Albigensian Crusade

1868:. However, his sister, Eleanor, had married Raymond VI, securing an alliance. Peter was able to use the prestige from his victories in the south against the Moors, along with the persuasion of a delegation sent to Rome, to lead Innocent III to order a halt to the crusade. Innocent trusted Peter and was hoping to bring an end to the Albigensian Crusade to launch a new crusade in the Middle East and to maintain pressure on the Moors. As the Cathars had suffered many defeats, and as those bishops he felt had been too lenient with heresy had been removed, he believed that the time had come to bring peace to the Languedoc. On 15 January 1213, Innocent wrote to Arnaud Amaury, papal legate and newly appointed Bishop of Narbonne, as well as to Montfort. He rebuked Simon for his alleged attacks on Christians and ordered him to restore the lands that he had taken. In addition, Innocent removed most of the crusading indulgences and demanded that Simon and his legates hold a council, listen to Peter, and report their feelings to him. Peter petitioned the clergy at the Council of Lavaur to restore Raymond's lands, arguing that he was ready to repent. If this was unacceptable, the lands could be placed under the protection of his son while he went on crusade. The council rejected his recommendations, refusing to absolve Raymond and insisting that the lands Peter believed should be returned were still influenced by heresy. 1848:, where Raymond of Toulouse had placed his brother, Baldwin, in command. After a short siege, Baldwin signed an agreement to abandon the fort in return for swearing an oath to go free and to not fight again against the Crusaders. Baldwin briefly returned to Raymond, but afterwards defected to the Crusaders and remained loyal to them thereafter. After taking Montferrand, the Crusaders headed for Toulouse. The town was besieged but the attackers were short of supplies and men; Simon de Montfort withdrew before the end of the month. Emboldened, Raymond de Toulouse led a force to attack Montfort at Castelnaudary in September. A force of Crusaders arrived to relieve Montfort and just barely beat back a counterattack by Occitan forces under Raymond-Roger. Montfort broke free from the siege and Raymond was forced to withdraw. In early 1212, Simon worked on encircling Toulouse. He was successful through a combination of rapid military movements and his policy of quickly getting towns to surrender in exchange for not being sacked. The encirclement of Toulouse restricted Raymond's communication with his allies in Aquitaine and the Pyrenees. He faced a shortage of income and increasingly disloyal vassals. 1968:, son of the late Simon, joined by Louis, besieged Marmande. The town fell in June 1219. Its occupants, excluding only the commander and his knights, were massacred. After capturing Marmande, Louis attempted to retake Toulouse. Following a siege of six weeks, the army abandoned the mission and went home. Honorius III called the endeavour a "miserable setback". Without Louis's troops, Amaury was unable to hold on to the lands that he had taken, and the Cathars were able to retake much of their land. Castelnaudary was retaken by troops under Raymond VII. Amaury again besieged the town from July 1220 to March 1221, but it withstood an eight-month assault. In 1221, the success of Raymond and his son continued: Montréal and Fanjeaux were retaken and many Catholics were forced to flee. By 1222, Raymond VII had reclaimed all the lands that had been lost. That same year, Raymond VI died and was succeeded by Raymond VII. On 14 July 1223, Philip II died, and Louis VIII succeeded him as king. In 1224, Amaury de Montfort abandoned Carcassonne. Raymond VII returned from exile to reclaim the area. That same year, Amaury ceded his remaining lands to Louis VIII. 1660:, for a united defense, but Raymond Roger refused him. Raymond decided to make an accommodation with the Crusaders. He was fiercely opposed by Amalric, but at Raymond's request, Innocent appointed a new legate, Milo, whom he secretly ordered to obey Amalric. On 18 June 1209, Raymond pronounced himself repentant. He was scourged by Milo and declared restored to full Communion with the Church. The following day, he took the Cross, affirming his loyalty to the crusade and promising to aid it. With Raymond restored to unity with the Church, his lands could not be attacked. The Crusaders therefore turned their attention to the lands of Raymond Roger, aiming for the Cathar communities around Albi and Carcassonne. They marched out of Lyon on 24 June and arrived at the Catholic town of 2137:, Inquisitor of Toulouse from 1308 to 1323, wrote a manual discussing the customs of non-Catholic sects and the methods to be employed by the Inquisitors in combating heresy. A large portion of the manual describes the reputed customs of the Cathars, while contrasting them with those of Catholics. Gui also describes methods to be used for interrogating accused Cathars. He ruled that any person found to have died without confessing his known heresy would have his remains exhumed and burned, while any person known to have been a heretic but not known whether to have confessed or not would have his body unearthed but not burned. Under Gui, a final push against Catharism began. By 1350, all known remnants of the movement had been extinguished. 1813:. The city was not of major strategic importance. Simon's decision to attack it was probably influenced by the large number of perfects who had gathered there. Unable to take the town by storm because of the surrounding geography, Simon launched a heavy bombardment against the town, and in late June the main well was destroyed and on 22 July, the city, short on water, surrendered. Simon wished to treat the occupants leniently, but was pressured by Arnaud Amalric to punish the Cathars. The Crusaders allowed the soldiers defending the town as well as the Catholics inside of it to go free, along with the non-perfect Cathars. The Cathar perfects were given the opportunity to return to Catholicism. 2158:, and pastoral teachings to oppose heresy. Peters maintains that the violence was due to the crusade being under the control of mobs, petty rulers, and local bishops who did not uphold Innocent's ideas. The uncontainable, prejudicial passion of local mobs and heresy hunters, the violence of secular courts, and the bloodshed of the Albigensian Crusade sparked a desire within the papacy to implement greater control over the prosecution of heresy. This desire led to the development of organized legal procedures for dealing with heretics. 1993:, nominally under the rule of the German emperor, did resist, refusing to open its gates to the French troops. Not wanting to storm the well-fortified walls of the town, Louis settled in for a siege. A frontal assault that August was fiercely beaten back. Finally, in early September, the town surrendered, agreeing to pay 6,000 marks and destroy its walls. The town was occupied on 9 September. No killing or looting took place. Louis VIII died in November and was succeeded by the child king 2212: 1665:

disclaimed responsibility for the spread of heresy in his land on account of his youth. He was 24 at that time. The Crusaders' rejected his request for peace. They marched first for Béziers, a city with a strong Cathar community. Raymond Roger initially promised to defend it, but after hearing of the coming of the Crusader army, he abandoned it and hurried back to Carcassonne to prepare his defences. At around the same time, another Crusader army commanded by the

1030:. The Dominicans promulgated the message of the Church and spread it by preaching the Church's teachings in towns and villages to stop the spread of heresies, while the Inquisition investigated people who were accused of teaching heresies. Because of these efforts, all discernible traces of the Cathar movement were eradicated by the middle of the 14th century. Some historians consider the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars an act of 1466: 1713: 1782: 1297: 2203:) was written in the early 13th century and narrates the Albigensian Crusade. The crusade and its immediate aftermath inaugurated the eventual decline of the troubadour tradition. Many Occitan courts had been patrons of the troubadours, and their destruction resulted in the gradual deterioration of the practice and the immigration of most troubadours from Southern France to royal courts in Italy, Spain and Hungary. 2066: 1209:, a name eventually given to a region later incorporated into the French nation. An alternative name for the region is "Occitania." In the Languedoc, political control and land ownership was divided among many local lords and heirs. Before the crusade, there was little fighting in the area. Regions to the north were divided into separate polities, but all of them generally recognized themselves as part of the 1821:. Despite sallies from Pierre-Roger de Cabaret, the siege was solid. The occupants of Termes suffered from a shortage of water, and Ramon (Raymond) de Termes agreed to a temporary truce. The Cathars were briefly relieved by an intense rainstorm and so Raymond refused to surrender. Ultimately, the defenders were not able to break the siege and on 22 November the Cathars managed to abandon the city and escape. 1494:

Many priests in the Languedoc, especially those in rural parishes, were often poorly educated and functionally illiterate. Many were appointed to their posts by laymen. The theory that the inadequacy of the clergy was the primary factor has been challenged on the grounds of similar stories about clergy appearing elsewhere in areas of Europe that did not have large numbers of religious deviants.

1890:. The Crusaders were heavily outnumbered. Peter and Simon both organized their troops into three lines. The first of the Crusader lines was beaten back, but Simon managed to outflank the coalition cavalry. Peter II was struck down and killed. The coalition forces, hearing of his death, retreated in confusion. This allowed Simon's troops to occupy the northern part of Toulouse. 2062:. Visiting a local church naked once each month to be scourged was also a common punishment, including for returned pilgrims. Cathars who were slow to repent or who relapsed suffered imprisonment and, often, the loss of property. Others who altogether refused to repent were burned. The vast majority of those accused escaped death and were sentenced to a lighter penalty. 1872:

Simon's delegation, denounced Peter and ordered a renewal of the crusade. On 21 May, he sent Peter a letter severely castigating him for allegedly providing false information, and warning him not to oppose the Crusaders. He was threatened with excommunication. The crusade was not restored to its initial status. In April 1213, Innocent issued the papal bull

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little soft, too much interested in social graces, too much influenced by contemptible people such as businessmen, lawyers, and Jews. The southerners thought the northerners were crude, arrogant, discourteous, uncultured, and aggressive. The climate was such that if war were to break out between the two countries it was sure to be long and bitter.

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Avignon in 1209, Raymond was again excommunicated for not fulfilling the conditions of ecclesiastical reconciliation. After this, Innocent III called for a crusade against the Albigensians, with the view that a Europe free of heresy could better defend its borders against invading Muslims. The time period of the Crusade coincided with the

39: 1637:, both of whom were overlords of different parts of the Languedoc. This motivated him to stay out of the crusade. He refused to campaign in person but promised to send a contingent of troops, insuring that he would have a say in any political settlements that would result from the conflict. Papal legate 2255:

argued that Pegg's classification of the Albigensian Crusade as a genocide was inappropriate on the grounds that it "was proclaimed against unbelievers ... not against a 'genus' or people; those who joined the crusade had no intention of annihilating the population of southern France ... If

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in the spring of 1218. On 25 June or 29, while attempting to fend off a sally by the defenders, Montfort was struck and killed by a stone hurled from defensive siege equipment. Toulouse was held, and the Crusaders driven back. Popular accounts state that the city's artillery was operated by the women

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was besieged in May. After three months, the occupants were running low on supplies, and reached an agreement with Raymond to surrender the castle in exchange for being allowed to leave with their arms. The efforts of Montfort to relieve the town were repulsed. Innocent III died suddenly in July 1216

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on 20 July. Raymond Roger was not formally a Cathar but tolerated the sect's existence. There were many Cathars in his domain, and his own sister had become one of the perfect. Nevertheless, Raymond Roger attempted to negotiate with the Crusaders. He declared himself a loyal member of the Church, and

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On assuming the papacy in 1198, Pope Innocent III resolved to deal with the Cathars and sent a delegation of friars to the province of Languedoc to assess the situation. The Cathars of Languedoc were seen as not showing proper respect for the authority of the French king or the local Catholic Church,

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The Cathar movement occasionally mingled with Waldensianism. However, it was distinct from it, for while Waldensians agreed with the Cathars in their opposition to the Catholic hierarchy and emphasis on poverty and simplicity, they generally accepted most Catholic teachings. Both movements eventually

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The urbanized character of the Languedoc distinguished it from the more rural north, and more readily allowed for the mixing of different groups of people. This fostered an atmosphere of comparative religious tolerance. Jews in the Languedoc experienced little discrimination, as was the case with the

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After this, Catharism did not completely vanish, but was practiced by its remaining adherents in secret. The Inquisition continued to search for and attempt to prosecute Cathars. While few prominent men joined the Cathars, a small group of ordinary followers remained and were generally successful at

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fell in 1227 and Vareilles in 1228. At that time, the Crusaders once again besieged Toulouse. While doing so, they systematically laid waste to the surrounding landscape: uprooting vineyards, burning fields and farms, and slaughtering livestock. Eventually, the city was retaken. Raymond did not have

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in 1215 solidified Crusader control over the area by officially proclaiming Simon the Count of Toulouse. It proclaimed that all of the lands of Raymond VI that previously had been conquered by the crusade would be placed under the control of Simon IV de Montfort, and that the lands which had not yet

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was one of its principal leaders. Nevertheless, the popularity of Crusading was not as durable in the Languedoc as it was in France. Strayer speculates that a general climate of laxity prevailed in the region which allowed nonconformist religious movements to grow without being seriously challenged.

