149:
of the electric and magnetic fields of the moving particle in each medium separately. In other words, since the electric field of the particle is different in each medium, the particle has to "shake off" the difference when it crosses the boundary. The total energy loss of a charged particle on the
672:
and angular characteristics. This allows a much higher number of photons to be obtained in a smaller angular "volume". Applications of this x-ray source are limited by the fact that the radiation is emitted in a cone, with a minimum intensity at the center. X-ray focusing devices (crystals/mirrors)
87:
of the particle. After the first observation of the transition radiation in the optical region, many early studies indicated that the application of the optical transition radiation for the detection and identification of individual particles seemed to be severely limited due to the inherent low
448:
70:
in 1945. They showed the existence of
Transition radiation when a charged particle perpendicularly passed through a boundary between two different homogeneous media. The frequency of radiation emitted in the backwards direction relative to the particle was mainly in the range of
835:
Interference phenomenon in optical transition radiation and its application to particle beam diagnostics and multiple-scattering measurements, L. Wartski et al., Journal of
Applied Physics -- August 1975 -- Volume 46, Issue 8, pp.
286:
657:= 2×10, about 0.8 x-ray photons are detected. Usually several layers of alternating materials or composites are used to collect enough transition radiation photons for an adequate measurement—for example, one layer of
115:, were directly proportional to the Lorentz factor of the particle. Theoretical discovery of x-ray transition radiation, which was directly proportional to the Lorentz factor, made possible further use of TR in
617:
676:
A special type of transition radiation is diffusive radiation. It is emitted provided that a charged particle crosses a medium with randomly inhomogeneous dielectric permittivity^{9,10,11}.
825:
11. ^ Zh.S.Gevorkian, C.P.Chen and Chin-Kun Hu, New
Mechanism of X-ray radiation from a relativistic charged particle in a dielectric random medium, Phys.Rev.Lett. v.86,3324,(2001).
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183:
Optical transition radiation is emitted both in the forward direction and reflected by the interface surface. In case of a foil having an angle at 45 degrees with respect to a
769:
246:
220:
541:
187:, the particle beam's shape can be visually seen at an angle of 90 degrees. More elaborate analysis of the emitted visual radiation may allow for the determination of
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9. ^S.R.Atayan and Zh.S.Gevorkian, Pseudophoton diffusion and radiation of a charged particle in a randomly inhomogeneous medium, Sov.Phys.JETP,v.71(5),862,(1990).\\
510:
490:
470:
443:{\displaystyle {\frac {dI}{d\nu }}\approx {\frac {z^{2}e^{2}\gamma \omega _{p}}{\pi c}}{\bigg (}(1+2\nu ^{2})\ln(1+{\frac {1}{\nu ^{2}}})-2{\bigg )}}
822:
10. ^Zh.S.Gevorkian, Radiation of a relativistic charged particle in a system with one-dimensional randomness, Phys.Rev.E,v.57,2338,(1998).\\
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relative to the particle's path. The intensity of the emitted radiation is roughly proportional to the particle's energy
40:
99:
region for ultrarelativistic particles. His theory predicted some remarkable features for transition radiation in the
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251:
122:
Thus, from 1959 intensive theoretical and experimental research of TR, and x-ray TR in particular began.
868:
622:
24:
781:
653:. However, the number of produced photons per interface crossing is very small: for particles with
547:. This divergences at low frequencies where the approximations fail. The total energy emitted is:
225:
199:
145:. The emitted radiation is the homogeneous difference between the two inhomogeneous solutions of
519:
108:
718:
706:"Radiation of a uniformly moving electron due to its transition from one medium into another"
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146:
138:
51:
8:
787:, Brookhaven National Laboratory, p.2, Upton, New York, USA and CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
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material followed by one layer of detector (e.g. microstrip gas chamber), and so on.
