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streaming/transmission, the use of different video data encoding can be carried out depending on the available data transmission rate. These changes are controlled and implemented by transitions; A research example is a context-aware video adaptation service to support mobile video applications. Through analyzing the current processes in a communication system, it is possible to determine which transitions need to be executed at which communication layer in order to meet the quality requirements. In order for communication systems to adapt to the respective framework conditions, architectural approaches of self-organizing, adaptive systems can be used, such as the MAPE cycle (Monitor-Analyze-Plan-Execute). This central concept of
94:(DFG). The DFG collaborative research center 1053 MAKI - Multi-mechanism Adaptation for the future Internet - focuses on research questions in the following areas: (i) Fundamental research on transition methods, (ii) Techniques for adapting transition-capable communication systems on the basis of achieved and targeted quality, and (iii) specific and exemplary transitions in communication systems as regarded from different technical perspectives.
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Mechanisms are given as conceptual elements of a networked communication system and are linked to specific functional units, for example, as a service or protocol component. In some cases, a mechanism can also comprise an entire protocol. For example on the transmission layer, LTE can be regarded as
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Transitions enable communication systems to adapt to changing conditions during runtime. This change in conditions can, for example, be a rapid increase in the load on a certain service that may be caused, e.g., by large gatherings of people with mobile devices. A transition often impacts multiple
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Design. While
Dynamic Software Product Lines provide a method to concisely capture a large configuration space and to specify run time variability of adaptive systems, Markov Decision Processes provide a mathematical tool to define and plan transitions between available communication mechanisms.
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The study of new and fundamental design methods, models and techniques that enable automated, coordinated and cross-layer transitions between functionally similar mechanisms within a communication system is the main goal of a collaborative research center funded by the German research foundation
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can be used to determine the state of the communication system, to analyze the monitoring data and to plan and execute the necessary transition(s). A central goal is that users do not consciously perceive a transition while running applications and that the functionality of the used services is
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for broadband wireless connections. For example, LTE and Wi-Fi have equivalent basic functionality, but they are technologically significantly different in their design and operation. Mechanisms affected by transitions are often components of a protocol or service. For example, in case of video
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A formalization of the concept of transitions that captures the features and relations within a communication system to express and optimize the decision making process that is associated with such a system is given in. The associated building blocks comprise (i) Dynamic
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Applications of the idea of transitions have found their way to wireless sensor networks and mobile networks, distributed reactive programming, WiFi firmware modification, planning of autonomic computing systems, analysis of
232:
Kluge, Roland; Stein, Michael; Giessing, David; Schürr, Andy; Mühlhäuser, Max (2017). "cMoflon: Model-Driven
Generation of Embedded C Code for Wireless Sensor Networks". In Anjorin, Anthony; Espinoza, Huáscar (eds.).
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Frömmgen, Alexander; Rizk, Amr; Erbshäußer, Tobias; Weller, Max; Koldehofe, Boris; Buchmann, Alejandro; Steinmetz, Ralf (2017). "A programming model for application-defined multipath TCP scheduling".
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components. In a transition, communication mechanisms within a system are replaced by functionally comparable mechanisms with the aim to ensure the highest possible quality, e.g., as captured by the
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Finally, utility functions quantify the performance of individual configurations of the transition-based communication system and provide the means to optimize the performance in such a system.
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Heuschkel, J.; Wang, L.; Fleckstein, E.; Ofenloch, M.; Blöcher, M.; Crowcroft, J.; Mühlhäuser, M. (2018). "VirtualStack: Flexible Cross-layer
Optimization via Network Protocol Virtualization".
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Rizk, Amr; Koeppl, Heinz; Steinmetz, Ralf; Ballard, Trevor; Alt, Bastian (2019-01-17). "CBA: Contextual
Quality Adaptation for Adaptive Bitrate Video Streaming (Extended Version)".
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Richerzhagen, N.; Richerzhagen, B.; Hark, R.; Stingl, D.; Steinmetz, R. (2016). "Limiting the
Footprint of Monitoring in Dynamic Scenarios through Multi-Dimensional Offloading".
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Schulz, Matthias; Wegemer, Daniel; Hollick, Matthias (2018-09-01). "The Nexmon firmware analysis and modification framework: Empowering researchers to enhance Wi-Fi devices".
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Pfannemueller, M.; Krupitzer, C.; Weckesser, M.; Becker, C. (2017). "A Dynamic
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Sim, G. H.; Klos, S.; Asadi, A.; Klein, A.; Hollick, M. (2018). "An Online Context-Aware Machine Learning Algorithm for 5G mmWave Vehicular Communications".
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such a mechanism. Following this definition, there exist numerous communication mechanisms that are partly equivalent in their basic functionality, such as
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KhudaBukhsh, W. R.; Rizk, A.; Frömmgen, A.; Koeppl, H. (2017). "Optimizing stochastic scheduling in fork-join queueing models: Bounds and applications".
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Stohr, Denny; Frömmgen, Alexander; Rizk, Amr; Zink, Michael; Steinmetz, Ralf; Effelsberg, Wolfgang (2017). "Where are the Sweet Spots?".
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Asadi, A.; MĂĽller, S.; Sim, G. H.; Klein, A.; Hollick, M. (2018). "FML: Fast Machine Learning for 5G mmWave Vehicular Communications".
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which describes the change of communication mechanisms, i.e., functions of a communication system, in particular, service and
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Alt, Bastian; Weckesser, Markus; et al. (2019). "Transitions: A Protocol-Independent View of the Future Internet".
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Transitions and the subsequent adaptation of communication systems enable the optimization of g conditions.
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