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Catharism continued to spread, but it had its greatest success in the Languedoc. Cathars established virtually no presence in England, and communities in the kingdoms of France and Germany generally did not last long. It was in the Languedoc that they were the most durable. The Cathars were known as

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were burned after refusing to repent. Burnings for heresy had been very uncommon, and in the past had sometimes taken place at the behest of noblemen for political rather than religious reasons over the objections of leading Catholic clergy. After this event however, they grew more frequent. Contact

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under all circumstances was a grave sin, because it either brought a new soul into the evil world or perpetuated the cycle of souls being trapped in evil bodies. Civil authority had no claim on a Cathar, since this was the rule of the physical world. Accordingly, the Cathars refused to take oaths of

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been conquered would be placed under the protection of the Church until Raymond VII was old enough to govern them. The Council also once again called for a new crusade in the Middle East, which dried up recruits for the Albigensian Crusade, forcing Simon to rely increasingly heavily on mercenaries.

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After the Massacre at Béziers, the next major target was Carcassonne, a city with many well-known Cathars. Carcassonne was well fortified but vulnerable, and overflowing with refugees. The Crusaders traversed the 45 miles between Béziers and Carcassonne in six days, arriving in the city on 1 August

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Pierre himself was extremely unpopular, and once had to flee the region for fear that he would be assassinated. On 13 January 1208, Raymond met Pierre in the hope of gaining absolution. The discussion did not go well. Raymond expelled him and threatened his safety. The following morning, Pierre was

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The poor quality of bishops in the Languedoc was due to a mix of the lack of political centralization in the region as well as the papacy placing higher importance on appointments in more politically sensitive areas. The chaotic situation in the episcopacy contributed to the inability of the Church

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criticized the priesthood and called for lay reform of the Church. He gained a large following. Henry's preaching focused on condemning clerical corruption and clerical hierarchy, and there is no evidence that he subscribed to Cathar teachings on dualism. He was arrested around 1146 and never heard

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convened to deal with the Cathar heresy. At the council, Raymond VII, like his father previously, was excommunicated. The council gathered a thousand churchmen to authorize a tax on their annual incomes, the "Albigensian tenth", to support the Crusade, though permanent reforms intended to fund the

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The Crusaders captured the small village of Servian and then headed for Béziers, arriving on 21 July 1209. Under the command of Amalric, they started to besiege the city, calling on the Catholics within to come out, and demanding that the Cathars surrender. Neither group did as commanded. The city

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Various reasons have been proposed for the Cathar movement's success in the Languedoc relative to other places. A traditional explanation has been the reputed corruption and poor quality of the clergy, which, according to many accounts, manifested itself through love of money and sexual escapades.

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Cathars regarded water as unclean because it had been corrupted by the earth, and therefore refused to use it in their ceremonies. The act was typically received just before death, as Cathars believed that this increased one's chances for salvation by wiping away all previous sins. After receiving

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From 1209 to 1215, the Crusaders experienced great success, capturing Cathar lands and systematically crushing the movement. From 1215 to 1225, a series of revolts caused many of the lands to be regained by the Cathars. A renewed crusade resulted in the recapturing of the territory and effectively

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Pope Innocent declared Raymond anathematized and released all of his subjects from their oaths of obedience to him. However, Raymond soon attempted to reconcile with the Church by sending legates to Rome. They exchanged gifts, were reconciled, and the excommunication was lifted. At the Council of

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By the 12th century, organized groups of dissidents, such as the Waldensians and Cathars, were beginning to appear in the towns and cities of newly urbanized areas. In western Mediterranean France, one of the most urbanized areas of Europe at the time, the Cathars grew to represent a popular mass

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in May. While the exact number of troops present is unknown, it was certainly the largest force ever sent against the Cathars. Louis set out with his army in June. The Crusaders captured once more the towns of Béziers, Carcassonne, Beaucaire, and Marseille, this time with no resistance. However,

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Peter rejected the council's verdict. Concerned that Simon had grown too powerful, he decided to come to the aid of Toulouse. The Crown of Aragon, under Peter II, allied with the County of Toulouse and various other entities to oppose Simon. These actions alarmed Innocent, who after hearing from

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he North and the South of what is now France were, in the twelfth century, two different countries, as different as France and Spain are today. The people of each country disliked and distrusted those of the other. The northerners thought the southerners were undisciplined, spoiled by luxury, a

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Amalric and Milo wrote in a letter to the Pope, claimed that the Crusaders "put to the sword almost 20,000 people". Strayer says that this estimate is too high, but noted that in his letter "the legate expressed no regret about the massacre, not even a word of condolence for the clergy of the

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in 1234 to uproot heretical movements, including the remaining Cathars. Operating in the south at Toulouse, Albi, Carcassonne and other towns during the whole of the 13th century, and a great part of the 14th, it succeeded in crushing Catharism as a popular movement and driving its remaining

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Simon and many of his soldiers made determined efforts to convert the Cathar perfects but failed. Ultimately, only three women recanted. The 140 who refused were burned at the stake. Some entered the flames voluntarily, not awaiting their executioners. In August, the Crusade proceeded to the

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By the time operations resumed in 1211, the actions of Arnaud-Amaury and Simon de Montfort had alienated several important lords, including Raymond de Toulouse, who had been excommunicated again. The Crusaders returned in force to Lastours in March and Pierre-Roger de Cabaret soon agreed to

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were forced to flee to England. King John of England was wary of the crusade due to Simon's loyalty to the French crown. He visited the Languedoc, and though direct confrontation between English troops and Crusaders was usually avoided, a contingent of King John's soldiers did help defend

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As a result of the Albigensian Crusade, there were only a small number of French recruits for the Fifth and Sixth crusades. Strayer argues that the Albigensian Crusade increased the power of the French monarchy and made the papacy more dependent on it. This would eventually lead to the

2127:, limited its funding and severely restricted its activities. However, after visiting southern France in 1303, he became alarmed by the anti-monarchical sentiments of the people in the region, especially in Carcassonne, and decided to remove the restrictions placed on the Inquisition. 1797:

repulsed the assault. Fighting largely halted over the winter. Due to harsh weather conditions and a small number of soldiers, Simon ceased major offensives and concentrated on holding the territory that he had already won. However, fresh Crusaders eventually arrived. In March 1210,

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to stamp out the heresy. Among the people, the Cathars were a minority, but they won acceptance from many Catholics in the region. Those who became Cathars were often accepted by their families. Several Cathars were chosen as members of the governing council of the city of Toulouse.

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calling for what they saw as a return to the Christian message of perfection, poverty and preaching, combined with a rejection of the physical. The reforms were a reaction against the often perceived scandalous and dissolute lifestyles of the Catholic clergy. Their theology,

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Eventually, Queen Blanche offered Raymond VII a treaty recognizing him as ruler of Toulouse in exchange for his fighting the Cathars, returning all church property, turning over his castles and destroying the defences of Toulouse. Moreover, Raymond had to marry his daughter

2037:, which many historians of the crusade rely heavily upon, was published only in 1218 leaves a shortage of primary source material for events after that year. As such, there is more difficulty in discerning the nature of various events during the subsequent time period. 1255:

was the main urban center in the region. By 1209, it had a population of 30,000–35,000 people, and enjoyed greater size, wealth, and influence than anywhere else in the Languedoc. It also enjoyed a high level of political autonomy. The Count of Toulouse resided in the

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and their leaders were being protected by powerful nobles, who had a clear interest in independence from the king. At least in part for this reason, many powerful noblemen embraced Catharism despite making little attempt to follow its strict lifestyle restrictions.

1176:, a believer would sometimes take no food and rely only on cold water, a practice eventually resulting in death. The procedure was typically performed only by those close to death already. Some members of the Church claimed that if a Cathar upon receiving the 2107:

of Carcassonne and Pierre Amiel, the Archbishop of Narbonne. On 16 March 1244, in retaliation for the killing of the inquisitors nearly two years earlier, a large massacre took place, in which over 200 Cathar perfects were burnt in an enormous pyre at the

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in December 1216. On 12 September 1217, Raymond retook Toulouse without a fight while Montfort was occupied in the Foix region. Montfort hurried back, but his forces were insufficient to retake the town before campaigning halted. Responding to a call from

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of never having visited his diocese during his 10 years as bishop and of demanding money from someone as payment for consecrating him as a bishop. Innocent eventually suspended four bishops in the Languedoc-the Archbishop of Narbonne, and the bishops of

1442:, which by the 1170s was sustaining a community of Cathars. The Cathar movement was seen by some as a reaction against the corrupt and earthly lifestyles of the clergy. It has also been viewed as a manifestation of dissatisfaction with papal power. 1312:

brought a copy of the Gospels to Armenia. In the following centuries a number of dissenting groups arose, gathered around charismatic preachers, who rejected the authority of the Catholic Church. These groups based their beliefs and practices on the

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is not as dismissive as Lerner regarding Pegg's contention that the Albigensian Crusade was a genocide, but he takes issue with Pegg's argument that the Albigensian Crusade formed an important historical precedent for later genocides, including the

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and the crusade was left in temporary disarray. The command passed to the more cautious Philip II of France, who was reluctant to vigorously prosecute the crusade. At the time, he was still heavily involved in conflict with King John of England.

1418:, they did not, except the Paulicians and Bogomils, subscribe to Cathar dualist beliefs. They did not specifically invoke dualism as a tenet. The Cathars may have originated directly from the Bogomils, as some scholars believe in a continuous 1749:, a prominent French nobleman, was then appointed leader of the Crusader army, and was granted control of the area encompassing Carcassonne, Albi, and Béziers. After the fall of Carcassonne, other towns surrendered without a fight. Albi, 1825:

surrender. In April, 1211, de Montfort laid siege to Lavaur. As the siege continued, fresh troops, arriving from all over Europe, were sent to Lavaur. On the way, while passing the crossroads of Auvezines, in the village of

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Punishments for Cathars varied greatly. Most frequently, they were made to wear yellow crosses atop their garments as a sign of outward penance. Others made obligatory pilgrimages, which often included fighting against

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before marching south. Many Crusaders stayed on for no more than 40 days before being replaced. A large number came from Northern France, while some had volunteered from England. There would also be volunteers from

1110:, labelling its members, including the pope, unworthy and corrupted. Disagreeing on the Catholic concept of the unique role of the priesthood, they taught that anyone, not just the priest, could consecrate the 1260:

inside of the city but had little real control over it. Small towns were built with defense in mind, generally with thick walls and on high mountains, often next to cliffs. Hence, a municipality was called a

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ever committed a grievous sin, the procedure had to be reapplied. If the bishop who dispensed it committed a serious sin, all of the people to whom he had given the procedure would need to undergo it again.

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Prior to becoming a perfect, believing Cathars were encouraged but not always required to follow Cathar teaching on abstaining from sex and meat, and most chose not to do so. Once an individual received the

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1209. The siege did not last long. By 7 August, they had cut the city's water supply. Raymond Roger sought negotiations but was taken prisoner while under truce, and Carcassonne surrendered on 15 August.

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to deal with the heresy or depose him militarily. By 1204, he offered to bless those willing to go on a military campaign against the Cathars with the same indulgence given to crusaders travelling to the

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The Cathar understanding of God was entirely disincarnate: they viewed God as a being or principle of pure spirit completely unsullied by the taint of matter. He was the God of love, order, and peace.

