1536:
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1410:
862:
689:
669:
411:
56:
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1238:). This is because of abnormalities in the separation between the trachea and oesophagus during development. This occurs in approximately 1 in 3,000 births, and the most common abnormalities is a separation of the upper and lower ends of the oesophagus, with the upper end finishing in a closed pouch. Other abnormalities may be associated with this, including cardiac abnormalities, or
705:
637:
1297:, or with synthetic substitutes, however this is regarded as experimental and there is no standardised method. Difficulties with ensuring adequate blood supply to the replaced trachea is considered a major challenge to any replacement. Additionally, no evidence has been found to support the placement of stem cells taken from
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617:
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is a surgically created hole between the trachea and the esophagus in a person who has had their larynx removed. Air travels upwards from the surgical connection to the upper oesophagus and the pharynx, creating vibrations that create sound that can be used for speech. The purpose of the puncture is
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of food contents. Congenital fistulas are often treated by surgical repair. In adults, fistulas may occur because of erosion into the trachea from nearby malignant tumours, which erode into both the trachea and the oesophagus. Initially, these often result in coughing from swallowed contents of the
892:
The trachea is made up of rings of cartilage, which help to keep it open and prevent it from collapsing. The inside of the trachea is lined with a mucous membrane, which produces mucus to help trap dirt and dust particles. The cilia, which are tiny hairs that line the mucous membrane, help to move
782:
The trachea is no more than 4 mm in diameter during the first year of life, expanding to its adult diameter of approximately 2 cm by late childhood. The trachea is more circular and more vertical in children compared to adults, varies more in size, and also varies more in its position in
728:
branches, which join with the branches of the arteries above and below; these then split into branches that supply the anterior and posterior parts of the trachea. The inferior thyroid arteries arise just below the isthmus of the thyroid, which sits atop the trachea. These arteries join
834:
The trachea is surrounded by 16 to 20 rings of hyaline cartilage; these 'rings' are incomplete and C-shaped. Two or more of the cartilages often unite, partially or completely, and they are sometimes bifurcated at their extremities. The rings are generally highly elastic but they may
514:
stretch along its length. The thyroid gland also stretches across the upper trachea, with the isthmus overlying the second to fourth rings, and the lobes stretching to the level of the fifth or sixth cartilage. The blood vessels of the thyroid rest on the trachea next to the isthmus;
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connects the ends of the incomplete rings and runs along the back wall of the trachea. Also adventitia, which is the outermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds the hyaline cartilage, contributes to the trachea's ability to bend and stretch with movement.
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779:. This separates the future trachea from the oesophagus and divides the foregut tube into the laryngotracheal tube. By the start of the fifth week, the left and right main bronchi have begun to form, initially as buds at the terminal end of the trachea.
604:
1308:
in New York performed the first complete trachea transplantation. The 18-hour procedure included harvesting a trachea from a donor and implanting it in the patient, connecting numerous veins and arteries to provide sufficient blood flow to the organ.
641:
624:
1104:. It can be due to congenital causes, or due to things that develop after birth, such as compression from nearby masses or swelling, or trauma. Congenital tracheomalacia can occur by itself or in association with other abnormalities such as
723:
and veins; the lower trachea receives blood from bronchial arteries. Arteries that supply the trachea do so via small branches that supply the trachea from the sides. As the branches approach the wall of the trachea, they split into
601:
621:
1182:, in order to ensure a person receives enough oxygen when sedated. The catheter is connected to a machine that monitors the airflow, oxygenation and several other metrics. This is often one of the responsibilities of an
1039:
1193:
is often performed to insert a tube for ventilation, usually when needed for particular types of surgery to be carried out so that the airway can be kept open. The provision of the opening via a tracheotomy is called a
1449:, but in general each segment of the body can have only one pair of spiracles, each of which connects to an atrium and has a relatively large tracheal tube behind it. The tracheae are invaginations of the cuticular
1500:, which actively pump the air sacs in their abdomen, are able to control the flow of air through their body. In some aquatic insects, the tracheae exchange gas through the body wall directly, in the form of a
1041:
1465:
takes place across the walls of the smallest tubes, called tracheoles, which penetrate tissues and even indent individual cells. Gas may be conducted through the respiratory system by means of active
917:, with bacterial infections occurring almost entirely in children. Most commonly, infections occur with inflammation of other parts of the respiratory tract, such as the larynx and bronchi, known as
1349:
have an unusually elongated trachea, part of which is coiled beneath the sternum; this may act as a resonator to amplify sound. In some birds, the tracheal rings are complete, and may even be
1285:
is a rare congenital disorder of an abnormally enlarged trachea, characterised by absent elastic fibres, smooth muscle thinning, and a tendency to get recurrent respiratory tract infections.
351:
usually affects the trachea only and can cause narrowing or even obstruction. As a major part of the respiratory tract, when obstructed the trachea prevents air entering the lungs and so a
861:
640:
2631:
Wasserthal, Lutz T. (1998). Chapter 25: The Open
Hemolymph System of Holometabola and Its Relation to the Tracheal Space. In "Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates". Wiley-Liss, Inc.
