501:. Retrieved 3497: 3487: 3468: 3462: 3452: 3433: 3427: 3417: 3415: 3407: 3398: 3379: 3373: 3356: 3350: 3297: 3293: 3280: 3269:. Retrieved 3265: 3256: 3245:. Retrieved 3241: 3237: 3227: 3216:. Retrieved 3211: 3201: 3188:IPCC, 2022: 3145: 3121:. Retrieved 3117: 3107: 3098: 3089: 3056: 3052: 3046: 3035:. Retrieved 3025: 3014:. Retrieved 3009: 2997: 2986:. Retrieved 2972: 2961:. Retrieved 2943: 2932:. Retrieved 2928: 2919: 2908:. Retrieved 2904: 2895: 2884:. Retrieved 2877:the original 2863: 2845: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2769:. Retrieved 2759: 2642: 2623: 2596: 2536: 2512:Energiewende 2511: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2485: 2468: 2460:Energiewende 2459: 2455:Energiewende 2452: 2450: 2439:Energiewende 2427: 2415:biodiversity 2396: 2375:green growth 2372: 2369: 2365: 2348: 2316:independence 2313: 2278: 2238:dictate its 2212:this article 2170:is both the 2166: 2118: 2110: 2059: 2020: 2016: 2001: 1982: 1966: 1963: 1950: 1943: 1933:, which the 1927: 1905:In 2024 the 1904: 1900: 1885: 1874: 1853: 1781: 1773: 1769: 1726: 1683: 1679:fossil fuels 1649: 1628: 1624: 1593: 1556: 1552:power to gas 1532:dispatchable 1525: 1517: 1513:tidal energy 1486: 1265: 1258: 1235: 1193: 1176: 1161: 1153: 1138: 1130: 1115: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1007: 1003: 982: 965: 963: 958:photovoltaic 950:Agricultural 927: 919:conservation 905: 899: 759:Kick scooter 744:Land vehicle 578: 313:Energy audit 278:Cogeneration 222: 214: 208: 204: 169: 133:fossil fuels 126: 85: 81: 53: 49: 47: 38:Fossil fuels 29: 10353:Carbon sink 10331:atmospheric 10196:video games 9870:Blue carbon 9503:Agriculture 9482:Marine life 9429:Water cycle 9387:temperature 9122:Fossil fuel 8890:Ecoforestry 8648:procurement 8633:development 8618:agriculture 8407:New Zealand 8314:Switzerland 8243:Netherlands 8133:Philippines 8073:Afghanistan 7891:Switzerland 7653:The Courier 7454:|last= 6972:1885/206307 6919:1885/286612 6822:1885/248804 6425:Korea Times 6408:transitions 6339:1885/286612 5906:10871/37807 5720:. Bloomberg 5558:(1): 1077. 5528:. Bloomberg 5424:: 471–480. 5349:Yle Uutiset 4332:EURACTIV PR 4236:IASS/TERI. 4136:: 295–302. 3831:2158/776587 3747:(4): 1–41. 3650:: 109–116. 3578:: 202–215. 3436:. Praeger. 3033:. IEA. 2021 2573:as well as 2519:Switzerland 2301:hydro power 2248:on foreign 2220:solar power 2156:The 22,500 1892:Exxon Mobil 1700:, outdated 1604:smart grids 1493:solar power 1351:wind energy 1092:fossil fuel 1010:Vaclav Smil 944:Example of 923:solar power 904:, the term 764:Quadracycle 619:Forecasting 552:Tidal power 535:Small hydro 520:Micro hydro 473:Sustainable 338:Energy Star 191:super grids 175:electrified 122:natural gas 62:consumption 