Track and field - Knowledge

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the attempt—it becomes a foul. All landings must occur in a sector. For the jumps, that is a sand filled pit, for throws it is a defined sector. A throw landing on the line on the edge of sector is a foul (the inside edge of the line is the outside edge of the sector). Assuming a proper attempt, officials measure the distance from the closest landing point back to the line. The measuring tape is carefully straightened to the shortest distance between the point and the line. To accomplish this, the tape must be perfectly perpendicular to the take off line in jumps, or is pulled through the center point of the arc for throws. The officials at the landing end of the tape have the zero, while the officials at the point of initiation measure and record the length. Whenever a record (or potential record) occurs, that measurement is taken (again) with a steel tape, and observed by at least three officials (plus usually the meet referee). Steel tapes are easily bent and damaged, so are not used to measure everyday competitions. For major competitions, each competitor gets three tries. The top competitors (usually 8 or 9 depending on that competition's rules or the number of lanes on the track) gets three more tries. At that level of competition, the order of competitors for those final three attempts are set—so the competitor in first place at the end of the third round is last, while the last competitor to qualify goes first. Some meets rearrange the competition order again for the final round, so the final attempt is taken by the leader at that point. At other competitions, meet management may choose to limit all competitors to four or three attempts. Whatever the format, all competitors get an equal number of attempts.

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attempt, which can be used to strategic advantage (of course that advantage is lost if the competitor misses). A pass could be used to save energy and avoid taking a jump that would not improve their position in the standings. After all competitors have either cleared, passed or failed their attempts at a height, the bar goes up. The amount the bar goes up is predetermined before the competition, though when one competitor remains, that competitor may choose their own heights for the remaining attempts. A record is kept of each attempt by each competitor. After all competitors have taken their attempts, the one jumping the highest is the winner, and so on down the other competitors in the event. Ties are broken by first, the number of attempts taken at the highest height (fewest wins), and then if still tied, by the total number of misses in the competition as a whole. The bar does not go back to a lower height except to break a tie for first place or a qualifying position. If those critical positions are still tied after applying the tiebreakers, all tied competitors take a fourth jump at the last height. If they still miss, the bar goes down one increment where they again jump. This process continues until the tie is broken.

8726: 3783: 1485: 3033: 2833: 1977: 3285: 3447: 327: 1109: 2010:-style ammunition for the sport. The modern rules were first laid out in 1860 and required that competitors take legal throws within a square throwing area of seven feet (2.13 m) on each side. This was amended to a circle area with a seven-foot diameter in 1906, and the weight of the shot was standardised to 16 pounds (7.26 kg). Throwing technique was also refined over this period, with bent arm throws being banned as they were deemed too dangerous and the side-step and throw technique arising in the United States in 1876. 2783: 3644:'s banned list receive sanctions and may be banned from competition for a period of time that corresponds to the seriousness of the infraction. However, the use of substances not on the prohibited list may also result in sanctions if the substance is deemed similar to a banned substance in either composition or effect. Athletes may also be sanctioned for missing tests, seeking to avoid testing or tampering with results, refusing to submit to testing, through circumstantial evidence, or confession of use. 2091: 8840: 3227: 1592: 9220: 2606: 3069:

time recorded by the athletes to one thousandth of a second. If the judge decides that there has been a tie, the tying athletes must be placed in the next round or, if that is not practicable, lots must be drawn to determine who must be placed in the next round. In the case of a tie for first place in any final, the referee decides whether it is practicable to arrange for the athletes so tying to compete again. If he decides it is not, the result stands. Ties in other placings remain.

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a result of improved equipment using the denser metals, a switch to concrete throwing areas, and more advanced training techniques. Professional hammer throwers were historically large, strong, sturdy athletes. However, qualities such as refined technique, speed and flexibility have become increasingly important in the modern era as the legal throwing area has been reduced from 90 to 34.92 degrees and throwing technique involves three to four controlled rotations.

2980: 2591: 339: 1826: 3110: 2489: 3020:. It is deemed a false start if, in the judgment of the starter an athlete fails to comply with the commands "on your marks" or "set" as appropriate after a reasonable time; or an athlete after the command "on your marks" disturbs other athletes in the race through sound or otherwise. If the runner is in the "set" position and moves, then the runner is also disqualified. As of 2010, any athlete making a false start is disqualified. 355: 3584: 3369: 247:, which typically feature teams of four. Events are almost exclusively divided by gender, although both the men's and women's competitions are usually held at the same venue. Recently, "mixed" relay events have been introduced into meets, whereby two men and two women make up the four-person team. If a race has too many people to run all at once, preliminary heats will be run to narrow down the field of participants. 3532: 2148: 3012:

away, as long as it is safe to do so. For some middle-distance races, such as 800 m, each athlete starts in their own lane. Once the gun fires, they must run in the lane they began in until they reach a set of cones on the track that signal that they can cut in and move towards the inside lane. For sprint races, athletes begin in start blocks and must stay in their own lane for the entire race.

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introduced to reduce jostling between runners in the early stages of the race. The 1500 meter and longer events typically use a waterfall start, where runners start the race from a standing position along a curved starting line and then immediately cut in towards the innermost track to follow the quickest route to the finish. Physiologically, middle-distance events demand that athletes have good

1600: 1624:: the distance was fixed to 400 m while ten 3-foot (91.44 cm) hurdles were placed 35 m apart on the track, with the first and final hurdles being 45 m and 40 m away from the start and finish, respectively. Women's hurdles are slightly lower at 84 cm (2 ft 9 in) for the 100 m event and 76 cm (2 ft 6 in) for the 400 m event. 2798:) bear similarities with their outdoor equivalents. Typically, a central area is surrounded by a 200-metre oval track with four to eight lanes. The track can be banked at the turns to allow athletes to run around the radius more comfortably. Some have a second running track going straight across the field area, parallel to the straights of the main circuit. This track is used for the 3619:

playing field — athletes who do not use doping substances have a disadvantage over rivals who do. Medically, the use of banned substances may have an adverse effect upon athletes' health. However, some exemptions are made for athletes who take banned substances for therapeutic use, and athletes are not sanctioned for usage in these cases, such as

1727:) were held in each hand during the jump then swung back and dropped near the end to gain extra momentum and distance. The modern long jump, standardised in England and the United States around 1860, bears resemblance to the ancient event although no weights are used. Athletes sprint along a length of track that leads to a jumping board and a 3552:

as more events were gradually added to the list, but significant changes were made in the late 1970s. First, all records in imperial measurements were abandoned in 1976, with the sole exceptional being the mile run due to the prestige and history of the event. The following year, all world records in sprint events would only be recognised if

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competitions, or in English or French in international competitions. Once all athletes are set in their starting position, the gun or an approved starting apparatus must be fired or activated. If the starter is not satisfied that all are ready to proceed, the athletes may be called out of the blocks and the process started over.

1432:. The 5000 m and 10,000 m events have their historical roots in the 3-mile and 6-mile races. The 3000 m was used as a women's long-distance event, entering the World Championship programme in 1983 and Olympic programme in 1984, but this was abandoned in favour of a women's 5000 m event in 1995. 1612:(110 m) with ten hurdles of 3-foot and 6 inches (1.06 m) in height (each placed 10 yards (9 m) apart), with the first and final hurdles 15 yards from the start and finish, respectively. French organisers adapted the race into metric (adding 28 cm) and the basics of this race, the men's 2072:

was standardised to 2 kg (4.4 pounds) in weight and 22 cm (8 inches) in diameter in 1907. The women's discus was among the first women's events on the Olympic programme, being introduced in 1928. The first modern athlete to throw the discus while rotating the whole body was Czech athlete

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represent the best performances by athletes at the Summer Olympics. All major championships and games have their relevant competition records and a large number of track and field meetings keep a note of their meet records. Other record types include: stadium records, records by age range, records by

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The IAAF ratifies track and field world records if they meet their set criteria. The IAAF first published a world records list in 1914, initially for men's events only. There were 53 recognised records in running, hurdling and relay, and 12 field records. World records in women's events began in 1936

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system was introduced for the 2018 season. An athlete's position within the ranking will be determined by points scored based on their performance and importance of the competition. The points will be considered for eligibility for the World Athletics Championships and Olympic Games. This system will

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The men's hammer throw became an Olympic event in 1900 but the women's event – using a 4 kg (8.82 lb) weight – was not widely competed until much later, finally featuring on the women's Olympic programme in 2000. The distances thrown by male athletes became greater from the 1950s onwards as

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in the late 19th century and athletes from the region are still among the most dominant throwers in men's competitions. The modern event features a short run up on a track and then the thrower releases the javelin before the foul line. The runway measures at a minimum of 30m in length, and is covered

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event featured at the Olympics in 1900 and 1904, but such competitions have since become very uncommon, although it is still used as a non-competitive exercise drill. The Current world record for the Men's triple jump is 18.29 meter (60 ft 0in) held by Jonathan Edwards. The current women's world

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and her 1928 Olympic medal for Japan signified the growth of women's track and field in East Asia. More women's events were gradually introduced, though it was only towards the end of the century that the athletics programmes approached gender parity. Marking an increasingly inclusive approach to the

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in international track and field events, both for race distances and for measuring jumps and throws. The Olympic athletics programme greatly expanded over the next decades, and track and field remained among its most prominent contests. The Olympics was the elite competition for track and field, only

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With the accuracy of the timing systems, ties are rare. Ties between different athletes are resolved as follows: In determining whether there has been a tie in any round for a qualifying position for the next round based on time, a judge (called the chief photo finish judge) must consider the actual

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began in prehistoric times. Along with the discus, the javelin was the second throwing event in the ancient Olympic pentathlon. Records from 708 BC show two javelin competition types co-existing: throwing at a target and throwing the javelin for distance. It was the latter type from which the modern

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the farthest. In standard competitions, athletes throw the disc from a set circular arc and take turns in a series of throw, with the singular best effort deciding the victor. As one of the events within the ancient pentathlon, the history of the discus throw dates back to 708 BC. In ancient times a

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to a teammate, who then begins their leg. There is usually a designated area where athletes must exchange the baton. Teams may be disqualified if they fail to complete the change within the area, or if the baton is dropped during the race. A team may also be disqualified if its runners are deemed to

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before leaning forward and gradually moving into an upright position as the race progresses and momentum is gained. Athletes remain in the same lane on the running track throughout all sprinting events, with the sole exception of the indoor 400 m. Races up to 100 m are largely focused upon

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Men and women have different weights for their throwing implements – men's javelin is 800 grams compared to 600 for women, men's weight throw is 35 pounds compared to 20 for women, men's discus is 2 kilograms to women's 1, men's shot put is 16 pounds compared to 8 pounds for women, and men's hammer

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For sprinting events, except the 4 × 400 m relay and the indoor 400 metres, each athlete must run the race within their allocated lane from start to finish. If an athlete leaves their lane or steps on the line demarking each lane the athlete will be disqualified. Lane rules also apply for

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There are different types of starts for races of different distances. Middle- and long-distance races mainly use the waterfall start. This is when all athletes begin on a curved line that moves farther out at the outer edge of the track. Competitors are allowed to move towards the inside lane right

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announced they were renaming "indoor track" and "indoor athletics" to "short track", effectively expanding the "indoor track" category to allow for the theoretical possibility of an outdoor 200 meter-track being used for valid "indoor" qualification marks. The change took effect at the beginning of

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in Athens, which featured both the ancient style and the increasingly popular modern style of turning and throwing. By the 1912 Olympics, the ancient standing throw style had fallen into disuse and contests starting within a 2.5 m squared throwing area became the standard. The discus implement

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in the 19th century. Further competitions were organised in 1840 in England and in 1865 the basic rules of the modern event were standardised there. Athletes have a short run up and then take off from one foot to jump over a horizontal bar and fall back onto a cushioned landing area. The men's high

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as obstacles were first popularised in the 19th century in England. The first known event, held in 1830, was a variation of the 100-yard dash that included heavy wooden barriers as obstacles. A competition between the Oxford and Cambridge Athletic Clubs in 1864 refined this, holding a 120-yard race

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in London. This national event was a great success, attracting a crowd of over ten thousand people. In response, the Amateur Athletic Club was formed that same year and held a championship for "gentlemen amateurs" in an attempt to reclaim the sport for the educated elite. Ultimately the "allcomers"

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is in 1834, making it the oldest running race of the modern era. The school also lays claim to the oldest track and field meeting still extant, the Second Spring Meeting first documented in 1840. This featured a series of throwing and jumping events with mock horse races including the Derby Stakes,

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and running. All these forms of racing tend to record finishing times, have strictly defined start and finish points, and are generally individual in nature. Middle- and long-distance runners usually participate in cross country and road events, in addition to the track. Track racewalkers are most

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Horizontal jumps (long jump and triple jump) and all throws must be initiated behind a line. In the case of horizontal jumps, that line is a straight line perpendicular to the runway. In the case of throws, that line is an arc or a circle. Crossing the line while initiating the attempt invalidates

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Vertical jumps (high jump and pole vault) set a bar at a particular height. The competitor must clear the bar without knocking it off the standards that are holding the bar (flat). Three failures in a row ends the competitor's participation in the event. The competitor has the option to PASS their

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to allow for easier measurement. Rough-tailed designs were banned in 1991 and all marks achieved with such javelins were removed from the record books. The women's javelin underwent a similar redesign in 1999. The current javelin specifications are 2.6 to 2.7 m in length and 800 grams in

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point runners can leave their lanes and head towards the inmost part of the circuit. For the second and third baton changeovers, teammates must align themselves in respect of their team position – leading teams take the inner lanes while members of slower teams must await the baton on outer lanes.

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The throwing events involve hurling an implement (such as a heavyweight, javelin or discus) from a set point, with athletes being judged on the distance that the object is thrown. Combined events involve the same group of athletes contesting a number of different track and field events. Points are

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Track and field events are divided into three categories: track events, field events and combined events. The majority of athletes tend to specialize in one event type with the aim of perfecting their performances, although the aim of combined events athletes is to become proficient in a number of

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The start of a race is marked by a white line 5 cm wide. In all races that are not run in lanes the start line must be curved, so that all the athletes start the same distance from the finish. Starting blocks may be used for all races up to and including 400 m (including the first leg of the

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featured in 1908 Olympics. The 4×100 m event is run strictly within the same lane on the track, meaning that the team collectively runs one complete circuit of the track. Teams in a 4×400 m event remain in their own lane until the runner of the second leg passes the first bend, at which

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can give athletes a physical competitive advantage in track and field. The use of such substances in track and field is opposed on both ethical and medical grounds. Given that the sport functions by measuring and comparing athletes' performances, performance-enhancing substances create an uneven

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One-day track and field meetings form the most common and seasonal aspect of the sport – they are the most basic level of track and field competition. Meetings are generally organised annually either under the patronage of an educational institution or sports club, or by a group or business that

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Similar to the long jump, the triple jump takes place on a track heading towards a sandpit. Originally, athletes would hop on the same leg twice before jumping into the pit, but this was changed to the current "hop, step and jump" pattern from 1900 onwards. There is some dispute over whether the

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Middle distance events can begin in one of two ways: a staggered start or a waterfall start. In the 800 meter race, athletes begin in individual lanes that are staggered before the turn. Runners must remain in their lanes for the first 100 m before cutting in to run as a pack. This rule was

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systems (photo timing) are becoming more and more common at increasingly lower levels of track meets, improving the accuracy, while eliminating the need for eagle-eyed officials on the finish line. Fully automatic timing (FAT) is required for high level meets and any time a sprint record is set

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Any athlete who jostles or obstructs another athlete, in a way that impedes his progress, should be disqualified from that event. However, if an athlete is pushed or forced by another person to run outside his lane, and if no material advantage is gained, the athlete should not be disqualified.

