227:
51:
691:. As of June 2022, 125 million individuals live in trachoma endemic areas and are at risk of trachoma-related blindness, and the disease is a public health problem in 42 countries. Of these, Africa is considered the worst affected area, with over 85% of all known active cases of trachoma. Within the continent, South Sudan and Ethiopia have the highest prevalence. In many of these communities, women are three times more likely than men to be blinded by the disease, likely due to their roles as caregivers in the family. Australia is the only developed country that has trachoma. In 2008, trachoma was found in half of Australia's very remote communities.
585:
704:
seen as impractical; the WHO definition of "eliminated as a public-health problem" means less than 5% of children have any symptoms, and less than 0.1% of adults have vision loss. Having already donated more doses (about 700 million since 2002) of the drug than it has sold during the same time period, the drug company Pfizer has agreed to donate azithromycin until 2025, if necessary, for elimination of the disease. The campaign unexpectedly found distribution of azithromycin to very poor children reduced their early death rate by up to 25%.
509:. Azithromycin can be used in children from the age of six months and in pregnancy. As a community-based antibiotic treatment, some evidence suggests that oral azithromycin was more effective than topical tetracycline, but no consistent evidence supported either oral or topical antibiotics as being more effective. Antibiotic treatment reduces the risk of active trachoma in individuals infected with chlamydial trachomatis.
700:
that lays out actions and milestones to achieve global elimination of blinding trachoma by 2020. The program recommends the SAFE protocol for blindness prevention: Surgery for trichiasis, Antibiotics to clear infection, Facial cleanliness, and
Environmental improvement to reduce transmission. This includes sanitation infrastructure to reduce the open presence of human feces that can breed flies.
724:(1798–1815), trachoma was rampant in the army barracks of Europe and spread to those living in towns as troops returned home. Stringent control measures were introduced, and by the early 20th century, trachoma was essentially controlled in Europe, although cases were reported until the 1950s. Today, most victims of trachoma live in underdeveloped and poverty-stricken countries in
770:
Due to improved sanitation and overall living conditions, trachoma virtually disappeared from the industrialized world by the 1950s, though it continues to plague the developing world to this day. Epidemiological studies were conducted in 1956–1963 by the
Trachoma Control Pilot Project in India under
517:
For individuals with trichiasis, a bilamellar tarsal rotation procedure is warranted to direct the lashes away from the globe. Evidence suggests that use of a lid clamp and absorbable sutures would result in reduced lid contour abnormalities and granuloma formulation after surgery. Early intervention
475:
A systematic review examining the effectiveness of environmental sanitary measures on the prevalence of active trachoma in endemic areas showed that use of insecticide spray resulted in significant reductions of trachoma and fly density in some studies. Health education also resulted in reductions of
739:
In the United States, the
Centers for Disease Control says, "No national or international surveillance exists. Blindness due to trachoma has been eliminated from the United States. The last cases were found among Native American populations and in Appalachia, and those in the boxing, wrestling, and
699:
In 1996, the WHO launched its
Alliance for the Global Elimination of Trachoma by 2020, and in 2006, the WHO officially set 2020 as the target to eliminate trachoma as a public-health problem. The International Coalition for Trachoma Control has produced maps and a strategic plan called 2020 INSight
484:
WHO Guidelines recommend that a region should receive community-based, mass antibiotic treatment when the prevalence of active trachoma among one- to nine-year-old children is greater than 10%. Subsequent annual treatment should be administered for three years, at which time the prevalence should be
265:
The later structural changes of trachoma are referred to as "cicatricial trachoma". These include scarring under the eyelid (tarsal conjunctiva) that leads to distortion of the eyelid with buckling of the lid (tarsus) so the lashes rub against the eye (trichiasis). This can lead to corneal opacities
548:
can reduce the rates of active trachoma, especially intense trachoma. If an individual is already infected, washing one's face is encouraged, especially a child, to prevent reinfection. Some evidence shows that washing the face combined with topical tetracycline might be more effective in reducing
703:
As of 2018, Cambodia, Ghana, Iran, Laos, Mexico, Nepal, Morocco, and Oman have been certified as having eliminated trachoma as a public-health problem; China, Gambia, Iran, Iraq, and
Myanmar make that claim, but have not sought certification. Eradication of the bacterium that causes the disease is
249:
The conjunctival inflammation is called "active trachoma" and is usually seen in children, especially those in preschool. It is characterized by white lumps in the undersurface of the upper eyelid (conjunctival follicles or lymphoid germinal centres) and by nonspecific inflammation and thickening,
826:
The economic burden of trachoma is huge, particularly with regard to covering treatment costs and productivity losses as a result of increased visual impairment, and in some cases, permanent blindness. The global estimated cost of trachoma is reported between $ US2.9 and 5.3 billion each year. By
209:
Globally, about 80 million people have an active infection. In some areas, infections may be present in as many as 60–90% of children. Among adults, it more commonly affects women than men – likely due to their closer contact with children. The disease is the cause of decreased vision in 2.2
189:
The bacteria that cause the disease can be spread by both direct and indirect contact with an affected person's eyes or nose. Indirect contact includes through clothing or flies that have come into contact with an affected person's eyes or nose. Children spread the disease more often than adults.
354:
Blinding endemic trachoma occurs in areas with poor personal and family hygiene. Many factors are indirectly linked to the presence of trachoma including lack of water, absence of latrines or toilets, poverty in general, flies, close proximity to cattle, and crowding. The final common pathway,
197:
to decrease the number of people infected with the bacterium. This may include treating, all at once, whole groups of people in whom the disease is known to be common. Washing, by itself, is not enough to prevent disease, but may be useful with other measures. Treatment options include oral
472:. These changes pose numerous challenges for implementation. These environmental changes are likely to ultimately affect the transmission of ocular infection by means of lack of facial cleanliness. Particular attention is required for environmental factors that limit clean faces.
775:
This potentially blinding disease remains endemic in the poorest regions of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East and in some parts of Latin
America and Australia. Currently, 8 million people are visually impaired as a result of trachoma, and 41 million have an active infection.
351:(the inward turning of the eyelids), which may result in blindness due to damage to the cornea. Children are the most susceptible to infection due to their tendency to get dirty easily, but the blinding effects or more severe symptoms are often not felt until adulthood.
779:
Of the 54 countries that the WHO cited as still having blinding trachoma occurring, Australia is the only developed country—Australian
Aboriginal people who live in remote communities with inadequate sanitation are still blinded by this infectious eye disease.
347:(inanimate objects that carry infectious agents), such as towels and/or washcloths, that have had similar contact with these secretions. Flies can also be a route of mechanical transmission. Untreated, repeated trachoma infections result in
740:
sawmill industries (prolonged exposure to combinations of sweat and sawdust often led to the disease). In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, trachoma was the main reason for an immigrant coming through Ellis Island to be deported."