10554:Categories 10385:Cryosphere 10346:permafrost 10118:Resilience 10070:Adaptation 10045:Litigation 10035:Governance 9980:adaptation 9762:Carbon tax 9715:Mitigation 9652:Antarctica 9540:Disability 8859:insulation 8852:Building ( 8815:transition 8658:technology 8643:industries 8361:Costa Rica 8233:Luxembourg 8108:Kazakhstan 8078:Bangladesh 8050:Seychelles 7936:Uzbekistan 7901:Tajikistan 7836:Kazakhstan 7776:Bangladesh 7722:2020-09-10 7693:2020-09-10 7663:2020-09-10 7633:2020-09-10 7603:2020-09-10 7573:2020-09-10 7544:2020-09-10 7515:2020-09-10 7486:2020-09-10 7437:2020-09-10 7407:2022-06-01 7357:2016-06-09 7324:2013-03-06 7217:2023-11-03 7192:2023-09-14 7167:2013-03-06 7108:2019-12-29 7073:2019-12-29 7020:: 101451. 6770:2022-12-06 6747:2024-04-19 6714:2022-12-06 6690:2020-04-25 6662:2019-12-09 6641:2014-12-05 6616:2019-09-27 6554:2021-04-16 6469:2020-10-03 6431:2023-01-03 6291:2020-03-29 6281:umwacc.com 6183:2020-03-29 6032:2024-04-17 6000:2020-03-29 5971:2020-03-29 5935:2020-08-19 5724:2022-06-20 5698:2022-01-16 5674:2021-04-17 5644:2021-04-12 5614:2024-08-06 5532:2022-07-31 5510:2013-04-14 5467:2020-01-05 5381:: 110934. 5355:2021-06-18 5264:: 116273. 5229:2024-04-15 5204:2020-04-22 5194:Energy.gov 5175:2022-06-20 4855:2024-08-06 4803:2024-06-10 4779:2024-06-10 4755:2024-06-10 4731:2024-06-13 4706:2024-06-10 4645:2024-04-18 4621:2024-04-18 4596:2024-04-18 4571:2024-04-18 4546:2024-04-18 4504:2024-04-18 4499:www.ft.com 4480:2024-04-18 4474:Yahoo News 4455:2024-04-18 4419:2024-04-18 4394:2024-04-18 4369:2024-04-18 4337:2022-05-22 4313:2024-04-18 4288:2022-08-16 4264:2022-08-09 4222:2023-12-20 4096:2024-04-18 4071:2024-04-18 4029:2022-05-29 3943:Roser, Max 3877:2023-03-29 3853:2020-03-23 3782:: 221–256. 3503:2022-03-12 3271:2021-01-02 3247:2022-06-19 3218:2022-06-19 3169:1110157223 3123:2024-04-16 3037:2022-06-25 3016:2022-06-01 2988:2020-06-02 2963:2021-09-18 2934:2024-04-16 2910:2024-04-16 2886:2022-06-07 2797:: 118205. 2771:2022-05-22 2752:References 2506:Different 2419:innovation 2224:wind power 2186:since the 2121:April 2024 2011:See also: 1922:See also: 1896:Divestment 1863:Influences 1816:See also: 1784:heat pumps 1584:See also: 1501:equivalent 1489:wind power 1378:Investment 1361:in China; 1349:in Spain; 1149:green jobs 978:efficiency 956:plant and 900:After the 796:Watercraft 774:Velomobile 734:Helicopter 562:Tidal farm 525:Pico hydro 510:Hydropower 293:Eco-cities 223:transition 201:Definition 179:heat pumps 161:wind power 120:and later 108:and other 42:renewables 10400:Feedbacks 10171:Education 9672:Caribbean 9667:Australia 9594:Migration 9557:Fisheries 9508:Livestock 9434:Wildfires 9340:Heat wave 8960:Recycling 8683:Pollution 8663:transport 8428:Argentina 8392:Australia 8228:Lithuania 8128:Palestine 8103:Indonesia 7941:Venezuela 7881:Sri Lanka 7861:Palestine 7771:Australia 7278:2058-7546 7044:0973-0826 6981:225245522 6928:257356936 6875:2050-2680 6831:0973-0826 6742:0261-3077 6544:225179903 6536:2058-7546 6403:239975201 6395:2210-4224 6373:: 86–88. 