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For sprint races up to 400 m, the starter gives two commands: "on your marks" to instruct athletes to approach the start line, followed by "set" to advise the athletes that the start of the race is imminent. The commands of the starter are typically given in the native language in national

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was used (as opposed to the traditional hand-timing stopwatch method). In 1981, electronic timing was made compulsory for all world record runs in track and field, with times being recorded to within one hundredth of a second. Two additional types of world record were introduced in 1987: world

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There are two types of field events: jumps and throws. In jumping competitions, athletes are judged on either the length or height of the jumps. The performances of jumping events for distance are measured from a board or marker, and overstepping this mark is judged as a foul. In the jumps for

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Until the early 1920s, track and field was almost an exclusively male pursuit. Many colleges required women to participate in walking events. Walking was considered to be a primarily female sport. In the late 1800s it was still incredibly rare to find women in the gym, as this was considered a

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Athletes performances are timed or measured at virtually all track and field competitions. Doing so can not only serve as a way of determining the winner in an event, but it can also be used for historical comparison (i.e. a record). A large variety of record types exist and men's and women's

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In International elite competition, electronically tethered starting blocks sense the reaction time of the athletes. If the athlete reacts in less than 0.1 second, an alert sounds for a recall starter and the offending athlete is guilty of a false start. Since 2009, the offending athletes are

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The modern event sees athletes run down a strip of track, plant the pole in the metal box, and vault over the horizontal bar before letting go of the pole and falling backwards onto the landing mattress. While earlier versions used wooden, metal or bamboo, modern poles are generally made from

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The finish of a race is marked by a white line 5 cm wide. The finishing position of athletes is determined by the order in which any part of their torso (as distinguished from the head, neck, arms, legs, hands or feet) reaches the vertical plane of the nearer edge of the finish line.

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initial periods of other track races, for example, the beginning of the 800 m. Similar rules apply for longer distance races when a large field of athletes is present and separate starting points are designated, with the field merging into one group shortly after the starting phase.

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All four of the common jumping events are held at indoor venues. The long and triple jump areas run alongside the central 60 m track and are mostly identical in form to their outdoor counterparts. The pole vault track and landing area are also alongside the central running track.

1284:, or half mile, was the forebear of the 800 m distance and it has its roots in competitions in the United Kingdom in the 1830s. The 1500 m came about as a result of running three laps of a 500 m track, which was commonplace in continental Europe in the 20th century. 1762: 1759: 3659:, broke world records and were highly successful at international competitions. Some athletes, who were following a doping plan from their teenage years, suffered significant health problems as a result of the regime. A similar state-sponsored doping system was developed in the 2127:

invented the rough-tailed javelin and throws reached in excess of 100 m – edging towards the limits of stadia. The distances and the increasing number of horizontal landings led the IAAF to redesign the men's javelin to reduce distance and increase the implement's downward

2653:. As the sport developed, the IAAF standardised the length to 400 m and stated that the tracks must be split into six to eight running lanes. Precise widths for the lanes were established, as were regulations regarding the curvature of the track. Tracks made of flattened 1758: 1925:, England in 1843. The basic rules and technique of the event originated in the United States. The rules required that athletes do not move their hands along the pole and athletes began clearing the bar with their feet first and twisting so that the stomach faces the bar. 3178:

throw is also 16 pounds to the women's 8. Additionally, men's high hurdles are at height of 42 inches compared to women's hurdles which are 33 inches. For the intermediate hurdles (400 meter hurdles), the men's hurdle height is 36 inches compared to 30 inches for women.

1738:. Professional long jumpers typically have strong acceleration and sprinting abilities. However, athletes must also have a consistent stride to allow them to take off near the board while still maintaining their maximum speed. In addition to the traditional long jump, a 707:. In China, women's track and field events were being held in the 1920s, but were subject to criticism and disrespect from audiences. Physical education advocate Zhang Ruizhen called for greater equality and participation of women in Chinese track and field. The rise of 2204:

Combined (or multi-discipline) events are competitions in which athletes participate in a number of track and field events, earning points for their performance in each event, which adds to a total points score. Outdoors, the most common combined events are the men's

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British national championships despite being for England only, have been held annually since July 1880 with breaks only during two world wars and 2006–2008. The AAA was effectively a global governing body in the early years of the sport, helping to codify its rules.

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were recorded. The hammer implement was standardised in 1887 and the competitions began to resemble the modern event. The weight of the metal ball was set at 16 pounds (7.26 kg) while the attached wire had to measure between 1.175 m and 1.215 m.

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Relay races are the only track and field event in which a team of runners directly compete against other teams. Typically, a team is made up of four runners of the same sex. Each runner completes their specified distance (referred to as a leg) before handing over a

3683:, a 1989 Australian study said, "There is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games, certainly not a gold medal winner, who is not on one sort of drug or another: usually several kinds. The Moscow Games might as well have been called the Chemists' Games." In 2016, 1470:'s record-breaking feats established the importance of natural training and even-paced running. The 1990s saw the rise of North and East African runners in long-distance events. Kenyans and Ethiopians, in particular, have since remained dominant in these events. 3630:

Athletes have historically been willing to take legal and health risks to improve their performance, with some even stating their willingness to risk their lives, as exemplified by research by Mirkin, Goldman and Connor in researching attitudes to the so-called

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for women, 110 m hurdles for men and 400 m hurdles for both sexes. The men's 110 m has been featured at every modern Summer Olympics while the men's 400 m was introduced in the second edition of the Games. Women's initially competed in the

1128:, which was a race from one end of the stadium to the other. Sprinting events are focused on athletes reaching and sustaining their quickest possible running speed. Three sprinting events are currently held at the Olympics and outdoor World Championships: the 3003:

or approved starting apparatus fired upwards after they have ascertained that athletes are steady and in the correct starting position. An athlete may not touch either the start line or the ground in front of it with their hands or feet when on their marks.

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An athlete, after assuming a final set position, may not commence his starting motion until after receiving the report of the gun, or approved starting apparatus. If, in the judgment of the starter or recallers, he does so any earlier, it is considered a

2962:(IAAF). The most recent complete set of rules is the 2009 rules that relate only to competitions in 2009. Key rules of track events are those regarding starting, running and finishing. Current World Athletics (WA) Rules are available on WA's website 2751:

contests begin in a tall metal cage usually situated in one of the corners of the field. The cage reduces the danger of implements being thrown out of the field of play and throws travel diagonally across the field in the centre of the stadium. The

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From the 1990s onward, track and field became increasingly more professional and international, as the IAAF gained over 200 member nations. The IAAF World Championships in Athletics became a fully professional competition with the introduction of

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In general, most field events allow a competitor to take their attempt individually, under theoretically the same conditions as the other competitors in the competition. Each attempt is measured to determine who achieved the greatest distance.

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poles were introduced in the 20th century and a metal box in the runway for planting the pole became standard. Landing mattresses were introduced in the mid-20th century to protect the athletes who were clearing increasingly greater heights.

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The men's triple jump competition has been ever-present at the modern Olympics, but it was not until 1993 that a women's version gained World Championship status and went on to have its first Olympic appearance three years later. The men's

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The IAAF keeps world records for five different types of track relays. As with 4×100 m and 4×400 m events, all races comprise teams of four athletes running the same distances, with the less commonly contested distances being the

2177:. Other ancient competitions included throwing a cast iron ball attached to a wooden handle – the root of the term "hammer throw" due to their resemblance to the tools. In 16th century England, contests involving the throwing of actual 873:

height, an athlete must clear their body over a crossbar without knocking the bar off the supporting standards. The majority of jumping events are unaided, although athletes propel themselves vertically with purpose-built sticks in the

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disability, and records by institution or organisation. Cash bonuses are usually offered to athletes if they break significant records, as doing so can generate greater interest and public attendance in track and field competitions.

3469:, which are largely small, local, informal competitions that allow people of all ages and abilities to compete. As meetings become more organized they can gain official sanctioning by the local or national association for the sport. 3639:

that are conducted both in and out of competition by anti-doping officials or accredited medical staff. Penalized athletes are susceptible to higher testing upon return to competition. Athletes found to have taken substances on the

3411:. The number of major multi-sport events greatly increased during the 20th century and thus did the number of track and field events held within them. Typically, track and field events are hosted at the main stadium of the games. 1663:

race is the other track and field event with obstacles. Just as the hurdling events, the steeplechase finds its origin in student competition in Oxford, England. However, this event was born as a human variation on the original

5027: 5002: 7783: 4556: 1672:. A steeplechase event was held on a track for the 1879 English championships and the 1900 Summer Olympics featured men's 2500 m and 4000 m steeplechase races. The event was held over various distances until the 7405: 7294: 5052: 7620: 2013:

The shot put has been an Olympic sport for men since 1896 and a women's competition using a 4 kg (8.82 lb) shot was added in 1948. Further throwing techniques have arisen since the post-war era: in the 1950s

3203:, but these organisations govern more than just track and field and are in fact athletics governing bodies. These national federations regulate sub-national and local track and field clubs, as well as other types of 518:

races in which runners followed a trail of paper shreds left by two "foxes"; even today RSSH runners are called "hounds" and a race victory is a "kill". The first definite record of Shrewsbury's cross-country Annual

6880: 3338:. Most countries have a national championship in track and field and, for athletes, these often play a role in gaining selection into major competitions. Some countries hold many track and field championships at 3194:

for track and field, and athletics as a whole. The governance of track and field at continental and national level is also done by athletics bodies. Some national federations are named after the sport, including

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are the only throwing events held indoors due to size restrictions. The throwing area is similar to the outdoor event, but the landing sector is a rectangular section surrounded by netting or a stop barrier.

7428: 2813:-sized arena. This was quite popular when races were held at imperial distances, which gradually was phased out by different organizations in the 1970s and 1980s. Examples of this configuration include the 7160: 3594:

Track and field athletes are banned from ingesting or using certain substances by governing bodies for the sport, from the national to the international level. The IAAF's constitution incorporates the

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The first Olympic men's javelin throw contest was held in 1908 and a women's competition was introduced in 1932. The first javelins were made of various types of wood, but in the 1950s, former athlete

6813: 743:). The IAAF abandoned amateurism in 1982 and later rebranded itself as the International Association of Athletics Federations. While Western countries were limited to amateurs until the 1980s, the 3462:. In the case of the former, athletes are selected to represent their club or institution. In the case of privately run or independent meetings, athletes participate on an invitation-only basis. 1684:

on each lap. Despite the long history of men's steeplechase in track and field, the women's steeplechase only gained World Championship status in 2005, with its first Olympic appearance in 2008.

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also lies in Oxford, where around 1860 a competition was held over 440 yards and twelve 1.06 m high wooden barriers were placed along the course. The modern regulations stem from the

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area is also a 40-metre running track and has an indentation in the ground (the box) where vaulters plant their poles to propel themselves over a crossbar before falling onto cushioned

834:—an annual series of major track and field meetings in Europe—raised the economic incentive through its US$ 1 million jackpot. In 2010, the series was replaced by the more lucrative 7775: 4548: 4143: 7291: 3696: 2255: 7402: 6417: 5049: 5024: 4999: 386: 1742:

contest exists which requires that athletes leap from a static position without a run-up. A men's version of this event featured on the Olympic programme from 1900 to 1912.

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level. National governing bodies control the national record lists, the area associations organise their respective continental lists, and the IAAF ratifies world records.

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always fielded state-funded athletes who trained full-time, putting American and Western European athletes at a significant disadvantage. 1983 saw the establishment of the

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Jumping technique has played a significant part in the history of the event. High jumpers typically cleared the bar feet first in the late 19th century, using either the

4496: 4321:

Leigh, Mary H.; Thérèse M. Bonin (1977). "The Pioneering Role Of Madame Alice Milliat and the FSFI in Establishing International Trade and Field Competition for Women".

739:. As a result, the Amateur Athletic Union was dissolved in the US and replaced with a non-amateur body focused on the sport of athletics: The Athletics Congress (later 4703: 7425: 1451:

in long-distance events is very common at the elite level, although they are not present at championship level competitions as all qualified competitors want to win.

524:

the Hurdle Race and the Trial Stakes. Runners were entered by "owners" and named as though they were horses. 13 miles (21 km) away and a decade later, the first

7381: 3331: 1942:. The pole vault has been an Olympic event since 1896 for men, but it was over 100 years later that the first women's world championship competition was held at the 7652: 6842: 293:

levels. However, if athletes are deemed to have violated the event's rules or regulations, they are disqualified from the competition and their marks are erased.

7173: 3299:

Similar to the event programmes at the Olympics, Paralympics and World Championships, track and field forms a significant part of continental championships. The

731:), competitions between international track and field athletes became widespread. From the 1960s onward, the sport gained exposure and commercial appeal through 404:, as running, jumping and throwing are natural and universal human physical expressions. The first recorded examples of organized track and field events are the 195:

who completes it in the least time. The jumping and throwing events are won by those who achieve the greatest distance or height. Regular jumping events include

6043: 5210: 3383:

Mirroring the role that track and field events have at the Summer Olympics and Paralympics, the sport is featured within the athletics programmes of many major

4955: 2743:

shape frequently across the Pitch (sports field) in the middle of the stadium, ensuring that the javelin has a minimal chance of causing damage or injury. The

5770: 4235: 4176: 6810: 4028: 5882: 5366: 5319: 4526: 3835: 2794:, which can easily accommodate high jump competitions and short track events. Full-size indoor arenas (i.e. those fully equipped to host all events for the 4931: 4860: 3351: 1783: 4203: 1443:, and tactics become much greater factors in performances. A number of athletes have achieved success in both middle- and long-distance events, including 735:

and the increasing wealth of nations. After over half a century of amateurism, in the late 1970s the amateur status of the sport began to be displaced by

3434:

have significant participation from track and field athletes. Track and field is also present at the national games level, with competitions such as the

3237:

The major global track and field competitions are both held under the scope of athletics. Track and field contests make up the majority of events on the

1723:

contest. The athletes would take a short run up and jump into an area of dug up earth, with the winner being the one who jumped farthest. Small weights (

1359:

came to dominate the 1500 and mile events. In the 2020s, Western European athletes have returned to the forefront of the distance, with athletes such as

838:, a fourteen-meeting series held in Europe, Asia, North America, and the Middle East—the first-ever worldwide annual series of track and field meetings. 7094: 7860: 4522: 3748:

typically road specialists as well. It is unusual for track and field athletes outside of these two groups to compete in cross country or road events.

3414:

After the Olympic and Paralympic Games, the most prominent events for track and field athletes include the three IOC-sanctioned continental games: the

3347: 2959: 640: 5277: 4776: 3858: 3272:

competitions. Initially, this worked on a quadrennial basis but, after 1991, it changed to a biennial format. In terms of indoor track and field, the

1731:. The athletes must jump before a marked line and their achieved distance is measured from the nearest point of sand disturbed by the athlete's body. 7255: 5933: 5390: 3904: 3472:

At the professional level, meetings began to offer significant financial incentives for all athletes in the 1990s in Europe with the creation of the

1382:

Beyond the short distances of sprinting events, factors such as an athlete's reactions and top speed becomes less important, while qualities such as

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is the oldest running club in the world, with written records going back to 1831 and evidence that it was established by 1819. The school organised

7730: 6367: 4883: 4448: 4418: 1570: 7350: 6250: 3256:

The other two major international competition for track and field are organised by the IAAF. The IAAF had selected the Olympic competition as its

1439:

In terms of competition rules and physical demands, long-distance track races have much in common with middle-distance races, except that pacing,

6718: 6613: 6225: 6096: 6001: 5912: 5817: 5703: 5659: 5592: 5515: 5492: 5469: 5439: 5255: 5232: 5120: 5097: 4830: 4800: 4680: 4657: 4631: 4603: 4580: 3517:

affect athlete participation, which has typically been determined by national bodies, either through selection panels or national trials events.

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triple jump was contested in ancient Greece: while some historians claim that a contest of three jumps occurred at Ancient Games, others such as

6740: 6676: 6635: 5145: 3540:

performances are recorded separately. The foremost types of records organise athlete's performances by the region they represent—beginning with

7502: 6481: 6440: 4749: 2728:

is a stripped-down version of this, with an open area of track or field that leads to a crossbar with a square area of landing mats behind it.