1085:, may be performed to investigate the cause of an obstruction. Management of obstructions depends on the cause. Obstructions as a result of malignancy may be managed with surgery,
921:, however bacterial infections may also affect the trachea alone, although they are often associated with a recent viral infection. Viruses that cause croup are generally the
600:
1100:, which is the tendency for the trachea to collapse when there is increased external pressure, such as when airflow is increased during breathing in or out, due to decreased
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can open up the rings and rejoin them as wider rings, shortening the length of the trachea. Slide tracheoplasty is said to be the best option in treating tracheal stenosis.
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cells of the trachea to trap inhaled foreign particles that the cilia then waft upward toward the larynx and then the pharynx where it can be either swallowed into the
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1040:
688:
1360:, the trachea is normally extremely short, and leads directly into the lungs, without clear primary bronchi. A longer trachea is, however, found in some long-necked
668:
2575:
1970:
Tristram D (2019). "Laryngitis, Tracheitis, Epiglottitis, and
Bronchiolitis: Sore Throat, Change in Voice, Feverora Wheezing Infant in Respiratory Distress".
232:
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The trachea may be injured by trauma such as in a vehicle accident, or intentionally by another wilfully inflicting damage for example as practiced in some
1535:
889:
The trachea's main function is to transport air to and from the lungs. It also helps to warm, humidify, and filter the air before it reaches the lungs.
2753:
2685:
Westneat MW, Betz O, Blob RW, Fezzaa K, Cooper WJ, Lee WK (January 2003). "Tracheal respiration in insects visualized with synchrotron x-ray imaging".
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1523:
1093:. A stent may be inserted over the obstruction. Benign lesions, such as narrowing resulting from scarring, are likely to be surgically excised.
3571:
2487:
Menon B, Aggarwal B, Iqbal A (January 2008). "Mounier-Kuhn syndrome: report of 8 cases of tracheobronchomegaly with associated complications".
1689:
792:
208:
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148:
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Antunes MB, Cohen NA (February 2007). "Mucociliary clearance--a critical upper airway host defense mechanism and methods of assessment".
2440:"One-stage surgical correction of congenital tracheal stenosis complicated with congenital heart disease in infants and young children"
319:
The trachea begins to form in the second month of embryo development, becoming longer and more fixed in its position over time. It is
3564:
1878:
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1116:, amongst others. Congenital tracheomalacia often improves without specific intervention; when required, interventions may include
1253:
oesophagus that are aspirated through the trachea, often progressing to fatal pneumonia; there is rarely a curative treatment. A
725:
459:(C6) and ends at the carina, the point where the trachea branches into left and right main bronchi., at the level of the fourth
339:. The trachea can be affected by inflammation or infection, usually as a result of a viral illness affecting other parts of the
304:
attaches it to the larynx. The trachea is formed by a number of horseshoe-shaped rings, joined together vertically by overlying
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in which the trachea fails to develop. The defect is usually fatal though sometimes surgical intervention has been successful.
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1987:
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1508:. Note that despite being internal, the tracheae of arthropods are lined with cuticular tissue and are shed during moulting (
498:
In front of the upper trachea lies connective tissue and skin. Several other structures pass over or sit on the trachea; the
1405:. The largest tracheae run across the width of the body of the cockroach and are horizontal in this image. Scale bar, 2 mm.
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with lungs. The trachea extends from the larynx and branches into the two primary bronchi. At the top of the trachea, the
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1026:, as well as removal of any dead tissue associated with the infection. Treatment in such situations usually includes
987:
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1305:
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929:
A and B also causing croup, but usually causing more serious infections; bacteria may also cause croup and include
1814:
Dennie CJ, Coblentz CL (April 1993). "The trachea: normal anatomic features, imaging and causes of displacement".
3889:
1368:. While there are irregular cartilagenous nodules on the amphibian trachea, these do not form the rings found in
471:; these 'rings' are 4 millimetres high in the adult, incomplete and C-shaped. Ligaments connect the rings. The
1057:, usually a result of enlarged nearby lymph nodes; cancers of the trachea or nearby structures; large thyroid
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227:
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one or more of the tracheal rings are formed as complete rings, rather than horseshoe shaped rings. These
867:
Cross-section of the trachea, with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells labelled
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479:
Although trachea is a midline structure, it can be displaced normally to the right by the aortic arch.
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on the trachea as a way of stimulating tissue regeneration, and such a method remains hypothetical.
1010:. Swelling of the airway can cause narrowing of the airway, causing a hoarse breathing sound called
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2417:
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1014:, or even cause complete blockage. Up to 80% of people affected by bacterial tracheitis require
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1132:, or the removal of the affected part of the trachea. In dogs, particularly miniature dogs and
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through the formation of ridges which eventually separate the trachea from the oesophagus, the
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1775:"[Histological study of the tracheal adventitia, perichondrium and annular ligament]"
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2392:"Evaluation and Treatment for Tracheoesophageal Puncture and Prosthesis: Technical Report"
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8:
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or passive diffusion. Unlike vertebrates, insects do not generally carry oxygen in their
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gases to and from tissues. The distribution of spiracles can vary greatly among the many
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965:. In patients who are in hospital, additional bacteria that may cause tracheitis include
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The thyroid gland also lies on top of the trachea, and lies below the cricoid cartilage.
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324:
2698:
2542:
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1877:
Mescher AL (28 August 2009). "Chapter 17. The
Respiratory System". In Mescher AL (ed.).
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is a congenital defect in which the trachea and esophagus are abnormally connected (a
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38:
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1997:
1488:. Taenidia provide strength and flexibility to the trachea. In the head, thorax, or
1457:) throughout the body with diameters from only a few micrometres up to 0.8 mm.