6348:257356936 6263:0435-3684 6219:0309-1317 6154:1364-0321 6105:2071-1050 6051:ignored ( 6041:cite book 5914:1758-678X 5856:0165-0009 5795:216446248 5397:1364-0321 5331:198078901 5288:0306-2619 4980:cite news 4924:892580682 4798:nai.uu.se 4750:nai.uu.se 4683:2300-8741 4364:0013-0613 4202:2731-3948 4186:(1): 28. 4158:0140-9883 3602:2214-6296 3553:154697732 3334:1476-4687 3081:214122213 3073:1523-4614 2819:0306-2619 2557:(such as 2250:petroleum 2071:Fukushima 2067:Chernobyl 2065:in 1979, 1518:By 2022, 1505:bioenergy 1365:plant in 1217:manganese 739:Hydrofoil 604:Community 378:Heat pump 288:Eco hotel 173:is being 10526:Glossary 10514:Category 10336:biologic 10050:Politics 9942:Personal 9647:Americas 9520:Children 9286:Physical 9079:Overview 9019:Overview 8461:Category 8443:Colombia 8366:Honduras 8334:Scotland 8253:Portugal 8143:Thailand 8123:Pakistan 8113:Malaysia 8030:Ethiopia 7906:Thailand 7856:Pakistan 7841:Malaysia 7716:Archived 7687:Archived 7657:Archived 7627:Archived 7597:Archived 7567:Archived 7538:Archived 7509:Archived 7480:Archived 7446:cite web 7431:Archived 7377:Archived 7318:Archived 7161:Archived 7102:Archived 7067:Archived 7063:POLITICO 6799:: 1–11. 6685:piie.com 6591:Archived 6572:Archived 6548:Archived 6463:Archived 6285:Archived 6177:Archived 5994:Archived 5962:Archived 5926:Archived 5922:89799744 5757:Archived 5668:Archived 5638:Archived 5590:30842423 5198:Archived 5152:Archived 5131:Archived 5106:Archived 5082:Archived 5051:Archived 5029:Archived 5008:Archived 5004:BNEF.com 4969:Archived 4950:Archived 4928:Archived 4389:Electrek 3951:Archived 3945:(2021). 3922:Archived 3901:Archived 3840:37970344 3761:41322802 3471:: 1–30. 3412:Archived 3342:31316194 3173:Archived 2982:Archived 2957:Archived 2837:34840400 2663:See also 2174:and the 1881:lobbying 1741:Slovakia 1367:Scotland 1270:system: 1221:graphite 1213:chromium 1046:bailouts 1042:kerosene 847:Category 769:Tricycle 654:Windpump 649:Windbelt 624:Industry 303:Ecolabel 298:Ecohouse 268:Arcology 155:of both 145:net-zero 10341:oceanic 10191:fiction 10040:Justice 9991:Society 9599:Poverty 9318:Drought 9186:History 9110:Sources 8864:natural 8784:biofuel 8717:Water ( 8692:control 8520:General 8385:Oceania 8324:Ukraine 8294:Iceland 8289:Belarus 8284:Armenia 8279:Albania 8218:Ireland 8213:Hungary 8203:Germany 8193:Finland 8188:Denmark 8173:Austria 8148:Vietnam 8045:Nigeria 8040:Morocco 7931:Uruguay 7916:Ukraine 7866:Romania 