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Track and field is one of the oldest sports. In ancient times, it was an event held in conjunction with festivals and sports meets such as the

6566: 5960: 5071: 7201: 6318: 6118: 5839: 3392: 5617: 6274: 3801: 3249:

since its inception in 1896, and the events are typically held in the main stadium of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Events such as the

2761: 2018:

popularised the 180 degree turn and throw technique commonly known as the "glide", breaking the world record 17 times along the way, while

1681: 6522: 6159: 2169:

of ancient Ireland, which featured events such as throwing either a weight attached to a rope, a large rock on a wooden handle, or even a

7247: 4139: 1566: 795: 5789: 2958:

The rules of track events in athletics as observed in most international athletics competitions are set by the Competition Rules of the

2111:(thin leather strip) around the javelin that acted as a sling to facilitate extra distance. The javelin throw gained much popularity in 1484: 7952: 7451: 6066: 5187: 5031: 5006: 2006:

throwing competitions within the English military provided a precursor to the modern sport. The term "shot" originates from the use of

1734:

The athletics competition at the first Olympics featured a men's long jump competition and a women's competition was introduced at the

664: 5726: 1680:

as the standard event. The IAAF set the standards of the event in 1954, and the event is held on a 400 m circuit that includes a

1557:(comprising legs of 1200, 400, 800, and 1600 metres), which is frequently held in the United States, and a sprint relay, known as the 6409: 3335: 3300: 628: 573: 239:

consisting of ten events. In these, athletes participate in a combination of track and field events. Most track and field events are

7833: 6789: 659:

masculine activity. On 9 November 1895, the first women's track meet in the United States was held and it was called "a field day".

4725: 3929: 2247: 717: 636: 5746: 3276:

has been held every two years since 1985 and this is the only world championships that consists of solely track and field events.

2869: 2076:, who invented the technique when studying the position of the famous statue of Discobolus and won the 1900 Olympic silver medal. 1436:, while long-distance races, are typically run on street courses, and often are run separately from other track and field events. 7708: 3330:). There has not been a consistent championships for all of North America, which may be (in part) due to the success of both the 3323: 3316: 3032: 2213:(seven events). Due to stadium limitations, indoor combined events competition have a reduced number of events, resulting in the 881:

given for their performance in each event and the athlete or team with the highest score at the end of all events is the winner.

676: 632: 7053: 2996:) and may not be used for any other race. No part of the starting block may overlap the start line or extend into another lane. 7072: 4979: 4372: 1303:

The 1500 m and mile run events have historically been some of the most prestigious track and field events. Swedish rivals

1168:

acceleration to an athlete's maximum speed. All sprints beyond this distance increasingly incorporate an element of endurance.

5343: 4488: 4117: 4057: 2553: 1076:

Note: Heptathlon can refer to two different events, each consisting of different disciplines and both recognised by IAAF: the

3724: 3289: 3261: 1874: 1673: 1641: 1637: 1522: 794:, and there were transformations in coaching methods, athlete's diets, training facilities, and sports equipment. The use of 790:, only served to stoke the sport's popularity. The rising commerciality of track and field was also met with developments in 748: 692: 617: 4700: 2525: 643:

in 1921, making it one of the most prestigious competitions for students. In 1923 track and field featured at the inaugural

3561: 3327: 1943: 8735: 7373: 2123:

introduced a hollow javelin, then a metal javelin, both of which increased throwers performances. Another former athlete,

7649: 3242: 1881:

was contested at the Olympics from 1900 to 1912, but is now relatively uncommon outside of its use as an exercise drill.

6834: 5341:

Williams and James achieve unprecedented doubles as Kenya steals the show in middle distance – Day Five – Evening report

4020: 2685:

and it began the process in which synthetic tracks became the standard for the sport. Many track and field stadiums are

7758: 4356: 3526: 3312: 2532: 1312: 775: 286: 3346:-level, which help develop younger athletes. Some of these have gained significant exposure and prestige, such as the 7561: 7530: 7232: 7138: 6396: 6207: 6040: 5574: 5547: 4396: 3987: 3578: 3553: 3157: 2809:

Another common adaptation in the United States is a 160-yard track (11 laps to a mile; 148m) that fits into a common

2572: 1428:. The latter two races are both Olympic and World Championship events outdoors, while the 3000 m is held at the 1228: 140:

and a grass field for the throwing and some of the jumping events. Track and field is categorized under the umbrella

7270: 4952: 4276: 3139: 2832: 1976: 663:

argued for the inclusion of women at the Olympics, but the International Olympic Committee refused. She founded the

8770: 5767: 4225: 4172: 3304: 3238: 3131: 2621:

that first hosted such competitions. The two basic features of a track and field stadium are the outer oval-shaped

2506: 652: 592: 259: 17: 1569:

programme. Relay events have significant participation in the United States, where a number of large meetings (or

754:

The profile of the sport reached an apogee in the 1980s, with a number of athletes becoming household names, like

723:

With the rise of numerous regional championships, and the growth in Olympic-style multi-sport events (such as the

8985: 8502: 7459: 5879: 5363: 5316: 4518: 3715:

led to an international ban on all its athletes in 2016, with Russians having to apply to the IAAF to compete as

3692: 3672: 3273: 2795: 2539: 2199: 1429: 898: 815: 7925: 7677:"Hormonal doping and androgenization of athletes: a secret program of the German Democratic Republic government" 4923: 4852: 4295: 3284: 8675: 7945: 7169: 4199: 3963: 3135: 2510: 495: 7916: 4311:

Tricard, Louise Mead. American women's track and field: A history, 1895 through 1980. Vol. 1. McFarland, 1996.

3727:. Doping has affected countries on all continents and has occurred in individual, team and national settings. 3590:, after admitting to doping, lost her Olympic medals, was banned from the sport, and spent six months in jail. 532:

racecourse in 1851. It included a "half-mile foot race" (805 m) and a "leaping in distance" competition.

7897: 7577:

Connor, James; Jules Woolf; Jason Mazanov (January 2013). "Would they dope? Revisiting the Goldman dilemma".

7120: 6766: 6702: 6661: 6592: 6548: 6507: 6466: 6344: 6300: 6185: 6144: 6051: 6027: 5986: 5865: 5643: 5416: 5303: 5171: 4963: 4909: 3884: 3541: 3308: 1537:, each of four hurdlers on a team runs the opposite direction from the preceding runner. No batons are used. 732: 540: 412:

marked a step towards track and field as it is recognized today—it comprised a five-event competition of the

290: 263: 31: 7856: 2963: 2521: 2385: 1719:

The long jump is one of the oldest track and field events, having its roots as one of the events within the

9381: 7681: 4766: 3901: 2124: 1343:

characterised middle-distance running in the 1980s. From the 1990s until the 2010s, North Africans such as

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in 1924. These efforts ultimately led to the introduction of five track and field events for women in the

168:

is the official term for this sport with 'track' and 'field' events being subgroups of athletics events.

7627: 7316: 7030: 6781: 3716: 3186:

The international governance of track and field falls under the jurisdiction of athletics organisations.

2881: 1665: 6835:"World Athletics to create new short track product to grow the sport | PRESS-RELEASES | World Athletics" 3763:, often incorporate forms of footracing, carrying heavy objects, as well as throwing events such as the 3446: 1172:

dictates that a runner's near-top speed cannot be maintained for more than thirty seconds or so because

9473: 9468: 8970: 7342: 6259: 6246: 4380: 3245:

programmes, which occur every four years. Track and field events have held a prominent position at the

2925: 2696:

The field of the stadium combines a number of elements for use in the jumping and throwing events. The

2229: 1220: 409: 6715: 6610: 6364: 6222: 6093: 6075: 5909: 5814: 5700: 5683: 5656: 5589: 5512: 5489: 5466: 5436: 5252: 5229: 5196: 5117: 5094: 4827: 4797: 4771: 4677: 4654: 4628: 4600: 4577: 2221:. Athletes are allocated points based on an international-standard points scoring system, such as the 853:

disciplines. Track events involve running on a track over specified distances, and—in the case of the

9294: 9246: 8730: 7938: 4449:"Thousands of Chinese athletes doped through state-sponsored programme, exiled whistle-blower claims" 3788: 3497: 3400: 2670: 2650: 2434: 2166: 1799: 1724: 7499: 7343:"IAAF: IAAF Official World Rankings first step in fundamental changes in athletics| News | iaaf.org" 4746: 3216: 2246:) was a precursor to the track and field combined events and this ancient event was restored at the 9463: 9289: 8829: 8669: 8217: 8206: 7964: 5068: 4453: 3756: 3699:

but was later banned for using anabolic steroids. In the mid-first decade of the 21st century, the

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The next most important record type are those achieved at a specific competition. For example, the

3459: 3260:

event in 1913, but a separate world championships for athletics alone was first held in 1983 – the

3120: 2826: 2777: 2765: 2238: 1720: 1677: 1660: 1586: 999: 858: 847: 771: 684: 520: 8307: 7198: 3354:. However, the number and status of such competitions significantly vary from country to country. 3253:

receive some of the highest levels of media coverage of any Olympic or Paralympic sporting event.

2689:, with the running track surrounding a field built for other sports, such as the various types of 1921:

competitions in Germany in the 1770s. One of the earliest recorded pole vault competitions was in

1550: 9442: 8809: 8659: 8654: 8648: 8642: 8368: 8363: 8154: 3955: 3435: 3377: 3124: 2941: 2885: 2499: 2222: 2068: 2044: 1244: 910: 696: 479: 176: 8302: 8296: 8290: 8284: 7776:"The 1980 Olympics Are The 'Cleanest' In History. Athletes Recall How Moscow Cheated The System" 2786:

The Gordon Indoor Track sports an 80-yard sprint straight, and the track is 220 yards in length.

1877:. This technique has become the overwhelming standard for the sport from the 1980s onwards. The 1869:

overturned tradition by pioneering a backwards and head-first technique in the late 1960s – the

1546: 1542: 1008: 1004: 3648: 3647:

Doping has played a significant part in the modern history of track and field. State-sponsored

3595: 3388: 3061: 2889: 2877: 2854: 799: 700: 680: 612:. Track and field continued to be a largely amateur sport, as this rule was strictly enforced: 577: 569: 525: 317: 258:. In modern times, the two most prestigious international track and field competitions are the 7806: 7244: 2073: 1505:

Relay races emerged in the United States in the 1880s as a variation on charity races between

1081: 807: 620:

after it was revealed that he had taken expense money for playing baseball, violating Olympic

326: 8887: 8814: 8515: 8358: 8353: 8322: 8238: 7980: 7724: 7553: 7547: 5786: 3831: 3796: 3740: 3466: 2818: 2686: 2546: 2218: 2210: 2019: 1554: 1399: 1187:

is a common indoor event and indoor world championship event. Less-common events include the

1121: 1048: 915: 536: 483: 347: 297: 279: 251: 180: 149: 7448: 6063: 5679: 5184: 4257: 3496:

in 1998, which was later supplemented by the branding of selected meetings worldwide as the

3438:

serving as the most prestigious national competition for domestic track and field athletes.

2337: 1518: 1514: 1163:

At the professional level, sprinters begin the race by assuming a crouching position in the

1077: 635:

for track and field, and it enshrined amateurism as a founding principle for the sport. The

296:

In the United States, the term track and field may refer to other athletics events, such as

9355: 9315: 9038: 8763: 8510: 8486: 8332: 7050: 5891: 5723: 4458: 4230: 3720: 3688: 3680: 3632: 3557:

records for indoor competitions, and world records for junior athletes under 20 years old.

3408: 3231: 3196: 3191: 3040: 2822: 2682: 2638: 2634: 1807: 1782:

believe this is incorrect, suggesting that the belief stems from a mythologised account of

1735: 1621: 1558: 1534: 1141: 600: 468: 367: 228: 9266: 3477: 1990:

The genesis of the shot put can be traced to pre-historic competitions with rocks: in the

1315:

on a number of occasions in the 1940s. The prominence of the distances were maintained by

1108: 8: 9189: 9124: 9114: 9023: 8317: 8054: 7825: 3925: 3711:, among others, through their usage of banned substances. The revelation state-sponsored 3513: 3504:

series and this now forms the top tier of professional one-day track and field meetings.

3431: 2708:

at one or both ends. Jumps are measured from a take off board—typically a small strip of

2594: 2214: 2067:, and it was this style that was revived for the 1896 Olympics. This continued until the 1899: 1526: 740: 736: 672: 644: 584:

in 1889) put the sport on a formal footing and made international competitions possible.

4924:"Each Track and Field Event Has Unique Characteristics, So Let's Brush Up on the Basics" 4853:"Each Track and Field Event Has Unique Characteristics, So Let's Brush Up on the Basics" 4722: 4226:"The United States' National Championships In Track & Field Athletics: Introduction" 3671:

colonel stated that the agency's officers had posed as anti-doping authorities from the

9204: 8990: 8980: 8664: 8472: 8451: 8143: 8137: 8125: 8119: 8112: 7961: 7602: 5743: 5375: 4330: 3752: 3736: 3687:

published an article detailing the use of doping by the Soviets in preparation for the

3684: 3493: 3481: 3427: 3423: 3396: 3257: 2354: 2300: 2251: 2059: 1878: 1862: 1739: 1653: 1645: 1628: 1617: 1613: 1372: 1360: 1352: 1344: 1293: 995: 991: 987: 831: 751:, becoming, with the Olympics, one of track and field's most prestigious competitions. 728: 724: 553: 544: 515: 141: 41: 7676: 6877:

Incorporating changes approved by the IAAF Council throughout 2008– p5, 2009 Rule book

3655:

in track and field from the late 1960s to the 1980s. A number of these women, such as

2989: 2969: 2756:

features a circular throwing area with a toe board at one end. The throwing area is a

1454:

Long-distance track events gained popularity in the 1920s by the achievements of the "

478:, were first recorded in the 19th century. These were typically organised among rival 136:

skills. The name used in North America is derived from where the sport takes place, a

9279: 9228: 9194: 9119: 9000: 8965: 8706: 8520: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 7754: 7700: 7594: 7557: 7526: 7520: 7228: 7114: 6760: 6696: 6655: 6586: 6542: 6501: 6460: 6392: 6338: 6294: 6203: 6179: 6138: 6021: 5980: 5859: 5637: 5570: 5543: 5537: 5410: 5297: 5165: 4903: 4352: 3983: 3959: 3878: 3603: 3387:. Among some of the first of these events to follow the Olympic-style model were the 3384: 3065:(though distance records can be accepted if timed by three independent stopwatches). 2803: 2736: 2449: 2403: 2243: 1958:, and the four major disciplines are the only pure throwing events to feature at the 1779: 1633: 1416:

There are three common long-distance running events in track and field competitions:

1328: 1208: 982: 779: 668: 557: 511: 475: 435:

in Greece around this period, and they spread to Rome in Italy around 201 BC. In the

432: 425: 8312: 7606: 7069: 4976: 4369: 1479: 9412: 9274: 9199: 9106: 9081: 9068: 9005: 8975: 8938: 8933: 8892: 8804: 8711: 8007: 7690: 7586: 5340: 4113: 4067: 3712: 3679:

and that Soviet competitors were "rescued with tremendous efforts". Regarding the

3415: 3000: 2810: 2015: 1980: 1846:

jump was included in the 1896 Olympics and a women's competition followed in 1928.

1791: 1510: 1320: 1289: 1169: 1117: 1103: 905: 811: 321: 240: 172: 79: 6895:

IAAF Rule 162.1, from Chapter 5, 'Technical rules', Section III on 'Track events'.

2965:. Current USATF (USA) Competition Rules booklet is available on the USATF website 2716:

marker attached—which ensures athletes jump from behind the measurement line. The

576:. The establishment of general sports governing bodies for the United States (the 9386: 9320: 9184: 9096: 8756: 7920: 7901: 7748: 7695: 7661: 7656: 7590: 7506: 7483: 7455: 7432: 7409: 7323: 7303: 7298: 7274: 7251: 7210: 7205: 7076: 7034: 6884: 6817: 6722: 6617: 6567:"An Illustrated History of the Hammer Throw – The early days of the hammer throw" 6371: 6254: 6229: 6100: 6070: 6047: 5945: 5940: 5916: 5886: 5821: 5798: 5793: 5774: 5750: 5730: 5707: 5663: 5596: 5519: 5496: 5473: 5443: 5370: 5347: 5323: 5259: 5236: 5191: 5124: 5101: 5075: 5056: 4983: 4959: 4834: 4804: 4780: 4753: 4729: 4707: 4684: 4661: 4635: 4607: 4584: 4400: 4376: 4349:

Marrow of the Nation: A History of Sport and Physical Culture in Republican China

4299: 4280: 4007: 3908: 3664: 3607: 3574: 3404: 3246: 3187: 3036: 2968:. Prior USATF Competition Rules booklets are also available (2002, 2006 to 2020) 2861: 2757: 2740: 2658: 2129: 1955: 1854: 1498: 1409: 1316: 1249: 1164: 866: 814:, as well as prominent individual cases such as those of Olympic gold medallists 803: 713: 405: 267: 2782: 1463: 695:. National women's events were established in this period, with 1923 seeing the 121: 9174: 9142: 9058: 8839: 8551: 8428: 7774:

Aleksandrov, Alexei; Aleksandrov, Grebeniuk; Runets, Volodymyr (22 July 2020).