715:
Its presence was also recorded in ancient China and
Mesopotamia. Trachoma became a problem as people moved into crowded settlements or towns where hygiene was poor. It became a particular problem in Europe in the 19th century. After the
543:
Children with visible nasal discharge, discharge from the eyes, or flies on their faces are at least twice as likely to have active trachoma as children with clean faces. Intensive community-based health education programs to promote
210:
million people, of whom 1.2 million are completely blind. Trachoma is a public health problem in 42 countries across Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and
Central and South America. There are 136.9 million people at risk. It results in
686:
As of 2011, about 21 million people are actively affected by trachoma, with around 2.2 million people being permanently blind or have severe visual impairment from trachoma. An additional 7.3 million people are reported to have
505:(1% eye ointment twice a day for six weeks). Azithromycin is preferred because it is used as a single oral dose. Although it is expensive, it is generally used as part of the international donation program organized by
549:
severe trachoma compared to topical tetracycline alone. The same trial found no statistical benefit of eye washing alone or in combination with tetracycline eye drops in reducing follicular trachoma amongst children.
355:
though, seems to be the presence of dirty faces in children, facilitating the frequent exchange of infected ocular discharge from one child's face to another. Most transmission of trachoma occurs within the family.
1285:
2637:
2622:
206:. Azithromycin is preferred because it can be used as a single oral dose. After scarring of the eyelid has occurred, surgery may be required to correct the position of the eyelashes and prevent blindness.
246:". Blinding endemic trachoma results from multiple episodes of reinfection that maintains the intense inflammation in the conjunctiva. Without reinfection, the inflammation gradually subsides.
2910:
468:
Environmental improvement: Modifications in water use, fly control, latrine use, health education, and proximity to domesticated animals have all been proposed to reduce transmission of
285:
Most commonly, children with active trachoma do not present with symptoms, as the low-grade irritation and ocular discharge is just accepted as normal, but further symptoms may include:
428:
Trachomatous inflammation, intense (TI)—Papillary hypertrophy and inflammatory thickening of the upper tarsal conjunctiva obscuring more than half the deep tarsal vessels
4900:
2903:
1798:
Reacher M, Foster A, Huber J. "Trichiasis
Surgery for Trachoma. The Bilamellar Tarsal Rotation Procedure." 1993; World Health Organization, Geneva: WHO/PBL/93.29.
2589:
5326:
1383:
Mackern-Oberti JP, Motrich RN, Breser MA, Sánchez LR, Cuffini C, Rivero VE (2013). "Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the male genital tract: An update".
258:(limbal follicles). Active trachoma can often be irritating and have a watery discharge. Bacterial secondary infection may occur and cause a discharge of
2896:
2309:"Removing The Blinding Curse Of The Mountains: How Dr. McMullen, Of The Public Health Service Is Organizing The War Against Trachoma In The Appalachians"
743:
In 1913, President Woodrow Wilson signed an act designating funds for the eradication of the disease. Immigrants who attempted to enter the U.S. through
5175:
2513:
5144:
1908:
485:
reassessed. Annual treatment should continue until the prevalence drops below 5%. At lower prevalences, antibiotic treatment should be family-based.
4338:
875:
1782:
4893:
3735:
2931:
2748:
5248:
4407:
4333:
2450:
422:
The World Health Organization recommends a simplified grading system for trachoma. The Simplified WHO Grading System is summarized below:
278:). In addition, blood vessels and scar tissue can invade the upper cornea (pannus). Resolved limbal follicles may leave small gaps in the
861:
4886:
2567:
2255:
2065:
2580:
2120:
2383:
2094:
5159:
3347:
940:
5115:
4355:
4350:
4175:
76:
1643:"Preventive chemotherapy: tools for improving the quality of reported data and information: a field manual for implementation"
1269:
5185:
4215:
827:
including the cost for trichiasis treatment, the estimated overall cost for the disease increases to about $ US 8 billion.
1983:
5149:
4328:
434:
Trachomatous trichiasis (TT)—At least one ingrown eyelash touching the globe, or evidence of epilation (eyelash removal)
231:
1669:"How much is not enough? A community randomized trial of a Water and Health Education programme for Trachoma and Ocular
4909:
4323:
4210:
3777:
2146:
1440:
772:
747:, New York, had to be checked for trachoma. During this time, treatment for the disease was by topical application of
4078:
3938:
2741:
855:
425:
Trachomatous inflammation, follicular (TF)—Five or more follicles of >0.5 mm on the upper tarsal conjunctiva
238:
The bacterium has an incubation period of 5 to 10 days, after which the affected individual experiences symptoms of
5268:
4043:
2888:
767:) was entrusted with the supervision of a campaign in Malta to treat trachoma using sulfonamide tablets and drops.
712:
The disease is one of the earliest known eye afflictions, having been identified in Egypt as early as 15 BCE.
5180:
5154:
4618:
4136:
4048:
2400:
325:, which is caused by intense rubbing of the affected eye, or trichiasis with a superimposed bacterial infection.
1457:
4038:
3767:
1593:"Effect of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene on the Prevention of Trachoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
5008:
476:
active trachoma when implemented. Improved water supply did not result in a reduction of trachoma incidence.
5321:
4959:
4131:
4022:
3888:
3063:
1200:
588:
226:
5263:
3087:
50:
4529:
4220:
4205:
3304:
2979:
2734:
1859:"A randomised controlled trial of azithromycin following surgery for trachomatous trichiasis in the Gambia"
2182:
3417:
3375:
3340:
2813:
215:
190:
Poor sanitation, crowded living conditions, and not enough clean water and toilets also increase spread.
5013:
1775:
5316:
4345:
4141:
4115:
4073:
4068:
3933:
3806:
3794:
3750:
783:
India's Health and Family Welfare Minister JP Nadda declared India free of infective trachoma in 2017.
457:
452:
in the 20th century (Australia being a notable exception), this disease persists in many parts of the
5243:
5093:
4524:
4412:
4318:
4165:
4010:
3811:
3757:
3295:
3276:
3242:
2098:
1173:
973:
Evans JR, Solomon AW, Kumar R, Perez Á, Singh BP, Srivastava RM, Harding-Esch E (26 September 2019).
22:
1905:
1337:
1310:
5275:
5195:
5050:
4063:
4034:
3658:
3623:
3249:
3198:
2652:
844:
Swanner Yann A. Meunier; with contributions from Michael Hole, Takudzwa Shumba & B.J. (2014).
456:, particularly in communities without adequate access to water and sanitation. It is grouped as a
5258:
5028:
4936:
4534:
4288:
4088:
3608:
3601:
3288:
2831:
275:
1667:
Abdou A, Baarè I, Kadri B, Moussa F, Munoz BE, Nassirou B, Opong E, Riverson J, West SK (2009).
4979:
4803:
4773:
4708:
4703:
4430:
3708:
3573:
3333:
3281:
3122:
2923:
2851:
2571:
2414:
2399:
Gupta, UC and Preobragenski, W (1964), Trachoma in India—Endemicity and Epidemiological study,
756:
290:
182:. Untreated, repeated trachoma infections can result in a form of permanent blindness when the
2692:
2308:
845:
339:, serotypes (serovars) A, B, and C. It is spread by direct contact with eye, nose, and throat
5311:
4746:
4422:
3256:
3187:
2252:
335:
162:
97:
5045:
4390:
2069:
1165:
5055:
4519:
4105:
4100:
4058:
3873:
3789:
3235:
3228:
3178:
3058:
3026:
2124:
211:
193:
Efforts to prevent the disease include improving access to clean water and treatment with
8:
4989:
4824:
4698:
4498:
4381:
4373:
4161:
4125:
4110:
3965:
3745:
3525:
3004:
2919:
2765:
2757:
2641:
2380:
4454:
2430:
1642:
5306:
4435:
4185:
4093:
4017:
3970:
3782:
3718:
3703:
3563:
3512:
3166:
2992:
2969:
2495:
2442:
2358:
2341:
2230:
2213:
2187:
2039:
2014:
1962:
1883:
1858:
1834:
1809:
1751:
1726:
1697:
1668:
1619:
1592:
1568:
1551:
1532:
1101:
1076:
1007:
974:
932:
869:
764:
576:, as the disease and its long-term effects are passed from one generation to the next.