7846:Morocco 7811:Germany 7806:Finland 7801:Ecuador 7781:Belgium 7248:Bibcode 7022:Bibcode 6951:Bibcode 6898:Bibcode 6801:Bibcode 6516:Bibcode 6375:Bibcode 6318:Bibcode 6132:Bibcode 5886:Bibcode 5834:Bibcode 5803:3556410 5581:6403340 5560:Bibcode 5426:Bibcode 5266:Bibcode 5102:IEA.org 5078:IEA.org 5047:IEA.org 4259:EIB.org 4138:Bibcode 3810:Bibcode 3714:Bibcode 3652:Bibcode 3580:Bibcode 3408:eia.gov 3302:Bibcode 2828:8610812 2799:Bibcode 2433:Germany 2362:Vietnam 2344:Kurnool 2111:updated 1918:Impacts 1750:Germany 1357:on the 1201:bauxite 1038:whaling 791:Walking 749:Bicycle 722:Plug-in 686:Bicycle 644:Turbine 634:Outline 485:Biomass 468:Biofuel 177:, with 110:biomass 10321:Albedo 10314:Theory 10025:Denial 9816:Energy 9677:Europe 9657:Arctic 9642:Africa 9567:Health 9562:Gender 9525:Cities 9450:Biomes 9357:Oceans 9345:Marine 9068:Causes 8777:Fuel ( 8628:design 8471:Portal 8433:Brazil 8412:Tuvalu 8371:Mexico 8356:Canada 8319:Turkey 8309:Russia 8304:Norway 8299:Kosovo 8263:Sweden 8248:Poland 8208:Greece 8198:France 8183:Cyprus 8157:Europe 8138:Taiwan 8088:Brunei 8083:Bhutan 8012:Africa 7953:Portal 7911:Turkey 7896:Taiwan 7886:Sweden 7871:Russia 7851:Norway 7831:Jordan 7791:Canada 7786:Brazil 7534:GOV.UK 7402:GOV.UK 7276: 7132: 7042: 6979: 6926: 6873: 6829: 6740: 6542: 6534: 6455: 6401: 6393: 6346: 6261: 6217: 6152: 6103: 6023: 5920: 5912: 5854: 5801: 5793: 5588: 5578: 5417:Energy 5395: 5329: 5319: 5286: 4922: 4912: 4831:. In: 4774:au.int 4681: 4362: 4200: 4156: 3968:. In: 3838: 3759: 3687: 3600: 3551: 3440: 3386: 3364: 3340: 3332: 3294:Nature 3266:UNFCCC 3167: 3157: 3079: 3071: 2835: 2825: 2817: 2653:Brexit 2508:Länder 2382:Europe 2253:import 2198:, and 1979:Labour 1828:, and 1737:France 1692:, the 1480:2020s. 1449:power. 1261: 1223:. The 1209:copper 1205:cobalt 954:biogas 845: 639:Rights 480:Biogas 64:in an 10538:Index 10300:Proxy 10060:Women 9535:Crime 9462:Birds 9328:Flood 8854:green 8438:Chile 8272:Other 8258:Spain 8238:Malta 8223:Italy 8118:Nepal 8098:India 8093:China 8035:Kenya 8025:Egypt 7816:India 7796:China 7351:(PDF) 7344:(PDF) 7296:(PDF) 6977:S2CID 6924:S2CID 6859:(2). 6681:(PDF) 6611:(PDF) 6540:S2CID 6399:S2CID 6344:S2CID 5965:(PDF) 5954:(PDF) 5929:(PDF) 5918:S2CID 5874:(PDF) 5791:S2CID 5775:(PDF) 5486:(PDF) 5327:S2CID 5171:. IEA 5109:(PDF) 5098:(PDF) 5085:(PDF) 5074:(PDF) 4522:(PDF) 4241:(PDF) 4048:(PDF) 4020:(PDF) 4003:(PDF) 3925:(PDF) 3918:(PDF) 3847:(PDF) 3836:S2CID 3798:(PDF) 3757:JSTOR 3549:S2CID 3077:S2CID 3006:(PDF) 2880:(PDF) 2873:(PDF) 2855:(PDF) 2563:solar 2559:water 2293:solar 2275:India 2168:China 2083:China 1735:. In 1345:with 1172:tanks 715:Twike 589:Solar 157:solar 10123:Risk 9662:Asia 9254:2024 9249:2023 9244:2022 9239:2021 9234:2020 