1133:, make a general confession of sins, ask for forgiveness, and conclude with a common meal. There were however some special rituals. Catharism developed its own unique form of "sacrament" known as the 1566:

One of the most powerful noblemen, Raymond VI, did not openly embrace Cathar beliefs, but was sympathetic to Catharism and hostile to the French king. He refused to assist the delegation. He was

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Raymond died in 1249, and when Alphonse died in 1271, the County of Toulouse was annexed by the Kingdom of France. The Inquisition received funding from the French monarchy. In the 1290s,

955:. The Crusade was prosecuted primarily by the French crown and promptly took on a political aspect. It resulted in the significant reduction of practicing Cathars and a realignment of the 1696:

Strayer doubts that Amalric actually said this, but maintains that the statement captures the "spirit" of the Crusaders, who killed nearly every man, woman, and child in the town.

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A number of prominent 12th century preachers insisted on it being the responsibility of the individual to develop a relationship with God, independent of an established clergy.

987:. This led to accusations of Gnosticism and attracted the ire of the Catholic establishment. They became known as the Albigensians because many adherents were from the city of 1446:

came under violent persecution, but the main energies of the Church were directed against Catharism, which was both the more radical and the more numerous of the two sects.

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La Chanson de la Croisade Contre les Albigeois Commencée par Guillaume de Tudèle et Continuée par un Poète Anonyme Éditée et Traduite Pour la Societe de L'Histoire de France

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The Song of the Crusade Against the Albigensians Started by Guillaume de Tudèle and Continued by an Anonymous Poet Edited and Translated for the Society of French History

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Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Solveig Björnson describe the Albigensian Crusade as "the first ideological genocide". Kurt Jonassohn and Frank Chalk (who together founded the

1918:. In 1215, Castelnaud was recaptured by Montfort, and the Crusaders entered Toulouse. The town paid an indemnity of 30,000 marks. Toulouse was gifted to Montfort. The 888: 841: 473: 777: 2271: 1837:. Many citizens, Catholic and Cathar, and the local peasantry had joined them for the battle. All but one of the six thousand crusaders were killed in the battle. 846: 2088:, would travel to towns and villages preaching in favor of the teachings of the Church and against heresy. In some cases, they took part in prosecuting Cathars. 1957:

and girls of Toulouse. In August, reacting to the crusade's recent failures, Honorius restored full crusading indulgences to those fighting against the Cathars.

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The Languedoc region participated less in popular religious movements than other areas of Europe. The First Crusade stirred up some support in the area, as

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being a prominent example, surrendered without a fight. Others were evacuated. The Crusaders encountered no opposition as they marched toward Carcassonne.

868: 863: 6235:"Traces of the Bogomil Movement in English", Georgi Vassilev. Academie Bulgare des Sciences. Institut d'etudes balkaniques. Études balkaniques, 1994, No 3 1002:

of 1179 repeated the condemnation. Innocent III's diplomatic attempts to roll back Catharism were met with little success. After the murder of his legate

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concealing themselves. The Inquisitors sometimes used torture as a method to find Cathars, but still were able to catch only a relatively small number.

4287: 2954: 2022:, with the couple and their heirs obtaining Toulouse after Raymond's death, and the inheritance reverting to the king. Raymond agreed and signed the 831: 826: 2154:, the violence of the Albigensian Crusade was not in line with the reforms and plans of Innocent, who stressed confession, reform of the clergy and 4875: 1906:, helping to solidify the success of the Albigensian Crusade. In November, Simon de Montfort entered Périgord and easily captured the castles of 1486:, and because the 1176 Church council which declared the Cathar doctrine heretical was held near Albi. The condemnation was repeated through the 1091:

in another version, either gave new souls to people or used the souls of fallen angels. Alternatively, God took pity on men and gave them souls.

1633:. The question of who would lead the crusade was unclear. In early 1209, Philip II had learned of an anti-French alliance between King John and 1403:, "for fear", one chronicler says, "lest the people might collect them and honour them as the ashes of a martyr". The Waldensians, followers of 1893:

It was a serious blow to the resistance, and in 1214 the situation became worse. As the Crusaders continued their advance, Raymond and his son

1693: 1157:. Having become "perfect," the soul, upon the death of the body, could escape the perpetual cycle of death and rebirth and achieve salvation. 329: 1574:

was placed on his lands. Innocent tried to deal with the situation diplomatically by sending a number of preachers, many of them monks of the

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and the Albigensians, in which the texts of each were cast into a fire, but only Saint Dominic's proved miraculously resistant to the flames.

770: 2112:("field of the burned") near the foot of the castle. Included in the massacre was Bertrand Marty, the Cathar bishop of Toulouse from 1225. 6301: 2177:

wrote a song pleading with Peter II to recapture his castle which had been captured by Simon, while a co-written song by the troubadours

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The crusade continued with renewed vigour. Philip refused to command in person, but agreed to appoint his son, the also reluctant Prince

5217: 1931:

Raymond VI, together with Raymond VII, returned to the region in April 1216 and soon raised a substantial force from disaffected towns.

6331: 2514: 979:. Several of their practices, especially their belief in the inherent evil of the physical world, conflicted with the doctrines of the 6291: 1840:

In May the castle of Aimery de Montréal was retaken; he and his senior knights were hanged, and several hundred Cathars were burned.

1087:

were to be understood allegorically. According to Cathar teaching, humans originally had no souls. They taught that the evil God, or

1746: 1559:, in its late stages at the time, had not shown any signs of going in that direction. However, Philip was engaged in conflict with 1119: 763: 182: 5803: 1700:

cathedral who were killed in front of their own altar". News of the disaster quickly spread and afterwards many settlements, with

1692:

and the city burned to the ground. It was reported that Amalric, when asked how to distinguish Cathars from Catholics, responded,

5661: 1507: 6234: 6155: 6001: 5900: 5777: 5571: 5325: 5262: 5192: 5171: 5146: 5096: 5021: 1022:

drove Catharism underground by 1244. The Albigensian Crusade had a role in the creation and institutionalization of both the

6286: 5974: 5711: 5650: 5627: 5504: 5402: 5049: 1462:

in the east and the new ones in Western Europe. Emissaries from the former strengthened the dualist beliefs of the latter.

1118:. There were, however, men selected amongst the Cathars to serve as bishops and deacons. Cathars rejected the dogma of the 1511: 6218: 5599: 1883:. It limited indulgences for those participating in the Albigensian Crusade exclusively to Crusaders from the Languedoc. 1430:. It is theorized that this group provided Westerners with Latin translations of Greek Bogomil texts, which included the 5787: 6281: 6112: 5949: 5921: 5430: 551: 481: 359: 322: 1964:, to lead an expedition. His army marched south beginning in May 1219, passing through Poitou. In June, an army under 6197: 6174: 6084: 6058: 5872: 5848: 5739: 5374: 5241: 5121: 5071: 1515: 1415: 873: 648: 6224: 4709: 1129:

Cathar meetings were fairly simple. In a typical gathering, those present would make one or more recitations of the

6336: 6326: 6129: 5858: 5619: 1582:. The preachers managed to bring some people back into the Catholic faith, but for the most part, were renounced. 1375:

area on the border of France and Italy, were violently persecuted and repressed. The Paulicians were ordered to be

1111: 1068:, the force of evil. Cathars held that the physical world was evil and created by this demiurge, which they called 451: 2256:

Pegg wishes to connect the Albigensian Crusade to modern ethnic slaughter, well—words fail me (as they do him)."

107: 6266: 6261: 3035: 1953: 1834: 5440:

Marvin, Laurence W. (2009). "A Most Holy War: The Albigensian Crusade and the Battle for Christendom (review)".

6271: 6030: 5540: 5442: 5297: 1497:

However, there is evidence of greater corruption among bishops in the Languedoc than in other areas in Europe.

1902:

against the Crusaders in 1214. In 1214, Philip won a major victory against the English-German alliance at the

1688:

fell the following day when an abortive sortie was pursued back through the open gates. The entire population

1308:

The Cathars were part of a widespread spiritual reform movement in medieval Europe which began about 653 when

6316: 5993: 5966: 5762: 5666: 1919: 1865: 1547: 1526: 1007: 994:

Between 1022 and 1163, the Cathars were condemned by eight local church councils, the last of which, held at

315: 6321: 6306: 6296: 6251: 1830: 1318: 738: 728: 6230:

The Forgotten Kingdom – The Albigensian Crusade – La Capella Reial – Hespèrion XXI, dir. Jordi Savall

1103:

allegiance or volunteer for military service. Cathar doctrine opposed killing animals and consuming meat.

6133: 5113: 1634: 660: 653: 556: 1735:, a monk and eyewitness to many events of the crusade, but "in their shifts and breeches", according to 1586:

killed, allegedly by one of Raymond's knights. Innocent III claimed that Raymond ordered his execution;

1275:

were not bequeathed the same level of tolerance, but Islamic literature and scholarship were respected.

1139:, to replace the Catholic rite of baptism. Instead of receiving baptism through water, one received the 6311: 6104: 5422: 5277: 2095:, launched an unsuccessful rebellion against France. In May 1242, two inquisitors were assassinated at 2015: 1739:, a contemporary. Raymond Roger died several months later. Although his death supposedly resulted from 1563:, and was unwilling to get involved in a separate conflict in the Languedoc. Hence, the plan stalled. 5035: 1245: 117: 68: 5941: 5013: 1379:

as heretics; the Bogomils were expelled from Serbia and later subjected to the Inquisition and the

461: 247: 4969:

Aubrey, Elizabeth (1997). "The Dialectic between Occitania and France in the Thirteenth Century".

1213:. They spoke different dialects, but these could broadly be classified under the French language. 1064:, a belief in two equal and comparable transcendental principles: God, the force of good, and the 998:, declared that all Albigenses should be put into prison and have their property confiscated. The 6147: 6068: 6040: 5815: 5769: 5703: 5609: 5591: 5394: 5317: 5285: 5138: 2151: 1894: 1794: 1736: 1732: 1649: 900: 688: 242: 225: 217: 1860:

for assistance. Peter II had been crowned King of Aragon by Innocent III in 1204. He fought the

1648:

As the Crusaders assembled, Raymond attempted to reach an agreement with his nephew and vassal,

1251:

By the early 13th century, the power of towns in the Languedoc was growing rapidly. The city of

2023: 1666: 1502: 693: 621: 237: 5985: 5886: 5552:

Singing the Crusades: French and Occitan Lyric Responses to the Crusading Movements, 1137–1336

5515: 5360: 5182: 5157: 5132: 5082: 2245:

wrote, "The Albigensian Crusade ushered genocide into the West by linking divine salvation to

1911: 1689: 1682: 804: 5809: 5311: 5252: 5088: 4292: 2959: 2519: 1965: 1487: 1328:. They claimed that their teaching was rooted in Scripture and part of Apostolic tradition. 999: 980: 723: 626: 616: 200: 5791: 5338:(2010). "A Most Holy War: The Albigensian Crusade and the Battle for Christendom (review)". 1984:

Louis VIII headed the new crusade. He took the cross in January 1226. His army assembled at

1422:

tradition which encompassed both groups. That view is not universally shared. Following the

1257: 915: 2234: 2092: 2046: 2019: 2002: 1961: 1731:

The people were not killed but were forced to leave the town. They were naked according to

1560: 1309: 1115: 1027: 210: 2233:" in the 20th century, referred to the Albigensian Crusade as "one of the most conclusive 1818: 1165:, these rules became binding. Cathar perfects often went through a ritual fast called the 8: 6076: 6073:

The History of the Albigensian Crusade: Peter of les Vaux-de-Cernay's Historia Albigensis

6050: 5931: 5555: 5233: 4971: 2183: 2120: 2096: 2070: 2045:

With the military phase of the campaign against the Cathars now primarily at an end, the

1579: 1578:

order, to convert the Cathars. They were under the direction of the senior papal legate,

1543: 1434:

ritual, thus helping to generate the first organized dualist movement in Western Europe.