1271:
1198:. Another method procedure can be carried, in an emergency situation, and this is a
451: in), wider in males than females. The trachea begins at the lower edge of the
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From 2008, operations have experimentally replaced tracheas, with those grown from
1246:; after birth, they are often associated with pneumonitis and pneumonia because of
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The tracheal system branches into progressively smaller tubes, here supplying the
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is, in general, similar to that in humans. Generally, it is also similar to the
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to restore a person's ability to speak after the vocal cords have been removed.
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may be required if the trachea is obstructed. Additionally, during surgery if
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The graph representation of the 3D Reference Organ for
Trachea, Male dataset.
1275:) of the trachea, resulting in breathing difficulties. An operation called a
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and inferior thyroid arteries; and to its sides on its back surface run the
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2731:
2714:
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2508:
2465:
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Chiu T, Cuevas D, Cuevas L, Monteiro C (August 1990). "Tracheal agenesis".
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1937:
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55:
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2173:"Tracheal collapse and bronchomalacia in dogs: 58 cases (7 /2001-1 /2008)"
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rings are smaller than the normal C-shaped rings and can cause narrowing (
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A person affected with tracheitis may start with symptoms that suggest an
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Santiago-Rosado, Livia M.; Sigmon, David F.; Lewison, Cheryl S. (2022).
1317:
Allowing for variations in the length of the neck, the trachea in other
1210:
417:
An adult's trachea has an inner diameter of about 1.5 to 2 centimetres (
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3149:
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2439:
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1385:
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1124:, which enhance the tone of the smooth muscle surrounding the trachea;
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In an emergency, or when tracheal intubation is deemed impossible, a
1019:
559:
464:
399:
395:
2858:
2212:
Maggiore AD (January 2014). "Tracheal and airway collapse in dogs".
1505:
1492:, tracheae may also be connected to air sacs. Many insects, such as
27:
Cartilaginous tube that connects the pharynx and larynx to the lungs
3656:
3649:
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3500:
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3257:
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2823:
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2656:(7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thompson Brooks/Cole. pp. 28–29.
2611:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 336–337.
1481:
1477:
1380:
1133:
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816:
555:
and lymph nodes are also positioned in front of the lower trachea.
348:
1571:
1077:). Obstruction invariably causes a harsh breathing sound known as
815:. Mucus helps to moisten and protect the airways. Mucus lines the
523:
below it. In front of the lower trachea lies the manubrium of the
3530:
3448:
3425:
3329:
3319:
3314:
3188:
2893:
2843:
2818:
1856:(14th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer. pp. 223–229.
1656:
Standring S (2016). "Trachea and bronchi". In
Standring S (ed.).
1509:
1489:
1369:
1338:
1322:
1242:. Such fistulas may be detected before a baby is born because of
1179:
1078:
1046:
1011:
953:. Causes of bacterial infection of the trachea are most commonly
820:
772:
524:
285:
1476:
A tracheal tube may contain ridge-like circumferential rings of
1081:. A camera inserted via the mouth down into the trachea, called
3485:
3480:
3415:
3410:
3356:
3292:
3240:
3159:
3049:
3037:
2992:
2951:
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2813:
1658:
Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice
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1007:
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840:
824:
808:
532:
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383:
297:
281:
143:
2576:"Woman Gets New Windpipe In Groundbreaking Transplant Surgery"
2214:
The
Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice
1178:
down the trachea. This procedure is commonly performed during
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in adults. To the front left lie the large blood vessels the
344:
336:
328:
179:
2246:
2104:
Ralston SH, Penman ID, Strachan MW, Hobson RP, eds. (2018).
1022:
for the purposes of acquiring microbiological specimens for
3262:
2997:
2873:
2791:
2398:. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). 2004
2103:
2020:
Kuo CY, Parikh SR (November 2014). "Bacterial tracheitis".
1501:
1346:
1334:
1114:
abnormal connections between the trachea and the oesophagus
1049:, which develops when the trachea is narrowed or obstructed
893:
the mucus and trapped particles up and out of the trachea.
488:
289:
155:
121:
118:
112:
97:
85:
3586:
2438:
Xue B, Liang B, Wang S, Zhu L, Lu Z, Xu Z (January 2015).
1773:
Ohkimoto K, Mouri M, Amatsu M, Teraoka M (November 1997).
1772:
704:
3297:
3114:
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1497:
293:
2654:
Borror and DeLong's introduction to the study of insects
2347:
1473:. This is one of the factors that may limit their size.
1144:, which often presents with a honking goose-like cough.
879:
Magnified cross-section of the cartilage of the trachea
2651:
2520:
2518:
1002:. Fevers may develop and an affected child may develop
913:, usually due to an infection. It is usually caused by
437: in) and a length of about 10 to 11 cm (4 to
2684:
1389:, in which the lungs arise directly from the pharynx.
506:, sits in front of the upper part of the trachea. The
1974:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 75–85.
793:
interspersed layers of column-shaped cells with cilia
115:
91:
2524:
2515:
316:
closes the opening to the larynx during swallowing.
109:
106:
82:
79:
1565:
Coronal section of larynx and upper part of trachea
1128:, or surgery, which may include the placement of a
1061:; or rarely as a result of other processes such as
650:CT scan of the thorax (coronal mediastinal window)
103:
88:
2486:
1918:Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology
1660:(41st ed.). Philadelphia. pp. 965–969.