267:
167:
83:
2482:
2465:
2285:
2147:"Global strategy lays out concrete action plan to eliminate blinding trachoma by 2020"
1942:
1520:
1478:
1222:
1195:
584:
5207:
4969:
4878:
4778:
4675:
4440:
4300:
4083:
3740:
3646:
3156:
2663:
2499:
2487:
2434:
2363:
2289:
2235:
2044:
1966:
1954:
1946:
1888:
1839:
1756:
1702:
1688:
1624:
1573:
1536:
1524:
1482:
1436:
1410:
1365:
1357:
1265:
1227:
1144:
1106:
1052:
1012:
994:
851:
717:
71:
2918:
2646:
2446:
5213:
5110:
4566:
4556:
4402:
4377:
4310:
4276:
4195:
3826:
3816:
3713:
3568:
3455:
3445:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3048:
3043:
3032:
2803:
2477:
2426:
2353:
2281:
2225:
2034:
2026:
1938:
1878:
1870:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1692:
1684:
1614:
1604:
1563:
1516:
1474:
1400:
1392:
1349:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1136:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1044:
1002:
990:
986:
573:
558:
453:
2703:
2272:
Allen SK, Semba RD (2002). "The trachoma menace in the United States, 1897–1960".
2253:
Disease Listing, Trachoma, Technical Information | CDC Bacterial, Mycotic Diseases
2015:"Contribution of Sex-linked Biology and Gender Roles to Disparities with Trachoma"
174:. This roughening can lead to pain in the eyes, breakdown of the outer surface or
5023:
4633:
4597:
4561:
4180:
4005:
3992:
3926:
3883:
3801:
3613:
3545:
3465:
3450:
3313:
2997:
2949:
2877:
2836:
2657:
2387:
2313:
2259:
1912:
1609:
1353:
752:
721:
449:
437:
250:
often associated with papillae. Follicles may also appear at the junction of the
1991:
214:
8 billion of economic losses a year. It belongs to a group of diseases known as
5220:
4955:
4863:
4715:
4660:
4503:
4271:
4200:
3982:
3952:
3898:
3852:
3723:
3596:
3530:
3520:
3309:
3267:
3102:
2927:
2846:
2841:
2826:
2668:
1127:
Mariotti SP (November 2004). "New steps toward eliminating blinding trachoma".
1048:
760:
748:
271:
239:
16:
Infectious disease that causes a roughening of the inner surface of the eyelids
5035:
1396:
539:
Environmental change to increase access to clean water and improved sanitation
5300:
4783:
4638:
4578:
4295:
4243:
4190:
4120:
4029:
3916:
3893:
3821:
3730:
3535:
3440:
3127:
2940:
1950:
1361:
998:
801:
562:
344:
322:
3325:
2631:
2150:
1874:
1262:
Trachoma: A Blinding Scourge from the Bronze Age to the Twenty-first Century
1035:
Fenwick A (March 2012). "The global burden of neglected tropical diseases".
518:
is beneficial as the rate of recurrence is higher in more advanced disease.
4648:
4476:
3857:
3772:
3680:
3558:
3553:
3498:
3493:
3219:
3038:
2872:
2783:
2538:
2491:
2438:
2367:
2293:
2121:"WHO | Blinding trachoma: Progress towards global elimination by 2020"
2048:
2030:
1958:
1892:
1843:
1760:
1706:
1628:
1528:
1486:
1414:
1369:
1231:
1148:
1110:
1056:
1016:
847:
Tropical diseases: a practical guide for medical practitioners and students
744:
545:
502:
498:
368:
McCallan in 1908 divided the clinical course of trachoma into four stages:
203:
199:
141:
137:
2239:
2095:"Ghana eliminates trachoma, freeing millions from suffering and blindness"
1577:
5280:
5200:
4847:
4798:
4741:
4736:
4693:
4671:
4582:
4573:
4493:
4471:
4283:
4255:
4053:
3921:
3762:
3583:
3460:
3412:
3359:
3171:
3146:
2687:
2149:. International Coalition for Trachoma Control. July 2011. Archived from
1926:
729:
305:
171:
106:
2543:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
1140:
561:, the symptoms may escalate and cause blindness, which is the result of
5089:
4768:
4731:
4655:
4643:
4587:
4548:
4369:
4259:
3618:
3483:
3112:
2714:
2709:
1465:
1405:
688:
431:
Trachomatous scarring (TS)—Presence of scarring in tarsal conjunctiva.
340:
298:
194:
132:
63:
2726:
2614:
1552:"A simple system for the assessment of trachoma and its complications"
4819:
4793:
4667:
4613:
4601:
4486:
4481:
4466:
4462:
4000:
3698:
3675:
3488:
3435:
3430:
3407:
3193:
2959:
2793:
2698:
1727:"Environmental sanitary interventions for preventing active trachoma"
812:
805:
792:
348:
183:
179:
59:
2381:
Ophthalmology in Malta, C. Savona Ventura, University of Malta, 2003
2342:"The Treatment of Trachoma with Sulfanilamide: A Report of 28 Cases"
5285:
5253:
4932:
4623:
4157:
3960:
3591:
3016:
2975:
2798:
2773:
1435:(24th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. pp. e326-2.
243:
2068:. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2008. Archived from
1382:
5060:
5018:
4975:
4685:
4628:
4170:
3977:
3908:
3878:
3868:
3475:
2821:
2788:
2778:
266:
and scarring and then to blindness. Linear scars present in the
4788:
3690:
3667:
3387:
2626:
2594:
725:
566:
506:
279:
255:
251:
175:
44:
Granular conjunctivitis, blinding trachoma, Egyptian ophthalmia
4965:
4760:
2214:"Medical inspection of immigrants at Ellis Island, 1891–1924"
1550:
Thylefors B, Dawson CR, Jones BR, West SK, Taylor HR (1987).
111:
Crowded living conditions, not enough clean water and toilets
2066:"Eye health in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people"
569:. Surgery may also be necessary to fix eyelid deformities.
4985:
3840:
3402:
2984:
1857:
Burton MJ, Kinteh F, Jallow O, et al. (October 2005).
733:
2599:
1773:
1286:"Trachoma - including symptoms, treatment and prevention"
1193:
1074:
533:
Antibiotics to treat active infection, using azithromycin
259:
2183:"Now in Sight: Success Against an Infection That Blinds"
1549:
1507:
Wright HR, Turner A, Taylor HR (June 2008). "Trachoma".
234:
physicians examining new immigrants for trachoma in 1910
1724:
1077:"Face washing promotion for preventing active trachoma"
440:(CO)—Corneal opacity blurring part of the pupil margin
4908:
1924:
1774:
Solomon AW, Zondervan M, Kuper H, et al. (2006).
