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protected at the top by a rectangular turret. On the first two levels of the staircase there are slots in the external wall to admit light. The roof terrace is 27 m (89 ft) above the ground. The turret projects another 7 m (23 ft) and the lookout tower extends a further 5 m (16 ft) giving a total height of 39 m (128 ft) for the structure. The walls are 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) in thickness on the ground floor, 2.2 m (7 ft 3 in) on the first floor and 2.0 m (6 ft 7 in) on the second.
180:
471:
46:
69:
597:
bosses are less skilful executed that those on the first floor. The room was originally lit by openings in six niches of which two were windows and four were arrowslits. Those with arrowslits were blocked when the tower was used as a prison and have not been reopened. The arches of the niches differ from those on the lower floors; they have an
479:
515:. There is no evidence that a curtain wall at these positions was ever actually constructed and it is possible that the wall formed part of an original plan that was never realized. On the west wall of the tower there are two blocked doorways connecting to the spiral staircase. These are likely to have been used to access
451:. The tower is now the only part of the medieval fortress that survives. The construction of roads and a car-park have obliterated almost all traces of the surrounding buildings, but fortunately, the many documents and pictures that survive in the archives can be used to study the details of the original structure.
601:
shape rather than a semi-circular form. The fireplace is set into the north wall. There is an entrance to a garderobe in the southwest corner of the room. The position is surprising as it would have been almost above the quarters of the châtelain and it is possible that the structure was originally a
579:
The high quality of the carving in the first floor room indicates that it was designed to serve as the main reception area. The rib vaulting is divided into two bays as on the ground floor but the six corbels and the ceiling bosses are decorated with finely carved busts or foliage. The room is lit by
506:
The tower has been subject to a series of modifications over the centuries. The lower two floors were completed by 1302 while the third floor was added in around 1350. The watchtower was added in the 15th or 16th century, and in the 18th century some of the openings were blocked up. In addition, some
486:
The tower is the only surviving element of the original fortress. It sits on a sloping rocky base and has an irregular quadrilateral plan with average dimensions of 13.4 by 15.7 m (44 by 52 ft). It is built of limestone blocks that would have been brought by boat from a quarry near the base
410:
in
Avignon. On a number of occasions sections of the bridge were destroyed when the RhĂ´ne flooded. The bridge then became impassable and the river had to be crossed by ferry. The harbour on the right bank was at the base of the tower. Eighteenth century drawings show that access to both the fortress
446:
From 1821 the town of
Villeneuve had effective control of the monument without actually owning it, but instead of repairing the buildings, the town claimed that the ruined structures around the tower posed a hazard and in 1822 ordered them to be demolished and the material sold to cover the costs.
414:
When the
Avignon bridge was finally abandoned in 1669, the fortress no longer served any useful function. It was nevertheless still maintained but in 1777 a government engineer wrote a short report proposing that the fortress be abandoned. Probably, as a result, in 1787, Quintin de Beuverd, captain
570:
Some of the walls have traces of wall paintings. Above the fireplace there is the outline of a man's head in bright colours that must have once formed part of a larger design. In two of the arched niches, and also barely visible on the west wall, there is an interlocking hexagonal pattern in red
596:
When the second floor was added to the tower in the middle of the 14th century, the sloping ridged roof of the earlier terrace was retained and became the floor of the new room. The rib vaulting is divided into three bays instead of two as on the lower two floors. The carved corbels and ceiling
583:
There is a second entrance with modest dimensions in the east wall. On the outside of the building the doorway is positioned above some projecting stonework that may have been intended as the bonding to a curtain wall that was never built. The entrance was perhaps originally served by a wooden
566:
leaves. The room is lit by six openings, four of which are placed in niches provided with stone benches. The only window is in a niche in the east wall and would have provided a view towards the bridge. The five other openings are arrowslits. A large recessed fireplace has a chimney which is
502:
There are three floors with a single large room on each floor. The ceilings are 7.5 m (25 ft) in height. The floors are connected by a well-conserved narrow spiral staircase only 1 m (3 ft 3 in) in width located in the northwest corner of the building. The stairs are
375:
over the roadway at the end of the bridge. This provoked strong opposition by the inhabitants of
Avignon who occupied the tower. Eventually, 9 months later in August 1308 a peaceful settlement was reached allowing the gatehouse to be completed. In March of the following year (1309),
370:
Charles II, Count of
Provence objected to the position of the new fortress and wrote letters protesting that the foundations of the tower were right next to the bridge which was built on his property. In spite of his objections, in 1307 work began on the construction of a
629:
The tower is owned by the commune of
Villeneuve-lès-Avignon and is open to the public. The room on the ground floor is used to hold art exhibitions. The first floor room houses an exhibition on the history of the Tour Philippe-le-Bel and the Pont Saint-Bénézet.
