230:
27:
756:
220:
In common with most
European armies of this period the Russian army relied primarily on the short-term employment of civilian contract drivers to provide transport and supply services. However following reforms in 1760, organised siege train "parks" were raised to furnish wagons and other support for
366:
being of 12.5 wagons per 1,000 soldiers. However, Napoleon benefitted from a densely populated Europe where food was plentiful. In the more sparsely populated South, where armies were more reliant on supply lines, the ratio was between 25 and 35 wagons per 1,000 men (a similar ratio was maintained
442:
as they were cheaper, required less forage and had superior endurance. When operating as part of a wagon train, the typical rate of travel was between 12 and 24 miles per day, although the latter was only possible under ideal circumstances and poor conditions could result in much slower travel
123:
A service force or group of service elements that provides logistic support, e.g., an organization of naval auxiliary ships or merchant ships or merchant ships attached to a fleet for this purpose; similarly, the vehicles and operating personnel that furnish supply, evacuation, and maintenance
272:
of 1777 was in particular a result of mismanagement of the baggage train. Although the collection of supplies had begun in
January, it was not until early June when the British hurriedly contracted for 400 horses to pull their artillery and 500 two-horse carts with drivers to haul supplies.
281:. Ultimately, Burgoyne erred in assuming he could acquire enough horses and vehicles while moving through hostile territory; diverting too many horses to pulling the army's too-large artillery train; and failing to rein in his officers from appropriating horses and vehicles for personal use.
206:
The individual Roman legionary carried his possessions and tools on a forked pole across his shoulder when on the march. However tents, equipment and bulk supplies were transported by separate train detachments composed of mules and wagons under the control of camp servants.
386:
for the entire force, and an individual unit's baggage train, which carried a ready supply of ammunition, hospital stores, rations, forage and personal effects. While the size of the former varied depending on how many soldiers needed to be supported and was organized by
170:
of the period would cause choking if too much weight was being pulled, the carts themselves were liable to break down, and they could not travel in rough or hilly terrain. Instead, supplies were carried by the soldiers themselves, the servants accompanying them, and
443:
times. A wagon train could also stretch for many miles: with a 6-mule team and wagon taking up approximately 12 yards of space, a train of 800 wagons moving in single column, at an easy gait and with a normal interval between wagons, occupied 6 to 8 miles of road.
273:
Although
American forces evacuated Fort Ticonderoga on July 6, the wagon train didn't start to arrive until mid-July, preventing Burgoyne from making an immediate pursuit. It was early August when Burgoyne finally took possession of Fort Edward on the
277:, by which point only 180 of the contracted wagons had arrived. Not until September 13 had sufficient reserves been collected to allow the army to press on, though continued problems with insufficient supplies and horses led to the disastrous
361:
armies tried to keep the size of their wagon trains in check to improve the tactical mobility of their forces. This was measured as a ratio of the number of wagons per soldiers, with the idealized number according to
322:
had been created in 1802 to ensure logistic support but it had been down-sized after 1815 and disbanded in 1832. The ad-hoc employment of non-disciplined contract workers had clear limitations and during the
97:, this historically usually referred to forces employing wagons, horses, mules, oxen, camels, or even elephants. These can still be useful where difficult weather or topography limit use of railways,
229:
298:
was created, with permanently enlisted and uniformed drivers under military discipline. The success of this corps led to a similar regimental
371:). In general, the Confederates managed a lower ratio compared to Union forces, although this was borne out of necessity instead of choice.
438:. However the usual load was 2,400lbs, including forage for the team, or less than 2,000lbs with a 4-mule team. Mules were preferred over
388:
318:
Until the mid-nineteenth century the
British Army had relied primarily on hired civilian drivers to provide transport services as needed. A
427:
believed 7 wagons for every 1,000 men was needed to carry rations, forage and other materiel, and another 4 wagons per 1,000 men to carry
379:
183:
were the primary pack animal in the
Macedonian army, each capable of carrying 200 lb (90 kg) (excluding the weight of the
261:, a distance of approximately 300 miles (480 km). The arrival of these cannons helped end the siege in an American victory.
203:
were used as they were slower, had less endurance, and their hooves ill-suited for long distances compared to horses and mules.
434:
The standard Army wagon in good condition could haul 4,000lbs of supplies across good roads when pulled by a full team of six
672:
113:
797:
722:
Hess, E. J. (2017). Civil War
Logistics: A Study of Military Transportation. United States: LSU Press. "Wagon Trains"
635:
610:
31:
245:, also known as the Knox Expedition, has been highlighted as one of the incredible feats of logistics of the entire
531:
375:
20:
572:
511:
408:
473:
404:
687:
R.M. Barnes, p. 104 "A History of the
Regiments and Uniforms of the British Army", First Sphere Books 1972
821:
816:
303:
166: – because they were considered to impede the army's speed and mobility. Throat-and-girth
743:
Gettysburg Staff Ride: Briefing Book. (1999). United States: U.S. Army Center of
Military History. p. 34
246:
486:
336:
242:
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were generally forbidden – with the exception of carrying essential items such as
139:
790:
428:
391:, restrictions were commonly placed on the latter. For example, prior to the start of the
278:
143:
771:
310:
were created in 1811 to standardise existing supply arrangements for the army as a whole.