972:
2514:"India now free of infective trachoma, says JP Nadda"
2346:
Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society
1666:
1338:"Herbert Herbert: His Corneal Pits and Scleral Slits"
1075:
Ejere HO, Alhassan, MB, Rabiu, M (20 February 2015).
850:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, USA. p. 199.
321:
The most important complication to look out for is a
2604:
2060:
2058:
1807:
4389:
1194:Foster A, Mabey DC, Peeling RW, Solomon AW (2004).
572:Without intervention, trachoma keeps families in a
2466:"Trachoma elimination targets missed in Australia"
1856:
1776:"Trachoma control: a guide for programme managers"
1506:
1455:
1376:
591:for trachoma per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004
448:Although trachoma was eliminated from much of the
5145:London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases
4334:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)
2055:
1725:Rabiu M, Alhassan MB, Ejere HO, Evans JR (2012).
536:Facial cleanliness to reduce disease transmission
530:Surgery to correct advanced stages of the disease
5298:
2581:"Preventable Disease Blinds Poor in Third World"
501:(single oral dose of 20 mg/kg) or topical
460:which is a target for preventive chemotherapy.
2012:
1122:
1120:
4894:
3355:
3341:
2904:
2742:
1978:
1976:
391:Appearance of mature follicle & papillae
160:is an infectious disease caused by bacterium
5327:Infectious diseases with eradication efforts
4408:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
2218:Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine
1808:Burton M, Habtamu E, Ho D, Gower EW (2015).
1259:
874:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
526:The WHO-recommended SAFE strategy includes:
363:
317:Further ear, nose, and throat complications.
3736:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
3395:
1311:"Trachoma diseases: Prevention and Control"
1126:
1117:
1070:
1068:
1066:
979:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
795:
755:reported success in treating trachoma with
343:from affected individuals, or contact with
4901:
4887:
3348:
3334:
2911:
2897:
2749:
2735:
2339:
2271:
1973:
1801:
1677:Tropical Medicine and International Health
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
49:
3110:
2481:
2357:
2229:
2038:
1882:
1833:
1750:
1696:
1618:
1608:
1567:
1556:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
1404:
1221:
1100:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1006:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
463:
411:Sequelae to cicatrisation cause symptoms
3154:
2089:
2087:
1929:, Wright H (December 2014). "Trachoma".
1720:
1718:
1716:
1426:
1424:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1160:
1158:
1063:
955:
583:
408:Scars are easily visible as white bands
225:
5160:Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance
2756:
2463:
2314:The World's Work: A History of Our Time
1814:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1810:"Interventions for trachoma trichiasis"
1731:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1635:
1456:Mabey DC, Solomon AW, Foster A (2003).
1430:
1081:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1034:
843:
5299:
2412:
2207:
2205:
2180:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
1590:
1335:
1196:"Diagnosis and Assessment of Trachoma"
1023:
882:
864:from the original on 8 September 2017.
4882:
4845:
4241:
3644:
3373:
3329:
2892:
2730:
2453:from the original on 2 December 2013.
2306:
2084:
1713:
1421:
1264:. Centre for Eye Research Australia.
1238:
1155:
521:
417:
221:
5186:National Malaria Eradication Program
4216:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
933:"Blinding Trachoma Fact sheet N°382"
773:Indian Council for Medical Research.
593:
397:Disease is cured or is not markable
388:Hyperaemia of palpebral conjunctiva
5150:Global Polio Eradication Initiative
4339:non-arteritic anterior (NAION)
4176:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
2431:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143622.x
2211:
2202:
2165:
119:Mass treatment, improved sanitation
13:
4910:Eradication of infectious diseases
4211:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
2403:, Volume 12, issue 2, pages 39–49.
1788:from the original on 12 July 2008.
1385:Journal of Reproductive Immunology
943:from the original on 14 March 2014
394:Scarring of palpebral conjunctiva
14:
5338:
5249:Mathematical modelling of disease
5040:
3939:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
2600:International Trachoma Initiative
2579:Celia W. Dugger (31 March 2006),
2561:
751:. By the late 1930s, a number of
5116:Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
4044:Central retinal artery occlusion
2590:Photographs of trachoma patients
1925:Taylor HR, Burton MJ, Haddad D,
1863:British Journal of Ophthalmology
1689:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02429.x
493:
5181:Boll Weevil Eradication Program
5155:Global Certification Commission
4049:Branch retinal artery occlusion
3778:Terrien's marginal degeneration
2531:
2506:
2457:
2406:
2401:Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
2393:
2374:
2333:
2300:
2265:
2246:
2139:
2123:. 10 April 2006. Archived from
2113:
2006:
1918:
1899:
1850:
1792:
1767:
1660:
1584:
1543:
1500:
1449:
1329:
1303:
1278:
1129:New England Journal of Medicine
579:
565:and consequent scarring of the
380:Stage 3 (cicatrising trachoma)
377:Stage 2 (established trachoma)
4846:
4079:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
4039:Central retinal vein occlusion
3768:Pellucid marginal degeneration
2013:Courtright P, West SK (2004).
1826:10.1002/14651858.CD004008.pub3
1743:10.1002/14651858.CD004003.PUB4
1214:10.1128/CMR.17.4.982-1011.2004
1187:
1093:10.1002/14651858.CD003659.pub4
991:10.1002/14651858.CD001860.pub4
837:
694:
479:
1:
4960:Eradication of dracunculiasis
4132:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
4023:Posterior vitreous detachment
3889:Persistent pupillary membrane
2483:10.1016/S2666-5247(22)00294-4
2464:Barksby R (1 December 2022).
2286:10.1016/S0039-6257(02)00340-5
2181:McNeil DG Jr (16 July 2018).
1943:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62182-0
1781:. World Health Organization.