1107: 1061: 1003: 984: 976: 733: 718: 526: 496: 205: 5207: 1806: 6276: 5960: 5459: 5418:

The Occitan War: A Military and Political History of the Albigensian Crusade, 1209–1218

4996: 4988: 4180: 4178: 2178: 2173:

poet-composers, particularly those who were also knights. For instance, the troubadour

2124: 1998: 1977: 1903: 1857: 1410:

Although these dissenting groups shared some common features with the Cathars, such as

1237: 1225: 1099: 959:

with the French crown. The distinct regional culture of Languedoc was also diminished.

956: 910: 643: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 546: 541: 514: 491: 436: 364: 354: 252: 167: 133: 1399:, leader of the Arnoldists, was hanged in 1155 and his body burnt and thrown into the 1184:. This sometimes happened, but there is little evidence that it was common practice. 1180:

showed signs of recovery, the person would be smothered to death to ensure entry into

6256: 6193: 6170: 6151: 6108: 6094: 6080: 6054: 6026: 5997: 5970: 5945: 5917: 5896: 5868: 5862: 5844: 5823: 5773: 5735: 5707: 5646: 5623: 5595: 5581: 5567: 5536: 5500: 5463: 5426: 5398: 5370: 5321: 5293: 5258: 5237: 5188: 5167: 5142: 5117: 5092: 5067: 5045: 5017: 5000: 2242: 2238: 2215: 2174: 1949: 1939:

Montfort then had to put down an uprising in Toulouse before heading west to capture

1845: 1587: 1498: 1396: 1391: 1210: 1043: 940: 678: 595: 486: 391: 5472: 4175: 3901: 1770: 5819: 5675: 5559: 5451: 5384: 5347: 5335: 4980: 2275: 2252: 1810: 1470: 1459: 1411: 1221: 1217: 1216:

By contrast, Languedoc regions did not consider themselves French. Their language,

1130: 821: 710: 673: 638: 633: 531: 501: 466: 396: 369: 256: 186: 5750: 4808: 2133:

introduced new rules designed to protect the rights of the accused. The Dominican

1642: 1387:, leader of the Petrobrusians, was pushed into a bonfire by an angry mob in 1131. 6229: 6213: 6141: 6098: 6046:

The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens: The Albigensian Crusade and its Aftermath

6044: 5935: 5911: 5838: 5725: 5697: 5639: 5613: 5585: 5532: 5526: 5490: 5416: 5412: 5388: 5227: 5107: 5059: 2259: 2081: 2050: 1932: 1907: 1887: 1380: 1376: 1360: 1241: 1023: 952: 851: 683: 608: 509: 446: 441: 416: 401: 386: 229: 149: 112: 2181:

condemns the treatment of Raymond VI and urges him to fight back. The epic poem

5834: 5731: 5721: 5307: 5031: 4151: 4115: 4055: 4016: 3925: 3889: 3853: 3790: 3652: 3628: 3531: 3529: 2283: 2226: 2163: 2130: 1638: 1567: 1556: 1427: 1384: 1352: 1325: 1279: 1248:

were both more influential than the French kingdom or even northern Languedoc.

1233: 1187:

Cathar bishops were selected from among the perfect. If a person receiving the

1153: 1098:, in which the soul went from one body to another. Whether they did so or not, 1095: 703: 603: 456: 421: 406: 299: 195: 157: 5351: 4984: 4033: 4031: 3819: 3817: 6245: 6189: 5496: 5212: 5163: 2085: 2006: 1880: 1750: 1603: 1599: 1474: 1423: 1135: 1084: 431: 426: 411: 381: 5221:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 119–120. 3565: 3526: 3463: 3415: 3202: 3190: 1282:

summarizes the cultural differences between the North and South as follows:

38: 6186:

The Story of the Last Cathars' Rebellion Against the Inquisition, 1290–1329

5202: 4704: 4248: 4163: 4139: 4127: 4028: 3877: 3865: 3841: 3814: 3802: 3763: 3751: 3712: 3688: 3676: 3640: 3616: 3238: 2219: 1720: 1356: 1322: 962:

The Cathars originated from an anti-materialist reform movement within the

698: 519: 4856: 3592: 3139: 2100: 2033:

Historian Daniel Power notes that the fact that Peter of Vaux-de-Cernay's

6018: 5680: 5563: 5486: 3492: 3490: 3451: 3340: 3250: 3226: 2246: 2211: 2134: 1716: 1661: 1657: 1438:

movement, and the belief was spreading to other areas. One such area was

1404: 1400: 1368: 744: 536: 5793:

History of the Crusades Against the Albigenses in the Thirteenth Century

3316: 3214: 3015: 2249:, by making slaughter as loving an act as His sacrifice on the cross." 5882: 5587:

A Most Holy War: The Albigensian Crusade and the Battle for Christendom

5455: 2170: 1874: 1799: 1670: 1575: 1419: 1348: 1332: 1220:, was not mutually intelligible with French. Instead, it was closer to 1053: 5550:

Paterson, Linda; Barbieri, Luca; Harvey, Ruth; Radaelli, Anna (2018).

5254:

Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations: In Comparative Perspective

4992: 3604: 3487: 1886:

Peter's coalition force engaged Simon's troops on 12 September in the

1653: 1453:

in 1163, four Cathar men and a girl who had traveled to the city from

1083:

was an angel with only a phantom body, and the accounts of him in the

755: 5366: 5041: 2264: 2104: 1740: 1571: 1552: 1364: 1301: 1206: 1123: 948: 944: 162: 141: 64: 5962:

Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina

5760:

Routledge, Michael (1995). "Songs". In Riley-Smith, Jonathan (ed.).

2274:) include a detailed case study of the Albigensian Crusade in their 1841: 1712: 1465: 5892: 2230: 2222:(left). Massacre against the Albigensians by the Crusaders (right). 2169:

Numerous songs concerning the Albigensian Crusade survive from the

1994: 1899: 1790: 1781: 1758: 1701: 1454: 1439: 1372: 1340: 1336: 1296: 1252: 1065: 1052:

meaning "clean" or "pure." Partially derived from earlier forms of

1031: 1015: 339: 295: 287: 30: 5517:

Mosheim's Institutes of Ecclesiastical History, Ancient and Modern

4941: 1914:; he also occupied Castlenaud and destroyed the fortifications of 939:(1209–1229), was a military and ideological campaign initiated by 6100:

The Song of the Cathar Wars: A History of the Albigensian Crusade

2368: 2366: 1990: 1985: 1944: 1940: 1829:, they were ambushed by troops sent out from Toulouse and led by 1826: 1766: 1754: 1630: 1450: 1344: 1263: 1057: 1011: 972: 967: 963: 128: 97: 5290:

Montaillou: Cathars and Catholics in a French village: 1294–1324

5084:

The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies

4929: 3357: 3355: 2886: 2280:

The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies

1271:

religious dissidents appearing in the area in the 12th century.

5206: 2059: 1915: 1793:

and the adjacent castle of Cabaret. Attacked in December 1209,

1762: 1591: 1314: 1272: 1181: 291: 278: 6167:

The Trail of Gnosis: A Lucid Exploration of Gnostic Traditions

5549: 4814: 4565: 4563: 2363: 2065: 6225:

The English website of the castle of Termes, besieged in 1210

4502: 4500: 4356: 4354: 3352: 3279: 3277: 2729: 2727: 2155: 2077: 2027: 1861: 1844:

fell easily in early June. Afterwards, Simon marched towards

1088: 1080: 995: 4626: 4536: 3328: 2619: 2617: 2461: 1458:

was maintained between the older dualist communities in the

6067: 5727:

Massacre at Montsegur: A History of the Albigensian Crusade

4820: 4784: 4662: 4614: 4587: 4575: 4560: 4512: 4329: 4327: 4254: 4224: 4184: 4169: 4157: 4145: 4133: 4121: 4079: 4067: 4061: 4037: 4022: 3931: 3907: 3895: 3883: 3871: 3859: 3847: 3823: 3808: 3796: 3769: 3757: 3718: 3694: 3682: 3658: 3646: 3634: 3622: 3598: 3571: 3535: 3469: 3457: 3421: 3346: 3256: 3232: 3208: 3196: 3145: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3021: 2967: 1625: 1483: 1482:

Albigensians because of their association with the city of

1240:

in the west. In many areas south and east of Toulouse, the

1229: 988: 307: 6093: 5699:

Suicide in the Middle Ages: The Violent against Themselves

4917: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4604: 4602: 4497: 4487: 4485: 4472: 4470: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4351: 4195: 4193: 3739: 3304: 3274: 3244: 3220: 3096: 2850: 2724: 2695: 2641: 2437: 2427: 2425: 2423: 1076:

encompassed all that was corporeal, chaotic and powerful.

4004: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3973: 3937: 3780: 3778: 3729: 3727: 3391: 3294: 3292: 3151: 2744: 2742: 2658: 2656: 2629: 2614: 2393: 2383: 2381: 2295: 991:

and the surrounding area in the 12th and 13th centuries.

16:

13th-century crusade against Catharism in southern France

5229:

The Southern French Nobility and the Albigensian Crusade

5184:

Franks and Saracens: Reality and Fantasy in the Crusades

4772: 4760: 4324: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4091: 3582: 3580: 3502: 3180: 3178: 3120: 3108: 3072: 2979: 2673: 2671: 2542: 2532: 2530: 2272:

Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies

1014:

against the Cathars. He offered the lands of the Cathar

6039: 5645:. New York & London: Free Press Collier Macmillan. 5131:

Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005).

4796: 4674: 4650: 4638: 4599: 4524: 4482: 4467: 4443: 4419: 4407: 4395: 4383: 4366: 4339: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4190: 4103: 3610: 3496: 3322: 3048: 2934: 2874: 2838: 2826: 2814: 2790: 2778: 2766: 2420: 2410: 2408: 2307: 6143:

Simon V of Montfort and Baronial Government, 1195–1218

4844: 4832: 4548: 4431: 4312: 4300: 4236: 4043: 3985: 3913: 3775: 3724: 3514: 3427: 3289: 3060: 3003: 2898: 2739: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2653: 2378: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2099:. From May 1243 to March 1244, the Cathar fortress of 2091:

From 1242 to 1243, Raymond VII, in alliance with King

6023:

The Inquisitor's Guide: A Medieval Manual on Heretics

5514:

Mosheim, Johann Lorenz (1867). Murdock, James (ed.).

5492:

The War on Heresy: Faith and Power in Medieval Europe

4905: 4736: 4724: 4260: 3961: 3949: 3829: 3700: 3664: 3577: 3553: 3541: 3475: 3439: 3379: 3367: 3175: 3163: 2991: 2862: 2754: 2668: 2527: 2351: 2341: 2339: 1776: 1624:

By mid-1209, around 10,000 Crusaders had gathered in

1228:, the dominant political entity in the region, was a 5156:

Ellwood, R. S.; Alles, G. D. (2007). "Waldensians".