8:
392:
147:
58:
for their associated combat forces when in the field. When focused on provision of field
396:
350:
319:
43:
26:
783:
668:
631:
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568:
420:
368:
269:
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being created by
Napoleon in 1806 to provide transport and support services for his
536:
254:
562:
412:
258:
234:
400:
767:
142:, restrictions were placed on the size and composition of the baggage train by
87:
810:
424:
265:
167:
274:
200:
155:
86:, though railways are often employed for modern logistics, and can include
75:
264:
Conversely, historian R. Arthur Bowler argues that the failure of
General
653:. (1997). United States: Center of Military History, U.S. Army. pp. 91–93
324:
184:
172:
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A distinction was made between the general supply trains, which carried
541:
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250:
63:
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was created as an integral part of the regular army; to be renamed as
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59:
763:
363:
55:
416:
159:
106:
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transport elements accompanying a military force. Often called a
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83:
71:
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Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army
591:. United Kingdom: University of California Press. p. 14–16
435:
196:
180:
151:
94:
82:. These military terms predate, and do not imply a railway
253:
transported 60 tons of artillery and other ordnance from
249:. From November 17, 1775, to January 25, 1776, Colonel
195:, which could carry 300 lb (140 kg). Neither
651:
United States Army Logistics, 1775–1992: An Anthology
665:
Officers and Soldiers of the French Imperial Guard 5
567:. Diane Publishing (published 1987). p. 376.
554:
808:
221:the heavy guns and mortars of siege artillery.
791:
403:headquarters; 3 wagons for every division or
224:
718:
716:
117:Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms
798:
784:
730:
728:
399:, the limit was set at 4 wagons for every
713:
706:
704:
702:
423:. In terms of the general supply train,
662:
457:Supply Wagon Ratio during the Civil War
228:
25:
725:
628:Russian Army of the Seven Years War (2)
625:
600:
581:
809:
699:
690:
560:
407:headquarters; 6 wagons for every full
191:these were supplemented by the use of
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750:
734:United States Army Logistics, p. 207
710:United States Army Logistics, p. 208
696:United States Army Logistics, p. 206
603:The Roman Army from Caesar to Trajan
411:of infantry; and 3 wagons for every
114:United States Department of Defense
78:to an artillery train was called a
13:
14:
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532:Military supply chain management
16:Collection of military transport
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187:itself); after the conquest of
21:Military education and training
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656:
644:
619:
594:
289:
54:, it has the job of providing
1:
547:
119:defined the term "train" as:
770:. You can help Knowledge by
133:
30:Siege train arriving before
7:
525:
335:in 1856 and in 1888 as the
19:For military training, see
10:
843:
749:
512:Sherman's March to the Sea
500:Army of the Potomac (1864)
462:Army of the Potomac (1862)
247:American Revolutionary War
225:American Revolutionary War
128:
18:
601:Simkins, Michael (1974).
487:Army of Northern Virginia
474:Jackson's Valley campaign
367:after the war out on the
327:a permanent organisation
124:services to a land unit.
663:Jouineau, Andre (2008).
630:. pp. 38 & 40.
329:The Land Transport Corps
243:Noble train of artillery
38:In military contexts, a
626:Konstam, Angus (1996).
564:The Military Dictionary
561:US DOD (October 1987).
140:Ancient Macedonian army
766:-related article is a
587:Engels, D. W. (1980).
308:Wagon Train Battalions
238:
126:
66:, it may be termed an
35:
232:
121:
29:
294:In 1800 a permanent
279:Battle of Bennington
144:Philip II of Macedon
458:
393:Army of the Potomac
148:Alexander the Great
822:Military logistics
817:Military transport
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397:Peninsula campaign
351:American Civil War
345:American Civil War
338:Army Service Corps
333:The Military Train
320:Royal Waggon Train
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74:, the addition of
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270:Saratoga campaign
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88:armoured trains
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34:, Nov. 3, 1912
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285:19th century
275:Hudson River
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216:Russian army
211:18th century
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173:pack animals
146:and his son
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51:
48:supply train
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39:
37:
359:Confederate
353:, both the
349:During the
325:Crimean War
300:Wagon Train
290:French Army
185:pack saddle
80:siege train
811:Categories
574:0941375102
548:References
542:Wagon fort
429:cartridges
401:army corps
380:ammunition
376:sustenance
251:Henry Knox
164:ambulances
64:ammunition
44:logistical
32:Adrianople
449:Campaign
168:harnesses
158:, tents,
134:Antiquity
60:artillery
764:military
526:See also
413:squadron
409:regiment
389:division
364:Napoleon
201:ox carts
62:and its
56:materiel
417:cavalry
405:brigade
257:to the
160:plunder
138:In the
129:History
107:airlift
103:sealift
42:is the
671:
634:
609:
571:
489:(1863)
440:horses
384:forage
237:, 1775
193:camels
177:Horses
99:trucks
95:armies
72:sieges
70:. For
762:This
436:mules
355:Union
189:Egypt
181:mules
152:Carts
105:, or
84:train
40:train
768:stub
669:ISBN
632:ISBN
607:ISBN
569:ISBN
382:and
357:and
241:The
197:oxen
179:and
112:The
93:For
519:40
506:36
495:28
479:000
468:29
419:or
415:of
395:'s
268:'s
199:or
50:or
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727:^
715:^
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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