323:
Abbey of Saint-André on Mount Andaon. The abbey had been founded at the end of the 10th century and possessed extensive property with over 200 churches spread over a wide area of southern France. In 1290 Philip IV instructed Adam de Montcéliard, the
588:'s residence. The doorway and four of the niches were blocked at the beginning of the 18th century when the two upper floors of the tower was used as a prison. They were unblocked as part of the restoration work carried out in the 1970s.
526:. Although they are not clearly interpretable, the upper two are almost certainly those of the king of France and the Abbey of Saint-André. The third crest, which has what appears to be an oblique row of three roses, is probably that of
358:
The 1292 treaty specified that the king could construct a fortress at the western end of the bridge. By 1302, a two-storey fortified tower had been completed. This initial construction work almost certainly included the building of a
641:
571:
ochre lines that is decorated with foliage curling around a large rose with five petals. The design is similar to that used to decorate the interior of several other building in the area that date from the same period.
511:. On the east side there is a doorway that may have provided access to a walkway along the top of the wall, while on the north side a similar doorway has been blocked up, presumably at an early date, and fitted with an
415:
of the Corps Royal du GĂ©nie, produced a detailed report on the state of the buildings. It included a plan and concluded that the buildings were not required by the king. These events were overtaken by the
924:
956:
749:
1585:
Payan, Paul (2001), "L'abbaye Saint-André à la rencontre des pouvoirs. Un enjeu stratégique entre France et
Avignon (XIIIe–XIVe siècles)", in Barruol, Guy; Bacou, Roseline; Girard, Alain (eds.),
447:
In 1834 part of the limestone rock around tower was cut away to create a new access route to the port on the RhĂ´ne. Some of the stone was used to construct the quay, the rest was supplied to
1633:
1435:
251:
the buildings were abandoned and allowed to fall into ruins. In 1822 the town of
Villeneuve-lès-Avignon decided to demolish all of the fortress except the present tower. It was listed as a
507:
changes were made during restoration work in the 20th century. Areas of protruding stonework on the north and east sides the tower appear to be the remains of the bonding of a defensive
247:
The Saint-Bénézet Bridge was abandoned in 1669 and the fortress then ceased to serve any useful function. The French crown continued to pay for repairs, but after the
1538:
402:
the fortress saw much activity with high ranking church officials, princes and notables crossing the bridge. Between 1320 and 1350 several cardinals built palaces in
435:
refused to allow it to be put up for sale and as a result the monument became a ruin and was vandalised. A hole in the wall of the tower was used to anchor the
383:
The fortress was overlooked by the nearby Massif des Anges and the
Colline des Mourgues making it difficult to defend. Around 1350, during the reign of either
792:(1263-1342) had a palace built on the Rocher de Saluces immediately to the north of the fortress. Some of the walls and parts of the palace have survived.
439:
that carried passengers across the Rhone. From 1821 the commune of
Villeneuve rented the monument from the hospice until finally in 1842 the French king,
1692:
1546:, Modèles et simulations pour l'architecture et le patrimoine, Centre National de la Research Scientifique/Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication
855:
The year of 1856 is given in the drawing's legend. This may be incorrect as according to Maigret (2002) the buildings had been demolished by this date.