1521:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60836-3
1479:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13914-1
1201:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
830:
763:(who was later to become the
589:Disability-adjusted life year
557:If not treated properly with
488:
443:
374:Stage 1 (incipient trachoma)
4619:Leber's congenital amaurosis
4530:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
4242:
4221:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
4206:Persistent fetal vasculature
4137:Leber's congenital amaurosis
3305:Streptobacillus moniliformis
2419:Medical Journal of Australia
2019:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1915:18 July 2008 – 24 March 2009
1610:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001605
1354:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.11.018
821:
813:
806:
786:
552:
358:
311:Sensitivity to bright lights
242:, or irritation similar to "
172:inner surface of the eyelids
7:
3418:Meibomian gland dysfunction
3064:Louse borne relapsing fever
1984:"Epidemiological situation"
405:Progressive corneal pannus
216:neglected tropical diseases
10:
5343:
4142:Birdshot chorioretinopathy
4116:Central serous retinopathy
3934:Focal choroidal excavation
3807:Corneal neovascularization
3624:Subconjunctival hemorrhage
3374:
3088:Tick borne relapsing fever
1049:10.1016/j.puhe.2011.11.015
975:"Antibiotics for trachoma"
707:
512:
458:neglected tropical disease
383:Stage 4 (healed trachoma)
178:of the eyes, and eventual
20:
5244:Globalization and disease
5236:
5168:
5137:
5128:
5103:
5094:Eradication of rinderpest
5082:
5073:
4999:
4946:
4925:
4916:
4854:
4841:
4812:
4759:
4724:
4684:
4609:
4596:
4547:
4525:Convergence insufficiency
4512:
4453:
4421:
4398:
4368:
4309:
4267:
4254:
4250:
4237:
4166:Primary juvenile glaucoma
4150:
4011:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
3991:
3951:
3907:
3848:
3839:
3689:
3666:
3657:
3653:
3645:
3640:
3582:
3544:
3511:
3474:
3426:
3386:
3382:
3369:
3360:Diseases of the human eye
3296:Fusobacterium polymorphum
3277:Fusobacterium necrophorum
3266:
3243:Capnocytophaga canimorsus
3218:
3145:
3101:
3014:
2957:
2948:
2939:
2865:
2832:African sleeping sickness
2812:
2764:
2678:
2608:
2099:World Health Organization
1988:World Health Organization
1397:10.1016/j.jri.2013.05.002
1174:World Health Organization
937:World Health Organization
791:The term is derived from
364:McCallan's classification
166:. The infection causes a
147:
131:
123:
115:
105:
92:
82:
70:
57:
48:
40:
35:
23:Trachoma (disambiguation)
5276:Tuberculosis elimination
5196:India National PolioPlus
4035:Ocular ischemic syndrome
3250:Porphyromonas gingivalis
3199:Lymphogranuloma venereum
2307:Leupp CD (August 1914).
1433:Goldman's Cecil Medicine
1336:Feibel RM (1 May 2014).
328:
4937:Eradication of smallpox
4535:One and a half syndrome
4289:Foster Kennedy syndrome
3289:Fusobacterium nucleatum
2878:Priority review voucher
2415:"Trachoma in Australia"
2274:Survey of Ophthalmology
1875:10.1136/bjo.2004.062489
276:Carl Ferdinand von Arlt
66:resulting from trachoma
4980:Eradication of malaria
4774:Argyll Robertson pupil
3574:Periorbital cellulitis
3123:Leptospira interrogans
2518:The New Indian Express
2031:10.3201/eid1011.040353
1290:South Australia Health
796:
759:antibiotics. In 1948,
683:
464:Environmental measures
333:Trachoma is caused by
301:(misaligned eyelashes)
235:
5076:agricultural diseases
4747:Scintillating scotoma
4413:Kearns–Sayre syndrome
4356:Toxic and nutritional
4329:posterior (PION)
3812:Kayser–Fleischer ring
3257:Prevotella intermedia
3188:Chlamydia trachomatis
1260:Taylor, Hugh (2008).
587:
336:Chlamydia trachomatis
232:Public Health Service
229:
163:Chlamydia trachomatis
101:spread between people
98:Chlamydia trachomatis
5322:Chlamydia infections
5014:Lymphatic filariasis
4520:Conjugate gaze palsy
4391:Paralytic strabismus
4324:anterior (AION)
4106:Retinitis pigmentosa
4101:Macular degeneration
3874:Intermediate uveitis
3790:Keratoconjunctivitis
3236:Tannerella forsythia
3229:Bacteroides fragilis
3179:Chlamydia pneumoniae
3059:Borrelia recurrentis
3027:Borrelia burgdorferi
1994:on 19 September 2015
720:(1798–1802) and the
314:Increased heart rate
308:in front of the ears
127:Medications, surgery
21:For other uses, see
4990:Eradication of yaws
4825:Childhood blindness
4804:Parinaud's syndrome
4374:Extraocular muscles
4162:Ocular hypertension
4126:Epiretinal membrane
4111:Retinal haemorrhage
3966:Congenital cataract
3282:Lemierre's syndrome
3005:Treponema denticola
2766:Diseases of poverty
2758:Diseases of poverty
2545:. TheFreeDictionary
2340:Thygeson P (1939).
2212:Yew E (June 1980).
1937:(9960): 2142–2152.
1906:Prevention-Trachoma
1673:infection in Niger"
1141:10.1056/NEJMe048205
184:eyelids turn inward
88:Eye pain, blindness
58:Surgical repair of
4351:Leber's hereditary
4018:Retinal detachment
3971:Childhood cataract
3783:Post-LASIK ectasia
3564:Orbital cellulitis
3513:Lacrimal apparatus
3167:Chlamydia psittaci
2993:Treponema carateum
2970:Treponema pallidum
2920:Bacterial diseases
2814:Neglected diseases
2799:Diarrheal diseases
2679:External resources
2585:The New York Times
2470:The Lancet Microbe
2413:Taylor HR (2001).
2386:2007-07-01 at the
2258:2006-04-18 at the
2188:The New York Times
2153:on 8 November 2014
2072:on 28 October 2012
1911:2009-05-15 at the
1591:Stocks ME (2014).
1431:Goldman L (2011).
765:President of Malta
684:
522:Lifestyle measures
418:WHO classification
402:Immature follicle
282:(Herbert's pits).
268:sulcus subtarsalis
236:
222:Signs and symptoms
77:Infectious disease
5317:Tropical diseases
5294:
5293:
5232:
5231:
5208:Polio in Pakistan
5124:
5123:
5069:
5068:
4970:Polio eradication
4876:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4837:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4779:Marcus Gunn pupil
4755:
4754:
4676:Visual impairment
4543:
4542:
4449:
4448:
4436:Fourth-nerve (IV)
4364:
4363:
4301:Optic disc drusen
4233:
4232:
4229:
4228:
3947:
3946:
3835:
3834:
3741:Corneal dystrophy
3636:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3507:
3506:
3323:
3322:
3214:
3213:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3097:
3096:
2886:
2885:
2724:
2723:
2025:(11): 2012–2016.
1515:(9628): 1945–54.
1271:978-0-9757695-9-1
939:. November 2013.
718:Egyptian Campaign
681:
680:
415:
414:
155:
154:
30:Medical condition
5334:
5214:Every Last Child
5135:
5134:
5111:Ovine rinderpest
5080:
5079:
4923:
4922:
4903:
4896:
4889:
4880:
4879:
4843:
4842:
4607:
4606:
4598:Vision disorders
4557:Refractive error
4499:Brown's syndrome
4455:Other strabismus
4441:Sixth-nerve (VI)
4431:Oculomotor (III)
4403:Ophthalmoparesis
4396:
4395:
4387:
4386:
4378:Binocular vision
4311:Optic neuropathy
4277:optic papillitis
4265:
4264:
4252:
4251:
4239:
4238:
4128:(Macular pucker)
3846:
3845:
3827:Band keratopathy
3664:
3663:
3655:
3654:
3642:
3641:
3569:Orbital lymphoma
3456:Blepharophimosis
3446:Blepharochalasis
3393:
3392:
3384:
3383:
3371:
3370:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3327:
3326:
3152:
3151:
3108:
3107:
3083:Borrelia parkeri
3077:Borrelia duttoni
3071:Borrelia hermsii
3049:Neuroborreliosis
3044:Erythema migrans
3033:Borrelia afzelii
2955:
2954:
2946:
2945:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2890:
2889:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2728:
2727:
2606:
2605:
2568:CDC Disease Info
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2485:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2410:
2404:
2397:
2391:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2361:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2269:
2263:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2233:
2209:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2178:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2091:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2042:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1990:. Archived from
1980:
1971:
1970:
1922:
1916:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1886:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1837:
1820:(11): CD004008.