4893: 4205: 3403: 3084: 2922: 2910: 2802: 2683: 2602: 2590: 2554: 2485: 2473: 2405: 1926: 1426:, Latin settlers established a dualist community in 1200: 5274:

The Council of Bourges, 1225: A Documentary History

4748: 3262: 2707: 2319: 55:

July 1209 – 12 April 1229 (19 Years)

5984:Wolff, Robert Lee; Hazard, Harry W., eds. (1969). 5965:. Translated by Rangichi Nginja. College Station: 5802: 5761: 5638: 5257:. Piscataway, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. 5037:The Cathars: Christian Dualists in the Middle Ages 3033: 2336: 1673:and burned several accused heretics at the stake. 1205:Cathar theology found its greatest success in the 43:Massacre against the Albigensians by the Crusaders 5251:Jonassohn, Kurt; Björnson, Karin Solveig (1998). 5250: 4935: 2578: 2566: 2449: 1619: 1048:The word "Cathar" is derived from the Greek word 6243: 6103:. Translated by Shirley, Janet. Burlington, VT: 5130: 4455: 2892: 2372: 1018:to any French nobleman willing to take up arms. 1785:Cathars being expelled from Carcassonne in 1209 1614: 1590:blames the murder entirely on "an evil-hearted 1037: 5913:Lauragais: Steeped in History, Soaked in Blood 5764:The Oxford Illustrated History of The Crusades 5554:. appendix by Marjolaine Raguin. Suffolk, UK: 5284: 5080: 4947: 2467: 1856:To repel the Crusaders, the Cathars turned to 5081:Chalk, Frank Robert; Jonassohn, Kurt (1990). 4880:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 771: 323: 6071:(1998) . Sibly, W. A.; Sibly, M. D. (eds.). 6025:. Welwyn Garden City, UK: Raventhall Books. 5225: 5155: 3157: 2973: 2701: 1971: 1473:work of the 15th century depicts a story of 286:Considered by some scholars to be an act of 6043:(2003). Sibly, W. A.; Sibly, M. D. (eds.). 5983: 5881: 4085: 2301: 2188: 1952:to renew the crusade, Montfort resumed the 1743:, some suspected that he was assassinated. 5720: 4506: 3397: 3361: 2497: 1122:and Catholic teaching on the existence of 778: 764: 330: 316: 5958: 5759: 5748: 5679: 5524: 5058: 4826: 4333: 4097: 2952: 2940: 2880: 2856: 2844: 2832: 2820: 2647: 2443: 2431: 2399: 2313: 1010:was responsible, Innocent III declared a 6139: 5937:God's War: A New History of the Crusades 5916:. Harborough, UK: Troubador Publishing. 5857: 5786: 5134:Oxford Dictionary of the Catholic Church 4632: 4620: 4542: 3745: 2210: 2064: 1780: 1711: 1464: 1295: 1120:real presence of Christ in the Eucharist 5930: 5833: 5615:Heresy and Authority in Medieval Europe 5513: 5390:The New Concise History of the Crusades 5362:The Routledge Companion to the Crusades 5109:The Cathars and the Albigensian Crusade 4802: 4685: 4668: 4656: 4644: 4608: 4593: 4581: 4569: 4530: 4518: 4491: 4476: 4449: 4425: 4413: 4401: 4389: 4377: 4345: 4318: 4306: 4230: 4199: 4109: 4073: 4049: 4010: 3979: 3943: 3919: 3733: 3559: 3547: 3520: 3508: 3481: 3433: 3385: 3373: 3334: 3310: 3298: 3133: 3114: 3102: 3078: 3066: 3009: 2904: 2796: 2784: 2760: 2748: 2733: 2677: 2662: 2548: 2414: 2357: 1694:"Kill them all! God will know his own." 1501:wrote a letter in which he accused the 785: 230: 6244: 5909: 5695: 5662:"Who Went on the Albigensian Crusade?" 5636: 5608: 5439: 5411: 5383: 5334: 5310:(2012). Jacobs, Steven Leonard (ed.). 5306: 5201: 5105: 5030: 5007: 4968: 4923: 4911: 4850: 4838: 4790: 4778: 4766: 4697: 4554: 4437: 4360: 4242: 3998: 3967: 3955: 3835: 3784: 3706: 3670: 3586: 3445: 3409: 3245:William of Tudela & Anonymous 2004 3221:William of Tudela & Anonymous 2004 3184: 3169: 3054: 2997: 2985: 2928: 2916: 2868: 2772: 2689: 2635: 2623: 2608: 2596: 2560: 2536: 2491: 2479: 2330: 2001:allowed the crusade to continue under 1707: 1676: 1407:, experienced burnings and massacres. 1291: 294:, including by the coiner of the word 277:At least 200,000 to at most 1,000,000 5986:"Chap. VIII: The Albigensian Crusade" 5800: 5659: 5485: 5470: 4862: 4273: 3283: 3090: 2808: 2512: 1645:, assumed command of the enterprise. 1641:, Abbott of the Cistercian monastery 1609: 1594:hoping to win the Count's approval". 1533: 1304:on the eve of the Albigensian Crusade 759: 311: 6183: 6164: 5580: 5358: 5180: 4962: 4899: 4296:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 4218: 3268: 2963:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 2718: 2523:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 2387: 2345: 1805:In June, the well-fortified city of 1773:all fell quickly during the autumn. 6017: 5271: 5159:The Encyclopedia of World Religions 4754: 4742: 4730: 4461: 4285: 3034:Martin-Chabot, Eugene (1931–1961). 2584: 2572: 2455: 1802:was captured after a short siege. 1542:In desperation, Innocent turned to 13: 6302:Wars involving the Crown of Aragon 6123: 6011: 5066:. London: Pickering & Inglis. 2103:was besieged by the troops of the 1777:Lastours and the castle of Cabaret 376:In the Holy Land (1095–1291) 360:Military order (religious society) 14: 6348: 6332:Persecution of Christian heretics 6207: 4290:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 3037:Chanson de la croisade albigeoise 2957:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 2517:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 1927:Revolts and reverses 1216 to 1225 1201:Political and cultural background 6292:History of Catholicism in France 6130:Bibliography of genocide studies 5660:Power, Daniel (1 October 2009). 5620:University of Pennsylvania Press 4868: 4691: 4279: 4255:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 4185:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 4170:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 4158:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 4146:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 4134:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 4122:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 4062:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 4038:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 4023:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3932:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3908:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3896:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3884:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3872:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3860:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3848:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3824:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3809:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3797:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3770:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3758:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3719:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3695:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3683:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3659:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3647:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3635:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3623:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3599:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3572:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3536:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3470:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3458:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3422:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3347:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3257:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3233:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3209:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3197:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3146:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 3022:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 1998 1981:papacy in perpetuity foundered. 1151:, the recipient became known as 1044:Catharism § General beliefs 895:Royal intervention and aftermath 37: 5992:. Vol. II (2nd ed.). 5752:A Short History of Christianity 5481:] (in French). Tome Second. 4956: 3042:Song of the Albigensian Crusade 3027: 2946: 1789:The next battle centred around 1367:in Switzerland and France, and 6221:by the philosopher Yves Maris. 6021:(2006). Shirley, Janet (ed.). 5967:Texas A&M University Press 5824:10.1093/OBO/9780195396584-0148 5443:The Catholic Historical Review 5288:(1978) . Bray, Barbara (ed.). 2040: 1620:Assembling of the initial army 1267:, meaning "fortified place." 1072:(Latin, "King of the World"). 482:Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399 1: 5994:University of Wisconsin Press 5990:The Later Crusades, 1189–1311 5788:Sismondi, J. C. L. Simonde de 5667:The English Historical Review 5612:, ed. (1980). "The Cathars". 5226:Graham-Leigh, Elaine (2005). 5187:. London: Karnac Books, Ltd. 4936:Jonassohn & Björnson 1998 3044:] (in French). p. 2. 2289: 2084:, named after their founder, 1920:Fourth Council of the Lateran 1866:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 1548:Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse 1546:, urging him either to force 1527:Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse 1326:and the faith of the Apostles 1195: 1094:Some Cathars believed in the 1008:Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse 1006:in 1208, and suspecting that 142:Viscounty of Béziers and Albi 5843:. New York: The Dial Press. 5525:Nicholson, Helen J. (2004). 5010:The Music of the Troubadours 3611:Guillaume de Puylaurens 2003 3497:Guillaume de Puylaurens 2003 3323:Guillaume de Puylaurens 2003 2953:Vacandard, Elphège (1913). " 2893:Cross & Livingstone 2005 2373:Cross & Livingstone 2005 2145: 1864:in Spain, and served in the 1831:Raymond-Roger, Count of Foix 1615:Initial success 1209 to 1215 1143:by the laying on of hands. 1038:Cathar beliefs and practices 975:in many ways, was basically 337: 7: 6287:Forced religious conversion 6169:. Gnosis Traditions Press. 6140:Lippiatt, G. E. M. (2017). 6134:Outline of genocide studies 6069:Peter of les Vaux de Cernay 5804:"Troubadours and Trouvères" 5749:Robertson, John M. (1902). 5114:Manchester University Press 5112:. Manchester and New York: 5106:Costen, Michael D. (1997). 5008:Aubrey, Elizabeth (2000) . 2206: 2123:, who was in conflict with 2010:the manpower to intervene. 1851: 1606:Crusades in the Holy Land. 1321:and sought a return to the 10: 6353: 6127: 6105:Ashgate Publishing Company 5885:; Higgins, Winton (2016). 5696:Murray, Alexander (1998). 5423:Cambridge University Press 5278:Ashgate Publishing Company 5087:. New Haven, Connecticut: 4948:Chalk & Jonassohn 1990 2282:, authored by Strayer and 1680: 1635:Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV 1041: 6282:Christian anti-Gnosticism 5959:Velikonja, Mitja (2003). 5888:The Magnitude of Genocide 5755:. London: Watts & Co. 5531:. Westport, Connecticut: 5352:10.1215/0961754X-2009-101 4985:10.1017/S0261127900001686 2513:Weber, Nicholas (1913). " 2140: 2073:worn by Cathar repentants 1972:French royal intervention 1943:, but he was repulsed at 1246:Principality of Catalonia 797: 350:Ideology and institutions 347: 285: 269: 173: 87: 47: 36: 28: 23: 5942:Harvard University Press 5840:The Albigensian Crusades 5395:Rowman & Littlefield 5318:Rowman & Littlefield 5292:. London: Scolar Press. 