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media, such as a boundary between two different media. This is in contrast to
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664:
By placing interfaces (foils) of very precise thickness and foil separation,
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72:
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charged particles when they cross the interface of two media of different
760:, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A326 (1993) 434-469
111:
particle, when emitting TR while passing the boundary between media and
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67:
43:
834:
705:
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and is mostly directed forward, peaking at an angle of the order of
719:"Optical transition radiation from protons entering metal surfaces"
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in the x-ray range, with energies typically in the range from 5 to
626:
708:, JETP (USSR) 16 (1946) 15-28; Journ.Phys. USSR 9 (1945) 353-362
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630:
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makes it suitable for particle discrimination, particularly of
112:
100:
96:
747:, JETP (USSR) 37 (1959) 527-533; Sov.Phys.JETP 10 (1960) 372
612:{\displaystyle I={\frac {z^{2}e^{2}\gamma \omega _{p}}{3c}}}
125:
782:"Some New Developments on Transition Radiation Detectors"
734:, JETP (USSR) 33 (1957) 1403; Sov.Phys.JETP 6 (1958) 1079
745:"Transition Radiation Effects in Particle Energy Losses"
39:, which occurs when a charged particle passes through a
62:
Transition radiation was demonstrated theoretically by
555:
522:
498:
478:
458:
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732:"Contribution to the Theory of Transition Radiation"
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showed that the radiation should also appear in the
673:are not easy to build for such radiation patterns.
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91:Interest in transition radiation was renewed when
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801:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 646–654.
770:"Health Physics Division annual progress report"
107:showed theoretically that energy losses of an
196:In the approximation of relativistic motion (
772:, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, p.137, 1959
281:), the energy spectrum can be expressed as:
131:Transition radiation in the x-ray region
126:Transition radiation in the x-ray region
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668:will modify the transition radiation's
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274:{\displaystyle \omega \gg \omega _{p}}
46:medium at a speed greater than the
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14:
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758:"Transition radiation detectors"
849:Article on transition radiation
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633:in the momentum range between
492:is the charge of an electron,
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1:
864:Experimental particle physics
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686:Transition radiation detector
621:The characteristics of this
241:{\displaystyle \theta \ll 1}
215:{\displaystyle \gamma \gg 1}
88:intensity of the radiation.
7:
717:P.Goldsmith and J.V.Jelley,
704:V.L.Ginzburg and I.M.Frank
679:
645:produced by electrons have
641:. The transition radiation
536:{\displaystyle \omega _{p}}
10:
885:
828:
721:, Philos.Mag. 4 (1959) 836
150:transition depends on its
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799:Classical Electrodynamics
623:electromagnetic radiation
25:electromagnetic radiation
505:{\displaystyle \gamma }
797:Jackson, John (1999).
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52:electromagnetic waves
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83:proportional to the
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147:Maxwell's equations
117:high-energy physics
37:Cherenkov radiation
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756:Boris Dolgoshein
666:coherence effects
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485:{\displaystyle e}
465:{\displaystyle z}
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222:), small angles (
137:) is produced by
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103:region. In 1959
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869:Particle physics
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139:relativistic
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651:15 keV
647:wavelengths
41:homogeneous
858:Categories
785:L. C. Yuan
692:References
44:dielectric
836:3644-3653
627:electrons
590:ω
586:γ
525:ω
500:γ
428:−
414:ν
396:
381:ν
352:π
341:ω
337:γ
311:≈
305:ν
263:ω
259:≫
256:ω
233:≪
230:θ
207:≫
204:γ
77:intensity
680:See also
670:spectral
105:Garibian
93:Garibian
64:Ginzburg
829:Sources
643:photons
631:hadrons
543:is the
512:is the
58:History
805:
452:Where
113:vacuum
75:. The
659:inert
101:x-ray
97:x-ray
68:Frank
803:ISBN
637:and
629:and
66:and
50:of
860::
516:,
393:ln
180:.
169:1/
164:mc
158:=
135:TR
119:.
21:TR
838:.
811:.
655:γ
604:c
601:3
594:p
581:2
577:e
571:2
567:z
560:=
557:I
529:p
480:e
460:z
436:)
431:2
425:)
418:2
410:1
405:+
402:1
399:(
390:)
385:2
377:2
374:+
371:1
368:(
363:(
355:c
345:p
332:2
328:e
322:2
318:z
302:d
297:I
294:d
267:p
236:1
210:1
190:γ
177:E
171:γ
162:/
160:E
156:γ
133:(
19:(
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