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doubles cortisol levels for 24 hours. Low testosterone is thought to be a physiological adaptation to the sport, as excess muscle caused may be shed through lower testosterone, yielding a more efficient runner. Veteran, lifelong endurance athletes have been found to have more heart scarring than control groups, but replication studies and larger studies should be done to firmly establish the link, which may or may not be causal. Some studies find that running more than 20 miles (32 kilometers) per week yields no lower risk for all-cause mortality than non-runners, although these studies are in conflict with large studies that show longer lifespans for any increase in exercise volume.
1062:, or mountains. In contrast to the relatively flat courses in track and road races, cross country usually incorporates obstacles such as muddy sections, logs, and mounds of earth. As a result of these factors, weather can play an integral role in racing conditions. Cross country is both an individual and team sport, as runners are judged on an individual basis and a points-scoring method is used for teams. Competitions are typically races of 4 km (2.5 mi) or more which are usually held in autumn and winter. Cross country's most successful athletes often compete in long-distance track and road events as well.
500:. In order to reduce body heat, the metabolically produced heat needs to be removed from the body via sweating, which in turn requires rehydration to compensate for. Replacement of fluid is limited but can help keep the body's internal temperatures cooler. Fluid replacement is physiologically challenging during the exercise of this intensity due to the inefficient emptying of the stomach. Partial fluid replacement can serve to avoid a marathon runner's body overheating but not enough to keep pace with the loss of fluid via sweat evaporation. Environmental factors can especially complicate heat regulation.
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459:. For most runners, the aerobic zone does not begin until around 120 heartbeats per minute. Lactate threshold training involves tempo workouts that are meant to build strength and speed, rather than improve the cardiovascular system's efficiency in absorbing and transporting oxygen. By running at your lactate threshold, your body will become more efficient at clearing lactate and reusing it to fuel your muscles. Uncertainty exists in regard to how lactate threshold affects endurance performance.
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210:. In this method, the hunter would run at a slow and steady pace for between one hour and a few days, in an area where the animal has no place to hide. The animal, running in spurts, has to stop to pant to cool itself, but as the chase goes on it would not have enough time before it has to start running again, and after a while would collapse from exhaustion and heat. The body structure of a skeleton of a 12-year-old
1162:, snow, extremely high or low temperatures, and high altitudes. It has both competitive and non-competitive forms, the latter being for individual recreation or social experience. As a result, courses are often set in scenic locations and feature obstacles designed to give participants a sense of achievement. It bears similarities to running sections of
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The history of long-distance track running events are tied to the track and field stadia where they are held. Oval circuits allow athletes to cover long distances in a confined area. Early tracks were usually on flattened earth or were simply marked areas of grass. The style of running tracks became
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However, beyond a certain point, negative consequences might occur. Older male runners (45-55) who run more than 40 miles (64 kilometers) per week face reduced testosterone levels, although they are still in the normal range. Running a marathon lowers testosterone levels by 50% in men and more than
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is their steady state requirement for oxygen at specific speeds and helps explain differences in performance for runners with very similar aerobic capacities. This is often measured by the volume of oxygen consumed, either in liters or milliliters, per kilogram of body weight per minute (L/kg/min or
508:
Since the late 1980s, Kenyans, Moroccans, and
Ethiopians have dominated in major international long-distance competitions. The high altitude of these countries has been proven to help these runners achieve more success. High altitude, combined with endurance training, can lead to an increase in red
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Within endurance running comes two different types of respiration. The more prominent side that runners experience more frequently is aerobic respiration. This occurs when oxygen is present, and the body can utilize oxygen to help generate energy and muscle activity. On the other side, anaerobic
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serve as a sparing mechanism for glycogen stores. The artificial elevation of these fatty acids along with endurance training demonstrates a marathon runner's ability to sustain higher intensities for longer periods of time. The prolonged sustenance of running intensity is attributed to a high
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stores. Glycogen can be found in the skeletal muscles and liver. With low levels of glycogen stores at the onset of the marathon, premature depletion of these stores can reduce performance or even prevent the completion of the race. ATP production via aerobic pathways can further be limited by
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Wen, Chi Pang; Wai, Jackson Pui Man; Tsai, Min Kuang; Yang, Yi Chen; Cheng, Ting Yuan David; Lee, Meng-Chih; Chan, Hui Ting; Tsao, Chwen Keng; Tsai, Shan Pou (1 October 2011). "Minimum amount of physical activity for reduced mortality and extended life expectancy: a prospective cohort study".
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in 490 B.C. He collapsed and died as he delivered the message "we won". While there are debates around the accuracy of this historical legend, whether
Pheidippides ran from Marathon to Athens or between other cities, how far this was, and if he was the one to deliver the victory message, the
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is a race that involves not only running but also jumping over barriers and a water pit. While it can be considered a hurdling event, it is also widely regarded as a long-distance running event as well. The obstacles for the men are 914 millimetres (36.0 inches) high, and for the women 762
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Humans have been considered among the best distance runners among all running animals: game animals are faster over short distances, but they have less endurance than humans. Unlike other primates whose bodies are suited to walk on four legs or climb trees, the human body has evolved into
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respiration occurs when the body is deprived of oxygen, and this is common towards the final stretch of races when there is a drive to speed up to a greater intensity. Overall, both types of respiration are used by endurance runners quite often but are very different from each other.
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is a premier event that requires tactics and superior aerobic conditioning. Training for such an event may consist of a total of 60–200 kilometers (37–124 miles) a week, although training regimens vary greatly. The 5000 is often a popular entry-level race for beginning runners.
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is strongly correlated to their performance. The lactate threshold is the cross-over point between predominantly aerobic energy usage and anaerobic energy usage and is considered a good indicator of the body's ability to efficiently process and transfer chemical energy into
522:"… an evolutionary perspective indicates that we did not evolve to run long distances at fast speeds on a regular basis. As a result, it is unlikely there was a selection for the human body to cope with some of the extreme demands runners place on their bodies."
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miles), while road races can be significantly longer, reaching 100 km (62 mi) and beyond. In collegiate cross-country races in the United States, men race 8,000 or 10,000 meters, depending on their division, whereas women race 6,000 meters. The
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as footmen were hired specifically on their athletic ability and began to devote their lives to training for gambling events. The amateur sports movement in the late 19th century marginalised competitions based on the professional, gambling model. The
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to distribute blood. A 20-fold increase of local blood flow within the skeletal muscle is necessary for endurance athletes, like marathon runners, to meet their muscles' oxygen demands at maximal exercise that are up to 50 times greater than at rest.
420:. A concomitant decrease in stroke volume occurs with the initial increase in heart rate at the onset of exercise. Despite an increase in cardiac dimensions, a marathoner's aerobic capacity is confined to this capped and ever-decreasing heart rate.