5286:Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel 5014:Indiana University Press 4187:, pp. 554–559, 573. 3910:, pp. 273–276, 279. 2974:Ellwood & Alles 2007 2054:adherents underground. 248:Roger-Bernard II of Foix 163:Viscounty of Carcassonne 6337:Massacres of Christians 6327:French Wars of Religion 6148:Oxford University Press 6041:Guillaume de Puylaurens 5864:The Albigensian Crusade 5829:(subscription required) 5816:Oxford University Press 5801:Steel, Matthew (2014). 5770:Oxford University Press 5704:Oxford University Press 5637:Peters, Edward (1988). 5592:Oxford University Press 5520:. London: William Tegg. 5218:Encyclopædia Britannica 5139:Oxford University Press 4700:"Torturer's Apprentice" 4698:Murphy, Cullen (2012). 4086:Wolff & Hazard 1969 2302:Tatz & Higgins 2016 2229:, who coined the word " 1895:Raymond VII of Toulouse 1795:Pierre Roger de Cabaret 1737:Guillaume de Puylaurens 1733:Peter of Vaux-de-Cernay 1650:Raymond Roger Trencavel 1236:, which controlled the 1096:transmigration of souls 243:Raymond VII of Toulouse 226:Raymond Roger Trencavel 6267:13th century in France 6262:13th century in Europe 5910:Taylor, Colin (2018). 5796:. New York: AMS Press. 4286:Ott, Michael (1913). " 2223: 2074: 2049:was established under 1976:In November 1225, the 1786: 1724: 1667:Archbishop of Bordeaux 1503:Archbishop of Narbonne 1478: 1317:rather than on Church 1305: 1289: 1056:, the theology of the 933:Croisade des albigeois 932: 238:Raymond VI of Toulouse 174:Commanders and leaders 6272:13th-century crusades 6165:Mann, Judith (2002). 6097:; Anonymous (2004) . 5810:Oxford Bibliographies 5272:Kay, Richard (2002). 5089:Yale University Press 4293:Catholic Encyclopedia 3337:, pp. 56–60, 66. 3286:, pp. 1047–1085. 2960:Catholic Encyclopedia 2520:Catholic Encyclopedia 2214: 2068: 1879:which called for the 1784: 1715: 1488:Third Lateran Council 1468: 1414:and rejection of the 1299: 1284: 1106:Cathars rejected the 1000:Third Lateran Council 981:Incarnation of Christ 935:), also known as the 270:Casualties and losses 201:Amaury VI of Montfort 108:Episcopal Inquisition 6317:Louis VIII of France 6219:The paths of Cathars 6077:Boydell & Brewer 6051:Boydell & Brewer 5932:Tyerman, Christopher 5772:. pp. 326–364. 5564:10.2307/j.ctt22zmbj4 5556:Boydell & Brewer 5471:Meyer, Paul (1879). 5359:Lock, Peter (2006). 5316:. Lanham, Maryland: 5234:Boydell & Brewer 5181:Falk, Avner (2010). 4815:Paterson et al. 2018 4793:, pp. 145, 158. 4712:on 26 September 2017 2218:excommunicating the 2093:Henry III of England 2020:Alphonse of Poitiers 2003:Humbert V de Beaujeu 1561:King John of England 1518:-from their duties. 1310:Constantine-Silvanus 1172:After receiving the 1028:Medieval Inquisition 800:1209 Barons' Crusade 211:Louis VIII of France 6322:Philip II of France 6307:Genocides in Europe 6297:Massacres in France 6252:Albigensian Crusade 6214:Albigensian Crusade 6184:Weis, René (2001). 5413:Marvin, Laurence W. 4972:Early Music History 4950:, pp. 114–138. 4926:, pp. 801–802. 4817:, pp. 132–133. 4671:, pp. 159–163. 4635:, pp. 238–240. 4596:, pp. 601–603. 4584:, pp. 146–147. 4572:, pp. 602–603. 4545:, pp. 230–232. 4521:, pp. 132–133. 4363:, pp. 150–151. 4233:, pp. 102–103. 4160:, pp. 533–534. 4124:, pp. 528–534. 4076:, pp. 597–598. 4064:, pp. 401–411. 4025:, pp. 367–466. 3934:, pp. 286–366. 3898:, pp. 253–265. 3862:, pp. 235–236. 3799:, pp. 182–185. 3661:, pp. 115–140. 3637:, pp. 108–113. 3364:, pp. 109–110. 3105:, pp. 573–574. 2736:, pp. 575–576. 2638:, pp. 103–104. 2626:, pp. 189–190. 2468:Le Roy Ladurie 1978 2390:, pp. 162–164. 2198:Song of the Crusade 2184:Canso de la Crozada 2097:Avignonet-Lauragais 2035:Historia Albigensis 1997:. But Queen-regent 1708:Fall of Carcassonne 1683:Massacre at Béziers 1677:Massacre at Béziers 1580:Pierre de Castelnau 1570:in May 1207 and an 1544:Philip II of France 1292:Growth of Catharism 1108:Catholic priesthood 1004:Pierre de Castelnau 985:Catholic sacraments 929:Albigensian Crusade 789:Albigensian Crusade 734:Crusade of the Poor 206:Philip II of France 104:Crusader volunteers 24:Albigensian Crusade 5883:Tatz, Colin Martin 5859:Sumption, Jonathan 5835:Strayer, Joseph R. 5812:: Medieval Studies 5681:10.1093/ehr/cet252 5674:(534): 1047–1085. 5582:Pegg, Mark Gregory 5456:10.1353/cat.0.0546 5313:Lemkin on Genocide 5276:. Brookfield, VT: 5064:The Pilgrim Church 4623:, pp. 238–40. 3313:, p. 584–589. 2988:, pp. 22, 31. 2224: 2179:Tomier and Palaizi 2125:Pope Boniface VIII 2075: 2030:on 12 April 1229. 2018:to Louis' brother 1999:Blanche of Castile 1978:Council of Bourges 1966:Amaury de Montfort 1904:Battle of Bouvines 1858:Peter II of Aragon 1787: 1725: 1610:Military campaigns 1534:Prelude to crusade 1479: 1331:Sects such as the 1306: 1258:Château Narbonnais 1238:Duchy of Aquitaine 1226:County of Toulouse 1100:sexual intercourse 957:County of Toulouse 661:Against Christians 365:Crusade indulgence 355:Crusading movement 253:Peter II of Aragon 168:Kingdom of England 134:County of Toulouse 6312:Cultural genocide 6157:978-0-19-880513-7 6095:William of Tudela 6003:978-0-299-04844-0 5940:. Cambridge, MA: 5902:978-1-4408-3161-4 5867:. London: Faber. 5779:978-0-19-285428-5 5573:978-1-84384-482-2 5385:Madden, Thomas F. 5336:Lerner, Robert E. 5327:978-0-7391-4526-5 5264:978-1-4128-2445-3 5194:978-1-85575-733-2 5173:978-1-4381-1038-7 5148:978-0-19-280290-3 5098:978-0-300-04446-1 5023:978-0-253-21389-1 4963:Secondary sources 4876:"Lemkin, Raphael" 4865:, "Introduction". 4829:, pp. 91–92. 4781:, pp. 52–58. 4769:, pp. 50–51. 4745:, pp. 43–46. 4733:, pp. 35–43. 4288:Pope Innocent III 4013:, pp. 86–88. 3982:, pp. 89–91. 3946:, pp. 84–85. 3748:, pp. 64–65. 3574:, pp. 94–96. 3538:, pp. 92–93. 3511:, pp. 62–63. 3472:, pp. 90–91. 3424:, pp. 82–88. 3325:, pp. 27–29. 3247:, pp. 15–16. 3211:, pp. 58–59. 3199:, pp. 16–18. 3158:Graham-Leigh 2005 3136:, pp. 15–23. 3117:, pp. 14–15. 3081:, pp. 36–39. 3057:, pp. 60–61. 2955:Arnold of Brescia 2859:, pp. 45–46. 2775:, pp. 10–11. 2702:Graham-Leigh 2005 2650:, pp. 55–56. 2551:, pp. 32–33. 2446:, pp. 56–57. 2402:, pp. 54–56. 2243:Mark Gregory Pegg 2239:religious history 2235:cases of genocide 2216:Pope Innocent III 2175:Raimon de Miraval 2110:prat dels cremats 1950:Pope Honorius III 1747:Simon de Montfort 1723:in the foreground 1588:William of Tudela 1499:Pope Innocent III 1397:Arnold of Brescia 1392:Henry of Lausanne 1211:Kingdom of France 941:Pope Innocent III 924: 923: 753: 752: 739:Shepherds' (1320) 729:Shepherds' (1251) 713:(1096–1320) 663:(1209–1588) 598:(1147–1410) 476:(1291–1717) 306: 305: 183:Simon de Montfort 118:Kingdom of France 83: 82: 6344: 6203: 6180: 6161: 6118: 6090: 6064: 6036: 6007: 5980: 5976:978-15854-4226-3 5955: 5927: 5906: 5878: 5854: 5830: 5827: 5806: 5797: 5783: 5767: 5756: 5745: 5717: 5713:978-01982-0539-5 5692: 5690: 5688: 5683: 5656: 5652:978-00292-4980-2 5644: 5633: 5629:978-08122-1103-0 5618:. Philadelphia: 5605: 5577: 5546: 5521: 5510: 5506:978-06740-6582-6 5482: 5467: 5436: 5408: 5404:978-07425-3822-1 5380: 5355: 5340:Common Knowledge 5331: 5303: 5281: 5268: 5247: 5222: 5210: 5208:"Bogomils" 5198: 5177: 5152: 5127: 5102: 5077: 5060:Broadbent, E. H. 5055: 5051:978-0-582-256613 5027: 5004: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4872: 4866: 4860: 4854: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4708:. Archived from 4695: 4689: 4683: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4654: 4648: 4642: 4636: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4495: 4489: 4480: 4474: 4465: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4364: 4358: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4203: 4197: 4188: 4182: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3287: 3281: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2799:, pp. 9–10. 2794: 2788: 2787:, pp. 8–10. 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2737: 2731: 2722: 2716: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2666: 2660: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2525: 2524: 2510: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2418: 2412: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2376: 2370: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2334: 2328: 2317: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2276:genocide studies 2253:Robert E. Lerner 2202: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 1471:Pedro Berruguete 1460:Byzantine Empire 1412:anti-clericalism 966:churches of the 858:Languedoc Revolt 792: 790: 780: 773: 766: 757: 756: 467:Fall of Outremer 370:Papal income tax 342: 332: 325: 318: 309: 308: 261: 232: 191: 79:Crusader victory 49: 48: 41: 21: 20: 6352: 6351: 6347: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6342: 6341: 6242: 6241: 6210: 6200: 6177: 6158: 6136: 6126: 6124:Further reading 6121: 6115: 6087: 6075:. Suffolk, UK: 6061: 6049:. Suffolk, UK: 6033: 6014: 6012:Primary sources 6004: 5977: 5952: 5924: 5903: 5875: 5851: 5828: 5780: 5742: 5722:Oldenbourg, Zoe 5714: 5686: 5684: 5653: 5630: 5602: 5601:978-019988371-4 5574: 5543: 5533:Greenwood Press 5507: 5433: 5405: 5377: 5328: 5308:Lemkin, Raphael 5300: 5265: 5244: 5232:. Suffolk, UK: 5195: 5174: 5149: 5124: 5099: 5074: 5052: 5032:Barber, Malcolm 5024: 5012:. Bloomington: 4965: 4959: 4954: 4946: 4942: 4934: 4930: 4922: 4918: 4910: 4906: 4898: 4894: 4884: 4882: 4874: 4873: 4869: 4861: 4857: 4849: 4845: 4841:, pp. 1–2. 4837: 4833: 4825: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4789: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4765: 4761: 4753: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4729: 4725: 4715: 4713: 4696: 4692: 4684: 4675: 4667: 4663: 4655: 4651: 4643: 4639: 4631: 4627: 4619: 4615: 4607: 4600: 4592: 4588: 4580: 4576: 4568: 4561: 4553: 4549: 4541: 4537: 4529: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4507:Oldenbourg 1961 4505: 4498: 4490: 4483: 4475: 4468: 4460: 4456: 4448: 4444: 4436: 4432: 4424: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4400: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4376: 4367: 4359: 4352: 4344: 4340: 4332: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4284: 4280: 4272: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4229: 4225: 4217: 4206: 4198: 4191: 4183: 4176: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4108: 4104: 4096: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4036: 4029: 4021: 4017: 4009: 4005: 3997: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3918: 3914: 3906: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3882: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3822: 3815: 3807: 3803: 3795: 3791: 3783: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3744: 3740: 3732: 3725: 3717: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3681: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3633: 3629: 3625:, pp. 101. 3621: 3617: 3609: 3605: 3597: 3593: 3585: 3578: 3570: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3534: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3495: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3456: 3452: 3444: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3398:Oldenbourg 1961 3396: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3362:Oldenbourg 1961 3360: 3353: 3345: 3341: 3333: 3329: 3321: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3297: 3290: 3282: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3183: 3176: 3168: 3164: 3156: 3152: 3148:, pp. 8–9. 