3760: 3708: 3501: 3293: 2900: 2853:

In addition to hosting the World Indoor Championships, the IAAF has hosted the

2836:

200m short track oval running field. Does not show the inner central 60m lanes.

2814: 2090: 2023: 1383: 1376: 1308: 1253: 1224: 835: 791: 609: 439:, new track and field events began developing in parts of Northern Europe. The 331: 9219: 3635:. To prevent use of performance-enhancing substances, athletes must submit to 3226: 2966: 2735:

typically takes place on a piece of track that is central and parallel to the

1591: 1444: 1304: 1257: 9457: 9391: 9376: 9325: 9134: 9091: 9043: 9033: 8923: 8902: 8866: 8856: 8701: 8696: 8626: 8609: 8417: 8327: 8260: 8254: 8073: 8030: 7057: 3700: 3489: 2732: 2731:

The four throwing events generally all begin on one side of the stadium. The

2642: 2630: 2622: 2378: 2330: 2151: 2103: 2095: 2085: 1959: 1850: 1787: 1766: 1425: 1368: 1332: 1216: 1157: 1145: 1042: 976: 763: 660: 604: 588: 507: 417: 375: 363: 338: 216: 137: 102: 6741:"An Illustrated History of the Hammer Throw – Where the hammer throw is now" 1404: 9350: 9345: 9256: 9236: 9209: 9086: 9076: 8957: 8897: 8848: 8423: 8410: 8403: 8265: 7985: 7674: 7598: 7328: 4489:"The Soviet Doping Plan: Document Reveals Illicit Approach to '84 Olympics" 3811: 3704: 3660: 3652: 3599: 3587: 3545: 3485: 3204: 3171: 2846: 2748: 2744: 2674: 2666: 2654: 2605: 2325: 2182: 2162: 2155: 2142: 2055: 2048: 2035: 1999: 1939: 1909:

In terms of sport, the use of poles for vaulting distances was recorded in

1870: 1866: 1858: 1834: 1669: 1513:

on to teammates every 300 yards. Two very common relay events are the

1281: 1125: 1038: 1034: 819: 783: 759: 708: 529: 499: 456: 444: 421: 305: 224: 220: 145: 7750:

Drug Games: The International Olympic Committee and the Politics of Doping

7704: 7134: 4393: 4200:"Historic Amateur Athletics Association (AAA) Championships to be revived" 3735:

Track and field bears most similarity to the others categorised under the

2993: 1120:, are among the oldest running competitions. The first 13 editions of the 591:

at the end of the 19th century marked a new high for track and field. The

548:

ethos of the NOA won through and in 1880 the AAC was reconstituted as the

164:

and includes all jumping events. Outside of Canada and the United States,

55: 9360: 9179: 9169: 9161: 9028: 9015: 8928: 8594: 8480: 8247: 8223: 8211: 8201: 8191: 8185: 8179: 8130: 7990: 7267: 6957:"IAAF sanctions immediate disqualification for false starts come January" 4292: 4273: 3806: 3768: 3744: 3676: 3656: 3620: 3473: 3419: 3339: 3269: 3017: 2873: 2721: 2701: 2398: 2295: 2112: 1991: 1910: 1770: 1751: 1712: 1649: 1644:

the previous year). Other distances and heights of hurdles, such as the

1562: 1506: 1459: 1455: 1448: 1421: 1417: 1336: 1277: 1269: 1204: 1180:

deprivation. Top speed can only be maintained for up to 20 metres.

1173: 1017: 972: 966: 961: 827: 744: 503: 487: 464: 436: 401: 200: 184: 153: 6319:"An Illustrated History of Javelin – The early days of Javelin throwing" 4334: 1946:. The first women's Olympic pole vaulting competition occurred in 2000. 9310: 9251: 9152: 9053: 8907: 8819: 8556: 8533: 8459: 8275: 8173: 8167: 8162: 8067: 8061: 8048: 8042: 8036: 3764: 3373: 3250: 2979: 2717: 2713: 2513: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2444: 2418: 2349: 2344: 2315: 2290: 2285: 2178: 2063:

heavy circular disc was thrown from a set standing position on a small

2007: 2003: 1935: 1918: 1903: 1890: 1467: 1340: 1265: 1232: 1212: 1200: 1196: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1053: 1025: 957: 952: 948: 944: 925: 874: 862: 755: 621: 613: 460: 397: 389: 378: 359: 244: 232: 208: 2590: 9427: 9417: 9284: 9241: 8995: 8545: 8539: 8527: 8466: 8445: 8348: 8228: 8025: 8020: 8015: 7829: 7576: 7227:. McFarland and Company, Inc. Publishers, Jefferson, North Carolina. 6441:"An Illustrated History of Javelin – Women enter Olympic competition" 5079: 5036: 5011: 4733: 3636: 3615: 3611: 2799: 2725: 2697: 2459: 2454: 2413: 2408: 2391: 2364: 2359: 2310: 2305: 2280: 2233: 2206: 1995: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1703: 1440: 1387: 1297: 1260:(right) broke a number of middle distance world records in the 1940s. 1192: 1188: 1184: 1057: 1021: 1013: 939: 767: 440: 413: 236: 204: 196: 7807:"Ambition, naivety and tantalising prospect of inheriting the world" 3535:

A graph of the world record progression in the men's 100 metres

3264:. The championships comprised track and field competitions plus the 3109: 2488: 9422: 9396: 8861: 8824: 8615: 8396: 8196: 8083: 7930: 7913: 3703:

eventually resulted in the downfall of prominent sprinters such as

3451: 3303:, created in 1919, was the first continental championships and the 3265: 2842: 2753: 2690: 2466: 2423: 2371: 2320: 2120: 2064: 1984: 1971: 1842: 1811:

record is 15.67 meters (51 ft 4 3/4in) held by Yulimar Rojas.

1582: 1433: 1324: 1273: 1030: 920: 854: 787: 675:, held annually from 1921 to 1923. In cooperation with the English 596: 491: 452: 392:, one of the athletes who helped increase track and field's profile 371: 354: 343: 301: 212: 188: 133: 7926:

Track and Field Events – A Spectacle of Speed, Strength, and Skill

7885: 7162:

European Athletics Championships Zürich 2014 – STATISTICS HANDBOOK

6636:"An Illustrated History of the Hammer Throw – Women's hammer time" 3651:

with hormones and anabolic steroids marked the rise of women from

3583: 3368: 3170:

Track and Field athletes wear special shoes with spikes, known as

2872:

from the World Athletics Indoor Championships, including 200m and

2040: 1841:

The first recorded instances of high jumping competitions were in

1447:

who set world records from 1500 m to 5000 m. The use of

459:

events. One of the last track and field events to develop was the

408:

include further running competitions, but the introduction of the

227:. There are also "combined events" or "multi events", such as the 8943: 8787: 8604: 8599: 8589: 8584: 7857:"Why the IAAF must ensure Russia remains banned for Rio Olympics" 6119:"An Illustrated History of Shot Put – The early days of shot put" 5214: 3343: 2705: 2618: 2170: 1922: 1728: 1595:

A women's 400 m hurdles race at the 2007 Dutch Championships

1489: 1356: 1348: 1149: 671:

movement in Europe and North America, the group initiated of the

285:

Records are kept of the best performances in specific events, at

192: 129: 125: 3221: 2704:

areas comprise a straight, narrow 40-metre running track with a

2147: 2133:

weight for men, and 2.2 to 2.3 m and 600 g for women.

451:

societies in Ireland and Scotland were precursors to the modern

9047: 8871: 8779: 8621: 8579: 3624: 3500:. In 2010, the Golden League idea was expanded globally as the 2598: 2107:

event derives. In ancient competitions, athletes would wrap an

1926: 1914: 1608: 1364: 1177: 688: 255: 7027: 4320: 3771:, which bear similarities to track and field throwing events. 3531: 1895: 1708: 1144:

that later changed to metric: the 100 metres evolved from the

599:, contained many of the foremost sporting competitions of the 7278: 7038: 6482:"An Illustrated History of Javelin – Changing configurations" 4404: 4140:"New film uncovers secrets of Shropshire's Olympian heritage" 1599: 1466:

in the 1950s promoted intense interval training methods, but

474:

Discrete track and field competitions, separate from general

448: 117: 7773: 7518: 7292:

Athletics: Golden Four extended with more money and meetings

4098:

Robinson, Roger (December 1998). "On the Scent of History".

2258:, contested between five American and two British athletes. 1794:, a 12th-century Irish manuscript, records the existence of 647:. The first continental track and field competition was the 624:

rules. His medals were reinstated 29 years after his death.

385: 30:"Track & Field" redirects here. For the video game, see 7907: 7545: 7487: 7436: 7413: 7080: 6821: 6726: 6621: 6375: 6233: 6104: 5920: 5825: 5711: 5667: 5600: 5523: 5500: 5477: 5447: 5351: 5327: 5263: 5240: 5128: 5105: 4987: 4838: 4808: 4688: 4665: 4639: 4611: 4588: 4261: 4062: 2709: 2646: 2626: 2174: 1603:

Men traversing the water jump in a steeplechase competition

1153: 822:, damaged the public image and marketability of the sport. 7910:

for collegiate, high school, middle school, and club teams

7552:(2 ed.). Elite Sports Medicine Publications. p. 6312: 6310: 3322:

There are also indoor continental competitions in Europe (

3307:

became the second championships of this type in 1934. The

2876:. Some race distance events have been held in world tour ( 2739:

of the main running track. The javelin throwing area is a

798:

also increased. State-sponsored doping in 1970s and 1980s

572:

in 1876 began holding an annual national competition, the

8748: 6677:"An Illustrated History of the Hammer Throw – More Power" 4650: 4648: 3912: 3668: 2791: 243:

with a single victor; the most prominent team events are

7891: 6275:"An Illustrated History of Discus – Women join Olympics" 4519:"IAAF to launch global Diamond League of 1 Day Meetings" 869:

to their team members at the end of a certain distance.

705:

first American Track & Field championships for women

683:

was held four times between 1922 and 1934, as well as a

7095:"Track and field's greatest events and top competitors" 6307: 2662: 2026:

introduced the "spin" or rotational technique in 1976.

1954:

Track and field contains some of the foremost kinds of

1280:

may also be classified as a middle-distance event. The

697:

First British Track & Field championships for women

543:, which held their first Olympian Games in 1866 at the 4645: 2609:

A typical layout of an outdoor track and field stadium

1652:, were once common but are now held infrequently. The 1215:, though rarely competed, has a star-studded history: 4701:

Usain Bolt 100m 10 meter – Splits and Speed Endurance

3695:

ran a new world record in the 100 metres at the

2934:

4×800m (Millrose Games during Permit Meeting status).

2633:. In earlier competitions, track lengths varied: the 1264:

The most common middle-distance track events are the

27:

Sport involving running, jumping, and throwing skills

7675:

Berendonk, Brigitte & W. Franke, Werner (1997).

3778: 3598:

among other anti-doping measures. Practices such as

3039:

running in the first round of the 400 m at the

2983:

Men assuming the starting position for a sprint race

1917:

area of Europe, and vaulting for height was seen at

1319:, who in 1954 was the first to run the long-elusive 616:

was stripped of his track and field medals from the

6996: 6994: 6984: 6982: 6924: 6922: 6912: 6910: 4756:. The Science of Sport. Retrieved on 26 March 2010. 2892:, but never at the world championships, including: 2806:events, which are held almost exclusively indoors. 582:

Union des sociétés françaises de sports athlétiques

7472: 7470: 7468: 5934:Kate Dennison: 'It helps being a little bit crazy' 3450:A child taking part in a local schools meeting in 3315:were created in the 1970s and Oceania started its 2960:International Association of Athletics Federations 2601:, one of the first modern track and field stadiums 2002:was recorded in Switzerland. In the 17th century, 886:Official world championship track and field events 272:International Association of Athletics Federations 3492:. This expanded and received IAAF backing as the 3426:. Other games such as the Commonwealth Games and 2937:400m hurdles (2011 Birmingham Indoor Grand Prix). 334:vase from 600 BC depicting a running contest 9455: 7051:Philippine Amateur Track & Field Association 6991: 6979: 6919: 6907: 6529:. Archived from the original on 19 November 2012 6263:, Winter 1999 (pg. 3). Retrieved on 11 May 2010. 4486: 3544:, then continental records, up to the global or 3201:Philippine Amateur Track & Field Association 1488:Girls handing over the baton in a relay race in 431:Track and field events were also present at the 7465: 5624:. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009 5152:. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017 4097: 2999:All races must be started by the report of the 2764:area on one side of the field specifically for 2161:The earliest recorded precursors to the modern 1656:is run in some levels of American competition. 1156:), and the 400 m was the successor to the 1071:are competed at indoor world championships only 6125:. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016 6008:. Archived from the original on 6 January 2010 5967:. Archived from the original on 7 January 2010 5846:. Archived from the original on 6 January 2010 2677:) gained popularity after its use at the 1968 2154:spinning with the hammer within the circle in 1865:became prominent in the mid-20th century, but 1636:event, which entered the Olympic programme in 712:sport, major track and field competitions for 494:-rich curriculum, competitions in the English 8764: 7946: 7904: (archived 5 October 2012) from about.com 6872: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6782:"Bussey of Taft Comes Up Big on Inside Track" 5733:. Ancient Olympics. Retrieved on 10 May 2010. 5225: 5223: 5050:Four Minute Mile – Triumph of R. G. Bannister 4197: 3222:Olympics, Paralympics and world championships 1573:) are focused almost solely on relay events. 865:in which teams of athletes run and pass on a 861:events—surmounting obstacles. There are also 7729:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7549:Death in the locker room: drugs & sports 7539: 5777:. Speed Endurance. Retrieved on 10 May 2010. 5139: 5137: 4890:. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 3802:List of track and field stadiums by capacity 3332:Central American and Caribbean Championships 1902:releases the pole after clearing the bar in 1521:. Both entered the Olympic programme at the 1219:set a world best in 1983, Olympic champions 1140:. These events have their roots in races of 603:. The Olympics also consolidated the use of 211:, while the most common throwing events are 7854: 7823: 7570: 7135:"South American Championships (Unofficial)" 7101:. Archived from the original on 1 June 2010 6747:. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 6683:. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 6642:. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 6573:. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 6281:. Archived from the original on 28 May 2009 6166:. Archived from the original on 27 May 2009 5561: 5559: 5483: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5397:. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 5284:. Archived from the original on 9 June 2009 5082:(9 August 2000). Retrieved on 5 April 2010. 4823: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4142:. Shropshire County Council. 24 June 2011. 4093: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 3865:. Archived from the original on 29 May 2015 3138:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2657:were popular in the early 20th century but 1567:IAAF World Youth Championships in Athletics 1176:builds up once leg muscles begin to suffer 595:, comprising track and field events plus a 308:, rather than strictly track-based events. 8771: 8757: 7953: 7939: 7804: 7742: 7740: 7512: 7332:(2 March 2009). Retrieved on 6 April 2010. 6857: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6560: 6558: 6488:. Archived from the original on 8 May 2009 6447:. Archived from the original on 8 May 2009 6325:. Archived from the original on 8 May 2009 5768:The Importance of the Standing Triple Jump 5611: 5609: 5246: 5220: 5059:. (7 May 1954). Retrieved on 5 April 2010. 5032:National and University Library of Iceland 5007:National and University Library of Iceland 4793: 4791: 4789: 4736:(17 May 2009). Retrieved on 26 March 2010. 4329:(1). University of Illinois Press: 72–83. 4167: 4165: 4163: 4161: 2661:tracks became standard in the late 1960s. 782:between competitors of the United States, 641:Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championship 463:, which stemmed from competitions such as 400:roots, being among the oldest of sporting 260:athletics competition at the Olympic Games 54: 7753:. University of Texas Press. p. 66. 7694: 7371: 7268:Event Sanctions – Overview & Benefits 7070:IAAF Member Federation Manual – Chapter 2 6360: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6218: 6216: 6089: 6087: 6085: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5810: 5808: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5585: 5583: 5535: 5134: 5090: 5088: 4884:"Introduction to Middle Distance Running" 4384:(September 2000). Retrieved 22 July 2019. 3896: 3894: 3859:"Introductions to Track and Field Events" 3336:USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships 3301:South American Championships in Athletics 3158:Learn how and when to remove this message 2573:Learn how and when to remove this message 1502:have wilfully impeded other competitors. 1148:, the 200 m distances came from the 629:International Amateur Athletic Federation 574:USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships 7509:. Sports Caribe. Retrieved 7 April 2010. 6381: 6192: 5556: 5529: 5453: 5423: 5391:"A Brief History of Sprints and Hurdles" 5379:(2 May 1955). Retrieved on 9 April 2010. 5211:Do pacemakers have a place in athletics? 5040:(6 May 1954). Retrieved on 5 April 2010. 5015:(7 May 1954). Retrieved on 5 April 2010. 4814: 4416: 4302:. GBR Athletics. Retrieved 22 July 2019. 4283:. GBR Athletics. Retrieved 22 July 2019. 4082: 4043: 3582: 3530: 3445: 3367: 3283: 3225: 3031: 2978: 2831: 2781: 2604: 2589: 2146: 2102:As an implement of war and hunting, the 2089: 2039: 1983:preparing to throw within the circle in 1975: 1894: 1824: 1755: 1707: 1616:, has changed little. The origin of the 1598: 1590: 1483: 1403: 1311:broke each other's 1500 m and mile 1248: 1107: 637:National Collegiate Athletic Association 384: 366:after taking expense money prior to the 353: 337: 325: 7737: 7519:Mirkin, Gabe; Marshall Hoffman (1978). 7199:Historic book on Champs hits the market 6599: 6555: 5880:How a flop turned Fosbury into a legend 5606: 5000:Stepping-Stones to the Four Minute Mile 4850: 4786: 4718: 4716: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4158: 4025:Springfield College Digital Collections 3324:European Athletics Indoor Championships 2884:in 1997 or later) events, including at 1211:competitions in the United States. The 1112:The finish of a women's 100 m race 685:Women's International and British Games 665:International Women's Sports Federation 498:were conceived as human equivalents of 14: 9456: 7798: 7546:Goldman, Robert; Ronald Klatz (1992). 7374:"Leichtathletik neu mit Weltrangliste" 7063: 6779: 6351: 6213: 6082: 6002:"An Illustrated History of Pole Vault" 5898: 5805: 5689: 5580: 5278:"What Are Olympic Sprints and Relays?" 5146:"Introduction to Long Distance Events" 5085: 4977:A tribute to the career of Gunder Hägg 4482: 4480: 4218: 3952:Sport and recreation in ancient Greece 3891: 3279: 2254:). A men's all-around was held at the 1412:leading in a long-distance track event 171:The foot racing events, which include 8752: 7934: 7786:from the original on 24 February 2023 7092: 6845:from the original on 25 December 2023 6738: 6674: 6633: 6564: 6520: 6479: 6438: 6420:from the original on 13 February 2021 6316: 6272: 6157: 6116: 5999: 5958: 5837: 5615: 5388: 5275: 5143: 4934:from the original on 20 November 2023 4881: 4863:from the original on 20 November 2023 4031:from the original on 15 February 2024 3982:, Paris, Errance, 1996, pp. 115–116, 3900:Instone, Stephen (15 November 2009). 3856: 3725:2017 World Championships in Athletics 3357: 3290:2006 European Athletics Championships 3262:IAAF World Championships in Athletics 2948: 1642:1983 World Championships in Athletics 1458:", such as multiple Olympic champion 891: 749:IAAF World Championships in Athletics 693:athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics 7960: 7836:from the original on 5 November 2005 7746: 7384:from the original on 7 November 2017 7290:Rowbottom, Mike (12 November 1997). 7141:from the original on 1 December 2017 6967:from the original on 18 January 2021 4747:Who is the fastest man in the world? 4713: 4617: 4419:"Soviet Amateur Athlete: A Real Pro" 3950:Waldo E. Sweet, Erich Segal (1987). 3926:"Ancient Olympic Events; Pentathlon" 3838:from the original on 3 November 2019 3476:competition, comprising meetings in 3465:The most basic type of meetings are 3328:Asian Indoor Athletics Championships 3136:adding citations to reliable sources 3103: 2511:adding citations to reliable sources 2482: 2116:with the same surface as the track. 2058:, athletes compete to throw a heavy 1944:1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships 897: 894: 677:Women's Amateur Athletic Association 7648:Turnbull, Simon (23 October 2005). 7378:Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (SRF) 7225:Encyclopedia of International Games 7060:. DB88. Retrieved on 26 March 2010. 5513:3000 m Steeplechase – Is it for me? 4975:Julin, Lennart (28 November 2004). 4487:Ruiz, Rebecca R. (13 August 2016). 4477: 3902:The Olympics: Ancient versus Modern 3090: 3027: 2790:Basic indoor venues may be adapted 2637:measured 333.33 metres at the 1659:Outside of the hurdles events, the 786:, and the Soviet Union, during the 24: 7863:from the original on 25 April 2019 7579:British Journal of Sports Medicine 7317:Diamond League to launch next year 6523:"Introduction to Javelin Throwing" 5490:3000 m Steeplechase – Introduction 4723:Superb Bolt storms to 150m record 4499:from the original on 7 August 2017 4429:from the original on 19 April 2019 4351:. University of California Press. 4198:Effard, Tracy (17 December 2008). 4173:"The First Wenlock Olympian Games" 3932:from the original on 20 March 2021 3663:. According to British journalist 3527:List of world records in athletics 3352:Jamaican High School Championships 3313:African Championships in Athletics 2193: 1294:anaerobic energy producing systems 1238: 1235:improved Mennea's record in 2009. 552:, the first national body for the 25: 9485: 7879: 7711:from the original on 22 July 2019 7353:from the original on 9 April 2019 7256:Fédération française d'athlétisme 6780:Ortega, John (14 February 1999). 6079:(2010). Retrieved on 11 May 2010. 5686:(2010). Retrieved on 10 May 2010. 4529:from the original on 22 July 2019 4314: 4238:from the original on 28 June 2021 4206:from the original on 22 July 2019 4179:from the original on 7 March 2021 4146:from the original on 22 July 2019 4120:from the original on 22 July 2019 3730: 3579:List of doping cases in athletics 3554:fully automatic electronic timing 3507: 3348:NCAA Track and Field Championship 3081: 1715:in the jumping phase of the event 1327:'s exploits served to popularise 1296:, and also that they have strong 667:in 1921 and, alongside a growing 649:1919 South American Championships 396:The sport of track and field has 60:Part of a track and field stadium 9218: 8838: 8724: 7848: 7826:"Stars dimmed by Balco's shadow" 7817: 7805:Slot, Owen (22 September 2003). 7767: 7668: 7642: 7613: 7493: 7442: 7419: 7396: 7365: 7335: 7310: 7284: 7261: 7238: 7217: 7197:Redpath, Laura (20 March 2010). 7191: 7153: 7127: 7086: 7044: 7021: 7012: 7003: 6949: 6940: 6931: 6898: 6889: 6827: 6804: 6792:from the original on 16 May 2012 6773: 6732: 6709: 6668: 6627: 5961:"Introduction to the Pole Vault" 5932:Turnbull, Simon (13 June 2009). 4559:from the original on 8 June 2023 4465:from the original on 3 June 2019 4417:Washburn, J. N. (21 July 1974). 3781: 3305:European Athletics Championships 3181: 3108: 2487: 2079: 1873:– which won him the gold at the 1393: 1379:milers) winning global titles. 778:were broken then, and the added 653:European Athletics Championships 235:consisting of seven events, and 7824:Holt, Sarah (6 December 2004). 7780:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 7650:Athletics: Under the microscope 7460:International Tennis Federation 6514: 6473: 6432: 6402: 6266: 6239: 6151: 6110: 6057: 6034: 5993: 5952: 5926: 5872: 5840:"Introduction to the High Jump" 5831: 5780: 5760: 5736: 5717: 5673: 5650: 5618:"Introduction to the Long Jump" 5506: 5382: 5357: 5333: 5310: 5269: 5230:4 × 100 m Relay – Is it for me? 5203: 5178: 5111: 5062: 5043: 5018: 4993: 4969: 4946: 4916: 4875: 4851:Douglas, Scott (14 July 2022). 4844: 4759: 4739: 4694: 4671: 4594: 4571: 4541: 4511: 4441: 4410: 4387: 4362: 4341: 4305: 4286: 4267: 4264:(1999). Retrieved 22 July 2019. 4250: 4191: 4132: 4106: 3673:International Olympic Committee 3364:Athletics at multi-sport events 3274:IAAF World Indoor Championships 3210: 2498:needs additional citations for 2263:Composition of combined events 2200:Combined track and field events 2136: 2047:preparing to spin and throw in 2029: 1627:The most common events are the 1430:IAAF World Indoor Championships 1331:. Races between British rivals 1231:over the distance in 1997, and 1116:Races over short distances, or 7914:Masters T&F World Rankings 7426:IAAF Competition Rules 2010–11 7170:European Athletics Association 5339:Martin, David (12 June 2009). 5253:4 × 100 m Relay – Introduction 4013: 4000:The Olympic Games in Antiquity 3992: 3969: 3944: 3918: 3850: 3824: 3072: 2953: 2903:during Permit Meeting status). 2645:the distance was a third of a 1998:was known in Scotland and the 1798:(triple jump) contests at the 1745: 1473: 631:(IAAF) was established as the 156:. In British English the term 13: 1: 8731:Sport of athletics portal 7083:. Retrieved on 26 March 2010. 7041:. Retrieved on 26 March 2010. 6824:. Retrieved on 26 March 2010. 6054:. Retrieved on 16 March 2015. 6052:Australian Institute of Sport 5542:. University of Texas Press. 4964:Australian Institute of Sport 4745:Tucker, Ross (26 June 2008). 4691:. Retrieved on 26 March 2010. 4668:. Retrieved on 26 March 2010. 4642:. Retrieved on 26 March 2010. 4614:. Retrieved on 26 March 2010. 4591:. Retrieved on 26 March 2010. 3977:Le sport dans la Rome antique 3915:. Retrieved on 23 March 2010. 3817: 3350:in the United States and the 3309:Asian Athletics Championships 3054: 2260: 1934:artificial materials such as 1884: 1124:featured only one event, the 883: 716:were first introduced at the 541:National Olympian Association 539:of Wenlock helped set up the 264:World Athletics Championships 7855:Ingle, Sean (6 March 2016). 7591:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091826 7490:. Retrieved on 7 April 2010. 7439:. Retrieved on 7 April 2010. 7307:. Retrieved on 6 April 2010. 7281:. Retrieved on 7 April 2010. 7258:. Retrieved on 6 April 2010. 7214:. Retrieved on 6 March 2010. 6716:Hammer Throw – Is it for me? 6365:Javelin Throw – Introduction 5878:Gillon, Doug (15 May 2009). 5766:Lee, Jimsun (8 April 2010). 5744:James Connolly – The Athlete 5526:. Retrieved on 9 April 2010. 5503:. Retrieved on 9 April 2010. 5480:. Retrieved on 9 April 2010. 5467:400 m Hurdles – Introduction 5450:. Retrieved on 9 April 2010. 5437:100 m Hurdles – Introduction 5354:. Retrieved on 9 April 2010. 5330:. Retrieved on 9 April 2010. 5266:. Retrieved on 9 April 2010. 5243:. Retrieved on 9 April 2010. 5217:. Retrieved on 9 April 2010. 5200:. Retrieved on 7 April 2010. 5131:. Retrieved on 7 April 2010. 5118:5000-10000 m – Is it for me? 5108:. Retrieved on 7 April 2010. 4990:. Retrieved on 5 April 2010. 4966:. Retrieved on 5 April 2010. 4841:. Retrieved on 5 April 2010. 4811:. Retrieved on 5 April 2010. 4783:. Retrieved on 5 April 2010. 4370:Asia's First Female Olympian 4293:South American Championships 4175:. Wenlock Olympian Society. 3099: 2432: 2383: 2335: 2278: 1814: 1697: 1082:outdoor heptathlon for women 936: 633:international governing body 550:Amateur Athletic Association 512:Royal Shrewsbury School Hunt 282:for the sport of athletics. 280:international governing body 160:is synonymous with American 7: 9316:Radio-controlled car racing 8734: • Current 7477:IAAF Anti-Doping Regulation 6729:. Retrieved on 12 May 2010. 6624:. Retrieved on 11 May 2010. 6611:Hammer Throw – Introduction 6410:"Athletics throwing events" 6391:. Pg. 69. Yale University. 6378:. Retrieved on 11 May 2010. 6236:. Retrieved on 11 May 2010. 6223:Discus Throw – Introduction 6202:. Pg. 61. Yale University. 6107:. Retrieved on 11 May 2010. 5949:. Retrieved on 10 May 2010. 