1214:Tracheal diverticulum as seen on axial CT imaging
1174:Tracheal intubation refers to the insertion of a
3861:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2437:
2240:
2135:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
1069:or intubation; or inflammation associated with
558:Behind the trachea, along its length, sits the
2170:
2106:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1813:
1721:
1529:Trachea (mammal) cross-section high resolution
715:The upper part of trachea receives and drains
467:. The trachea is surrounded by 16–20 rings of
3572:
2747:
2082:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1880:Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text & Atlas
1541:Trachea (mammal) cross-section low resolution
901:
699:
487:The trachea passes by many structures of the
347:, that can result in a cough. Infection with
2761:
2652:Triplehorn C, Johnson NF, Borror DJ (2005).
2606:
2396:American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
2122:
1972:Introduction to Clinical Infectious Diseases
1915:
1816:Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1425:is used to define a very different organ in
630:CT scan of the thorax (coronal lung window)
463:(T4), although its position may change with
374:is used to define a very different organ in
149:Tracheal branches of inferior thyroid artery
1883:(12th ed.). McGraw Hill Professional.
1834:
1594:"Trachea | Definition of Trachea by Lexico"
1504:, or function essentially as normal, via a
1073:may also cause a narrowing of the trachea (
682:lie on top of the upper part of the trachea
3579:
3565:
2754:
2740:
1952:
1807:
1688:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1429:than in vertebrates. Insects have an open
1345:, from which the primary bronchi diverge.
54:
37:. For the cup-shaped Byzantine coins, see
2550:
2525:Delaere P, Van Raemdonck D (March 2016).
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2019:
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827:. This self-clearing mechanism is termed
610:CT scan of the thorax (axial lung window)
343:, such as the larynx and bronchi, called
2211:
1969:
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1635:
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1629:
1627:
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1623:
1621:
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1408:
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1209:
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896:
783:relation to its surrounding structures.
703:
662:Cross section of a trachea and esophagus
562:, followed by connective tissue and the
409:
2177:Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
1876:
1379:to have lungs, but no trachea, are the
1205:
581:The trachealis muscle contracts during
14:
3862:
2573:
2323:"Medical Definition of CRICOTHYROTOMY"
2306:
1851:
771:grows, the trachea separates from the
751:that lie in front of the trachea, and
743:, to supply blood to the trachea. The
359:is required when a person is sedated,
327:that have hair-like extensions called
3560:
2735:
2647:
2645:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2171:Johnson LR, Pollard RE (March 2010).
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1722:Furlow PW, Mathisen DJ (March 2018).
1616:
791:The trachea is lined with a layer of
739:, which are direct branches from the
363:is inserted into the trachea, called
1515:
1433:made up of spiracles, tracheae, and
482:
455:of the larynx at the level of sixth
2543:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2016.01.85
2065:"Bacterial Tracheitis - Pediatrics"
1417:of the cockroach. Scale bar, 2 mm.
807:, column-shaped cells that produce
261:
24:
2642:
2593:
2069:Merck Manuals Professional Edition
2062:
2004:
296:, and so is present in almost all
25:
3906:
1724:"Surgical anatomy of the trachea"
1016:the use of mechanical ventilation
988:upper respiratory tract infection
735:) with ascending branches of the
2362:10.1097/00007611-199008000-00018
1728:Annals of Cardiothoracic Surgery
1558:
1546:
1534:
1522:
1392:
1312:
1071:granulomatosis with polyangiitis
872:
860:
848:
687:
667:
655:
635:
615:
594:
75:
3880:Invertebrate respiratory system
2678:
2625:
2567:
2480:
2431:
2410:
2384:
2341:
2315:
2300:
2274:
2205:
2190:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0451.x
2164:
2056:
1570:
1063:unusually swollen blood vessels
786:
765:development of the human embryo
2138:Paediatric Respiratory Reviews
1909:
1870:
1766:
1586:
1328:
1288:
758:
747:of the trachea drain into the
574:in the upper trachea, and the
13:
1:
2607:Romer AS, Parsons TS (1977).
2309:"Types of Tracheostomy Tubes"
1779:Nihon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho
1598:Lexico Dictionaries | English
1580:
1401:Tracheal system of dissected
1304:In January 2021, surgeons at
1159:
1136:, tracheomalacia, as well as
1126:positive pressure ventilation
2501:10.1097/SMJ.0b013e31815d4259
1930:10.1097/aci.0b013e3280114eef
1854:Langman's medical embryology
1337:, the trachea runs from the
1255:tracheo-oesophageal puncture
1033:
1018:, and treatment may include
519:join just above it, and the
405:
7:
2531:Journal of Thoracic Disease
2108:(23rd ed.). Elsevier.
1980:10.1007/978-3-319-91080-2_7
1792:10.3950/jibiinkoka.100.1394
909:of the trachea is known as
884:
585:, reducing the size of the
402:gases to and from tissues.
30:For the genus of moth, see
10:
3911:
2444:Journal of Cardiac Surgery
2307:Molnar H (11 April 2023).
2282:"Definition of INTUBATION"
2226:10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.09.004
2150:10.1016/j.prrv.2015.03.002
1163:
1096:One cause of narrowing is
902:Inflammation and infection
700:Blood and lymphatic supply
572:recurrent laryngeal nerves
539:and its branches the left
292:, allowing the passage of
29:
3813:
3761:
3748:Middle lobe of right lung
3690:
3681:
3632:
3604:
3595:
3511:
3434:
3396:
3273:
3216:
3175:
3140:
3081:
3018:
2978:
2969:
2937:
2909:
2782:
2773:
2574:Harris R (6 April 2021).