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61:
92:
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as compensation for other property that had been confiscated and sold. Although the hospice had no interest in the monument, in 1808 the Gard
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542:
The ground floor of the tower was probably occupied by the guards. There is a small entrance on the north side which is protected by the
721:
709:
622:. At the corners there are semi-cylindrical corbelled turrets (bartizans) to allow the defenders to observe the sides of the tower. The
427:
With the Revolution the fortress became national property and was no longer maintained. In 1804 the fortress was ceded to the hospice d'
1540:
Rapport d'opérations archéologiques à la tour Philippe le Bel de Villeneuve-lès-Avignon du 7 au 9 décembre 2012 et du 9 au 10 mars 2013
1465:
Barruol, Guy (2001), "Le temporel de l'abbaye Saint-André au haut Moyen Âge", in Barruol, Guy; Bacou, Roseline; Girard, Alain (eds.),
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693:
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completely contained within the thickness of the north wall. In the summer it would have been closed off by thick wooden shutters.
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1474:
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but obtained protection from the unwanted pressure from the city of Avignon which wished to control both banks of the RhĂ´ne.
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six openings set in niches. Of these four are windows and only two are arrowslits. The fireplace is set into the west wall.
411:
and the harbour was controlled by gates on the path leading up from the river bank along what is now the Montée de la Tour.
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810:
The main entrance to the tower is only 1 m (3 ft 3 in) in width by 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in height.
1400:
837:
The first floor doorway in the east wall measures 1.98 by 0.95 m (6 ft 6 in by 3 ft 1 in).
740:
391:, an additional storey was added to the tower with a rectangular turret on the top. The tower was crowned with
1242:
1062:
1682:
508:
482:
A cross-section of the tower looking north. The structure has an overall height of 39 m (128 ft).
360:
332:, to negotiate an agreement with the abbey to cooperate in the defense of the right bank of the Rhone. The
237:
1518:
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229:
1531:(Doctoral Thesis) (in French and Latin), Montpellier: Société anonyme de l'imprimerie générale du Midi
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350:
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The niches measure 3.2 m (10 ft) in height and 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in) in width.
403:
202:
28:
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1667:
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1576:
Histoire civile, ecclésiastique, et littéraire de la ville de Nismes, avec les preuves (Volume 1)
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320:
309:
206:
1528:Étude des procès et contestations sur la propriété du Rhône et de la ville d'Avignon, 1302-1818
339:
273:
828:
The window is 1.32 m Ă— 1.04 m (4 ft 4 in Ă— 3 ft 5 in).
801:
The tow-path along the right bank of the river was constructed at the end of the 17th century.
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491:. The exterior walls of the ground floor and most of the first floor are constructed using
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in 1789 but the surviving documents allow historians to study the layout of the fortress.
395:. A narrow cylindrical watchtower was added at a later date, perhaps in the 16th century.
8:
559:
457:
384:
293:
277:
254:
222:
171:
1589:(in French), Mane, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France: Alpes de Lumière, pp. 155–160,
1469:(in French), Mane, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France: Alpes de Lumière, pp. 209–233,
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1616:
Congrès archéologique de France, 76e session, 1909, Avignon. Volume 1 Guide du Congrès
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across the Rhone which had been built between 1177 and 1185 by the city of Avignon.
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443:, signed a bill authorising the commune to acquire the tower and its dependencies.
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407:
236:
at the end of the bridge. The tower and gatehouse formed part of a fortress with a
228:
A tower with only two storeys was completed in 1302. In spite of protests from the
1559:
Maigret, Chantal (2002), "La tour Philippe le Bel 1303-2003: 700 ans d'histoire",
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which was converted into a garderobe when the upper floors were used as a prison.
478:
1574:
527:
474:
A plan of the ground-floor. The western wall is 16 m (52 ft) in length.
329:
846:
The blocked niches are indicated in Figure 6 of the 1879 publication by Duhamel.
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218:
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staircase but when the gatehouse was constructed it gave direct access to the
179:
1656:
615:
392:
107:
94:
1388:
244:. A third storey was added to the tower in the middle of the 14th century.