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Max is the ability to maximally take up and consume oxygen during exhaustive exercise. Long-distance runners typically perform at around 75–85% of peak aerobic capacity, while short-distance runners perform at closer to 100% of peak.
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length: when compared to extant quadrupedal relatives, humans maintain longer more spring-like tendons. This allows for more efficient locomotion over flat ground using the increased energy storing capabilities of these tendon
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in
England in 1838 was the first recorded instance of an organised cross-country competition. The sport gained popularity in British, then American schools in the 19th century and culminated in the creation of the first
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Elite long-distance runners often have larger hearts and decreased resting heart rates that enable them to achieve greater aerobic capacities. Increased dimensions of the heart enable an individual to achieve a greater
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incorporated a three or four-kilometre (1.9–2.5 mi) run, but changes to the official rules in 2008 meant the running sections are now divided into three separate legs of one kilometre each (0.6 mi).
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mL/kg/min). As of 2016 the physiological basis for this was uncertain, but it seemed to depend on the cumulative years of running and reaches a cap that longer individual training sessions cannot overcome.
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With developments in agriculture and culture, long-distance running took more and more purposes other than hunting: religious ceremonies, delivering messages for military and political purposes, and sport.
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and similar shoe inserts may be comfortable, but they can make foot muscles weaker in the long term. Running shoes with special features, or lack thereof in the case of minimalist designs, do not prevent
1117:. The sport has retained its status at the scholastic level, particularly in the United Kingdom and the United States. At the professional level, the foremost competitions come under the banner of the
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The impact of long-distance running on human health is generally positive. Various organs and systems in the human body are improved: bone mineral density is increased, and cholesterol is lowered.
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The term adventure running is loosely defined and can be used to describe any form of long-distance running in a natural setting, regardless of the running surface. It may include river crossing,
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Beyond these, records and stand-alone achievements, rather than regular events, exist for individuals who have achieved running goals of a unique nature, such as running across or around
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was inaugurated in 1973 and this remains the highest level of competition for the sport. A number of continental cross country competitions are held, with championships taking place in
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saw the birth of the modern marathon and the event led to the growth of road running competitions through annual public events such as the Boston
Marathon (first held in 1897) and the
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Carrier, D. R., Kapoor, A. K., Kimura, T., Nickels, M. K., Satwanti, Scott, E. C., So, J. K., & Trinkaus, E. (1984). The energetic paradox of human running and hominid evolution.
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Wilson, Mathew G.; O'Hanlon, Rory; Prasad, Sanjay; Deighan, Amanda; MacMillan, Philip; Oxborough, David; Godfrey, Richard J.; Smith, Gill; Maceira, Alicia (17 February 2011).
130:, as a means of travel, as a competitive sport, for economic reasons, or cultural reasons. Long-distance running can also be used as a means to improve cardiovascular health.
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can all be considered variations on the traditional cross country which incorporate significant uphill and/or downhill sections as an additional challenge to the course.
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contests – which originated in Japan and remain common there – are a relay race variation on the marathon, in contrast to the typically individual sport of road running.
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blood cells, allowing increased oxygen delivery via arteries. The majority of these East
African successful runners come from three mountain districts that run along the
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Cross-country running is the most naturalistic form of long-distance running in athletics as competitions take place on open-air courses over surfaces such as grass,
513:. While altitude may be a contributing factor, a culture of hard work, teamwork, as well as an advanced institutional structure also contributes to their success.
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650:, may feature running sections ranging from five kilometres (3.1 miles) to the marathon distance (42.195 kilometres, or 26 miles and 385 yards), depending on the
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Aerobic capacity depends on the transportation of large amounts of blood to and from the lungs to reach all tissues. This in turn is dependent on having a high
608:, where running competitions are held on strictly defined courses, and the fastest runner to complete the distance wins. The foremost types are long-distance
919:– is one of the most popular aspects of athletics. Road racing events can be of virtually any distance, but the most common and well-known is the marathon,
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One distinction between upright walking and running is energy consumption during locomotion. While walking, humans use about half the energy needed to run.
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mammals including humans the center of mass lies right above the legs. This leads to different bone and muscular demands, especially in the legs and pelvis.
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is suggested to prove that early humans from 1.5 million years ago were eating more meat and fewer plants, and hunted by running down animals.
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A number of events, records, and achievements exist for long-distance running, outside the context of track and field sports events. These include
1080:, or hare and hounds, where a group of runners would cover long distances to chase a leading runner, who left a trail of paper to follow. The
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França, Sheyla Carla A.; Neto, Barros; Leite, Turíbio; Agresta, Marisa Cury; Lotufo, Renato Fraga M.; Kater, Claudio E. (December 2006).
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between aristocrats, who pitted their footman against that of another aristocrat in order to determine a winner. The sport became
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and running around 2-3 million years ago. The human body can endure long-distance running through the following attributes:
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is crucial to a marathon runner's performance and health. An inability to reduce rising core body temperature can lead to
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152:, long-distance events are defined as races covering 3 km (1.9 mi) and above. The three most common types are
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81:, is a form of continuous running over distances of at least 3 km (1.9 mi). Physiologically, it is largely
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Hagihara, Yoshinobu; Nakajima, Arata; Fukuda, Satoshi; Goto, Sumio; Iida, Haruzo; Yamazaki, Masashi (October 2009).
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Many sporting activities feature significant levels of running under prolonged periods of play, especially during
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as military men as well as the king's officials who disseminated documents throughout the kingdom by running.
2190:"Bone mineral density and serum testosterone in chronically trained, high mileage 40–55-year-old male runners"
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refined during the 20th century: the oval running tracks were standardised to 400 metres in distance and
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Bennett, Wendell Clark, and Robert Mowry Zingg. "The
Tarahumara, an Indian tribe of northern Mexico." (1935).
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is also rarely contested, most world records in the 20,000 metres have been set while in a one-hour run race.
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Faude, Oliver; Kindermann, Wilfried; Meyer, Tim (2009). "Lactate threshold concepts: how valid are they?".
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combine the challenge of distance with a significant incline or change of elevation as part of the course.
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Lovett, C. (1997). Olympic
Marathon: A Centennial History of the Games' Most Storied Race. Retrieved from
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roads, although major events often finish on the track of a main stadium. In addition to being a common
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communities have provided accounts for long-distance running as a historic method for hunting among the
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turnover rate of fatty acids that allows the runner to preserve glycogen stores later into the race.
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Elite-level long-distance running is associated with a three to seven times higher risk of the knee
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In modern human society, long-distance running has multiple purposes: people may engage in it for
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2431:"Is Participation in Certain Sports Associated With Knee Osteoarthritis? A Systematic Review"
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marathons. The Tokyo
Marathon was most recently added to the World Marathon Majors in 2012.