2255:. StatPearls Publishing.
1230:tracheoesophageal fistula
1147:
721:inferior thyroid arteries
517:superior thyroid arteries
238:
226:
214:
202:
190:
178:
173:
168:accessory hemiazygos vein
154:
142:
132:
70:
65:
53:
48:
2489:Southern Medical Journal
2350:Southern Medical Journal
962:Streptococcus pneumoniae
944:Streptococcus pneumoniae
811:, the main component of
777:tracheoesophageal septum
753:paratracheal lymph nodes
335:that produce protective
3589:lower respiratory tract
2707:10.1126/science.1078008
2327:www.merriam-webster.com
2286:www.merriam-webster.com
1741:10.21037/acs.2018.03.01
1067:tracheobronchial injury
1024:culture and sensitivity
566:. To its sides run the
280:tube that connects the
3890:Thorax (human anatomy)
3789:Respiratory bronchiole
3206:Lymphoid immune system
2775:Musculoskeletal system
2537:(Suppl 2): S186–S196.
2527:"Tracheal replacement"
1577:
1418:
1406:
1270:
1247:
1233:
1215:
1055:narrowed or compressed
1050:
980:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
938:Haemophilus influenzae
763:In the fourth week of
730:
712:
578:in the lower trachea.
521:inferior thyroid veins
504:anterior jugular veins
502:, which joins the two
414:
357:mechanical ventilation
240:Anatomical terminology
3194:Myeloid immune system
2980:Cardiovascular system
2418:"Slide tracheoplasty"
2034:10.1542/pir.35-11-497
1575:
1412:
1400:
1283:Mounier-Kuhn syndrome
1244:excess amniotic fluid
1213:
1044:
974:Klebsiella pneumoniae
956:Staphylococcus aureus
950:Moraxella catarrhalis
932:Staphylococcus aureus
923:parainfluenza viruses
897:Clinical significance
829:mucociliary clearance
726:inferior and superior
707:
680:sternothyroid muscles
545:brachiocephalic trunk
541:common carotid artery
512:sternothyroid muscles
413:
272:), also known as the
3743:Lingula of left lung
3546:Islets of Langerhans
3406:Genitourinary system
3142:Integumentary system
2022:Pediatrics in Review
1306:Mount Sinai Hospital
1263:anatomical variation
1206:Congenital disorders
1004:difficulty breathing
755:that lie beside it.
549:brachiocephalic vein
495:) along its course.
161:Brachiocephalic vein
3885:Human head and neck
3779:Terminal bronchiole
3436:Reproductive system
3155:Subcutaneous tissue
2924:Cartilaginous joint
2699:2003Sci...299..558W
2609:The Vertebrate Body
1277:slide tracheoplasty
1166:Tracheal intubation
1122:muscarinic agonists
325:column-shaped cells
312:at their ends. The
3895:Respiratory system
3218:Respiratory system
2971:Circulatory system
2457:10.1111/jocs.12418
1852:Sadley TW (2019).
1578:
1431:respiratory system
1419:
1407:
1216:
1051:
737:bronchial arteries
713:
415:
388:respiratory system
3875:Arthropod anatomy
3855:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3804:Blood-air barrier
3677:
3676:
3619:Annular ligaments
3554:
3553:
3077:
3076:
3067:Glymphatic system
2965:
2964:
2693:(5606): 558–560.
2618:978-0-03-910284-5
2329:. Merriam Webster
2288:. Merriam Webster
2249:"Tracheal Trauma"
2115:978-0-7020-7028-0
1989:978-3-319-91080-2
1890:978-0-07-163020-7
1785:(11): 1394–1400.
1516:Additional images
1484:such as loops or
1219:Tracheal agenesis
1170:Airway management
1142:tracheal collapse
1075:tracheal stenosis
1053:A trachea may be
1042:
990:such as a cough,
927:influenza viruses
749:pretracheal nodes
745:lymphatic vessels
645:
625:
605:
483:Nearby structures
473:trachealis muscle
469:hyaline cartilage
461:thoracic vertebra
457:cervical vertebra
453:cricoid cartilage
341:respiratory tract
331:, with scattered
310:trachealis muscle
302:cricoid cartilage
254:
253:
249:
137:Respiratory tract
39:Trachy (currency)
16:(Redirected from
3902:
3785:Respiratory zone
3688:
3687:
3602:
3601:
3597:Respiratory tree
3581:
3574:
3567:
3558:
3557:
3513:Endocrine system
3275:Digestive system
3020:Lymphatic system
3003:Lymphatic vessel
2976:
2975:
2780:
2779:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2649:
2640:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2604:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2554:
2522:
2513:
2512:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2459:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2192:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2133:
2120:
2119:
2101:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2017:
2002:
2001:
1967:
1950:
1949:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1893:. Archived from
1874:
1868:
1867:
1849:
1832:
1831:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1794:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1753:
1743:
1719:
1694:
1693:
1687:
1679:
1653:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1600:. Archived from
1590:
1574:
1562:
1550:
1538:
1526:
1261:Sometimes as an
1240:VACTERL syndrome
1186:during surgery.