1805:
1799:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1780:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1754:
1722:
1711:
1710:
1700:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1622:
1612:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1571:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1462:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1428:
1419:
1418:
1408:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1348:(5): 1142–1148.
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1257:
1236:
1235:
1225:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1162:
1153:
1152:
1124:
1115:
1114:
1104:
1072:
1061:
1060:
1032:
1021:
1020:
1010:
970:
953:
952:
950:
948:
929:
880:
879:
873:
865:
841:
816:
809:
799:
753:ophthalmologists
674:
668:
662:
656:
650:
644:
636:
630:
624:
618:
612:
606:
600:
594:
574:cycle of poverty
559:oral antibiotics
454:developing world
371:
370:
60:in-turned eyelid
53:
33:
32:
5342:
5341:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5290:
5228:
5164:
5130:
5120:
5099:
5075:
5065:
5001:
4995:
4948:
4942:
4918:
4912:
4907:
4877:
4868:
4850:
4829:
4808:
4751:
4720:
4680:
4634:Color blindness
4600:
4592:
4539:
4513:Other binocular
4508:
4445:
4417:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4360:
4305:
4258:
4246:
4225:
4181:Ocular hypotony
4146:
4006:Chorioretinitis
3987:
3943:
3927:Chorioretinitis
3903:
3884:Rubeosis iridis
3862:
3831:
3802:Corneal opacity
3758:Corneal ectasia
3685:
3649:
3628:
3614:Pseudopterygium
3578:
3540:
3503:
3470:
3466:Ankyloblepharon
3422:
3378:
3365:
3364:
3354:
3324:
3319:
3314:Haverhill fever
3262:
3210:
3133:
3093:
3010:
2950:Spirochaetaceae
2935:
2917:
2887:
2882:
2861:
2847:River blindness
2837:Schistosomiasis
2808:
2760:
2755:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2674:
2673:
2617:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2520:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2462:
2458:
2411:
2407:
2398:
2394:
2388:Wayback Machine
2379:
2375:
2338:
2334:
2324:
2322:
2305:
2301:
2270:
2266:
2260:Wayback Machine
2251:
2247:
2210:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2179:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2102:
2093:
2092:
2085:
2075:
2073:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1923:
1919:
1913:Wayback Machine
1904:
1900:
1855:
1851:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1737:(2): CD004003.
1723:
1714:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1649:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1603:(2): e1001605.
1589:
1585:
1548:
1544:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1429:
1422:
1381:
1377:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1318:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1294:
1292:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1258:
1239:
1208:(4): 982–1011.
1192:
1188:
1178:
1176:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1125:
1118:
1087:(2): CD003659.
1073:
1064:
1033:
1024:
985:(9): CD001860.
971:
956:
946:
944:
931:
930:
883:
867:
866:
858:
842:
838:
833:
824:
789:
722:Napoleonic Wars
710:
697:
682:
676:
672:
670:
666:
664:
660:
658:
654:
652:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
632:
628:
626:
622:
620:
616:
614:
610:
608:
604:
602:
598:
582:
555:
524:
515:
496:
491:
482:
466:
450:developed world
446:
438:Corneal opacity
420:
366:
361:
331:
295:Swollen eyelids
224:
31:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5340:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5266:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5240:
5238:
5237:Related topics
5234:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5221:The Final Inch
5217:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5198:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5183:
5172:
5170:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5141:
5139:
5132:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5107:
5105:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5086:
5084:
5077:
5074:Eradication of
5071:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5046:Onchocerciasis
5043:
5038:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5016:
5011:
5005:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4983:
4973:
4963:
4956:Dracunculiasis
4952:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4929:
4927:
4920:
4919:human diseases
4917:Eradication of
4914:
4913:
4906:
4905:
4898:
4891:
4883:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4864:Onchocerciasis
4861:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4839:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4816:
4814:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4765:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4716:Quadrantanopia
4713:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4690:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4661:Oguchi disease
4653:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4610:
4604:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4576:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4553:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4504:Duane syndrome
4501:
4496:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4474:
4469:
4459:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4427:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4399:
4393:
4384:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4315:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4272:Optic neuritis
4268:
4262:
4248:
4247:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4201:Phthisis bulbi
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4084:Coats' disease
4081:
4076:
4074:of prematurity
4071:
4066:
4061:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4032:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4008:
3997:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3983:Ectopia lentis
3980:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3957:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3919:
3913:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3849:
3843:
3841:Vascular tunic
3837:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3724:Photokeratitis
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3695:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3672:
3670:
3661:
3651:
3650:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3597:Conjunctivitis
3594:
3588:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3550:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3531:Dacryocystitis
3528:
3523:
3521:Dacryoadenitis
3517:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3399:
3397:
3390:
3380:
3379:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3330:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3310:Rat-bite fever
3300:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3272:
3270:
3268:Fusobacteriota
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3224:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3162:
3160:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3118:
3116:
3105:
3103:Leptospiraceae
3099:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3067:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3022:
3020:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3001:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2965:
2963:
2952:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2928:proteobacteria
2916:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2893:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2842:Dracunculiasis
2839:
2834:
2829:
2827:Chagas disease
2824:
2818:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2754:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2731:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2706:
2695:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2660:
2649:
2634:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:Classification
2603:
2602:
2597:
2595:Trachoma Atlas
2592:
2587:
2576:
2575:
2563:
2562:External links
2560:
2557:
2556:
2530:
2505:
2456:
2425:(7): 371–372.
2405:
2392:
2373:
2332:
2299:
2264:
2245:
2224:(5): 488–510.
2201:
2164:
2138:
2127:on 8 July 2015
2112:
2101:. 13 June 2018
2083:
2054:
2005:
1972:
1917:
1898:
1869:(10): 1282–8.
1849:
1800:
1791:
1766:
1712:
1671:C. trachomatis
1659:
1634:
1583:
1542:
1499:
1448:
1442:978-1437727883
1441:
1420:
1375:
1328:
1315:Heart Diseases
1302:
1277:
1270:
1237:
1186:
1154:
1135:(19): 2004–7.