3144: 3140: 3132: 3121: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3093:, pp. 1–4. 3089: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3032: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3008: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2935: 2927: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2899: 2895:, p. 1264. 2891: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2855: 2851: 2843: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2795: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2751:, pp. 1–4. 2747: 2740: 2732: 2725: 2717: 2708: 2700: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2676: 2669: 2661: 2654: 2646: 2642: 2634: 2630: 2622: 2615: 2607: 2603: 2595: 2591: 2583: 2579: 2571: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2547: 2543: 2535: 2528: 2511: 2498: 2490: 2486: 2478: 2474: 2466: 2462: 2454: 2450: 2442: 2438: 2430: 2421: 2413: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2386: 2379: 2371: 2364: 2356: 2352: 2344: 2337: 2329: 2320: 2312: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2260:Laurence Marvin 2209: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2148: 2143: 2082:Dominican Order 2051:Pope Gregory IX 2043: 2024:Treaty of Paris 1974: 1929: 1888:Battle of Muret 1854: 1779: 1710: 1690:was slaughtered 1685: 1679: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1536: 1381:Bosnian Crusade 1377:burned to death 1361:southern France 1294: 1242:Crown of Aragon 1203: 1198: 1114:host or hear a 1046: 1040: 1024:Dominican Order 953:southern France 925: 920: 906:2nd Carcassonne 810:1st Carcassonne 793: 788: 786: 784: 754: 749: 719:People's (1096) 343: 338: 336: 265: 257: 215: 187: 154: 150:Crown of Aragon 138: 122: 113:Dominican Order 71: 42: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6350: 6340: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6238: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6216: 6209: 6208:External links 6206: 6205: 6204: 6198: 6181: 6175: 6162: 6156: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6119: 6114:978-1351881715 6113: 6091: 6085: 6065: 6059: 6037: 6031: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6008: 6002: 5981: 5975: 5956: 5951:978-0674023871 5950: 5928: 5923:978-1789015836 5922: 5907: 5901: 5879: 5873: 5855: 5849: 5831: 5798: 5784: 5778: 5768:. Oxford, UK: 5757: 5746: 5740: 5732:Pantheon Books 5718: 5712: 5693: 5657: 5651: 5634: 5628: 5610:Peters, Edward 5606: 5600: 5578: 5572: 5547: 5541: 5522: 5511: 5505: 5483: 5468: 5450:(4): 801–802. 5437: 5432:978-0521123655 5431: 5409: 5403: 5393:. Lanham, MD: 5381: 5375: 5356: 5332: 5326: 5304: 5298: 5282: 5269: 5263: 5248: 5242: 5223: 5213:Chisholm, Hugh 5199: 5193: 5178: 5172: 5153: 5147: 5137:. Oxford, UK: 5128: 5122: 5103: 5097: 5078: 5072: 5056: 5050: 5028: 5022: 5005: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4952: 4940: 4928: 4916: 4904: 4902:, p. 188. 4892: 4867: 4855: 4853:, p. 231. 4843: 4831: 4827:Routledge 1995 4819: 4807: 4805:, p. 174. 4795: 4783: 4771: 4759: 4757:, p. 179. 4747: 4735: 4723: 4690: 4688:, p. 162. 4673: 4661: 4659:, p. 160. 4649: 4647:, p. 159. 4637: 4625: 4613: 4611:, p. 603. 4598: 4586: 4574: 4559: 4557:, p. 173. 4547: 4535: 4533:, p. 136. 4523: 4511: 4509:, p. 215. 4496: 4494:, p. 130. 4481: 4479:, p. 601. 4466: 4454: 4452:, p. 122. 4442: 4440:, p. 151. 4430: 4428:, p. 120. 4418: 4416:, p. 119. 4406: 4404:, p. 118. 4394: 4392:, p. 175. 4382: 4380:, p. 117. 4365: 4350: 4348:, p. 600. 4338: 4334:Nicholson 2004 4323: 4311: 4299: 4278: 4276:, p. 419. 4259: 4257:, p. 584. 4247: 4245:, p. 131. 4235: 4223: 4221:, p. 165. 4204: 4202:, p. 134. 4189: 4174: 4172:, p. 569. 4162: 4150: 4148:, p. 530. 4138: 4136:, p. 529. 4126: 4114: 4112:, p. 102. 4102: 4098:Nicholson 2004 4090: 4088:, p. 302. 4078: 4066: 4054: 4042: 4040:, p. 463. 4027: 4015: 4003: 4001:, p. 130. 3984: 3972: 3960: 3948: 3936: 3924: 3912: 3900: 3888: 3886:, p. 243. 3876: 3874:, p. 239. 3864: 3852: 3850:, p. 233. 3840: 3828: 3826:, p. 215. 3813: 3811:, p. 194. 3801: 3789: 3787:, p. 132. 3774: 3772:, p. 168. 3762: 3760:, p. 156. 3750: 3738: 3723: 3721:, p. 154. 3711: 3699: 3697:, p. 151. 3687: 3685:, p. 142. 3675: 3663: 3651: 3649:, p. 114. 3639: 3627: 3615: 3603: 3591: 3589:, p. 128. 3576: 3564: 3552: 3540: 3525: 3523:, p. 591. 3513: 3501: 3499:, p. 128. 3486: 3474: 3462: 3450: 3448:, p. 121. 3438: 3436:, p. 579. 3426: 3414: 3402: 3400:, p. 110. 3390: 3378: 3366: 3351: 3339: 3327: 3315: 3303: 3301:, p. 595. 3288: 3273: 3271:, p. 164. 3261: 3249: 3237: 3225: 3213: 3201: 3189: 3187:, p. 126. 3174: 3172:, p. 125. 3162: 3150: 3138: 3119: 3107: 3095: 3083: 3071: 3069:, p. 214. 3059: 3047: 3026: 3014: 3012:, p. 573. 3002: 3000:, p. 108. 2990: 2978: 2976:, p. 471. 2966: 2945: 2941:Broadbent 1931 2933: 2921: 2909: 2907:, p. 186. 2897: 2885: 2881:Velikonja 2003 2873: 2871:, p. 119. 2861: 2857:Broadbent 1931 2849: 2845:Broadbent 1931 2837: 2833:Broadbent 1931 2825: 2821:Broadbent 1931 2813: 2811:, p. 317. 2801: 2789: 2777: 2765: 2753: 2738: 2723: 2721:, p. 169. 2706: 2694: 2682: 2667: 2665:, p. 385. 2652: 2648:Nicholson 2004 2640: 2628: 2613: 2601: 2589: 2577: 2565: 2553: 2541: 2539:, p. 124. 2526: 2496: 2484: 2472: 2460: 2448: 2444:Nicholson 2004 2436: 2432:Nicholson 2004 2419: 2404: 2400:Nicholson 2004 2392: 2377: 2375:, p. 303. 2362: 2360:, p. 570. 2350: 2348:, p. 195. 2335: 2318: 2316:, p. 254. 2314:Robertson 1902 2306: 2304:, p. 214. 2293: 2291: 2288: 2284:Malise Ruthven 2227:Raphael Lemkin 2208: 2205: 2164:Avignon Papacy 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2131:Pope Clement V 2121:King Philip IV 2042: 2039: 1973: 1970: 1928: 1925: 1853: 1850: 1817:stronghold of 1778: 1775: 1709: 1706: 1681:Main article: 1678: 1675: 1652:, viscount of 1639:Arnaud Amalric 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1568:excommunicated 1557:Fourth Crusade 1535: 1532: 1428:Constantinople 1385:Peter of Bruys 1353:northern Italy 1293: 1290: 1280:Joseph Strayer 1234:Angevin Empire 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1042:Main article: 1039: 1036: 951:, what is now 937:Cathar Crusade 922: 921: 919: 918: 913: 908: 903: 892: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 855: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 813: 812: 807: 798: 795: 794: 783: 782: 775: 768: 760: 751: 750: 742: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 707: 706: 704:Spanish Armada 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 657: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 630: 629: 624: 619: 611: 606: 592: 591: 590: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 534: 529: 524: 523: 522: 517: 512: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 474:Later Crusades 470: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 373: 372: 367: 362: 357: 348: 345: 344: 335: 334: 327: 320: 312: 304: 303: 300:Raphael Lemkin 283: 282: 275: 272: 271: 267: 266: 264: 263: 250: 245: 240: 235: 222: 220: 214: 213: 208: 203: 198: 196:Arnaud Amalric 193: 179: 176: 175: 171: 170: 166: 165: 160: 158:County of Foix 153: 152: 146: 145: 144: 137: 136: 131: 125: 123: 121: 120: 115: 110: 105: 102: 93: 90: 89: 85: 84: 81: 80: 77: 73: 72: 63: 61: 57: 56: 53: 45: 44: 34: 33: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6349: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6240: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6201: 6199:0-14-027669-6 6195: 6191: 6190:Penguin Books 6187: 6182: 6178: 6176:1-4348-1432-7 6172: 6168: 6163: 6159: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6144: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6131: 6116: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6101: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6086:0-85115-807-2 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6060:0-85115-925-7 6056: 6052: 6048: 6047: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6015: 6005: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5982: 5978: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5963: 5957: 5953: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5938: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5919: 5915: 5914: 5908: 5904: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5889: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5874:0-571-11064-9 5870: 5866: 5865: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5850:0-472-09476-9 5846: 5842: 5841: 5836: 5832: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5811: 5805: 5799: 5795: 5794: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5775: 5771: 5766: 5765: 5758: 5754: 5753: 5747: 5743: 5741:1-84212-428-5 5737: 5733: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5700: 5694: 5682: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5654: 5648: 5643: 5642: 5635: 5631: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5616: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5588: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5548: 5544: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5529: 5523: 5519: 5518: 5512: 5508: 5502: 5498: 5497:Belknap Press 5494: 5493: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5475: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5444: 5438: 5434: 5428: 5424: 5421:. Cambridge: 5420: 5419: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5376:0-415-24732-2 5372: 5368: 5364: 5363: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5314: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5256: 5255: 5249: 5245: 5243:1-84383-129-5 5239: 5235: 5231: 5230: 5224: 5220: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5203:Gaster, Moses 5200: 5196: 5190: 5186: 5185: 5179: 5175: 5169: 5165: 5164:Facts on File 5161: 5160: 5154: 5150: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5135: 5129: 5125: 5123:0-7190-4331-X 5119: 5115: 5111: 5110: 5104: 5100: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5085: 5079: 5075: 5073:0-7208-0677-1 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4949: 4944: 4938:, p. 50. 4937: 4932: 4925: 4920: 4914:, p. 92. 4913: 4908: 4901: 4896: 4881: 4877: 4871: 4864: 4859: 4852: 4847: 4840: 4835: 4828: 4823: 4816: 4811: 4804: 4799: 4792: 4787: 4780: 4775: 4768: 4763: 4756: 4751: 4744: 4739: 4732: 4727: 4711: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4694: 4687: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4670: 4665: 4658: 4653: 4646: 4641: 4634: 4633:Sumption 1978 4629: 4622: 4621:Sumption 1978 4617: 4610: 4605: 4603: 4595: 4590: 4583: 4578: 4571: 4566: 4564: 4556: 4551: 4544: 4543:Sumption 1978 4539: 4532: 4527: 4520: 4515: 4508: 4503: 4501: 4493: 4488: 4486: 4478: 4473: 4471: 4463: 4458: 4451: 4446: 4439: 4434: 4427: 4422: 4415: 4410: 4403: 4398: 4391: 4386: 4379: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4362: 4357: 4355: 4347: 4342: 4336:, p. 63. 4335: 4330: 4328: 4321:, p. 98. 4320: 4315: 4309:, p. 52. 4308: 4303: 4295: 4294: 4289: 4282: 4275: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4256: 4251: 4244: 4239: 4232: 4227: 4220: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4201: 4196: 4194: 4186: 4181: 4179: 4171: 4166: 4159: 4154: 4147: 4142: 4135: 4130: 4123: 4118: 4111: 4106: 4100:, p. 62. 