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1375:. Hopi Cultural Preservation Office/Northern Arizona University. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
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1895:"Lactate Threshold: What It Is And How Do You Leverage It In Training? | Competitor.com"
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series includes the six most prestigious marathon competitions at the elite level – the
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held every two years. The marathon is also the only road running event featured at the
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Margaria, R.; Cerretelli, P.; Aghemo, P.; Sassi, G. (1963). "Energy cost of running".
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is the longest standard track event. Most of those running such races also compete in
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In order to sustain high-intensity running, a marathon runner must obtain sufficient
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around the 18th century, and who also ran errands over distances for their masters.
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in Paris; at the time, he won
Olympic gold in the 5,000-meter long-distance running.
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Other physiological factors affecting a marathon runner's aerobic capacity include
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100:, humans are well adapted for running significant distances, particularly so among
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is an endurance race that is rarely contested, except in pursuit of world records.
49:"1896: Three athletes in training for the marathon at the Olympic Games in Athens"
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The" Hemerodromoi": Ultra Long-Distance
Running in Antiquity. The Classical World
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mammals, which have their center of mass in front of the hind legs or limbs, in
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may contain periods of endurance running within the competition. Variants of
137:. Long-distance running as a form of tradition or ceremony is known among the
19:"Long-distance track event" redirects here. For the speed skating events, see
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2511:"Expensive running shoes don't prevent injuries, but comfortable ones might"
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While cross country competitions are no longer held at the Olympics, having
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Long-distance road running competitions are mainly conducted on courses of
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may also combine navigational skills and endurance running in this manner.
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The Assyrian Dictionary L (Chicago: The Oriental Institute), 104–108. 1973
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The world record for women is 14:00.21 (an average of 21.43 km/h) by
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2038:"Why Ethiopia's running success is about more than poverty and altitude"
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Marathon Running: Physiology, Psychology, Nutrition and Training Aspects
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The world record for men is 12:35.36 (an average of 23.83 km/h) by
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from 1912 to 1924, it has been present as one of the events within the
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of asphalt and rubber from the mid-1960s onwards. It was not until the
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The most prominent long-distance running sports are grouped within the
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287:(6.2 miles), cross country races usually cover 5 to 12 km (3 to 7
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Driban JB, Hootman JM, Sitler MR, Harris KP, Cattano NM (June 2017).
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Hammond, N. G. L. (1968). "The Campaign and the Battle of Marathon".
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Walker, A., and Leakey, R. (1993). Nariokotome Homo Erectus Skeleton.
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and a limited number of terrestrial carnivores, such as bears, dogs,
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The Long Distance Runner's Guide to Injury Prevention and Treatment
2067:. In Waite, Brandee L.; Krabak, Brian J.; Lipman, Grant S. (eds.).
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1303:"50 stunning Olympic moments No31: Paavo Nurmi wins 5,000m in 1924"
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Dissipation of metabolic heat: humans' ability to cool the body by
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http://www.marathonguide.com/history/olympicmarathons/prologue.cfm
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2929:
2131:
Gordon, Benjamin; Chen, Stephen; Durstine, J. Larry (July 2014).
968:
931:
709:
Runners turning the bend in the men's 10,000 metres final at the
101:
585:. However, continuous endurance running is exclusively found in
4640:
4464:
4372:
4098:
3897:
3855:
3048:
2293:
1614:"Should you think about running in college? – Running Writings"
1328:
The First Humans - Origin and Early Evolution of the Genus Homo
1277:
1025:
930:
The sport of road running finds its roots in the activities of
828:
798:
783:
366:
251:
112:
97:
2539:"RCT of traditional running shoes vs minimalist running shoes"
2013:"Why Are Kenya And Ethiopia So Good at Long-Distance Running?"
1921:"Benefits of Lactate Threshold Training for Distance Runners"
1709:
354:
through the mouth or nose. These include a larger surface of
227:
116:
974:
The marathon is the only road running event featured at the
4024:
2816:
2765:
2188:
MacKelvie, K; Taunton, J; McKay, H; Khan, K (August 2000).
1495:
Deane Anderson Lamont, Running Phenomena in Ancient Sumer"
1059:
823:
The world record for men is 26:11.00 (22.915 km/h) by
306:(which also involves jumping over barriers and water), the
2898:
2081:
1647:
Bramble, Dennis M.; Lieberman, Daniel E. (November 2004).
4341:
2428:
2187:
1349:"What Are the Health Benefits of Running Half Marathons?"
2592:"The evidence-based solution for choosing running shoes"
2251:
Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia
1386:
The ecology of servitude in Tarahumara ritual tesgüinada
271:
of 26.2 miles / 42.195 km is based on this legend.
487:
434:, mitochondria enzyme activity, and capillary density.
350:
through the body surface provides many advantages over
2244:
1477:, Vol. 25, No. 4 (August - October 1984), pp. 483-495.
971:
and also increased its popularity at the elite level.
756:
of Qatar in Brussels, Belgium set on 3 September 2004.
238:
was famous for its running messengers, who were named
104:. The capacity for endurance running is also found in
32:
A group of amateur runners in a long-distance race in
1170:
Ultra-long distance: extended events and achievements
423:
The amount of oxygen that blood can carry depends on
1945:
1229:
1076:
The history of the sport is linked with the game of
2745:. Adventure Sports Online. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
1633:Lovejoy, C. O. (1988). Evolution of human walking.
934:: male servants who ran alongside the carriages of
2130:
2477:
1766:Zinner, Christoph; Sperlich, Billy, eds. (2016).
1337:. Stonybrook University. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
5048:
1646:
1432:Ancient hunters and their modern representatives
967:in the United States made road running a common
730:that the standard long-distance track events of
318:(42.195 kilometres, or 26 miles and 385 yards).
302:features four long-distance running events: the
2640:
1789:
1787:
879:Women runners on a closed-off-road at the 2009
662:and distance running. Previous versions of the
2376:
1765:
1761:
1602:, Vol. 68, No. 3 (November 1974), pp. 161-169.
1513:. Archived from the original on 2 January 2010
1346:
915:, the elite level of the sport – particularly
565:Men in the 10 km run section of the 2011
164:, all of which are defined by their terrain –
4357:
4040:
3222:
2914:
2780:"Tokyo Will Be Added as Sixth Major Marathon"
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1649:"Endurance running and the evolution of Homo"
1300:
279:Typical long-distance track races range from
2704:"Modern Pentathlon Gets a Little Less Penta"
2673:(28 December 2012). Retrieved on 2013-04-13.
1793:
1784:
1258:Neurobiological effects of physical exercise
899:List of World Athletics Label marathon races
168:, roads, and natural terrain, respectively.