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that enclosed several buildings including a chapel and a residence for the
585:
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241:
668:
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of the parapet dates from the restoration work carried out in the 1980s.
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232:
and the population of Avignon, Philippe-le-Bel pressed ahead and built a
543:
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523:
354:
Plan of the tower and surrounding buildings by Quintin de Beuverd, 1787
45:
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296:(Philip the Fair), ceded his claim to Avignon to his father's cousin,
759:
c. 1862. The buildings associated with the tower had been demolished.
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233:
1587:
L'Abbaye Saint-André-lès-Avignon: histoire, archéologie, rayonnement
1467:
L'Abbaye Saint-André-lès-Avignon: histoire, archéologie, rayonnement
522:
On the east face of the tower there are three carved crests under a
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363:, a well, a bread oven, a kitchen and some form of lodging for the
195:
281:
1285:
1273:
1095:
773:, a castle less than 1 km (0.62 mi) north of the tower.
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289:
1416:
428:
1338:
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treaty was signed in 1292. It meant that the abbey surrendered
36:
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308:. As a consequence Philip gave up his share of the strategic
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to the Mediterranean and a joint interest in the city of
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280:, handed the French crown land on the right bank of the
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1640:(in French), Office de Tourism, Villeneuve-lès-Avignon
1442:(in French), Office de Tourism, Villeneuve-lès-Avignon
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Labande, M. L.-H. (1910), "Tour de Philippe le Bel",
1486:"La Tour de Philippe le Bel Ă Villeneuve-les-Avignon"
1371:
1348:
1203:
1172:
912:
221:. It is named after the French king Philippe-le-Bel (
1579:(in French and Latin), Paris: Hugues-Daniel Chaubert
1143:
1035:
1517:. A scan of the article is also available from the
992:
867:
558:. The corbels are undecorated but the two ceiling
422:
1654:
1536:
1490:Bulletin Historique et Archéologique de Vaucluse
1291:
1279:
1236:
1101:
319:end of the bridge was within a kilometer of the
1514:Pièces Justificatives (7) pp. 306–313 (Issue 4)
655:with the Tour Philippe-le-Bel on the left, 1480
183:Tower of Philip the Fair among its surroundings
1537:Faucherre, Nicolas; Sournia, Bernard (2013),
1619:(in French), Paris: Picard, pp. 139–141
455:
252:
225:) who was responsible for its construction.
68:
550:above the entrance passage. The room has a
1693:Buildings and structures completed in 1302
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205:which marked the French terminus of the
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727:Drawing from the Album Laincel, c. 1670
715:Drawing from the Album Laincel, c. 1670
530:who purchased the town of Avignon from
259:in 1862 and is now open to the public.
1655:
1572:
1524:
1013:
982:
890:
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1397:, pp. 13, 18 Note 94, 22 Fig. 7.
950:
50:View of the tower from the southwest.
1638:www.tourisme-villeneuvelezavignon.fr
1440:www.tourisme-villeneuvelezavignon.fr
1197:, Ministère français de la Culture.
939:p. 306, Pièces Justificatives I, II
633:
276:, signed in 1229 at the end of the
13:
1605:
618:with a parapet supported on large
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14:
1704:
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132:Commune of Villeneuve-lès-Avignon
1673:Buildings and structures in Gard
971:p. 306, Pièces Justificatives II
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732:
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614:Three sides of the terrace have
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423:Neglect and partial demolition
1:
1663:Monuments historiques of Gard
861:
406:, across the bridge from the
267:
1510:Part 4 pp. 291–305 (Issue 7)
1506:Part 3 pp. 170–175 (Issue 4)
1502:Part 2 pp. 127–132 (Issue 3)
1292:Faucherre & Sournia 2013
1280:Faucherre & Sournia 2013
1237:Faucherre & Sournia 2013
1195:Tour dite de Philippe le Bel
1102:Faucherre & Sournia 2013
667:Detail from an engraving by
562:are carved with rosettes of
380:moved from Rome to Avignon.