5923:. Retrieved on 10 May 2010. 5895:. Retrieved on 10 May 2010. 5828:. Retrieved on 10 May 2010. 5802:. Retrieved on 10 May 2010. 5757:. Retrieved on 10 May 2010. 5714:. Retrieved on 10 May 2010. 5670:. Retrieved on 10 May 2010. 5603:. Retrieved on 10 May 2010. 5569:. Pg. 68. Yale University. 5095:5000-10000 m – Introduction 4549:"Track and Field the Sport" 4116:. Shrewsbury School. 2011. 3928:. Perseus digital library. 3774: 3717:Authorised Neutral Athletes 3441: 2974: 2882:IAAF Indoor Permit Meetings 2478: 1965: 1949: 1576: 1553:. Other events include the 796:performance-enhancing drugs 593:Olympic athletics programme 447:competitions popular among 231:consisting of five events, 10: 9490: 8971:Mountain bike orienteering 8778: 7696:10.1093/clinchem/43.7.1262 7621:"The 2010 Prohibited List" 6963:. London. 12 August 2009. 6387:Miller, Steven G. (2004). 6260:Journal of Olympic History 6198:Miller, Steven G. (2004). 6160:"Introduction to Shot Put" 5701:Triple Jump – Introduction 5565:Miller, Steven G. (2004). 5536:Swaddling, Judith (1999). 5317:World records track events 4381:Journal of Olympic History 4347:Morris, Andrew D. (2004). 3623:' failed drug test due to 3572: 3524: 3520: 3361: 3214: 3024:immediately disqualified. 2796:World Indoor Championships 2775: 2760:. Some stadia also have a 2585: 2433: 2384: 2336: 2279: 2230:Ancient Olympic pentathlon 2197: 2140: 2083: 2033: 1969: 1888: 1818: 1790:(around 16.3 m). The 1749: 1701: 1692: 1580: 1477: 1397: 1242: 1101: 1097: 845: 410:Ancient Olympic pentathlon 315: 311: 39: 29: 9438: 9405: 9369: 9338: 9303: 9295:Offshore powerboat racing 9265: 9247:Motorcycle chariot racing 9227: 9216: 9160: 9151: 9133: 9105: 9067: 9014: 8956: 8916: 8880: 8847: 8836: 8795: 8786: 8720: 8689: 8635: 8572: 8565: 8501: 8437: 8388: 8381: 8341: 8274: 8237: 8153: 8082: 8006: 7999: 7971: 7665:. Retrieved 21 July 2019. 7525:. Little Brown & Co. 7462:. Retrieved 6 April 2010. 7416:. Retrieved 7 April 2010. 7119:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6765:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6701:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6660:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6591:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6547:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6506:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6465:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6343:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6299:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6184:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6143:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6026:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5985:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5910:Pole Vault – Introduction 5864:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5657:Long Jump – Is it for me? 5642:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5539:The Ancient Olympic Games 5415:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5302:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5170:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4908:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4710:Retrieved 6 February 2013 4706:11 September 2016 at the 4407:. Retrieved 22 July 2019. 4298:20 September 2018 at the 4258:Thorpe preceded Deion, Bo 4006:19 September 2016 at the 3883:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3789:Sport of athletics portal 3568: 3498:IAAF World Athletics Tour 2771: 2671:all-weather running track 2274: 2271: 1786:having jumped 55 ancient 1078:indoor heptathlon for men 841: 830:in 1997, and in 1998 the 810:, and early 21st century 580:in 1888) and France (the 101: 96: 88: 78: 70: 65: 53: 9290:Inshore powerboat racing 7747:Hunt, Thomas M. (2011). 7522:The Sports Medicine Book 7380:(in Swiss High German). 6616:22 November 2011 at the 6228:22 November 2011 at the 6041:Track and Field – Throws 5815:High Jump – Introduction 5792:13 November 2010 at the 5590:Long Jump – Introduction 5074:24 February 2021 at the 4454:South China Morning Post 4323:Journal of Sport History 4058:"History – Introduction" 3642:World Anti-Doping Agency 2931:4x200m (Millrose Games). 2827:Los Angeles Sports Arena 2778:Indoor practice facility 2617:is intertwined with the 1721:ancient Greek pentathlon 1687: 1678:3000 metres steeplechase 1666:steeplechase competition 1203:, which are run in some 1092: 848:List of athletics events 772:Florence Griffith Joyner 480:educational institutions 424:, stadion footrace, and 270:, formerly known as the 9443:List of forms of racing 8810:Middle-distance running 7919:9 December 2018 at the 7075:6 December 2008 at the 6389:Ancient Greek Athletics 6200:Ancient Greek Athletics 6099:25 October 2012 at the 6094:Shot Put – Introduction 6076:Encyclopædia Britannica 6069:6 February 2010 at the 5684:Encyclopædia Britannica 5662:12 January 2012 at the 5567:Ancient Greek Athletics 5369:26 October 2012 at the 5197:Encyclopædia Britannica 5123:25 October 2012 at the 5100:25 October 2012 at the 5025:British Athletics Hopes 4982:9 December 2004 at the 4953:Middle Distance Running 4833:25 October 2012 at the 4803:25 October 2012 at the 4772:Encyclopædia Britannica 4767:Middle-distance running 4683:25 October 2012 at the 4660:25 October 2012 at the 4634:25 October 2012 at the 4606:25 October 2012 at the 4583:25 October 2012 at the 4010:Retrieved 22 July 2019. 4002:", The Olympic Museum. 3956:Oxford University Press 3907:2 December 2019 at the 3378:2007 Pan American Games 3230:The 100 m final at the 2942:Indoor Flanders Meeting 2886:Aviva Indoor Grand Prix 2236:, javelin, discus, the 2223:decathlon scoring table 2069:1906 Intercalated Games 1676:marked the rise of the 1509:, who would hand a red 1245:Middle-distance running 718:1960 Summer Paralympics 469:North European Lowlands 9285:Jet sprint boat racing 7908:Results and statistics 7626:. IAAF. Archived from 7505:3 January 2010 at the 7250:8 October 2009 at the 6811:Competition Rules 2009 6247:The Greek Discus Event 5729:23 August 2011 at the 5030:9 January 2010 at the 5005:9 January 2010 at the 4655:100 m – For the Expert 4114:"History of The Tucks" 3719:at events such as the 3649:doping in East Germany 3596:World Anti-Doping Code 3591: 3536: 3467:all-comers track meets 3454: 3436:Chinese National Games 3389:World University Games 3380: 3296: 3234: 3217:Athletics competitions 3062:Fully automatic timing 3043: 2984: 2890:Russian Winter Meeting 2878:IAAF World Indoor Tour 2870:have been discontinued 2855:IAAF World Indoor Tour 2837: 2787: 2687:multi-purpose stadiums 2629:within this track—the 2610: 2602: 2158: 2099: 2051: 1987: 1906: 1838: 1829:A woman attempting to 1774: 1716: 1604: 1596: 1561:, which is popular in 1525:after a one-off men's 1493: 1413: 1261: 1160:or quarter-mile race. 1113: 701:Amateur Athletic Union 578:Amateur Athletic Union 570:New York Athletic Club 526:Wenlock Olympian Games 484:military organisations 393: 382: 351: 335: 144:, which also includes 8888:Cross country running 8815:Long-distance running 8323:Distance medley relay 7981:Cross country running 7892:USA Track & Field 7223:Bell, Daniel (2003). 7033:18 April 2010 at the 6253:8 August 2010 at the 6245:Murphy, Colm (1999). 6046:16 March 2015 at the 5915:9 August 2010 at the 5885:18 April 2012 at the 5820:9 August 2010 at the 5706:9 August 2010 at the 5595:9 August 2010 at the 5472:9 August 2010 at the 5442:9 August 2010 at the 5322:27 April 2010 at the 5258:9 August 2010 at the 4828:1500 m – Introduction 4399:8 August 2019 at the 4279:12 March 2017 at the 4021:"High Jump (c. 1900)" 3975:Jean-Paul Thuillier, 3797:Cross country running 3757:World's Strongest Man 3741:cross country running 3586: 3573:Further information: 3534: 3525:Further information: 3449: 3371: 3287: 3229: 3197:USA Track & Field 3035: 2982: 2940:2,000m steeplechase ( 2835: 2825:formerly held in the 2819:Madison Square Garden 2785: 2608: 2593: 2209:(ten events) and the 2150: 2093: 2043: 2020:Aleksandr Baryshnikov 1979: 1898: 1828: 1765: 1711: 1602: 1594: 1555:distance medley relay 1487: 1407: 1400:Long-distance running 1252: 1142:imperial measurements 1122:Ancient Olympic Games 1111: 703:(AAU) sponsoring the 537:William Penny Brookes 471:in the 18th century. 388: 357: 348:Detroit Athletic Club 341: 329: 252:Ancient Olympic Games 150:cross country running 9382:Cross-country skiing 9356:Slalom skateboarding 9039:Mountain bike racing 8676:Marathon mixed relay 8511:Athletics pentathlon 8333:Shuttle hurdle relay 7655:22 July 2019 at the 7454:6 April 2010 at the 7322:1 March 2017 at the 7273:2 April 2010 at the 7204:8 April 2010 at the 6721:2 April 2010 at the 5773:11 June 2010 at the 5346:10 July 2010 at the 5055:6 April 2010 at the 4798:800 m – Introduction 4678:200 m For the Expert 4578:100 m – Introduction 4553:www.topendsports.com 4459:Agence France-Presse 4394:The History of USATF 4375:22 July 2019 at the 4231:Track and Field News 3743:, and road forms of 3721:2016 Summer Olympics 3681:1980 Summer Olympics 3243:Paralympic athletics 3232:2008 Summer Olympics 3132:improve this section 3041:2012 Summer Olympics 2823:Sunkist Invitational 2683:1968 Summer Olympics 2639:1896 Summer Olympics 2635:Panathinaiko Stadium 2507:improve this article 2256:1904 Summer Olympics 2248:1906 Summer Olympics 1808:standing triple jump 1736:1948 Summer Olympics 1674:1920 Summer Olympics 1622:1900 Summer Olympics 1565:and was held at the 1559:Swedish medley relay 1551:4×1500 m relays 1535:shuttle hurdle relay 899:Combined events 627:That same year, the 601:1896 Summer Olympics 368:1912 Summer Olympics 318:History of athletics 181:long-distance events 9190:Pickup truck racing 9125:Paralympic swimming 9115:Open water swimming 9024:Road bicycle racing 8318:Sprint medley relay 8218:3000 m steeplechase 8207:2000 m steeplechase 7482:5 June 2011 at the 7431:5 June 2011 at the 7408:5 July 2010 at the 7297:1 July 2017 at the 6961:The Daily Telegraph 6883:21 May 2009 at the 6816:5 June 2011 at the 6370:6 June 2012 at the 5939:1 July 2017 at the 5518:5 June 2011 at the 5495:5 June 2011 at the 5235:5 June 2011 at the 5190:11 May 2015 at the 4752:23 May 2012 at the 4728:18 May 2009 at the 4461:. 22 October 2017. 4274:World Student Games 3697:1988 Seoul Olympics 3675:(IOC) to undermine 3514:IAAF World Rankings 3432:World Masters Games 3376:competition at the 3280:Other championships 2649:(536.45 m) at 2595:Panathenaic Stadium 2265: 2074:František Janda-Suk 1900:Anna Giordano Bruno 1462:. The successes of 1000:3000 m steeplechase 888: 741:USA Track and Field 733:television coverage 681:Women's World Games 645:World Student Games 605:metric measurements 587:The revival of the 289:, continental, and 50: 9406:Multi-sport racing 9205:Touring car racing 8991:Canoe orienteering 8986:Radio orienteering 8981:Trail orienteering 7894:(official website) 7888:(official website) 7682:Clinical Chemistry 6839:worldathletics.org 5755:National Historian 5749:7 May 2010 at the 5724:Phayllos of Kroton 5376:Sports Illustrated 4958:2 May 2016 at the 4779:7 May 2015 at the 4629:400 m Introduction 4601:200 m Introduction 4493:The New York Times 4423:The New York Times 3753:strength athletics 3737:sport of athletics 3685:The New York Times 3592: 3537: 3494:IAAF Golden League 3455: 3428:Summer Universiade 3424:Pan American Games 3397:Commonwealth Games 3385:multi-sport events 3381: 3358:Multi-sport events 3297: 3258:world championship 3235: 3174:or simply spikes. 3044: 2985: 2949:Starts use in race 2838: 2788: 2611: 2603: 2435:Women's pentathlon 2338:Women's heptathlon 2261: 2252:Intercalated Games 2219:women's pentathlon 2211:women's heptathlon 2173:wheel on a wooden 2159: 2100: 2052: 1988: 1907: 1879:standing high jump 1863:straddle technique 1839: 1784:Phayllus of Croton 1775: 1740:standing long jump 1717: 1654:300 metres hurdles 1646:200 metres hurdles 1629:100 metres hurdles 1618:400 metres hurdles 1614:110 metres hurdles 1605: 1597: 1519:4×400 metres relay 1515:4×100 metres relay 1494: 1414: 1361:Jakob Ingebrigtsen 1353:Hicham El Guerrouj 1345:Noureddine Morceli 1262: 1114: 884: 832:IAAF Golden League 729:Pan-American Games 725:Commonwealth Games 651:, followed by the 554:sport of athletics 490:. Influenced by a 476:sporting festivals 394: 383: 352: 342:An early model of 336: 142:sport of athletics 48: 42:Sport of athletics 9474:Athletics by type 9469:Individual sports 9451: 9450: 9334: 9333: 9280:Hydroplane racing 9229:Motorcycle racing 9195:Sports car racing 9120:Marathon swimming 9001:Mountain marathon 8966:Foot orienteering 8952: 8951: 8746: 8745: 8707:Wheelchair racing 8685: 8684: 8497: 8496: 8377: 8376: 7449:Banned Substances 7403:IAAF Constitution 7349:(Press release). 7093:Rosenbaum, Mike. 6786:Los Angeles Times 6739:Rosenbaum, Mike. 6675:Rosenbaum, Mike. 6634:Rosenbaum, Mike. 6565:Rosenbaum, Mike. 6521:Rosenbaum, Mike. 6480:Rosenbaum, Mike. 6439:Rosenbaum, Mike. 6317:Rosenbaum, Mike. 6273:Rosenbaum, Mike. 6158:Rosenbaum, Mike. 6117:Rosenbaum, Mike. 6000:Rosenbaum, Mike. 5959:Rosenbaum, Mike. 5838:Rosenbaum, Mike. 5742:McCormack, Mike. 5616:Rosenbaum, Mike. 5389:Rosenbaum, Mike. 5276:Rosenbaum, Mike. 5144:Rosenbaum, Mike. 4882:Rosenbaum, Mike. 3857:Rosenbaum, Mike. 3832:"Track and Field" 3604:anabolic steroids 3168: 3167: 3160: 2804:60 metres hurdles 2679:US Olympic Trials 2583: 2582: 2575: 2557: 2522:"Track and field" 2476: 2475: 1780:Stephen G. Miller 1763: 1634:80 metres hurdles 1523:1912 Summer Games 1408:Ethiopian runner 1329:interval training 1085: 1072: 1063: 1062: 780:political element 714:disabled athletes 639:held their first 610:amateur sportsmen 558:AAA Championships 433:Panhellenic Games 374:, a violation of 358:American athlete 241:individual sports 191:, are won by the 122:athletic contests 111: 110: 33:Track & Field 18:Track & field 16:(Redirected from 9481: 9413:Adventure racing 9275:Drag boat racing 9267:Motorboat racing 9222: 9200:Stock car racing 9158: 9157: 9082:Greyhound racing 9006:Car orienteering 8976:Ski orienteering 8939:Snowshoe running 8934:Backward running 8893:Mountain running 8881:Off-road running 8842: 8793: 8792: 8773: 8766: 8759: 8750: 8749: 8729: 8728: 8727: 8712:Backward running 8570: 8569: 8490: 8476: 8455: 8386: 8385: 8134: 8058: 8004: 8003: 7955: 7948: 7941: 7932: 7931: 7873: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7852: 7846: 7845: 7843: 7841: 7821: 7815: 7814: 7802: 7796: 7795: 7793: 7791: 7771: 7765: 7764: 7744: 7735: 7734: 7728: 7720: 7718: 7716: 7698: 7689:(7): 1262–1279. 7672: 7666: 7646: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7635: 7625: 7617: 7611: 7610: 7574: 7568: 7567: 7543: 7537: 7536: 7516: 7510: 7497: 7491: 7474: 7463: 7446: 7440: 7423: 7417: 7400: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7369: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7358: 7339: 7333: 7314: 7308: 7288: 7282: 7265: 7259: 7242: 7236: 7221: 7215: 7195: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7184: 7179:on 8 August 2014 7178: 7172:. 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9223: 9214: 9185:Off-road racing 9147: 9129: 9101: 9097:Sled dog racing 9063: 9010: 8948: 8912: 8876: 8843: 8834: 8782: 8777: 8747: 8742: 8725: 8723: 8716: 8681: 8631: 8561: 8493: 8484: 8470: 8449: 8433: 8373: 8337: 8270: 8233: 8155:Middle-distance 8149: 8128: 8078: 8052: 7995: 7976:Track and field 7967: 7959: 7921:Wayback Machine 7902:Wayback Machine 7898:Track and Field 7886:World Athletics 7882: 7877: 7876: 7866: 7864: 7853: 7849: 7839: 7837: 7822: 7818: 7803: 7799: 7789: 7787: 7772: 7768: 7761: 7745: 7738: 7722: 7721: 7714: 7712: 7673: 7669: 7662:The Independent 7657:Wayback Machine 7647: 7643: 7633: 7631: 7630:on 1 April 2010 7623: 7619: 7618: 7614: 7585:(11): 697–700. 