3136:World Athletics Cross Country Championships
2536:
2088:The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine
1326:Grine, Frederick E. et al (October 2006).
1091:World Athletics Cross Country Championships
984:World Athletics Half Marathon Championships
963:, which were established in the 1940s. The
226:Running messengers are reported from early
4364:
4350:
4047:
4033:
3229:
3215:
2921:
2907:
1738:
838:The world record for women is 29:01.03 by
133:Endurance running is often a component of
2692:. USA Triathlon. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
2631:(25 March 2008). Retrieved 13 April 2013.
2454:
2327:
2262:
2221:
2148:
2099:
2062:
1870:
1860:
1842:
1819:
1397:International Society for Gesture Studies
1087:International Cross Country Championships
759:The world record for women is 8:44.32 by
480:Long-distance runners generally practice
450:A long-distance runner's velocity at the
2855:"Answering The Call To Adventure Racing"
1064:
1031:
874:
801:, United States set on 17 September 2023
763:of Kenya in Monaco, set on 20 July 2018.
704:
560:
484:in their training and race preparation.
54:
39:
27:
2543:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
2056:
1545:
1287:
752:The world record for men is 7:53.63 by
689:
537:later in life compared to non-runners.
246:, who according to the legend ran from
5049:
2777:
2701:
2422:
642:frequently include endurance running.
620:. Other less popular variants such as
4345:
4028:
3210:
2902:
2596:evidencebasedliving.human.cornell.edu
2071:. Skyhorse Publishing. pp. 2–17.
1843:Mairbäurl, Heimo (12 November 2013).
1629:
1627:
1469:
1467:
1465:
3236:
3160:World Mountain Running Championships
1996:
1794:Sarelius, I; Pohl, U (August 2010).
1442:
1440:
1347:Herreman, Kari (12 September 2013).
1153:
1071:European Cross Country Championships
670:Depending on the rules and terrain,
494:maintenance of core body temperature
488:Thermoregulation and body fluid loss
445:
1373:Running in Hopi History and Culture
1126:featured in the athletics programme
516:
382:
13:
2508:
2350:
2194:British Journal of Sports Medicine
1624:
1508:
1462:
1119:World Athletics Cross Country Tour
988:World Para Athletics Championships
335:Bone and muscle structure: unlike
14:
5078:
2702:Branch, John (27 November 2008).
2483:"A Guide to Running Shoe Inserts"
1437:
1069:Women racing on snow in the 2012
4811:
4431:
4328:
4327:
4132:High-intensity interval training
4000:
3190:
2880:"Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Training"
1960:10.2165/00007256-200939060-00003
1948:Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)
1812:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2010.02129.x
1232:
694:
2847:
2822:
2799:
2778:Belson, Ken (2 November 2012).
2771:
2748:
2729:
2695:
2676:
2660:
2641:Benjie Goodhart (2 June 2008).
2634:
2609:
2584:
2537:Craig Payne (28 January 2017).
2530:
2502:
2471:
2370:
2344:
2312:10.1152/japplphysiol.01280.2010
2287:
2264:10.1590/S0004-27302006000600015
2238:
2181:
2137:Current Sports Medicine Reports
2124:
2075:
2030:
2005:
1990:
1939:
1913:
1887:
1836:
1703:
1640:
1606:
1594:
1582:
1548:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
1539:
1502:
1489:
1480:
1453:
870:
786:in Monaco set on 14 August 2020
254:to announce the victory of the
3168:Skyrunning World Championships
3144:IAU 100 km World Championships
1424:
1415:
1402:
1378:
1366:
1340:
1320:
1294:
1198:hundreds or thousands of miles
274:
1:
4007:Sport of athletics portal
3197:Sport of athletics portal
3152:IAU Trail World Championships
3128:World Athletics Championships
2671:International Triathlon Union
2616:60-Second Guide: Fell Running
2392:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60749-6
2300:Journal of Applied Physiology
2065:"History of Distance Running"
2063:Lieberman, Daniel E. (2017).
1712:Journal of Applied Physiology
1301:Simon Burnton (18 May 2012).
982:, although there is also the
976:World Athletics Championships
835:, Spain set on 7 October 2020
648:International Triathlon Union
321:
217:
4054:
3176:World Snowshoe Championships
2965:(over 3000 m up to marathon)
2806:Cross country – Introduction
2667:Getting Started in Triathlon
2435:Journal of Athletic Training
2150:10.1249/JSR.0000000000000073
1637:(0036-8733), 259 (5), p. 82.
1499:, Vol.22, No. 3 (Fall 1995).
89:as well as mental strength.
7:
4909:Radio-controlled car racing
4010: • Current
2928:
2755:Road running – Introduction
1724:10.1152/jappl.1963.18.2.367
1225:
749:millimetres (30.0 inches).
722:were replaced by synthetic
556:
503:
10:
5083:
4564:Mountain bike orienteering
4371:
1511:"History of the 24hr race"
1399:. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
1192:, and long-distance races
1173:
1035:
942:competitions evolved from
896:
886:
698:
377:
180:
176:
171:
135:physical military training
18:
5031:
4998:
4962:
4931:
4896:
4888:Offshore powerboat racing
4858:
4840:Motorcycle chariot racing
4820:
4809:
4753:
4744:
4726:
4698:
4660:
4607:
4549:
4509:
4473:
4440:
4429:
4388:
4379:
4325:
4247:
4177:
4122:
4069:
4062:
3996:
3965:
3911:
3848:
3841:
3777:
3713:
3664:
3657:
3617:
3550:
3513:
3429:
3358:
3282:
3275:
3247:
3186:
3119:
3060:
2936:
2447:10.4085/1062-6050-50.2.08
1531:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1240:Sport of athletics portal
724:all-weather running track
437:A long-distance runner's
4883:Inshore powerboat racing
2819:. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
2811:27 February 2011 at the
2768:. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
2741:3 September 2012 at the
2688:13 February 2013 at the
2555:10.1177/0363546516682497
1862:10.3389/fphys.2013.00332
1497:Journal of Sport History
1448:Running through the Ages
1220:running around the world
745:3000 metres steeplechase
407:in blood and an optimal
358:and independence of the
304:3000 metres steeplechase
21:long track speed skating
5036:List of forms of racing
4403:Middle-distance running
4280:Neurobiological effects
2955:Middle-distance running
2760:23 October 2012 at the
2736:Adventure Racing Basics
1849:Frontiers in Physiology
1333:1 November 2013 at the
1253:Middle-distance running
1208:(see lists of runners:
728:1912 Stockholm Olympics
654:. The related sport of
567:Grand Prix de Triathlon
462:
403:, sufficient levels of
190:observations of modern
85:in nature and requires
4878:Jet sprint boat racing
1997:Roth, Stephen (2011).