1116:
1062:
1022:
954:
881:
856:
835:
834:
832:
829:
823:
820:
810:, from τραχύς
788:
785:
761:Vincent Tabone
749:copper sulfate
709:
706:
696:
693:
679:
678:
671:
665:
659:
653:
647:
641:
639:
633:
627:
621:
615:
609:
603:
597:
592:
581:
578:
554:
551:
541:
540:
537:
534:
531:
523:
520:
514:
511:
495:
492:
490:
487:
481:
478:
470:C. trachomatis
465:
462:
445:
442:
419:
416:
413:
412:
409:
406:
403:
399:
398:
395:
392:
389:
385:
384:
381:
378:
375:
365:
362:
360:
357:
330:
327:
319:
318:
315:
312:
309:
302:
296:
293:
240:conjunctivitis
223:
220:
153:
152:
149:
145:
144:
135:
129:
128:
125:
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
109:
103:
102:
94:
90:
89:
86:
80:
79:
74:
68:
67:
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5339:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5176:United States
5174:
5173:
5171:
5167:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5133:
5127:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5095:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5078:
5072:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5004:
4998:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4945:
4938:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4915:
4911:
4904:
4899:
4897:
4892:
4890:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4853:
4849:
4844:
4840:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4784:Adie syndrome
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4717:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4639:Achromatopsia
4637:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4579:Anisometropia
4577:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4382:Accommodation
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4296:Optic atrophy
4294:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4236:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4196:Keratomycosis
4194:
4192:
4191:Globe rupture
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4121:Macular edema
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4030:Retinoschisis
4028:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3917:Choroideremia
3915:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3894:Iridodialysis
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3822:Arcus senilis
3820:
3818:
3817:Haab's striae
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3731:Corneal ulcer
3729:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3709:acanthamoebic
3707:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3659:Fibrous tunic
3656:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3536:Xerophthalmia
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3441:Lagophthalmos
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3351:
3346:
3344:
3339:
3337:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3129:
3128:Leptospirosis
3125:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2941:Spirochaetota
2938:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2924:gram negative
2921:
2914:
2909:
2907:
2902:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:Miscellaneous
2864:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2852:Leishmaniasis
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2747:
2745:
2740:
2738:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2396:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2377:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2206:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2009:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1795:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1683:(1): 98–104.
1682:
1678:
1674:
1672:
1663:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1597:PLOS Medicine
1594:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1562:(4): 477–83.
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1473:(9379): 227.
1472:
1468:
1467:
1459:
1452:
1444:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1425:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:Ophthalmology
1339:
1332:
1317:. August 2021
1316:
1312:
1306:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1273:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1121:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:Public Health
1031:
1029:
1027:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
942:
938:
934:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
877:
871:
863:
859:
857:9780199997909
853:
849:
848:
840:
836:
828:
819:
817:
815:
808:
803:
798:
794:
784:
781:
777:
774:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
741:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
713:
705:
701:
692:
690:
669: 500–600
663: 400–500
657: 300–400
651: 200–300
645: 100–200
640:
601: no data
596:
595:
590:
586:
577:
575:
570:
568:
564:
560:
550:
547:
538:
535:
532:
529:
528:
527:
519:
510:
508:
504:
500:
486:
477:
473:
471:
461:
459:
455:
451:
441:
439:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
410:
407:
404:
401:
400:
396:
393:
390:
387:
386:
382:
379:
376:
373:
372:
369:
356:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
337:
326:
324:
323:corneal ulcer
316:
313:
310:
307:
303:
300:
297:
294:
292:
288:
287:
286:
283:
281:
277:
274:(named after
273:
269:
263:
261:
257:
253:
247:
245:
241:
233:
230:Ellis Island
228:
219:
217:
213:
207:
205:
201:
196:
191:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
164:
159:
150:
146:
143:
139:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
108:
104:
100:
99:
95:
91:
87:
85:
81:
78:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
28:
24:
19:
5312:Eye diseases
5259:Transmission
5219:
5212:
5029:epidemiology
4858:
4674: /
4670: /
4649:Monochromacy
4581: /
4477:Heterophoria
4465: /
4164: /
4160: /
4064:hypertensive
4037: /
3858:Ciliary body
3773:Keratoglobus
3681:Episcleritis
3559:Enophthalmos
3554:Exophthalmos
3499:Trichomegaly
3494:Distichiasis
3396:Inflammation
3303:
3294:
3287:
3275:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:Bacteroidota
3203:
3186:
3177:
3165:
3155:
3121:
3111:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3057:
3039:Lyme disease
3031:
3025:
3015:
3003:
2991:
2968:
2958:
2873:Malnutrition
2856:
2784:Tuberculosis
2708:
2697:
2686:
2662:
2651:
2636:
2621:
2584:
2570:
2547:. Retrieved
2542:
2539:"tra·cho·ma"
2533:
2521:. Retrieved
2517:
2508:
2476:(12): e903.
2473:
2469:
2459:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2395:
2376:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2323:. Retrieved
2321:(2): 426–430
2318:
2312:
2302:
2280:(5): 500–9.
2277:
2273:
2267:
2248:
2221:
2217:
2192:. Retrieved
2186:
2155:. Retrieved
2151:the original
2141:
2129:. Retrieved
2125:the original
2115:
2103:. Retrieved
2074:. Retrieved
2070:the original
2022:
2018:
2008:
1996:. Retrieved
1992:the original
1987:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1901:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1794:
1769:
1734:
1730:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1662:
1650:. Retrieved
1646:
1637:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1490:. Retrieved
1470:
1464:
1451:
1432:
1391:(1): 37–53.
1388:
1384:
1378:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1319:. Retrieved
1314:
1305:
1293:. Retrieved
1289:
1280:
1261:
1205:
1199:
1189:
1177:. Retrieved
1169:
1132:
1128:
1084:
1080:
1043:(3): 233–6.
1040:
1036:
982:
978:
945:. Retrieved
936:
846:
839:
825:
811:
790:
782:
778:
769:
745:Ellis Island
742:
738:
714:
711:
702:
698:
685:
637: 80–100
580:Epidemiology
571:
556:
546:face-washing
542:
525:
516:
503:tetracycline
499:Azithromycin
497:
483:
474:
469:
467:
447:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
367:
353:
334:
332:
320:
304:Swelling of
284:
272:Arlt's lines
264:
248:
237:
208:
204:tetracycline
202:and topical
200:azithromycin
192:
188:
161:
157:
156:
142:tetracycline
138:Azithromycin
107:Risk factors
96:
27:
18:
5281:Vaccination
5201:Pulse Polio
5129:Eradication
4799:Cycloplegia
4742:Photophobia
4737:Hemeralopia
4694:Hemianopsia
4672:Vision loss
4583:Aniseikonia
4574:Astigmatism
4494:Cyclotropia
4472:Hypertropia
4284:Papilledema
4256:Optic nerve
4089:Sickle cell
4069:Purtscher's
4054:Retinopathy
3922:Choroiditis
3763:Keratoconus
3584:Conjunctiva
3461:Xanthelasma
3413:Blepharitis
3172:Psittacosis
3147:Chlamydiota
2688:MedlinePlus
2523:21 December
2352:: 395–403.
2194:3 September
1647:www.who.int
1492:30 December
1406:11336/26316
1170:www.who.int
757:sulfonamide
730:Middle East
695:Elimination
631: 60–80
625: 40–60
619: 20–40
613: 10–20
494:Antibiotics
480:Antibiotics
306:lymph nodes
270:are called
195:antibiotics
41:Other names
5301:Categories
5264:horizontal
5090:Rinderpest
5083:Successful
5002:(regional)
4926:Successful
4848:Infections
4769:Anisocoria
4732:Asthenopia
4725:subjective
4709:homonymous
4704:bitemporal
4656:Nyctalopia
4644:Dichromacy
4588:Presbyopia
4549:Refraction
4370:Strabismus
4260:Optic disc
3619:Pinguecula
3484:Trichiasis
3113:Leptospira
2710:Patient UK
2664:DiseasesDB
2549:19 January
2157:8 November
1998:1 November
1931:The Lancet
1652:11 October
1466:The Lancet
1458:"Trachoma"
1295:26 October
1179:13 January
1166:"Trachoma"
831:References
689:trichiasis
675: ≥600
563:ulceration
489:Management
444:Prevention
341:secretions
299:Trichiasis
168:roughening
151:80 million
133:Medication
116:Prevention
5307:Blindness
4820:Nystagmus
4794:Mydriasis
4668:Blindness
4614:Amblyopia
4602:Blindness
4562:Hyperopia
4487:Exophoria
4482:Esophoria
4467:Exotropia
4463:Esotropia
4001:Retinitis
3699:Keratitis
3676:Scleritis
3609:Pterygium
3489:Madarosis
3436:Ectropion
3431:Entropion
3408:Chalazion
3194:Chlamydia
3157:Chlamydia
2960:Treponema
2794:Pneumonia
2699:eMedicine
2500:253002428
1967:208793607
1951:0140-6736
1537:208790087
1362:0161-6420
999:1469-493X
870:cite book
822:Economics
818:"rough".