7575: 7571: 7564: 7544: 7540: 7533: 7517: 7513: 7507:Wayback Machine 7498: 7494: 7484:Wayback Machine 7475: 7466: 7456:Wayback Machine 7447: 7443: 7433:Wayback Machine 7424: 7420: 7410:Wayback Machine 7401: 7397: 7387: 7385: 7372:agenturen/pwi. 7370: 7366: 7356: 7354: 7341: 7340: 7336: 7324:Wayback Machine 7315: 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4754:Wayback Machine 4744: 4740: 4730:Wayback Machine 4721: 4714: 4708:Wayback Machine 4699: 4695: 4685:Wayback Machine 4676: 4672: 4662:Wayback Machine 4653: 4646: 4636:Wayback Machine 4627: 4618: 4608:Wayback Machine 4599: 4595: 4585:Wayback Machine 4576: 4572: 4562: 4560: 4547: 4546: 4542: 4532: 4530: 4517: 4516: 4512: 4502: 4500: 4485: 4478: 4468: 4466: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4432: 4430: 4415: 4411: 4401:Wayback Machine 4392: 4388: 4377:Wayback Machine 4368:Buchanan, Ian. 4367: 4363: 4346: 4342: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4306: 4300:Wayback Machine 4291: 4287: 4281:Wayback Machine 4272: 4268: 4255: 4251: 4241: 4239: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4209: 4207: 4196: 4192: 4182: 4180: 4171: 4170: 4159: 4149: 4147: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4123: 4121: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4096: 4083: 4073: 4071: 4056: 4055: 4044: 4034: 4032: 4019: 4018: 4014: 4008:Wayback Machine 3997: 3993: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3949: 3945: 3935: 3933: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3909:Wayback Machine 3899: 3892: 3876: 3875: 3868: 3866: 3855: 3851: 3841: 3839: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3787: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3739:, specifically 3733: 3665:Andrew Jennings 3633:Goldman dilemma 3602:and the use of 3581: 3575:Doping in sport 3571: 3562:Olympic records 3529: 3523: 3510: 3444: 3405:Maccabiah Games 3366: 3360: 3282: 3247:Summer Olympics 3224: 3219: 3213: 3188:World Athletics 3184: 3164: 3153: 3147: 3144: 3129: 3113: 3102: 3093: 3084: 3075: 3057: 3037:Oscar Pistorius 3030: 2977: 2956: 2951: 2868:Various events 2862:World Athletics 2780: 2774: 2641:, while at the 2625:and an area of 2615:track and field 2588: 2579: 2568: 2562: 2559: 2516: 2514: 2504: 2492: 2481: 2281:Men's decathlon 2202: 2196: 2194:Combined events 2167:Tailteann Games 2145: 2139: 2130:pitching moment 2088: 2082: 2038: 2032: 1974: 1968: 1956:throwing sports 1952: 1893: 1887: 1861:technique. The 1855:Eastern cut-off 1823: 1817: 1800:Tailteann Games 1756: 1754: 1748: 1706: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1589: 1581:Main articles: 1579: 1571:relay carnivals 1482: 1476: 1410:Kenenisa Bekele 1402: 1396: 1317:Roger Bannister 1276:, although the 1247: 1241: 1239:Middle distance 1221:Michael Johnson 1165:starting blocks 1106: 1100: 1095: 1089: 1056: 1052: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1009:4 × 400 m relay 1007: 1005:4 × 100 m relay 998: 994: 990: 986: 975: 964: 960: 951: 947: 943: 911:Middle-distance 850: 844: 737:professionalism 568:Meanwhile, the 406:Ancient Olympic 324: 314: 268:World Athletics 162:track and field 114:Track and field 66:Characteristics 61: 49:Track and field 44: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9487: 9477: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9449: 9448: 9446: 9445: 9439: 9436: 9435: 9433: 9432: 9431: 9430: 9425: 9415: 9409: 9407: 9403: 9402: 9400: 9399: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9373: 9371: 9367: 9366: 9364: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9342: 9340: 9336: 9335: 9332: 9331: 9329: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9307: 9305: 9301: 9300: 9298: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9271: 9269: 9263: 9262: 9260: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9233: 9231: 9225: 9224: 9217: 9215: 9213: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9175:Formula racing 9172: 9166: 9164: 9155: 9149: 9148: 9146: 9145: 9143:Speed climbing 9139: 9137: 9131: 9130: 9128: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9111: 9109: 9103: 9102: 9100: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9073: 9071: 9065: 9064: 9062: 9061: 9059:Cycle speedway 9056: 9051: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9020: 9018: 9016:Bicycle racing 9012: 9011: 9009: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8962: 8960: 8954: 8953: 8950: 8949: 8947: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8920: 8918: 8914: 8913: 8911: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8884: 8882: 8878: 8877: 8875: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8853: 8851: 8845: 8844: 8837: 8835: 8833: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8801: 8799: 8790: 8784: 8783: 8776: 8775: 8768: 8761: 8753: 8744: 8743: 8736:Olympic events 8721: 8718: 8717: 8715: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8693: 8691: 8687: 8686: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8679: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8645: 8639: 8637: 8633: 8632: 8630: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8576: 8574: 8567: 8563: 8562: 8560: 8559: 8554: 8552:Tetradecathlon 8549: 8542: 8537: 8530: 8525: 8524: 8523: 8518: 8507: 8505: 8499: 8498: 8495: 8494: 8492: 8491: 8477: 8463: 8456: 8441: 8439: 8435: 8434: 8432: 8431: 8429:Softball throw 8426: 8421: 8414: 8407: 8400: 8392: 8390: 8383: 8379: 8378: 8375: 8374: 8372: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8345: 8343: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8293: 8288: 8280: 8278: 8272: 8271: 8269: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8251: 8243: 8241: 8235: 8234: 8232: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8182: 8177: 8170: 8165: 8159: 8157: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8147: 8140: 8135: 8123: 8116: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8088: 8086: 8080: 8079: 8077: 8076: 8071: 8064: 8059: 8045: 8040: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8012: 8010: 8001: 7997: 7996: 7994: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7972: 7969: 7968: 7958: 7957: 7950: 7943: 7935: 7929: 7928: 7923: 7911: 7905: 7895: 7889: 7881: 7880:External links 7878: 7875: 7874: 7847: 7816: 7797: 7766: 7760:978-0292739574 7759: 7736: 7667: 7641: 7612: 7569: 7562: 7538: 7531: 7511: 7492: 7464: 7441: 7418: 7395: 7364: 7334: 7309: 7283: 7260: 7237: 7216: 7190: 7152: 7126: 7085: 7062: 7043: 7020: 7011: 7002: 6990: 6978: 6948: 6939: 6930: 6918: 6906: 6897: 6888: 6856: 6826: 6803: 6772: 6731: 6708: 6667: 6626: 6598: 6554: 6513: 6472: 6431: 6401: 6380: 6350: 6306: 6265: 6238: 6212: 6191: 6150: 6109: 6081: 6056: 6033: 5992: 5951: 5925: 5897: 5871: 5830: 5804: 5779: 5759: 5735: 5716: 5688: 5672: 5649: 5605: 5579: 5555: 5548: 5528: 5505: 5482: 5452: 5422: 5381: 5356: 5332: 5309: 5268: 5245: 5219: 5202: 5177: 5133: 5110: 5084: 5061: 5042: 5017: 4992: 4968: 4945: 4928:Runner's World 4915: 4874: 4857:Runner's World 4843: 4813: 4785: 4758: 4738: 4712: 4693: 4670: 4644: 4616: 4593: 4570: 4540: 4510: 4476: 4440: 4409: 4386: 4361: 4357:978-0520240841 4340: 4313: 4304: 4285: 4266: 4256:Flatter, Ron. 4249: 4217: 4190: 4157: 4131: 4105: 4081: 4042: 4012: 3991: 3968: 3943: 3917: 3890: 3849: 3834:. Scholastic. 3822: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3776: 3773: 3761:highland games 3755:, such as the 3732: 3731:Related sports 3729: 3709:Tim Montgomery 3570: 3567: 3522: 3519: 3509: 3508:World rankings 3506: 3502:Diamond League 3458:serves as the 3443: 3440: 3359: 3356: 3294:Ullevi Stadium 3281: 3278: 3223: 3220: 3212: 3209: 3192:governing body 3190:is the global 3183: 3180: 3166: 3165: 3116: 3114: 3107: 3101: 3098: 3092: 3089: 3083: 3082:Vertical Jumps 3080: 3074: 3071: 3056: 3053: 3029: 3026: 2976: 2973: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2945: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2926:Sparkassen Cup 2922: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901:Millrose Games 2897: 2815:Millrose Games 2773: 2770: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2495: 2493: 2486: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2464: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2394: 2389: 2382: 2381: 2376: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2198:Main article: 2195: 2192: 2165:stem from the 2141:Main article: 2138: 2135: 2084:Main article: 2081: 2078: 2034:Main article: 2031: 2028: 2024:Brian Oldfield 1970:Main article: 1967: 1964: 1951: 1948: 1889:Main article: 1886: 1883: 1819:Main article: 1816: 1813: 1750:Main article: 1747: 1744: 1702:Main article: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1578: 1575: 1478:Main article: 1475: 1472: 1398:Main article: 1395: 1392: 1386:, tactics and 1309:Arne Andersson 1254:Arne Andersson 1243:Main article: 1240: 1237: 1225:Donovan Bailey 1102:Main article: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1073: 1061: 1060: 1045: 1028: 1011: 1002: 979: 970: 955: 935: 934: 931: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 902: 901: 896: 893: 843: 840: 836:Diamond League 792:sports science 669:women's sports 545:Crystal Palace 496:public schools 364:Olympic medals 332:ancient Greece 313: 310: 120:that includes 109: 108: 105: 99: 98: 94: 93: 90: 86: 85: 82: 76: 75: 72: 68: 67: 63: 62: 59: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9486: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9461: 9459: 9444: 9441: 9440: 9437: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9420: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9410: 9408: 9404: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9392:Speed skating 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9377:Alpine skiing 9375: 9374: 9372: 9370:Winter racing 9368: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9343: 9341: 9337: 9327: 9326:Street racing 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9308: 9306: 9302: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9272: 9270: 9268: 9264: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9234: 9232: 9230: 9226: 9221: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9167: 9165: 9163: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9150: 9144: 9141: 9140: 9138: 9136: 9132: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9112: 9110: 9108: 9104: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9092:Pigeon racing 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9074: 9072: 9070: 9069:Animal racing 9066: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9049: 9045: 9044:Track cycling 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9034:Gravel racing 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9021: 9019: 9017: 9013: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8963: 8961: 8959: 8955: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8924:Tower running 8922: 8921: 8919: 8915: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8903:Trail running 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8885: 8883: 8879: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8867:Ultramarathon 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8857:Half marathon 8855: 8854: 8852: 8850: 8846: 8841: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8802: 8800: 8798: 8797:Track running 8794: 8791: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8774: 8769: 8767: 8762: 8760: 8755: 8754: 8751: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8732: 8719: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8702:Multiday race 8700: 8698: 8697:Frame running 8695: 8694: 8692: 8688: 8678: 8677: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8650: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8640: 8638: 8634: 8628: 8627:Ultramarathon 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8617: 8613: 8611: 8610:Half marathon 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8577: 8575: 8571: 8568: 8564: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8547: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8535: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8513: 8512: 8509: 8508: 8506: 8504: 8500: 8488: 8483: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8469: 8468: 8464: 8462: 8461: 8457: 8453: 8448: 8447: 8443: 8442: 8440: 8436: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8419: 8415: 8413: 8412: 8408: 8406: 8405: 8401: 8399: 8398: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8387: 8384: 8380: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8340: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8328:Swedish relay 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8298: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8286: 8282: 8281: 8279: 8277: 8273: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8256: 8252: 8250: 8249: 8245: 8244: 8242: 8240: 8239:Long-distance 8236: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8219: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8187: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8175: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8160: 8158: 8156: 8152: 8146: 8145: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8132: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8121: 8117: 8115: 8114: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8085: 8081: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8069: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8056: 8051: 8050: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8038: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8013: 8011: 8009: 8005: 8002: 7998: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7973: 7970: 7966: 7963: 7956: 7951: 7949: 7944: 7942: 7937: 7936: 7933: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7918: 7915: 7912: 7909: 7906: 7903: 7899: 7896: 7893: 7890: 7887: 7884: 7883: 7862: 7858: 7851: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7820: 7812: 7808: 7801: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7770: 7762: 7756: 7752: 7751: 7743: 7741: 7732: 7726: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7683: 7678: 7671: 7664: 7663: 7658: 7654: 7651: 7645: 7629: 7622: 7616: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7573: 7565: 7563:9780963145109 7559: 7555: 7551: 7550: 7542: 7534: 7532:9780316574365 7528: 7524: 7523: 7515: 7508: 7504: 7501: 7496: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7478: 7473: 7471: 7469: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7450: 7445: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7427: 7422: 7415: 7412:(pp. 79–80). 7411: 7407: 7404: 7399: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7368: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7338: 7331: 7330: 7325: 7321: 7318: 7313: 7306: 7305: 7300: 7296: 7293: 7287: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7269: 7264: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7246: 7241: 7234: 7233:0-7864-1026-4 7230: 7226: 7220: 7213: 7212: 7207: 7203: 7200: 7194: 7175: 7171: 7164: 7163: 7156: 7140: 7136: 7130: 7122: 7116: 7100: 7096: 7089: 7082: 7079:(pp. 17–18). 7078: 7074: 7071: 7066: 7059: 7058:archive.today 7055: 7052: 7047: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7029: 7024: 7015: 7006: 6997: 6995: 6985: 6983: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6952: 6943: 6934: 6925: 6923: 6913: 6911: 6904:IAAF Rule 161 6901: 6892: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6873: 6871: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6830: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6812: 6807: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6776: 6768: 6762: 6746: 6742: 6735: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6717: 6712: 6704: 6698: 6682: 6678: 6671: 6663: 6657: 6641: 6637: 6630: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6612: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6594: 6588: 6572: 6568: 6561: 6559: 6550: 6544: 6528: 6524: 6517: 6509: 6503: 6487: 6483: 6476: 6468: 6462: 6446: 6442: 6435: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6405: 6398: 6397:0-300-11529-6 6394: 6390: 6384: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6366: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6346: 6340: 6324: 6320: 6313: 6311: 6302: 6296: 6280: 6276: 6269: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6242: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6224: 6219: 6217: 6209: 6208:0-300-11529-6 6205: 6201: 6195: 6187: 6181: 6165: 6161: 6154: 6146: 6140: 6124: 6120: 6113: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6095: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6078: 6077: 6072: 6068: 6065: 6060: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6042: 6037: 6029: 6023: 6007: 6003: 5996: 5988: 5982: 5966: 5962: 5955: 5948: 5947: 5942: 5938: 5935: 5929: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5894: 5893: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5875: 5867: 5861: 5845: 5841: 5834: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5811: 5809: 5801: 5800: 5795: 5791: 5788: 5783: 5776: 5772: 5769: 5763: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5745: 5739: 5732: 5728: 5725: 5720: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5702: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5685: 5681: 5676: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5658: 5653: 5645: 5639: 5623: 5619: 5612: 5610: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5586: 5584: 5576: 5575:0-300-11529-6 5572: 5568: 5562: 5560: 5551: 5549:0-292-77751-5 5545: 5541: 5540: 5532: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5514: 5509: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5486: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5468: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5438: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5418: 5412: 5396: 5392: 5385: 5378: 5377: 5372: 5368: 5365: 5360: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5342: 5336: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5318: 5313: 5305: 5299: 5283: 5279: 5272: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5254: 5249: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5231: 5226: 5224: 5216: 5212: 5206: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5189: 5186: 5181: 5173: 5167: 5151: 5147: 5140: 5138: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5119: 5114: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5096: 5091: 5089: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5070: 5069:Sebastian Coe 5065: 5058: 5054: 5051: 5046: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5021: 5014: 5013: 5008: 5004: 5001: 4996: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4978: 4972: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4954: 4949: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4911: 4905: 4889: 4885: 4878: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4847: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4829: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4799: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4762: 4755: 4751: 4748: 4742: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4724: 