1446:Sears, Edward Seldon.
1412:. Hill and Wang, 1960.
1132:competition since the
1073:
884:
714:
570:
524:
269:marathon running event
208:Aboriginal Australians
71:
52:
47:' photograph entitled
37:
5057:Long-distance running
4481:Cross country running
4408:Long-distance running
3599:Distance medley relay
3257:Cross country running
2979:Cross country running
2963:Long-distance running
2621:8 August 2014 at the
2206:10.1136/bjsm.34.4.273
1434:. New York: Macmillan
1391:1 August 2013 at the
1194:in extreme conditions
1068:
1038:Cross country running
1032:Cross country running
996:World Marathon Majors
878:
818:cross country running
708:
618:cross-country running
564:
540:The effectiveness of
520:
472:glycogen depletion.
162:cross country running
75:Long-distance running
62:, also known as the "
58:
43:
31:
4975:Cross-country skiing
4949:Slalom skateboarding
4632:Mountain bike racing
3952:Marathon mixed relay
3787:Athletics pentathlon
3609:Shuttle hurdle relay
2834:DGL AdventureRunning
2643:"The only way is up"
2101:10.1620/tjem.219.139
1475:Current Anthropology
1430:Sollas, W. J. 1924.
1288:Notes and references
1134:1912 Summer Olympics
1089:in 1903. The annual
953:1896 Summer Olympics
711:2012 Summer Olympics
690:Running competitions
658:is a combination of
646:, as defined by the
589:. Most of these are
579:association football
544:has been contested.
482:carbohydrate loading
68:1924 Summer Olympics
4783:Pickup truck racing
4718:Paralympic swimming
4708:Open water swimming
4617:Road bicycle racing
4307:Outline of exercise
4275:Exercise physiology
4162:Suspension training
4152:Bodyweight exercise
3594:Sprint medley relay
3494:3000 m steeplechase
3483:2000 m steeplechase
3120:World championships
2386:(9798): 1244–1253.
2357:abstractsonline.com
1925:Minneapolis Running
1673:10.1038/nature03052
1665:2004Natur.432..345B
1635:Scientific American
1618:runningwritings.com
846:set on 8 June 2021.
754:Saif Saaeed Shaheen
432:pulmonary diffusion
183:Persistence hunting
4999:Multi-sport racing
4798:Touring car racing
4584:Canoe orienteering
4579:Radio orienteering
4574:Trail orienteering
4270:Exercise equipment
4265:Exercise and music
4215:Muscle hypertrophy
4124:Anaerobic exercise
4094:Endurance training
3178:(snowshoe running)
3162:(mountain running)
3111:(snowshoe running)
3095:(mountain running)
2785:The New York Times
2708:The New York Times
1450:. McFarland, 2001.
1074:
992:Summer Paralympics
965:1970s running boom
957:Lake Biwa Marathon
913:recreational sport
885:
761:Beatrice Chepkoech
715:
606:sport of athletics
601:forms also exist.
571:
264:Battle of Marathon
166:all-weather tracks
150:sport of athletics
72:
53:
38:
5067:Athletics by type
5044:
5043:
4927:
4926:
4873:Hydroplane racing
4822:Motorcycle racing
4788:Sports car racing
4713:Marathon swimming
4594:Mountain marathon
4559:Foot orienteering
4545:
4544:
4339:
4338:
4243:
4242:
4210:Interval training
4185:Athletic training
4157:Flywheel training
4142:Strength training
4022:
4021:
3983:Wheelchair racing
3961:
3960:
3773:
3772:
3653:
3652:
3204:
3203:
2886:. 28 January 2010
2479:Richard A. Lovett
1999:Exercise Genomics
1800:Acta Physiologica
1659:(7015): 345–352.
1154:Adventure running
1130:modern pentathlon
961:Fukuoka Marathons
881:Yokohama Marathon
738:were introduced.
676:foot orienteering
672:navigation sports
664:modern pentathlon
591:individual sports
511:Great Rift Valley
457:mechanical energy
452:lactate threshold
446:Lactate threshold
360:respiratory cycle
143:Tarahumara people
124:physical exercise
79:endurance running
5074:
5006:Adventure racing
4868:Drag boat racing
4860:Motorboat racing
4815:
4793:Stock car racing
4751:
4750:
4675:Greyhound racing
4599:Car orienteering
4569:Ski orienteering
4532:Snowshoe running
4527:Backward running
4486:Mountain running
4474:Off-road running
4435:
4386:
4385:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4343:
4342:
4331:
4330:
4317:Physical fitness
4312:Physical culture
4287:Exercise mimetic
4225:Physical therapy
4195:Circuit training
4089:Distance running
4071:Aerobic exercise
4067:
4066:
4049:
4042:
4035:
4026:
4025:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3988:Backward running
3846:
3845:
3766:
3752:
3731:
3662:
3661:
3410:
3334:
3280:
3279:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3208:
3207:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3179:
3171:
3163:
3155:
3147:
3139:
3131:
3112:
3104:
3096:
3088:
3080:
3072:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3021:Snowshoe running
3016:
3009:
3002:
3000:Mountain running
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2950:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2826:
2820:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2775:
2769:
2752:
2746:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2699:
2693:
2680:
2674:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2638:
2632:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2549:(5): 1162–1170.
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2516:The Conversation
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2458:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2331:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2266:
2257:(6): 1082–1087.
2242:
2236:
2235:
2225:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2152:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2103:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2044:. 15 August 2018
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1874:
1864:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1823:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1763:
1736:
1735:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1644:
1638:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1530:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1506:
1500:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1478:
1471:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1444:
1435:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1413:
1406:
1400:
1384:Lonergan, J. E.
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1344:
1338:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1298:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1164:adventure racing
1148:mountain running
1050:Mountain running
948:professionalised
840:Letesenbet Gidey
825:Joshua Cheptegei
780:Joshua Cheptegei
684:adventure racing
640:Multisport races
630:mountain running
517:Impact on health
474:Free Fatty Acids
389:aerobic capacity
383:Aerobic capacity
296:
295:
291:
283:(1.87 miles) to
204:American Indians
145:, among others.