793:Neo-Latin
787:Etymology
607: ≤10
553:Prognosis
359:Diagnosis
349:entropion
291:discharge
180:blindness
148:Frequency
124:Treatment
72:Specialty
64:eyelashes
5286:Zoonosis
5269:vertical
5254:Pandemic
5169:Regional
5131:programs
5104:Underway
5051:Syphilis
5041:Trachoma
5009:Hookworm
5000:Underway
4949:(global)
4947:Underway
4933:Smallpox
4859:Trachoma
4624:Diplopia
4319:Ischemic
4244:Pathways
4158:Glaucoma
4059:diabetic
3961:Cataract
3899:Synechia
3751:Meesmann
3719:Exposure
3704:herpetic
3602:allergic
3592:Chemosis
3526:Epiphora
3204:Trachoma
3017:Borrelia
2976:Syphilis
2857:Trachoma
2715:Trachoma
2572:trachoma
2492:36265506
2451:Archived
2447:46535213
2439:11700815
2384:Archived
2368:16693194
2325:4 August
2294:12431697
2256:Archived
2131:5 August
2076:11 April
2049:15550216
1959:25043452
1909:Archived
1893:16170117
1844:26568232
1783:Archived
1761:22336798
1707:20409284
1629:24586120
1529:18539226
1487:12885486
1415:23870458
1370:24424250
1321:21 April
1232:15489358
1149:15525727
1111:25697765
1057:22325616
1017:31554017
947:14 March
941:Archived
862:Archived
807:trākhōma
804:τράχωμα
797:trāchōma
254:and the
244:pink eye
158:Trachoma
84:Symptoms
36:Trachoma
5061:Leprosy
5036:Rubella
5024:vaccine
5019:Measles
4976:Malaria
4699:binasal
4686:Anopsia
4629:Scotoma
4423:palsies
4186:Red eye
4171:Floater
3978:Aphakia
3909:Choroid
3879:Hyphema
3869:Uveitis
3476:Eyelash
2922:due to
2822:Cholera
2789:Measles
2779:Malaria
2704:oph/118
2658:D014141
2359:1315791
2240:6991041
2231:1805119
2105:13 June
2040:3328994
1884:1772881
1835:4661324
1752:4422499
1698:2867063
1620:3934994
1578:3500800
1569:2491032
1102:4441394
1008:6760986
814:trākhus
800:, from
708:History
513:Surgery
345:fomites
170:of the
5192:India
5138:Global
5056:Rabies
4789:Miosis
4567:Myopia
4346:Kjer's
4094:photic
3993:Retina
3746:Fuchs'
3714:fungal
3691:Cornea
3668:Sclera
3451:Ptosis
3388:Eyelid
3376:Adnexa
2804:Plague
2693:001486
2498:
2490:
2445:
2437:
2366:
2356:
2292:
2238:
2228:
2047:
2037:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1927:West S
1891:
1881:
1842:
1832:
1759:
1749:
1705:
1695:
1627:
1617:
1576:
1566:
1535:
1527:
1509:Lancet
1485:
1439:
1413:
1368:
1360:
1268:
1230:
1223:523557
1220:
1147:
1109:
1099:
1055:
1015:
1005:
997:
854:
732:, and
728:, the
726:Africa
677:
673:
667:
661:
655:
649:
643:
635:
629:
623:
617:
611:
605:
599:
567:cornea
507:Pfizer
280:pannus
256:sclera
252:cornea
176:cornea
93:Causes
4966:Polio
4813:Other
4761:Pupil
4151:Other
3795:sicca
3647:Globe
3546:Orbit
2998:Pinta
2980:bejel
2669:29100
2496:S2CID
2443:S2CID
1963:S2CID
1786:(PDF)
1779:(PDF)
1533:S2CID
1461:(PDF)
802:Greek
329:Cause
4986:Yaws
3953:Lens
3853:Iris
3403:Stye
2985:Yaws
2926:non-
2774:AIDS
2653:MeSH
2642:9-CM
2551:2014
2525:2017
2488:PMID
2435:PMID
2364:PMID
2327:2009
2319:XLIV
2290:PMID
2236:PMID
2196:2018
2159:2014
2133:2015
2107:2018
2078:2013
2045:PMID
2000:2018
1955:PMID
1947:ISSN
1889:PMID
1840:PMID
1757:PMID
1703:PMID
1654:2023
1625:PMID
1574:PMID
1525:PMID
1494:2022
1483:PMID
1437:ISBN
1411:PMID
1366:PMID
1358:ISSN
1323:2023
1297:2022
1266:ISBN
1228:PMID
1181:2023
1145:PMID
1107:PMID
1085:2015
1053:PMID
1013:PMID
995:ISSN
949:2014
876:link
852:ISBN
771:the
734:Asia
289:Eye
212:US$
62:and
2932:BV4
2647:076
2638:ICD
2632:A71
2623:ICD
2478:doi
2427:doi
2423:175
2354:PMC
2282:doi
2226:PMC
2035:PMC
2027:doi
1939:doi
1935:384
1879:PMC
1871:doi
1830:PMC
1822:doi
1747:PMC
1739:doi
1693:PMC
1685:doi
1615:PMC
1605:doi
1564:PMC
1517:doi
1513:371
1475:doi
1471:362
1401:hdl
1393:doi
1389:100
1350:doi
1346:121
1218:PMC
1210:doi
1137:doi
1133:351
1097:PMC
1089:doi
1045:doi
1041:126
1003:PMC
987:doi
260:pus
5303::
2713::
2702::
2691::
2667::
2656::
2645::
2630::
2627:10
2583:,
2541:.
2516:.
2494:.
2486:.
2472:.
2468:.
2449:.
2441:.
2433:.
2421:.
2417:.
2362:.
2350:37
2348:.
2344:.
2317:.
2311:.
2288:.
2278:47
2276:.
2234:.
2222:56
2220:.
2216:.
2204:^
2185:.
2167:^
2097:.
2086:^
2057:^
2043:.
2033:.
2023:10
2021:.
2017:.
1986:.
1975:^
1961:.
1953:.
1945:.
1933:.
1887:.
1877:.
1867:89
1865:.
1861:.
1838:.
1828:.
1818:11
1816:.
1812:.
1755:.
1745:.
1733:.
1729:.
1715:^
1701:.
1691:.
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