4719: 4717: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4697: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4679: 4674: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4656: 4651: 4649: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4630: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4602: 4597: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4579: 4574: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4544: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4514: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4483: 4481: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4455: 4450: 4444: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4413: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4395: 4390: 4383: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4371: 4365: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4344: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4308: 4301: 4297: 4294: 4289: 4282: 4278: 4275: 4270: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4237: 4233: 4232: 4227: 4221: 4205: 4201: 4194: 4178: 4174: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4101: 4100:Running Times 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4070:on 1 May 2010 4069: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4016: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3988:2-87772-114-0 3985: 3978: 3972: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3931: 3927: 3921: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3897: 3895: 3886: 3880: 3864: 3860: 3853: 3837: 3833: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3790: 3779: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3751:Varieties of 3749: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3728: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3701:BALCO Scandal 3698: 3694: 3690: 3689:1984 Olympics 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3566: 3563: 3558: 3555: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3533: 3528: 3518: 3515: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3468: 3463: 3461: 3453: 3448: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3318: 3317:championships 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3228: 3218: 3208: 3206: 3205:running clubs 3202: 3198: 3193: 3189: 3182:Organizations 3179: 3175: 3173: 3162: 3159: 3151: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3117:This section 3115: 3111: 3106: 3105: 3097: 3088: 3079: 3070: 3066: 3063: 3052: 3048: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3025: 3021: 3019: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3002: 3001:starter's gun 2997: 2995: 2991: 2981: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2943: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2898: 2895: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2863: 2860:In May 2023, 2858: 2856: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2834: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2784: 2779: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2733:javelin throw 2729: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2651:Francis Field 2648: 2644: 2643:1904 Olympics 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2623:running track 2620: 2616: 2607: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2577: 2574: 2566: 2563:February 2021 2555: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2531: 2527: 2524: – 2523: 2519: 2518:Find sources: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2496:This section 2494: 2490: 2485: 2484: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2380: 2379:Javelin throw 2377: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2355:100 m hurdles 2353: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2332: 2331:Javelin throw 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2301:110 m hurdles 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2268: 2267: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2201: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2183:Sledgehammers 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2157: 2153: 2152:Yury Shayunou 2149: 2144: 2134: 2131: 2126: 2125:Miklós Németh 2122: 2117: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2104:javelin throw 2097: 2096:javelin throw 2092: 2087: 2086:Javelin throw 2080:Javelin throw 2077: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2050: 2046: 2045:Zoltán Kővágó 2042: 2037: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2016:Parry O'Brien 2011: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1963: 1961: 1960:Olympic Games 1957: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1875:1968 Olympics 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1844: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1812: 1809: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1772: 1769:performing a 1768: 1767:Olga Rypakova 1753: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1601: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1538: 1536: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1500: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1426:10,000 metres 1423: 1419: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1394:Long-distance 1391: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1369:Jake Wightman 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1333:Sebastian Coe 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1313:world records 1310: 1306: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1217:Pietro Mennea 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1158:440 yard dash 1155: 1152:(or 1/8 of a 1151: 1147: 1146:100-yard dash 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1110: 1105: 1090: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1044: 1043:Javelin throw 1040: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1003: 1001: 997: 996:400 m hurdles 993: 992:110 m hurdles 989: 988:100 m hurdles 985: 984: 980: 978: 974: 971: 969: 968: 963: 959: 956: 954: 950: 946: 942: 941: 937: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 916:Long-distance 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 903: 900: 890: 887: 882: 878: 876: 870: 868: 864: 860: 856: 849: 839: 837: 833: 829: 823: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 776:world records 773: 769: 765: 764:Sebastian Coe 761: 757: 752: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 721: 719: 715: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 661:Alice Milliat 656: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 625: 623: 619: 618:1912 Olympics 615: 611: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 589:Olympic Games 585: 583: 579: 575: 571: 566: 563: 559: 555: 551: 546: 542: 538: 533: 531: 528:were held at 527: 522: 517: 513: 509: 508:hare coursing 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 472: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 429: 427: 423: 419: 418:javelin throw 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 391: 387: 380: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 356: 349: 345: 340: 333: 328: 323: 319: 309: 307: 303: 299: 298:cross country 294: 292: 288: 283: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 248: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 169: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 138:running track 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 106: 104: 100: 95: 91: 87: 83: 81: 77: 73: 69: 64: 57: 52: 46: 43: 36: 34: 19: 9351:Sandboarding 9346:Longboarding 9339:Board racing 9257:Track racing 9237:Beach racing 9210:Truck racing 9153:Motor racing 9087:Horse racing 9077:Camel racing 8958:Orienteering 8898:Fell running 8849:Road running 8830:Steeplechase 8796: 8739: 8722: 8674: 8647: 8614: 8544: 8532: 8479: 8465: 8458: 8444: 8424:Weight throw 8416: 8409: 8402: 8395: 8295: 8283: 8266:One hour run 8253: 8246: 8216: 8184: 8172: 8142: 8118: 8111: 8066: 8047: 8035: 7986:Road running 7975: 7865:. Retrieved 7850: 7838:. Retrieved 7819: 7810: 7800: 7788:. Retrieved 7779: 7769: 7749: 7725:cite journal 7713:. Retrieved 7686: 7680: 7670: 7660: 7644: 7632:. Retrieved 7628:the original 7615: 7582: 7578: 7572: 7548: 7541: 7521: 7514: 7495: 7444: 7421: 7398: 7386:. Retrieved 7377: 7367: 7355:. Retrieved 7346: 7337: 7329:The Guardian 7327: 7312: 7302: 7286: 7263: 7245:Les Meetings 7240: 7224: 7219: 7209: 7193: 7181:. Retrieved 7174:the original 7161: 7155: 7143:. Retrieved 7129: 7103:. Retrieved 7098: 7088: 7065: 7046: 7023: 7014: 7005: 6969:. Retrieved 6960: 6951: 6942: 6933: 6900: 6891: 6847:. Retrieved 6838: 6829: 6806: 6794:. Retrieved 6785: 6775: 6749:. Retrieved 6744: 6734: 6711: 6685:. Retrieved 6680: 6670: 6644:. Retrieved 6639: 6629: 6575:. Retrieved 6570: 6531:. Retrieved 6526: 6516: 6490:. Retrieved 6485: 6475: 6449:. Retrieved 6444: 6434: 6422:. Retrieved 6413: 6404: 6388: 6383: 6327:. Retrieved 6322: 6283:. Retrieved 6278: 6268: 6258: 6241: 6199: 6194: 6168:. 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Retrieved 3826: 3812:Road running 3750: 3734: 3705:Marion Jones 3677:doping tests 3661:Soviet Union 3653:East Germany 3646: 3629: 3627:medication. 3600:blood doping 3593: 3588:Marion Jones 3559: 3550: 3546:world record 3538: 3511: 3471: 3464: 3456: 3413: 3382: 3326:) and Asia ( 3321: 3298: 3255: 3236: 3211:Competitions 3185: 3176: 3172:track spikes 3169: 3154: 3145: 3130:Please help 3118: 3094: 3085: 3076: 3067: 3058: 3049: 3045: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3006: 2998: 2986: 2957: 2867: 2859: 2857:since 2016. 2852: 2847:weight throw 2839: 2808: 2789: 2766:steeplechase 2749:hammer throw 2745:discus throw 2730: 2722:landing mats 2695: 2675:polyurethane 2667:Tartan track 2614: 2612: 2569: 2560: 2550: 2543: 2536: 2529: 2517: 2505:Please help 2500:verification 2497: 2450:60 m hurdles 2404:60 m hurdles 2326:Discus throw 2262: 2237: 2232:(comprising 2227: 2203: 2188: 2163:hammer throw 2160: 2156:hammer throw 2143:Hammer throw 2137:Hammer throw 2118: 2108: 2101: 2056:discus throw 2053: 2049:discus throw 2036:Discus throw 2030:Discus throw 2012: 2000:steinstossen 1989: 1953: 1940:carbon fibre 1932: 1908: 1871:Fosbury Flop 1867:Dick Fosbury 1859:Western roll 1848: 1840: 1835:Fosbury Flop 1804: 1795: 1776: 1733: 1718: 1670:horse racing 1661:steeplechase 1658: 1626: 1606: 1587:steeplechase 1547:4×800 m 1543:4×200 m 1539: 1532: 1527:medley relay 1504: 1495: 1464:Emil Zátopek 1456:Flying Finns 1453: 1449:pace-setters 1438: 1415: 1381: 1302: 1286: 1282:880 yard run 1263: 1229:head-to-head 1182: 1162: 1126:stadion race 1115: 1088: 1068: 1047: 1039:Hammer throw 1035:Discus throw 983:60 m hurdles 981: 965: 938: 885: 879: 871: 859:steeplechase 851: 824: 820:Marion Jones 808:Soviet Union 800:East Germany 784:East Germany 760:Sergey Bubka 753: 722: 709:Kinue Hitomi 679:(WAAA), the 657: 626: 586: 567: 561: 535:In 1865, Dr 534: 530:Much Wenlock 521:Steeplechase 500:horse racing 488:sports clubs 473: 457:hammer throw 445:weight throw 430: 422:discus throw 402:competitions 395: 370:for playing 306:road running 295: 284: 275: 271: 249: 170: 165: 161: 157: 146:road running 113: 112: 71:Team members 45: 35:(video game) 32: 9361:Street luge 9180:Kart racing 9170:Drag racing 9162:Auto racing 9029:Cyclo-cross 8929:Racewalking 8481:Triple jump 7991:Racewalking 7790:26 December 7500:Kim Collins 7145:6 September 7028:About USATF 6849:25 December 5364:The Relays! 4503:19 November 4433:16 November 3980:(in French) 3807:Racewalking 3745:racewalking 3693:Ben Johnson 3657:Marita Koch 3621:Kim Collins 3474:Golden Four 3420:Asian Games 3340:high school 3270:racewalking 3073:Field rules 3018:false start 2954:Track rules 2874:racewalking 2702:triple jump 2113:Scandinavia 1992:Middle Ages 1911:Fierljeppen 1771:triple jump 1752:Triple jump 1746:Triple jump 1713:Naide Gomes 1650:low hurdles 1607:Races with 1563:Scandinavia 1474:Relay races 1460:Paavo Nurmi 1445:Saïd Aouita 1337:Steve Ovett 1305:Gunder Hägg 1278:3000 metres 1270:1500 metres 1258:Gunder Hägg 1256:(left) and 1205:high school 1174:lactic acid 1018:Triple jump 863:relay races 828:prize money 816:Ben Johnson 745:Soviet Bloc 516:Paper Chase 504:fox hunting 465:fierljeppen 437:Middle Ages 398:prehistoric 245:relay races 201:triple jump 185:racewalking 154:racewalking 9458:Categories 9311:Air racing 9252:Rally raid 9054:BMX racing 8908:Skyrunning 8820:Relay race 8557:Icosathlon 8534:Heptathlon 8460:Pole vault 8308:4 × 1500 m 7388:3 November 6424:5 February 5892:The Herald 4035:3 February 3964:0195041267 3818:References 3765:caber toss 3637:drug tests 3612:stimulants 3422:, and the 3403:, and the 3374:pole vault 3362:See also: 3251:100 metres 3215:See also: 3055:The finish 2821:, and the 2792:gymnasiums 2776:See also: 2762:water jump 2718:pole vault 2714:plasticine 2533:newspapers 2419:Pole vault 2316:Pole vault 2179:blacksmith 2008:round shot 2004:cannonball 1936:fibreglass 1919:gymnastics 1904:pole vault 1891:Pole vault 1885:Pole vault 1796:geal-ruith 1682:water jump 1480:Relay race 1468:Ron Clarke 1341:Steve Cram 1266:800 metres 1233:Usain Bolt 1213:150 metres 1209:collegiate 1201:500 metres 1138:400 metres 1080:, and the 1054:Heptathlon 1049:Pentathlon 1026:Pole vault 875:pole vault 846:See also: 756:Carl Lewis 622:amateurism 614:Jim Thorpe 461:pole vault 390:Carl Lewis 379:amateurism 360:Jim Thorpe 316:See also: 278:), is the 233:heptathlon 229:pentathlon 209:pole vault 40:See also: 9428:Aquathlon 9418:Triathlon 9242:Motocross 8996:Rogaining 8805:Sprinting 8738:shown in 8546:Decathlon 8540:Octathlon 8528:Hexathlon 8467:Long jump 8446:High jump 8303:4 × 800 m 8297:4 × 400 m 8291:4 × 200 m 8285:4 × 100 m 8229:Two miles 7962:Athletics 7830:BBC Sport 7813:. London. 7811:The Times 7183:13 August 5787:High Jump 5680:long jump 5185:Athletics 5080:BBC Sport 5037:The Times 5012:The Times 4734:BBC Sport 3958:. p. 37. 3616:diuretics 3319:in 1990. 3148:June 2023 3119:does not 3100:Equipment 2994:4 × 400 m 2990:4 × 100 m 2800:60 metres 2737:straights 2726:high jump 2698:long jump 2659:synthetic 2613:The term 2460:High jump 2455:Long jump 2437:(indoor) 2414:High jump 2409:Long jump 2388:(indoor) 2365:High jump 2360:Long jump 2311:High jump 2306:Long jump 2244:wrestling 2242:race and 2234:long jump 2207:decathlon 1996:stone put 1837:technique 1831:high jump 1821:High jump 1815:High jump 1704:Long jump 1698:Long jump 1668:found in 1434:Marathons 1388:endurance 1373:Josh Kerr 1298:endurance 1185:60 metres 1058:Decathlon 1022:High jump 1014:Long jump 768:Zola Budd 655:in 1934. 441:stone put 426:wrestling 414:long jump 362:lost his 237:decathlon 205:high jump 197:long jump 166:athletics 158:athletics 124:based on 80:Mixed-sex 9423:Duathlon 9397:Sledding 9135:Climbing 9107:Swimming 8862:Marathon 8825:Hurdling 8616:Marathon 8503:Combined 8487:standing 8473:standing 8452:standing 8397:Shot put 8369:20,000 m 8364:10,000 m 8313:4 × mile 8261:20,000 m 8255:10,000 m 8197:One mile 8055:straight 7917:Archived 7861:Archived 7834:Archived 7784:Archived 7709:Archived 7653:Archived 7607:32029739 7599:23343717 7503:Archived 7480:Archived 7452:Archived 7429:Archived 7406:Archived 7382:Archived 7351:Archived 7347:iaaf.org 7320:Archived 7295:Archived 7271:Archived 7248:Archived 7202:Archived 7139:Archived 7115:cite web 7073:Archived 7054:Archived 7031:Archived 6965:Archived 6881:Archived 6843:Archived 6814:Archived 6790:Archived 6761:cite web 6719:Archived 6697:cite web 6656:cite web 6614:Archived 6587:cite web 6543:cite web 6502:cite web 6461:cite web 6418:Archived 6368:Archived 6339:cite web 6295:cite web 6251:Archived 6226:Archived 6180:cite web 6139:cite web 6097:Archived 6067:Archived 6064:Shot put 6044:Archived 6022:cite web 5981:cite web 5937:Archived 5913:Archived 5883:Archived 5860:cite web 5818:Archived 5790:Archived 5771:Archived 5747:Archived 5727:Archived 5704:Archived 5660:Archived 5638:cite web 5593:Archived 5516:Archived 5493:Archived 5470:Archived 5440:Archived 5411:cite web 5367:Archived 5344:Archived 5320:Archived 5298:cite web 5256:Archived 5233:Archived 5188:Archived 5166:cite web 5121:Archived 5098:Archived 5072:Archived 5053:Archived 5028:Archived 5003:Archived 4980:Archived 4956:Archived 4932:Archived 4904:cite web 4861:Archived 4831:Archived 4801:Archived 4777:Archived 4750:Archived 4726:Archived 4704:Archived 4681:Archived 4658:Archived 4632:Archived 4604:Archived 4581:Archived 4557:Archived 4527:Archived 4497:Archived 4463:Archived 4427:Archived 4397:Archived 4373:Archived 4335:43611530 4296:Archived 4277:Archived 4236:Archived 4204:Archived 4202:. 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Many 376:Olympic 350:in 1888 346:at the 312:History 217:javelin 193:athlete 177:middle- 173:sprints 130:jumping 126:running 103:Olympic 9048:Keirin 8872:Ekiden 8780:Racing 8670:100 km 8622:Ekiden 8521:throws 8411:Hammer 8404:Discus 8389:Throws 8359:5000 m 8354:3000 m 8276:Relays 8248:5000 m 8224:3200 m 8212:3000 m 8202:2000 m 8192:1600 m 8186:1500 m 8180:1000 m 7965:events 7757: 7703: 7605: 7597: 7560: 7529: 7231: 6751:12 May 6687:12 May 6646:12 May 6577:11 May 6533:11 May 6492:11 May 6451:11 May 6395: 6329:11 May 6285:11 May 6206: 6170:11 May 6129:11 May 6012:10 May 5971:10 May 5850:10 May 5628:10 May 5573: 5546: 4938:8 June 4867:8 June 4563:8 June 4355: 4333: 3986: 3962: 3625:asthma 3569:Doping 3486:Berlin 3478:Zürich 3430:, and 3395:, the 2899:500m ( 2865:2024. 2772:Indoor 2758:sector 2741:sector 2724:. 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