5082:
5081:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5062:Running by type
5047:
5046:
5045:
5040:
5027:
4994:
4980:Snowboard cross
4958:
4923:
4914:Slot car racing
4892:
4854:
4816:
4807:
4778:Off-road racing
4740:
4722:
4694:
4690:Sled dog racing
4656:
4603:
4541:
4505:
4469:
4436:
4427:
4375:
4370:
4340:
4335:
4321:
4302:Fitness culture
4292:Exercise trends
4239:
4220:Outdoor fitness
4173:
4167:Weight training
4118:
4058:
4053:
4023:
4018:
4001:
3999:
3992:
3957:
3907:
3837:
3769:
3760:
3746:
3725:
3709:
3649:
3613:
3546:
3509:
3431:Middle-distance
3425:
3404:
3354:
3328:
3271:
3252:Track and field
3243:
3235:
3205:
3200:
3191:
3189:
3182:
3174:
3166:
3158:
3154:(trail running)
3150:
3146:(ultra running)
3142:
3138:(cross country)
3134:
3126:
3115:
3107:
3099:
3091:
3087:(trail running)
3083:
3079:(ultra running)
3075:
3069:World Athletics
3067:
3056:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2973:(over marathon)
2969:
2961:
2953:
2945:
2932:
2927:
2889:
2887:
2884:Runners Connect
2878:
2875:
2874:
2864:
2862:
2861:. 28 March 2018
2859:Women's Running
2853:
2852:
2848:
2838:
2836:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2813:Wayback Machine
2804:
2800:
2790:
2788:
2776:
2772:
2762:Wayback Machine
2753:
2749:
2743:Wayback Machine
2734:
2730:
2720:
2718:
2700:
2696:
2690:Wayback Machine
2681:
2677:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2649:
2639:
2635:
2623:Wayback Machine
2614:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2535:
2531:
2521:
2519:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2481:(9 June 2014).
2476:
2472:
2427:
2423:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2351:Design, ISITE.
2349:
2345:
2292:
2288:
2243:
2239:
2186:
2182:
2129:
2125:
2080:
2076:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1995:
1991:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1927:. 23 March 2015
1919:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1901:. 17 March 2014
1893:
1892:
1888:
1841:
1837:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1764:
1739:
1708:
1704:
1645:
1641:
1632:
1625:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1544:
1540:
1524:
1523:
1516:
1514:
1507:
1503:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1472:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1445:
1438:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1407:
1403:
1393:Wayback Machine
1383:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1353:runnersgoal.com
1345:
1341:
1335:Wayback Machine
1325:
1321:
1311:
1309:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1281:
1273:Running economy
1268:Rarámuri people
1238:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1182:
1174:Main articles:
1172:
1156:
1052:
1036:Main articles:
1034:
980:Summer Olympics
901:
895:
887:Main articles:
873:
703:
701:Track and field
697:
692:
559:
519:
506:
490:
465:
448:
439:running economy
409:vascular system
394:
385:
380:
329:upright walking
324:
300:Summer Olympics
293:
289:
288:
277:
220:
212:Nariokatome boy
192:hunter-gatherer
188:Anthropological
185:
179:
174:
24:
17:
16:Athletics event
12:
11:
5:
5080:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5008:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4864:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4826:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4768:Formula racing
4765:
4759:
4757:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4736:Speed climbing
4732:
4730:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4704:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4666:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4652:Cycle speedway
4649:
4644:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4613:
4611:
4609:Bicycle racing
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4555:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4446:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4394:
4392:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4369:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4346:
4337:
4336:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4205:Cross-training
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4139:
4134:
4128:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4075:
4073:
4064:
4060:
4059:
4052:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4029:
4020:
4019:
4012:Olympic events
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3921:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3852:
3850:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3828:Tetradecathlon
3825:
3818:
3813:
3806:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3783:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3753:
3739:
3732:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3705:Softball throw
3702:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3668:
3666:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3569:
3564:
3556:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3527:
3519:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3458:
3453:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3416:
3411:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3364:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3340:
3335:
3321:
3316:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3234:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3211:
3202:
3201:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3156:
3148:
3140:
3132:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3105:
3097:
3089:
3081:
3073:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2967:
2959:
2957:(up to 3000 m)
2951:
2942:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2926:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2873:
2872:
2846:
2821:
2798:
2770:
2747:
2728:
2694:
2683:About Duathlon
2675:
2659:
2633:
2628:Runner's World
2608:
2583:
2529:
2509:Arnold, John.
2501:
2488:Runner's World
2470:
2441:(6): 497–506.
2421:
2369:
2343:
2286:
2237:
2200:(4): 273–278.
2180:
2143:(4): 253–259.
2123:
2094:(2): 139–143.
2074:
2055:
2029:
2004:
2001:. p. 186.
1989:
1954:(6): 469–490.
1938:
1912:
1899:Competitor.com
1886:
1835:
1783:
1776:
1737:
1718:(2): 367–370.
1702:
1639:
1623:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1560:10.2307/628670
1538:
1509:Milroy, Andy.
1501:
1488:
1479:
1461:
1452:
1436:
1423:
1414:
1408:Bjerre, Jens.
1401:
1377:
1365:
1339:
1319:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1227:
1224:
1190:ultramarathons
1186:multiday races
1180:Multiday races
1171:
1168:
1155:
1152:
1033:
1030:
917:marathon races
872:
869:
868:
867:
858:
849:
848:
847:
836:
804:
803:
802:
787:
766:
765:
764:
757:
699:Main article:
696:
693:
691:
688:
558:
555:
535:osteoarthritis
518:
515:
505:
502:
489:
486:
464:
461:
447:
444:
401:cardiac output
392:
384:
381:
379:
376:
372:
371:
363:
344:
323:
320:
276:
273:
236:Ancient Greece
219:
216:
181:Main article:
178:
175:
173:
170:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5079:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4985:Speed skating
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4970:Alpine skiing
4968:
4967:
4965:
4963:Winter racing
4961:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4920:
4919:Street racing
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4814:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4697:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4685:Pigeon racing
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4662:Animal racing
4659:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4637:Track cycling
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4627:Gravel racing
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4517:Tower running
4515:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4496:Trail running
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4460:Ultramarathon
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4450:Half marathon
4448:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4434:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4390:Track running
4387:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4367:
4362:
4360:
4355:
4353:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4334:
4324:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4050:
4045:
4043:
4038:
4036:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4008:
3995:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3978:Multiday race
3976:
3974:
3973:Frame running
3971:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3903:Ultramarathon
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3887:
3886:Half marathon
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3764:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3604:Swedish relay
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3515:Long-distance
3512:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3232:
3227:
3225:
3220:
3218:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3199:
3198:
3185:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3014:Tower running
3011:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2993:Trail running
2990:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2971:Ultra running
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2949:(up to 400 m)
2948:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2919:
2917:
2912:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2802:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2732:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2679:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2505:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2373:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2306:(6): 1622–6.
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2000:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1806:(4): 349–65.