9229:2019 8065:Asia 7826:Iraq 7821:Iran 7593:CNBC 7458:help 7274:ISSN 7130:ISBN 7040:ISSN 6995:link 6871:ISSN 6827:ISSN 6738:ISSN 6567:BP: 6532:ISSN 6453:ISBN 6391:ISSN 6259:ISSN 6215:ISSN 6150:ISSN 6101:ISSN 6064:link 6060:link 6053:help 6021:ISBN 5910:ISSN 5852:ISSN 5799:SSRN 5586:PMID 5393:ISSN 5317:ISBN 5284:ISSN 4986:link 4920:OCLC 4910:ISBN 4896:IPCC 4679:ISSN 4360:ISSN 4198:ISSN 4154:ISSN 4090:UNEP 3685:ISBN 3598:ISSN 3438:ISBN 3384:ISBN 3362:ISBN 3338:PMID 3330:ISSN 3165:OCLC 3155:ISBN 3069:ISSN 2833:PMID 2815:ISSN 2569:and 2567:wind 2453:die 2303:and 2297:wind 2259:for 2222:and 2078:Asia 1971:and 1935:IPCC 1739:and 1588:and 1550:and 1511:and 1491:and 1219:and 1181:and 960:roof 813:Tram 629:Lens 609:Farm 599:Wind 594:Wave 211:IPCC 209:The 189:and 159:and 114:coal 106:wood 60:and 52:(or 10186:art 7264:hdl 7256:doi 7030:doi 6967:hdl 6959:doi 6947:144 6914:hdl 6906:doi 6894:176 6861:doi 6817:hdl 6809:doi 6524:doi 6383:doi 6334:hdl 6326:doi 6314:176 6249:doi 6207:doi 6140:doi 6091:doi 5902:hdl 5894:doi 5842:doi 5830:132 5783:doi 5634:IEA 5608:IEA 5576:PMC 5568:doi 5434:doi 5422:175 5383:doi 5379:144 5309:doi 5274:doi 5262:283 5223:IEA 4725:IEA 4701:IEA 4669:doi 4308:WSJ 4188:doi 4146:doi 4066:RMI 3826:hdl 3818:doi 3749:doi 3722:doi 3710:237 3660:doi 3625:doi 3588:doi 3541:doi 3473:doi 3320:hdl 3310:doi 3298:571 3061:doi 2929:IEA 2823:PMC 2807:doi 2795:307 1991:or 1941:." 1559:IEA 1393:CCS 167:. 118:oil 112:to 84:is 48:An 10556:: 7710:. 7685:. 7681:. 7655:. 7651:. 7625:. 7621:. 7595:. 7591:. 7565:. 7561:. 7532:. 7507:. 7503:. 7478:. 7474:. 7450:: 7448:}} 7444:{{ 7429:. 7425:. 7400:. 7366:^ 7312:. 7272:. 7262:. 7254:. 7242:. 7238:. 7226:^ 7209:. 7184:. 7155:. 7144:^ 7100:. 7096:. 7082:^ 7065:. 7061:. 7038:. 7028:. 7018:80 7016:. 7012:. 6991:}} 6987:{{ 6975:. 6965:. 6957:. 6945:. 6922:. 6912:. 6904:. 6892:. 6869:. 6857:11 6855:. 6851:. 6839:^ 6825:. 6815:. 6807:. 6797:65 6795:. 6791:. 6779:^ 6736:. 6732:. 6707:. 6683:. 6634:. 6546:. 6538:. 6530:. 6522:. 6510:. 6506:. 6487:. 6461:. 6423:. 6405:. 6397:. 6389:. 6381:. 6371:41 6365:. 6342:. 6332:. 6324:. 6312:. 6300:^ 6279:. 6257:. 6245:99 6243:. 6239:. 6227:^ 6213:. 6203:25 6201:. 6175:. 6171:. 6148:. 6138:. 6128:14 6126:. 6122:. 6099:. 6085:. 6081:. 6045:: 6043:}} 6039:{{ 5992:. 5988:. 5960:. 5956:. 5924:. 5916:. 5908:. 5900:. 5892:. 5880:. 5876:. 5850:. 5840:. 5828:. 5824:. 5797:. 5789:. 5781:. 5777:. 5755:. 5751:. 5716:. 5691:. 5662:. 5636:. 5632:. 5606:. 5584:. 5574:. 5566:. 5556:10 5554:. 5550:. 5488:. 5460:. 5442:. 5432:. 5420:. 5414:. 5391:. 5377:. 5373:. 5347:. 5325:. 5315:. 5307:. 5282:. 5272:. 5260:. 5256:. 5221:. 5196:. 5192:. 5160:^ 5139:^ 5100:. 5076:. 5045:. 5002:. 4982:}} 4978:{{ 4944:. 4926:. 4918:. 4908:. 