1065:. Scarring from
1043:
996:coryzal symptoms
968:Escherichia coli
915:viral infections
876:
864:
852:
691:
671:
659:
647:
646:
627:
626:
607:
606:
589:of the trachea.
568:carotid arteries
564:vertebral column
450:
449:
445:
442:
436:
435:
431:
426:
425:
421:
394:, tracheae, and
263:
246:edit on Wikidata
243:
128:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
84:
81:
58:
46:
45:
21:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3847:
3809:
3775:Conducting zone
3757:
3673:
3628:
3591:
3587:Anatomy of the
3585:
3555:
3550:
3507:
3469:Seminal vesicle
3430:
3392:
3342:Small intestine
3269:
3212:
3171:
3136:
3073:
3014:
2961:
2939:Muscular system
2933:
2905:
2784:Skeletal system
2769:
2760:
2730:
2683:
2679:
2664:
2650:
2643:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2605:
2594:
2584:
2582:
2572:
2568:
2523:
2516:
2485:
2481:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2399:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2346:
2342:
2332:
2330:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2289:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2245:
2241:
2210:
2206:
2169:
2165:
2134:
2123:
2116:
2102:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2061:
2057:
2028:(11): 497–499.
2018:
2005:
1990:
1968:
1953:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1891:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1850:
1835:
1812:
1808:
1771:
1767:
1720:
1697:
1681:
1680:
1668:
1654:
1617:
1607:
1605:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1566:
1563:
1554:
1551:
1542:
1539:
1530:
1527:
1518:
1395:
1331:
1315:
1291:
1208:
1172:
1164:Main articles:
1162:
1150:
1038:
1036:
904:
899:
887:
880:
877:
868:
865:
856:
853:
823:or expelled as
789:
769:respiratory bud
761:
702:
695:
692:
683:
672:
663:
660:
651:
648:
636:
631:
628:
616:
611:
608:
595:
547:; and the left
485:
447:
443:
440:
438:
433:
429:
428:
423:
419:
418:
408:
250:
102:
78:
74:
61:
42:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3908:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3821:Alveolar cells
3817:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3782:
3767:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3694:
3692:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3638:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3614:Tracheal rings
3610:
3608:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3584:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3561:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3517:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3440:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3400:
3398:Urinary system
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3320:Laryngopharynx
3317:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3288:Salivary gland
3279:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3222:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3185:
3183:
3181:immune systems
3177:Haematopoietic
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3157:
3152:
3146:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3127:Somatic system
3124:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3110:Sensory system
3107:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3087:
3085:
3083:Nervous system
3079:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3062:CNS equivalent
3059:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3024:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2984:
2982:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2929:Synovial joint
2926:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2788:
2786:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2759:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2736:
2729:
2728:
2677:
2663:978-0030968358
2662:
2641:
2624:
2617:
2592:
2566:
2514:
2479:
2430:
2409:
2383:
2356:(8): 925–930.
2340:
2314:
2299:
2273:
2239:
2220:(1): 117–127.
2204:
2183:(2): 298–305.
2163:
2121:
2114:
2081:
2055:
2003:
1988:
1951:
1908:
1897:on 3 June 2013
1889:
1869:
1862:
1833:
1806:
1765:
1734:(2): 255–260.
1695:
1666:
1615:
1604:on 7 July 2020
1584:
1582:
1579:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1463:carbon dioxide
1461:of oxygen and
1394:
1391:
1330:
1327:
1314:
1311:
1290:
1287:
1207:
1204:
1200:cricothyrotomy
1161:
1158:
1149:
1146:
1140:, can lead to
1138:bronchomalacia
1110:laryngomalacia
1106:bronchomalacia
1098:tracheomalacia
1045:An example of
1035:
1032:
903:
900:
898:
895:
886:
883:
882:
881:
878:
871:
869:
866:
859:
857:
854:
847:
788:
785:
760:
757:
711:of the trachea
701:
698:
697:
696:
693:
686:
684:
673:
666:
664:
661:
654:
652:
649:
634:
632:
629:
614:
612:
609:
593:
553:cardiac plexus
484:
481:
407:
404:
252:
251:
242:
236:
235:
230:
224:
223:
218:
212:
211:
206:
200:
199:
194:
188:
187:
182:
176:
175:
171:
170:
158:
152:
151:
146:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
72:
68:
67:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3907:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3858:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3794:Alveolar duct
3792:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3753:Inferior lobe
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3738:Superior lobe
3736:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3582:
3577:
3575:
3570:
3568:
3563:
3562:
3559:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3381:Biliary tract
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3166:
3165:Mammary gland
3163:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3001:
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2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2919:Fibrous joint
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
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2847:
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2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2763:Human systems
2757:
2752:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2646:
2638:
2637:0-471-15955-7
2634:
2628:
2620:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2519:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2450:(1): 97–103.