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1788:
1779:
1777:9783319297286
1773:
1769:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
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1725:
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1505:
1498:
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1441:
1433:
1427:
1418:
1411:
1405:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1374:
1369:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1323:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1230:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1196:or measuring
1195:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1176:Ultramarathon
1167:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1144:trail running
1141:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1115:South America
1112:
1111:North America
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:Trail running
1039:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1020:New York City
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
926:
922:
921:half marathon
918:
914:
910:
906:
900:
894:
890:
882:
877:
865:
864:
863:20,000 metres
859:
856:
855:
850:
845:
841:
837:
834:
830:
826:
822:
821:
819:
815:
811:
810:
809:10,000 metres
805:
800:
796:
792:
788:
785:
781:
777:
776:
773:
772:
767:
762:
758:
755:
751:
750:
747:
746:
741:
740:
739:
737:
736:10,000 metres
733:
729:
725:
721:
720:cinder tracks
712:
707:
702:
695:Track running
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
635:
634:tower running
631:
627:
626:trail running
623:
619:
615:
611:
610:track running
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:racing sports
584:
580:
576:
568:
563:
554:
552:
547:
543:
538:
536:
531:
527:
523:
514:
512:
501:
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485:
483:
478:
475:
470:
460:
458:
453:
443:
440:
435:
433:
428:
426:
421:
419:
418:stroke volume
413:
410:
406:
402:
397:
390:
375:
368:
364:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
342:
338:
334:
333:
332:
330:
319:
317:
313:
312:10,000 metres
309:
305:
301:
286:
285:10,000 metres
282:
272:
270:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
230:, were named
229:
224:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
184:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:track running
151:
146:
144:
140:
136:
131:
129:
125:
120:
118:
114:
110:
107:
103:
99:
94:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
69:
65:
61:
57:
50:
46:
45:Burton Holmes
42:
35:
30:
26:
22:
4944:Sandboarding
4939:Longboarding
4932:Board racing
4850:Track racing
4830:Beach racing
4803:Truck racing
4746:Motor racing
4680:Horse racing
4670:Camel racing
4551:Orienteering
4491:Fell running
4442:Road running
4423:Steeplechase
4407:
4190:Calisthenics
4147:Bodybuilding
4088:
4015:
3998:
3950:
3923:
3890:
3820:
3808:
3755:
3741:
3734:
3720:
3700:Weight throw
3692:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3571:
3559:
3542:One hour run
3529:
3522:
3514:
3492:
3460:
3448:
3418:
3394:
3387:
3342:
3323:
3311:
3262:Road running
3188:
3170:(skyrunning)
3103:(skyrunning)
3035:Steeplechase
2986:Fell running
2962:
2888:. Retrieved
2883:
2863:. Retrieved
2858:
2849:
2837:. Retrieved
2833:
2824:
2801:
2789:. Retrieved
2783:
2773:
2750:
2731:
2719:. Retrieved
2707:
2697:
2678:
2662:
2650:. Retrieved
2647:The Guardian
2646:
2636:
2626:
2611:
2599:. Retrieved
2595:
2586:
2574:. Retrieved
2546:
2542:
2532:
2520:. Retrieved
2514:
2504:
2492:. Retrieved
2486:
2473:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2360:. Retrieved
2356:
2346:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2254:
2250:
2240:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2068:
2058:
2046:. Retrieved
2042:The Guardian
2041:
2032:
2020:. Retrieved
2016:
2007:
1998:
1992:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1929:. Retrieved
1924:
1915:
1903:. Retrieved
1898:
1889:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1803:
1799:
1770:. Springer.
1767:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1656:
1652:
1642:
1634:
1617:
1608:
1601:
1596:
1584:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1515:. Retrieved
1504:
1496:
1491:
1482:
1474:
1455:
1447:
1431:
1426:
1417:
1409:
1404:
1396:
1380:
1368:
1356:. Retrieved
1352:
1342:
1322:
1310:. Retrieved
1307:The Guardian
1306:
1296:
1207:
1202:
1183:
1157:
1140:Fell running
1138:
1123:
1075:
1053:
1046:Fell running
1024:
973:
929:
902:
889:Road running
871:Road running
861:
854:One hour run
852:
807:
791:Gudaf Tsegay
769:
743:
716:
669:
638:
622:fell running
614:road running
603:
583:rugby league
572:
542:shoe inserts
539:
532:
528:
525:
521:
507:
498:hyperthermia
491:
479:
466:
449:
436:
429:
425:blood volume
422:
414:
398:
386:
373:
325:
278:
244:Pheidippides
240:hemerodromoi
239:
231:
225:
221:
186:
158:road running
147:
132:
121:
95:
91:
78:
74:
73:
48:
25:
4954:Street luge
4773:Kart racing
4763:Drag racing
4755:Auto racing
4622:Cyclo-cross
4522:Racewalking
4297:Fitness app
4260:Epigenetics
3757:Triple jump
3267:Racewalking
3130:(athletics)
3071:(athletics)
3061:Federations
2938:Disciplines
2048:23 December
1248:Fastpacking
1078:paper chase
940:Foot racing
936:aristocrats
771:5000 metres
732:5000 metres
593:, although
575:ball sports
546:Memory foam
356:evaporation
308:5000 metres
281:3000 metres
275:Competition
64:Flying Finn
60:Paavo Nurmi
34:Switzerland
5051:Categories
4904:Air racing
4845:Rally raid
4647:BMX racing
4501:Skyrunning
4413:Relay race
4230:Stretching
3833:Icosathlon
3810:Heptathlon
3736:Pole vault
3584:4 × 1500 m
3042:Relay race
3007:Skyrunning
1205:continents
1160:scrambling
897:See also:
814:road races
405:hemoglobin
365:Increased
322:Physiology
218:Messengers
128:recreation
66:", at the
5021:Aquathlon
5011:Triathlon
4835:Motocross
4589:Rogaining
4398:Sprinting
4137:Sprinting
4014:shown in
3822:Decathlon
3816:Octathlon
3804:Hexathlon
3743:Long jump
3722:High jump
3579:4 × 800 m
3573:4 × 400 m
3567:4 × 200 m
3561:4 × 100 m
3505:Two miles
3238:Athletics
2890:3 October
2865:4 January
2839:4 January
2830:"Results"
2721:4 January
2716:0362-4331
2652:4 January
2400:1474-547X
2320:8750-7587
2273:0004-2730
2214:0306-3674
2159:1537-8918
2110:1349-3329
1968:0112-1642
1681:1476-4687
1576:163130634
1554:: 13–57.
1517:13 August
1312:4 January
1214:Australia
1082:Crick Run
925:10 km run
680:rogaining
652:race type
644:Triathlon
569:in Paris.