4904:. 4848:. 4812:^ 4796:. 4772:. 4748:. 4723:. 4699:. 4677:. 4667:. 4663:. 4638:. 4613:. 4589:. 4563:. 4538:. 4497:. 4472:. 4448:. 4412:. 4387:. 4358:. 4354:. 4330:. 4306:. 4281:. 4257:. 4196:. 4182:. 4178:. 4166:^ 4152:. 4144:. 4134:57 4132:. 4128:. 4088:. 4064:. 4024:BP 4022:. 3941:; 3899:. 3895:. 3870:. 3834:. 3824:. 3816:. 3804:. 3800:. 3778:. 3755:. 3745:19 3743:. 3720:. 3708:. 3658:. 3648:50 3646:. 3621:62 3619:. 3596:. 3586:. 3576:13 3574:. 3570:. 3547:. 3537:21 3535:. 3496:. 3467:. 3461:. 3406:. 3336:. 3328:. 3318:. 3308:. 3296:. 3292:. 3264:. 3240:. 3236:. 3210:. 3181:^ 3171:. 3163:. 3153:. 3149:. 3132:^ 3116:. 3097:. 3075:. 3067:. 3057:22 3055:. 3008:. 2955:. 2951:. 2927:. 2903:. 2831:. 2821:. 2813:. 2805:. 2793:. 2789:. 2640:. 2565:, 2561:, 2413:, 2409:, 2356:EV 2299:, 2295:, 2266:, 2218:, 2158:MW 1948:. 1824:, 1820:, 1681:. 1614:, 1610:, 1606:, 1602:, 1598:, 1554:. 1507:, 1497:CO 1215:, 1211:, 1207:, 1203:, 980:. 937:. 124:. 9097:) 9093:( 8999:e 8992:t 8985:v 8881:) 8838:) 8829:( 8796:) 8741:) 8699:) 8665:) 8505:e 8498:t 8491:v 7996:e 7989:t 7982:v 7955:: 7755:e 7748:t 7741:v 7725:. 7696:. 7666:. 7636:. 7606:. 7576:. 7547:. 7518:. 7489:. 7460:) 7440:. 7410:. 7360:. 7327:. 7298:. 7280:. 7266:: 7258:: 7250:: 7244:3 7220:. 7195:. 7170:. 7138:. 7111:. 7076:. 7046:. 7032:: 7024:: 6997:) 6983:. 6969:: 6961:: 6953:: 6930:. 6916:: 6908:: 6900:: 6877:. 6863:: 6833:. 6819:: 6811:: 6803:: 6773:. 6750:. 6717:. 6693:. 6665:. 6644:. 6619:. 6557:. 6526:: 6518:: 6512:5 6491:. 6472:. 6434:. 6385:: 6377:: 6350:. 6336:: 6328:: 6320:: 6294:. 6265:. 6251:: 6221:. 6209:: 6186:. 6156:. 6142:: 6134:: 6107:. 6093:: 6087:7 6066:) 6055:) 6035:. 6003:. 5974:. 5938:. 5904:: 5896:: 5888:: 5882:8 5858:. 5844:: 5836:: 5805:. 5785:: 5727:. 5701:. 5677:. 5647:. 5617:. 5592:. 5570:: 5562:: 5535:. 5513:. 5492:. 5470:. 5436:: 5428:: 5399:. 5385:: 5358:. 5333:. 5311:: 5290:. 5276:: 5268:: 5232:. 5207:. 5178:. 4988:) 4858:. 4806:. 4782:. 4758:. 4734:. 4709:. 4685:. 4671:: 4648:. 4624:. 4599:. 4574:. 4549:. 4524:. 4507:. 4483:. 4458:. 4422:. 4397:. 4372:. 4340:. 4316:. 4291:. 4267:. 4243:. 4225:. 4204:. 4190:: 4184:2 4160:. 4148:: 4140:: 4113:. 4099:. 4074:. 4050:. 4032:. 3998:2 3880:. 3856:. 3828:: 3820:: 3812:: 3806:2 3780:9 3763:. 3751:: 3728:. 3724:: 3716:: 3693:. 3666:. 3662:: 3654:: 3631:. 3627:: 3604:. 3590:: 3582:: 3555:. 3543:: 3520:. 3506:. 3481:. 3475:: 3469:2 3446:. 3392:. 3368:. 3344:. 3322:: 3312:: 3304:: 3274:. 3250:. 3242:4 3221:. 3126:. 3083:. 3063:: 3040:. 3019:. 2991:. 2966:. 2937:. 2913:. 2889:. 2857:. 2839:. 2809:: 2801:: 2774:. 2539:2 2123:) 2119:( 2113:. 2092:. 1850:. 1646:. 1499:2 1369:. 1122:2 1074:( 889:e 882:t 875:v 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.