2449:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2419:
2413:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2310:
2303:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2117:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1863:9781496383907
1859:
1855:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1691:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1667:9780702052309
1663:
1659:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1585:
1573:
1561:
1556:
1549:
1544:
1537:
1532:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1453:that branch (
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1437:to transport
1436:
1432:
1428:
1427:invertebrates
1424:
1416:
1411:
1404:
1399:
1393:Invertebrates
1390:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1313:Other animals
1310:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1118:beta agonists
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
984:
982:
981:
976:
975:
970:
969:
964:
963:
958:
957:
952:
951:
946:
945:
940:
939:
934:
933:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
894:
890:
875:
870:
863:
858:
855:Cross-section
851:
846:
845:
844:
842:
838:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
803:, which are
802:
798:
794:
784:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
733:
727:
722:
718:
710:
706:
690:
685:
681:
677:
670:
665:
658:
653:
633:
613:
592:
591:
590:
588:
584:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
480:
477:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
412:
403:
401:
398:to transport
397:
393:
389:
386:have an open
385:
381:
377:
376:invertebrates
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
308:, and by the
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
278:cartilaginous
275:
271:
267:
259:
247:
241:
237:
234:
231:
229:
225:
222:
219:
217:
213:
210:
207:
205:
201:
198:
195:
193:
189:
186:
183:
181:
177:
172:
169:
166:
162:
159:
157:
153:
150:
147:
145:
141:
138:
135:
131:
126:
73:
71:Pronunciation
69:
64:
60:Human trachea
57:
52:
47:
44:
40:
36:
34:
19:
3857:
3618:
3605:
3368:
3336:
3309:
3252:
3061:
3044:
3027:
2987:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2653:
2627:
2608:
2583:. Retrieved
2579:
2569:
2534:
2530:
2495:(1): 83–87.
2492:
2488:
2482:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2421:. Retrieved
2412:
2400:. Retrieved
2395:
2386:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2331:. Retrieved
2326:
2317:
2302:
2290:. Retrieved
2285:
2276:
2264:. Retrieved
2252:
2242:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2141:
2137:
2105:
2072:. Retrieved
2068:
2058:
2025:
2021:
1971:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1899:. Retrieved
1895:the original
1879:
1872:
1853:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1782:
1778:
1768:
1731:
1727:
1657:
1606:. Retrieved
1602:the original
1597:
1588:
1494:grasshoppers
1475:
1422:
1420:
1384:
1374:
1355:
1332:
1316:
1303:
1292:
1281:
1276:
1266:
1260:
1227:
1223:birth defect
1217:
1196:tracheostomy
1188:
1184:anaesthetist
1173:
1154:martial arts
1151:
1095:
1091:radiotherapy
1087:chemotherapy
1083:bronchoscopy
1052:
985:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
930:
907:Inflammation
905:
891:
888:
833:
801:goblet cells
790:
787:Microanatomy
781:
762:
719:through the
714:
580:
576:vagus nerves
557:
500:jugular arch
497:
486:
478:
416:
371:
369:
353:tracheostomy
333:goblet cells
318:
273:
269:
265:
257:
255:
209:A06.3.01.001
184:
43:
32:
3843:Goblet cell
3536:Parathyroid
3236:Nasopharynx
3098:Spinal cord
3033:Bone marrow
2802:Collar bone
1924:(1): 5–10.
1901:24 February
1822:(2): 81–9.
1480:in various
1467:ventilation
1451:exoskeleton
1377:vertebrates
1362:salamanders
1329:Vertebrates
1299:bone marrow
1289:Replacement
1191:tracheotomy
1028:antibiotics
992:sore throat
759:Development
732:anastamoses
709:Lymph nodes
676:sternohyoid
551:. The deep
537:aortic arch
508:sternohyoid
491:and chest (
390:made up of
380:vertebrates
361:a tube
323:lined with
174:Identifiers
165:azygos vein
3864:Categories
3771:Bronchiole
3763:BP segment
3726:Horizontal
3697:Landmarks
3662:eparterial
3315:Oropharynx
3055:Lymph node
2988:peripheral
2834:Metatarsus
2829:Metacarpus
2808:Thigh bone
2804:(clavicle)
2266:23 October
2253:StatPearls
2063:Bhatia R.
1608:27 October
1581:References
1482:geometries
1455:anastomose
1435:tracheoles
1386:Polypterus
1366:caecilians
1358:amphibians
1295:stem cells
1249:aspiration
1221:is a rare
1160:Intubation
1102:compliance
1000:runny nose
998:such as a
925:1–3, with
911:tracheitis
797:epithelium
560:oesophagus
396:tracheoles
365:intubation
321:epithelium
314:epiglottis
3838:Club cell
3722:Fissures
3657:Secondary
3521:Pituitary
3370:accessory
3325:Esophagus
3045:secondary
2957:Diaphragm
2901:Cartilage
2849:Phalanges
2423:2 October
1684:cite book
1676:920806541
1471:hemolymph
1459:Diffusion
1439:metabolic
1421:The word
1403:cockroach
1375:The only
1364:, and in
1325:trachea.
1323:reptilian
1034:Narrowing
1020:endoscopy
805:glandular
799:contains
465:breathing
406:Structure
400:metabolic
392:spiracles
370:The word
306:ligaments
3799:Alveolus
3669:Tertiary
3501:Placenta
3464:Testicle
3459:Prostate
3386:Pancreas
3347:Appendix
3337:lower GI
3310:upper GI
3258:Bronchus
3201:Lymphoid
2884:Vertebra
2839:Ossicles
2824:Mandible
2723:43634044
2715:12543973
2672:55793895
2561:26981270
2509:18176298
2474:25335958
2466:25109422
2378:21260092
2261:29763191
2234:24268337
2199:20051001
2158:25962857
2144:: 9–15.