337:quadruped
258:over the
109:ungulates
106:migratory
5016:Duathlon
4990:Sledding
4728:Climbing
4700:Swimming
4455:Marathon
4418:Hurdling
4333:Category
4200:Climbing
4109:Swimming
4079:Aerobics
4056:Exercise
3892:Marathon
3779:Combined
3763:standing
3749:standing
3728:standing
3673:Shot put
3645:20,000 m
3640:10,000 m
3589:4 × mile
3537:20,000 m
3531:10,000 m
3473:One mile
3331:straight
3028:Hurdling
2809:Archived
2758:Archived
2739:Archived
2686:Archived
2619:Archived
2601:14 April
2576:14 April
2571:25996480
2563:28129518
2522:14 April
2494:14 April
2465:25574790
2408:21846575
2338:21330616
2281:17221115
2232:10953900
2175:10408945
2167:25014391
2118:19776531
1984:31839157
1976:19453206
1881:24273518
1830:20353492
1732:13932993
1689:15549097
1527:cite web
1410:Kalahari
1389:Archived
1331:Archived
1263:Paceband
1226:See also
1058:trails,
1056:woodland
990:and the
978:and the
893:Marathon
844:Ethiopia
833:Valencia
820:events.
795:Ethiopia
674:such as
656:duathlon
557:In sport
504:Altitude
469:glycogen
370:tissues.
348:sweating
316:marathon
260:Persians
248:Marathon
200:Kalahari
102:primates
4537:Parkour
4381:Running
4255:History
4248:Related
4114:Walking
4104:Jogging
4084:Cycling
4016:italics
3912:Walking
3849:Running
3792:women's
3694:Javelin
3618:Walking
3360:Hurdles
3284:Sprints
2930:Running
2791:1 March
2456:5488840
2416:9538733
2362:14 June
2353:"OASIS"
2329:3119133
2223:1724199
1872:3824146
1855:: 332.
1821:3157959
1697:2470602
1661:Bibcode
1358:1 March
1210:America
1107:Oceania
1008:Chicago
969:pastime
932:footmen
660:cycling
378:Factors
352:panting
292:⁄
262:in the
198:of the
177:Hunting
172:History
148:In the
98:mammals
87:stamina
83:aerobic
4641:Keirin
4465:Ekiden
4373:Racing
4099:Hiking
3946:100 km
3898:Ekiden
3797:throws
3687:Hammer
3680:Discus
3665:Throws
3635:5000 m
3630:3000 m
3552:Relays
3524:5000 m
3500:3200 m
3488:3000 m
3478:2000 m
3468:1600 m
3462:1500 m
3456:1000 m
3241:events
3049:Ekiden
2947:Sprint
2714:
2569:
2561:
2463:
2453:
2414:
2406:
2398:
2380:Lancet
2336:
2326:
2318:
2279:
2271:
2230:
2220:
2212:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2116:
2108:
2022:22 May
1982:
1974:
1966:
1931:22 May
1905:22 May
1879:
1869:
1828:
1818:
1774:
1730:
1695:
1687:
1679:
1653:Nature
1574:
1568:628670
1566:
1146:, and
1103:Europe
1095:Africa
1048:, and
1026:Ekiden
1018:, and
1012:London
1004:Boston
1000:Berlin
994:. The
944:wagers
923:, and
909:tarmac
829:Uganda
799:Oregon
784:Uganda
632:, and
551:injury
387:One's
367:tendon
252:Athens
232:lasimu
206:, and
160:, and
126:, for
117:hyenas
115:, and
113:wolves
96:Among
4897:Other
4510:Other
4178:Other
4063:Types
3966:Other
3941:50 mi
3936:50 km
3931:35 km
3925:20 km
3919:10 km
3881:25 km
3876:20 km
3871:10 mi
3866:15 km
3861:10 km
3714:Jumps
3658:Field
3450:800 m
3444:600 m
3439:500 m
3420:400 m
3414:300 m
3402:200 m
3396:110 m
3389:100 m
3350:440 y
3344:400 m
3338:300 m
3325:200 m
3319:150 m
3313:100 m
3307:100 y
3276:Track
2567:S2CID
2412:S2CID
2171:S2CID
2017:Mpora
1980:S2CID
1693:S2CID
1572:S2CID
1564:JSTOR
1060:earth
1016:Tokyo
905:paved
599:relay
577:like
391:or VO
341:biped
256:Greek
228:Sumer
77:, or
4235:Yoga
3856:5 km
3842:Road
3625:Mile
3383:80 m
3378:60 m
3373:55 m
3368:50 m
3302:60 m
3297:55 m
3292:50 m
3109:WSSF
3093:WMRA
3085:ITRA
2892:2022
2867:2023
2841:2023
2817:IAAF
2793:2017
2766:IAAF
2723:2023
2712:ISSN
2654:2023
2603:2018
2578:2018
2559:PMID
2524:2018
2496:2018
2461:PMID
2404:PMID
2396:ISSN
2364:2017
2334:PMID
2316:ISSN
2277:PMID
2269:ISSN
2228:PMID
2210:ISSN
2163:PMID
2155:ISSN
2114:PMID
2106:ISSN
2050:2022
2024:2018
1972:PMID
1964:ISSN
1933:2018
1907:2018
1877:PMID
1826:PMID
1772:ISBN
1728:PMID
1685:PMID
1677:ISSN
1533:link
1519:2013
1360:2017
1314:2023
1178:and
1113:and
1099:Asia
959:and
891:and
860:The
851:The
816:and
806:The
768:The
742:The
734:and
678:and
616:and
597:and
595:team
581:and
492:The
463:Fuel
314:and
141:and
139:Hopi
3407:low
3101:ISF
3077:IAU
2551:doi
2451:PMC
2443:doi
2388:doi
2384:378
2324:PMC
2308:doi
2304:110
2259:doi
2218:PMC
2202:doi
2145:doi
2096:doi
2092:219
1956:doi
1867:PMC
1857:doi
1816:PMC
1808:doi
1804:199
1720:doi
1669:doi
1657:432
1556:doi
1282:max
1218:or
907:or
842:of
831:in
827:of
797:in
793:of
782:of
250:to
196:San
5053::
2882:.
2857:.
2832:.
2815:.
2782:.
2764:.
2710:.
2706:.
2669:.
2645:.
2625:.
2594:.
2565:.
2557:.
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2541:.
2513:.
2485:.
2459:.
2449:.
2439:52
2437:.
2433:.
2410:.
2402:.
2394:.
2382:.
2355:.
2332:.
2322:.
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2267:.
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2198:34
2196:.
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2169:.
2161:.
2153:.
2141:13
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2135:.
2112:.
2104:.
2090:.
2086:.
2040:.
2015:.
1978:.
1970:.
1962:.
1952:39
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1814:.
1802:.
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1525:{{
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1439:^
1395:.
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1222:.
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1200:.
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1136:.
1121:.
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628:,
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