7:
1018:111 Piéces Justificative II
764:
554:in two bays springing from
292:. In 1290 the French king,
10:
1709:
1498:Part 1 pp. 81–87 (Issue 2)
1457:
895:111 Piéces Justificative I
741:Théodore Caruelle d'Aligny
609:
552:ribbed quadripartite vault
454:The tower was listed as a
262:
219:Papal territory of Avignon
1425:, pp. 14, 18 Fig. 7.
790:Cardinal Napoleone Orsini
683:Detail from a drawing by
398:During the period of the
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159:
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128:
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26:
21:
1525:Falque, Maurice (1908),
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304:through his marriage to
192:Tower of Philip the Fair
1634:"Tour Philippe le Bel"
1436:"Tour Philippe le Bel"
546:on the exterior and a
483:
475:
456:
355:
253:
203:Villeneuve-lès-Avignon
184:
29:Villeneuve-lès-Avignon
16:French fortress castle
1330:, p. 18 Note 97.
1318:, p. 18 Note 98.
1116:, p. 17 Note 24.
481:
473:
353:
274:treaty of Meaux-Paris
182:
1561:Études Vauclusiennes
1521:without the figures.
1484:Duhamel, P. (1879),
1345:, p. 22 Fig. 7.
1059:, p. 1 Note 27.
909:, p. 16 Note 5.
653:Saint-Bénézet Bridge
310:Saint-Bénézet Bridge
306:Beatrice of Provence
298:Charles II of Naples
223:Philip IV "the Fair"
207:Saint-Bénézet Bridge
188:Tour Philippe-le-Bel
108:43.95856°N 4.79757°E
75:Tour Philippe-le-Bel
22:Tour Philippe-le-Bel
1683:Philip IV of France
1573:MĂ©nard, M. (1744),
953:, pp. 157–159.
685:Étienne Martellange
649:PĂ©russis Altarpiece
458:Monument historique
278:Albigensian Crusade
255:Monument historique
172:Philip IV of France
104: /
532:Joanna I of Naples
484:
476:
356:
185:
1596:978-2-906162-54-9
1476:978-2-906162-54-9
1306:, pp. 15–16.
1294:, pp. 10–11.
1282:, pp. 20–21.
1270:, pp. 12–13.
1128:, pp. 8, 19.
1104:, pp. 15–19.
987:114 Preuve LXXXVI
417:French Revolution
387:or his successor
302:Count of Provence
286:Pont-Saint-Esprit
249:French Revolution
230:Count of Provence
215:Kingdom of France
177:
176:
113:43.95856; 4.79757
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647:Detail from the
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634:Pictorial record
489:Fort Saint-André
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441:Louis Philippe I
367:and the guards.
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124:Site information
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1606:Further reading
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528:Pope Clement VI
468:
466:Surviving tower
425:
348:
270:
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139:the public
138:
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51:
27:
17:
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5:
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1688:Avignon Papacy
1685:
1680:
1675:
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1665:
1651:
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1628:
1627:External links
1625:
1623:
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1534:
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1411:290/291 Fig. 6
1399:
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1296:
1284:
1272:
1260:
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1229:
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1171:
1159:
1142:
1140:, p. 8-9.
1130:
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1106:
1094:
1082:
1061:
1049:
1034:
1022:
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991:
975:
955:
943:
923:
921:, p. 209.
911:
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757:Édouard Baldus
755:Photograph by
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616:machicolations
611:
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593:
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467:
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400:Avignon Papacy
393:machicolations
378:Pope Clement V
347:
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340:temporal power
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1396:
1391:
1385:, p. 15.
1384:
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1368:, p. 14.