2050:42828725
2042:25361911
1998:86826724
1938:17218804
1760:29707503
1506:plastron
1478:taenidia
1383:and the
1381:lungfish
1370:amniotes
1351:ossified
1272:stenosis
1134:toy dogs
885:Function
817:ciliated
583:coughing
543:and the
529:remnants
378:than in
349:bacteria
274:windpipe
270:tracheas
266:tracheae
18:Tracheae
3870:Trachea
3831:Type II
3731:Oblique
3691:General
3634:Bronchi
3606:Trachea
3541:Adrenal
3531:Thyroid
3449:Scrotum
3426:Urethra
3421:Bladder
3330:Stomach
3253:Trachea
3189:Myeloid
3028:primary
2894:Sternum
2844:Patella
2819:Humerus
2810:(femur)
2695:Bibcode
2687:Science
2585:6 April
2552:4775267
2370:2200137
1946:9551913
1828:8462036
1801:9423323
1751:5900092
1553:Trachea
1510:ecdysis
1490:abdomen
1486:helices
1447:insects
1423:trachea
1341:to the
1339:pharynx
1319:mammals
1235:fistula
1180:surgery
1079:stridor
1059:goitres
1047:stridor
1012:stridor
837:calcify
821:stomach
773:foregut
767:as the
531:of the
525:sternum
446:⁄
432:⁄
422:⁄
384:Insects
372:trachea
298:animals
288:of the
286:bronchi
284:to the
276:, is a
258:trachea
197:D014132
185:trachea
133:Part of
66:Details
49:Trachea
33:Trachea
3826:Type I
3624:Carina
3526:Pineal
3486:Vagina
3481:Uterus
3476:Female
3416:Ureter
3411:Kidney
3357:Rectum
3293:Tongue
3241:Larynx
3160:Breast
3132:Tissue
3050:Spleen
3038:Thymus
2993:Artery
2952:Tendon
2947:Muscle
2911:Joints
2889:Pelvis
2864:Tarsus
2854:Radius
2814:Fibula
2797:Carpus
2767:organs
2721:
2713:
2670:
2660:
2635:
2615:
2559:
2549:
2507:
2472:
2464:
2402:26 May
2376:
2368:
2333:25 May
2292:25 May
2259:
2232:
2197:
2156:
2112:
2074:21 May
2048:
2040:
1996:
1986:
1944:
1936:
1887:
1860:
1826:
1799:
1758:
1748:
1674:
1664:
1443:orders
1343:syrinx
1148:Injury
1112:, and
1008:sepsis
977:, and
825:phlegm
809:mucins
795:. The
533:thymus
527:, the
493:thorax
337:mucins
282:larynx
144:Artery
35:(moth)
3814:Cells
3716:Hilum
3683:Lungs
3650:right
3641:Main
3496:Ovary
3491:Vulva
3454:Penis
3376:Liver
3352:Colon
3303:Tooth
3283:Mouth
3248:Lower
3226:Upper
3103:Nerve
3093:Brain
3010:Heart
2869:Tibia
2859:Skull
2719:S2CID
2470:S2CID
2374:S2CID
2046:S2CID
1994:S2CID
1942:S2CID
1347:Swans
1335:birds
1130:stent
994:, or
919:croup
839:with
813:mucus
741:aorta
717:blood
587:lumen
345:croup
329:cilia
290:lungs
244:[
180:Latin
3711:Root
3706:Apex
3701:Base
3645:left
3444:Male
3362:Anus
3263:Lung
3231:Nose
3179:and
3150:Skin
2998:Vein
2874:Ulna
2792:Bone
2765:and
2711:PMID
2668:OCLC
2658:ISBN
2633:ISBN
2613:ISBN
2587:2021
2557:PMID
2505:PMID
2462:PMID
2425:2015
2404:2020
2366:PMID
2335:2020
2294:2020
2268:2022
2257:PMID
2230:PMID
2195:PMID
2154:PMID
2110:ISBN
2076:2020
2038:PMID
1984:ISBN
1934:PMID
1903:2015
1885:ISBN
1858:ISBN
1824:PMID
1797:PMID
1756:PMID
1690:link
1672:OCLC
1662:ISBN
1610:2019
1502:gill
1498:bees
1496:and
1415:crop
1176:tube
1168:and
1120:and
1006:and
959:and
947:and
678:and
674:The
510:and
489:neck
256:The
233:7394
221:3213
204:TA98
192:MeSH
156:Vein
3298:Lip
3120:Eye
3115:Ear
2879:Rib
2703:doi
2691:299
2580:NPR
2547:PMC
2539:doi
2497:doi
2493:101
2452:doi
2358:doi
2222:doi
2185:doi
2146:doi
2030:doi
1976:doi
1926:doi
1787:doi
1783:100
1746:PMC
1736:doi
1512:).
1445:of
1356:In
1333:In
1108:or
1089:or
841:age
427:to
294:air
268:or
262:pl.
228:FMA
216:TA2
3866::
3773::
2717:.
2709:.
2701:.
2689:.
2666:.
2644:^
2595:^
2578:.
2555:.
2545:.
2533:.
2529:.
2517:^
2503:.
2491:.
2468:.
2460:.
2448:30
2446:.
2442:.
2394:.
2372:.
2364:.
2354:83
2352:.
2325:.
2284:.
2251:.
2228:.
2218:44
2216:.
2193:.
2181:24
2179:.
2175:.
2152:.
2142:17
2140:.
2124:^
2084:^
2067:.
2044:.
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