1367:
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1238:
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168:Built by
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127:
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89:
85:
63:
54:
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38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
1642:, retrieved
1637:
1615:
1586:
1575:
1564:
1560:
1548:, retrieved
1539:
1527:
1493:
1489:
1466:
1444:, retrieved
1439:
1430:
1423:Maigret 2002
1418:
1407:Duhamel 1879
1402:
1395:Maigret 2002
1390:
1383:Maigret 2002
1366:Maigret 2002
1343:Maigret 2002
1328:Maigret 2002
1323:
1316:Maigret 2002
1311:
1304:Maigret 2002
1299:
1287:
1275:
1268:Maigret 2002
1263:
1252:Duhamel 1879
1232:
1225:Maigret 2002
1191:Base Mérimée
1186:
1179:Maigret 2002
1174:
1167:Maigret 2002
1162:
1157:, p. 9.
1155:Maigret 2002
1138:Maigret 2002
1133:
1126:Maigret 2002
1121:
1114:Maigret 2002
1109:
1097:
1090:Maigret 2002
1085:
1074:Duhamel 1879
1057:Maigret 2002
1052:
1047:, p. 7.
1045:Maigret 2002
1030:Maigret 2002
1025:
1009:
1004:, p. 6.
1002:Maigret 2002
978:
963:Duhamel 1879
958:
946:
931:Duhamel 1879
926:
919:Barruol 2001
914:
907:Maigret 2002
902:
886:
881:, p. 5.
879:Maigret 2002
851:
842:
833:
824:
815:
806:
797:
785:
651:showing the
648:
628:
624:crenellation
613:
595:
592:Second floor
582:
578:
569:
541:
538:Ground floor
521:
519:(latrines).
509:curtain wall
505:
501:
485:
453:
445:
426:
413:
408:papal palace
397:
382:
369:
361:curtain-wall
357:
346:Construction
333:
314:
300:who was the
271:
246:
238:curtain wall
227:
213:between the
187:
186:
155:Site history
137:Open to
1199:(in French)
1014:Falque 1908
983:MĂ©nard 1744
965:, pp.
933:, pp.
891:Falque 1908
739:Drawing by
669:Georg Braun
575:First floor
548:murder-hole
437:chain ferry
321:Benedictine
209:across the
163:c.1292-1303
111: /
87:Coordinates
1657:Categories
1409:, p.
1254:, p.
1076:, p.
1016:, p.
985:, p.
951:Payan 2001
893:, p.
862:References
524:hood mould
517:garderobes
493:rusticated
449:lime kilns
433:préfecture
404:Villeneuve
268:Background
190:(English:
96:43°57′31″N
703:, c. 1660
586:châtelain
534:in 1348.
513:arrowslit
462:in 1862.
385:Philip VI
373:gatehouse
365:châtelain
330:Beaucaire
317:Languedoc
294:Philip IV
242:châtelain
234:gatehouse
150:Preserved
147:Condition
99:4°47′51″E
765:See also
604:bartizan
564:acanthus
544:bretèche
495:ashlar (
326:sénéchal
196:medieval
1644:19 June
1550:18 June
1458:Sources
1446:19 June
687:, 1608
620:corbels
610:Terrace
556:corbels
497:bossage
389:John II
335:paréage
290:Avignon
263:History
194:) is a
1593:
1567:: 5–22
1473:
743:, 1856
671:, 1575
560:bosses
37:France
1544:(PDF)
967:85-86
935:85-86
778:Notes
599:ogive
284:from
282:RhĂ´ne
211:Rhone
199:tower
160:Built
129:Owner
1646:2013
1591:ISBN
1552:2013
1471:ISBN
1448:2013
429:Uzès
315:The
272:The
217:and
33:Gard
1256:293
1078:292
499:).
487:of
328:of
201:in
142:Yes
1659::
1636:,
1565:68
1512:,
1508:,
1504:,
1500:,
1496::
1488:,
1438:,
1373:^
1350:^
1335:^
1244:^
1205:^
1193::
1145:^
1064:^
1037:^
994:^
969:,
937:,
869:^
35:,
31:,
1649:.
1621:.
1600:.
1581:.
1569:.
1555:.
1533:.
1494:1
1480:.
1451:.
1413:.
1258:.
1080:.
1020:.
989:.
973:.
941:.
897:.
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