4099: 4094: 4087: 4082: 4075: 4070: 4063: 4058: 4052:, p. 92. 4051: 4046: 4039: 4034: 4032: 4024: 4019: 4012: 4007: 4000: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3981: 3976: 3970:, p. 54. 3969: 3964: 3958:, p. 63. 3957: 3952: 3945: 3940: 3933: 3928: 3922:, p. 83. 3921: 3916: 3909: 3904: 3897: 3892: 3885: 3880: 3873: 3868: 3861: 3856: 3849: 3844: 3838:, p. 16. 3837: 3832: 3825: 3820: 3818: 3810: 3805: 3798: 3793: 3786: 3781: 3779: 3771: 3766: 3759: 3754: 3747: 3746:Sismondi 1973 3742: 3736:, p. 71. 3735: 3730: 3728: 3720: 3715: 3709:, p. 77. 3708: 3703: 3696: 3691: 3684: 3679: 3673:, p. 74. 3672: 3667: 3660: 3655: 3648: 3643: 3636: 3631: 3624: 3619: 3613:, p. 34. 3612: 3607: 3601:, p. 98. 3600: 3595: 3588: 3583: 3581: 3573: 3568: 3562:, p. 64. 3561: 3556: 3550:, p. 65. 3549: 3544: 3537: 3532: 3530: 3522: 3517: 3510: 3505: 3498: 3493: 3491: 3484:, p. 62. 3483: 3478: 3471: 3466: 3460:, p. 89. 3459: 3454: 3447: 3442: 3435: 3430: 3423: 3418: 3412:, p. 39. 3411: 3406: 3399: 3394: 3388:, p. 47. 3387: 3382: 3376:, p. 66. 3375: 3370: 3363: 3358: 3356: 3349:, p. 88. 3348: 3343: 3336: 3331: 3324: 3319: 3312: 3307: 3300: 3295: 3293: 3285: 3280: 3278: 3270: 3265: 3259:, p. 84. 3258: 3253: 3246: 3241: 3235:, p. 36. 3234: 3229: 3223:, p. 13. 3222: 3217: 3210: 3205: 3198: 3193: 3186: 3181: 3179: 3171: 3166: 3159: 3154: 3147: 3142: 3135: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3116: 3111: 3104: 3099: 3092: 3087: 3080: 3075: 3068: 3063: 3056: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3030: 3023: 3018: 3011: 3006: 2999: 2994: 2987: 2982: 2975: 2970: 2962: 2961: 2956: 2949: 2943:, p. 86. 2942: 2937: 2931:, p. 31. 2930: 2925: 2919:, p. 54. 2918: 2913: 2906: 2901: 2894: 2889: 2883:, p. 35. 2882: 2877: 2870: 2865: 2858: 2853: 2847:, p. 41. 2846: 2841: 2835:, p. 44. 2834: 2829: 2823:, p. 45. 2822: 2817: 2810: 2805: 2798: 2793: 2786: 2781: 2774: 2769: 2763:, p. 11. 2762: 2757: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2735: 2730: 2728: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2704:, p. 42. 2703: 2698: 2692:, p. 26. 2691: 2686: 2680:, p. 10. 2679: 2674: 2672: 2664: 2659: 2657: 2649: 2644: 2637: 2632: 2625: 2620: 2618: 2611:, p. 78. 2610: 2605: 2599:, p. 68. 2598: 2593: 2587:, p. 42. 2586: 2581: 2575:, p. 36. 2574: 2569: 2563:, p. 67. 2562: 2557: 2550: 2545: 2538: 2533: 2531: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2494:, p. 60. 2493: 2488: 2482:, p. 59. 2481: 2476: 2470:, p. xi. 2469: 2464: 2458:, p. 39. 2457: 2452: 2445: 2440: 2434:, p. 55. 2433: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2417:, p. 28. 2416: 2411: 2409: 2401: 2396: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2359: 2354: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2333:, p. 71. 2332: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2315: 2310: 2303: 2298: 2294: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2261: 2257: 2254: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2204: 2186: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2152:Edward Peters 2150:According to 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2111: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2087: 2086:Saint Dominic 2083: 2079: 2072: 2067: 2063: 2061: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2038: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2011: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1979: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1934: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1881:Fifth Crusade 1878: 1876: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1836: 1835:Roger-Bernard 1832: 1828: 1822: 1820: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1783: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1751:Castelnaudary 1748: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1705: 1703: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1684: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1644: 1643:Cîteaux Abbey 1640: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1531: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1476: 1475:Saint Dominic 1472: 1467: 1463: 1461: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1443: 1441: 1435: 1433: 1432:consolamentum 1429: 1425: 1424:First Crusade 1421: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1357:Petrobrusians 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1303: 1298: 1288: 1283: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1268: 1266: 1265: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1193: 1190: 1189:consolamentum 1185: 1183: 1179: 1178:consolamentum 1175: 1174:consolamentum 1170: 1168: 1164: 1163:consolamentum 1158: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1149:consolamentum 1144: 1142: 1141:consolamentum 1138: 1137: 1136:consolamentum 1132: 1131:Lord's Prayer 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1104: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1085:New Testament 1082: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1045: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 992: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 969: 965: 960: 958: 954: 950: 946: 943:to eliminate 942: 938: 934: 930: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 898: 897: 896: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 861: 860: 859: 853: 850: 848: 847:Castelnaudary 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 819: 818: 817: 816:Languedoc War 811: 808: 806: 803: 802: 801: 796: 791: 781: 776: 774: 769: 767: 762: 761: 758: 748: 746: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 716: 715: 714: 712: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 666: 665: 664: 662: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 614: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 601: 600: 599: 597: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 539: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 507: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 479: 478: 477: 475: 468: 465: 463: 462:Lord Edward's 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 379: 378: 377: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 352: 351: 346: 341: 333: 328: 326: 321: 319: 314: 313: 310: 301: 297: 293: 289: 284: 280: 276: 274: 273: 268: 262: 260: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 233: 227: 224: 223: 221: 219: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 190: 184: 181: 180: 178: 177: 172: 169: 164: 161: 159: 156: 155: 151: 148: 147: 143: 140: 139: 135: 132: 130: 127: 126: 124: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 103: 101: 99: 95: 94: 92: 91: 86: 78: 75: 74: 70: 66: 62: 59: 58: 54: 51: 50: 46: 40: 35: 32: 27: 22: 19: 6239: 6185: 6166: 6142: 6099: 6072: 6045: 6022: 6019:Gui, Bernard 5989: 5961: 5936: 5912: 5887: 5863: 5839: 5808: 5792: 5763: 5751: 5730:. New York: 5726: 5698: 5685:. Retrieved 5671: 5665: 5640: 5614: 5586: 5551: 5528:The Crusades 5527: 5516: 5495:. New York: 5491: 5487:Moore, R. I. 5478: 5473: 5447: 5441: 5417: 5389: 5365:. New York: 5361: 5343: 5339: 5312: 5289: 5273: 5253: 5228: 5216: 5183: 5162:. New York: 5158: 5133: 5108: 5083: 5063: 5040:. New York: 5036: 5009: 4976: 4970: 4957:Bibliography 4943: 4931: 4919: 4907: 4895: 4883:. Retrieved 4870: 4858: 4846: 4834: 4822: 4810: 4803:Strayer 1971 4798: 4786: 4774: 4762: 4750: 4738: 4726: 4716:26 September 4714:. Retrieved 4710:the original 4705:The Atlantic 4703: 4693: 4686:Strayer 1971 4669:Strayer 1971 4664: 4657:Strayer 1971 4652: 4645:Strayer 1971 4640: 4628: 4616: 4609:Tyerman 2006 4594:Tyerman 2006 4589: 4582:Strayer 1971 4577: 4570:Tyerman 2006 4550: 4538: 4531:Strayer 1971 4526: 4519:Strayer 1971 4514: 4492:Strayer 1971 4477:Tyerman 2006 4457: 4450:Strayer 1971 4445: 4433: 4426:Strayer 1971 4421: 4414:Strayer 1971 4409: 4402:Strayer 1971 4397: 4390:Strayer 1971 4385: 4378:Strayer 1971 4346:Tyerman 2006 4341: 4319:Strayer 1971 4314: 4307:Strayer 1971 4302: 4291: 4281: 4250: 4238: 4231:Strayer 1971 4226: 4200:Strayer 1971 4165: 4153: 4141: 4129: 4117: 4110:Strayer 1971 4105: 4093: 4081: 4074:Tyerman 2006 4069: 4057: 4050:Strayer 1971 4045: 4018: 4011:Strayer 1971 4006: 3980:Strayer 1971 3975: 3963: 3951: 3944:Strayer 1971 3939: 3927: 3920:Strayer 1971 3915: 3903: 3891: 3879: 3867: 3855: 3843: 3831: 3804: 3792: 3765: 3753: 3741: 3734:Strayer 1971 3714: 3702: 3690: 3678: 3666: 3654: 3642: 3630: 3618: 3606: 3594: 3567: 3560:Strayer 1971 3555: 3548:Strayer 1971 3543: 3521:Tyerman 2006 3516: 3509:Strayer 1971 3504: 3482:Strayer 1971 3477: 3465: 3453: 3441: 3434:Tyerman 2006 3429: 3417: 3405: 3393: 3386:Strayer 1971 3381: 3374:Strayer 1971 3369: 3342: 3335:Strayer 1971 3330: 3318: 3311:Tyerman 2006 3306: 3299:Tyerman 2006 3264: 3252: 3240: 3228: 3216: 3204: 3192: 3165: 3160:, p. 6. 3153: 3141: 3134:Strayer 1971 3115:Strayer 1971 3110: 3103:Tyerman 2006 3098: 3086: 3079:Strayer 1971 3074: 3067:Strayer 1971 3062: 3050: 3041: 3036: 3029: 3024:, p. 5. 3017: 3010:Tyerman 2006 3005: 2993: 2981: 2969: 2958: 2948: 2936: 2924: 2912: 2905:Strayer 1971 2900: 2888: 2876: 2864: 2852: 2840: 2828: 2816: 2804: 2797:Strayer 1971 2792: 2785:Strayer 1971 2780: 2768: 2761:Strayer 1971 2756: 2749:Strayer 1971 2734:Tyerman 2006 2697: 2685: 2678:Strayer 1971 2663:Mosheim 1867 2643: 2631: 2604: 2592: 2580: 2568: 2556: 2549:Strayer 1971 2544: 2518: 2487: 2475: 2463: 2451: 2439: 2415:Strayer 1971 2395: 2358:Tyerman 2006 2353: 2309: 2297: 2279: 2269: 2258: 2251: 2225: 2220:Albigensians 2182: 2168: 2160: 2149: 2129: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2090: 2076: 2071:yellow cross 2069:The type of 2056: 2044: 2034: 2032: 2012: 1983: 1975: 1959: 1938: 1930: 1892: 1885: 1873: 1870: 1855: 1839: 1833:and his son 1823: 1815: 1804: 1788: 1745: 1730: 1726: 1698: 1686: 1647: 1623: 1596: 1584: 1565: 1541: 1537: 1524: 1520: 1496: 1492: 1480: 1448: 1444: 1436: 1431: 1409: 1395:from again. 1389: 1335:in Armenia, 1330: 1323:early church 1307: 1285: 1277: 1269: 1262: 1250: 1215: 1204: 1188: 1186: 1177: 1173: 1171: 1166: 1162: 1159: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1140: 1134: 1128: 1105: 1093: 1078: 1073: 1069: 1049: 1047: 1020: 993: 961: 936: 928: 926: 894: 893: 889:3rd Toulouse 874:2nd Toulouse 857: 856: 842:1st Toulouse 815: 814: 799: 787: 743: 709: 708: 668: 659: 658: 594: 593: 537:Holy Leagues 472: 471: 375: 374: 349: 290:against the 258: 188: 96: 88:Belligerents 29:Part of the 18: 5687:8 September 5641:Inquisition 4924:Marvin 2009 4912:Lerner 2010 4851:Aubrey 2000 4839:Aubrey 1997 4791:Madden 2005 4779:Peters 1988 4767:Peters 1988 4555:Costen 1997 4438:Costen 1997 4361:Costen 1997 4243:Madden 2005 3999:Madden 2005 3968:Barber 2014 3956:Barber 2014 3836:Taylor 2018 3785:Costen 1997 3707:Marvin 2008 3671:Marvin 2008 3587:Madden 2005 3446:Costen 1997 3410:Marvin 2008 3185:Madden 2005 3170:Madden 2005 3055:Costen 1997 2998:Peters 1980 2986:Barber 2014 2929:Barber 2014 2917:Costen 1997 2869:Gaster 1911 2773:Marvin 2008 2690:Costen 1997 2636:Barber 2014 2624:Murray 1998 2609:Barber 2014 2597:Costen 1997 2561:Costen 1997 2537:Madden 2005 2492:Costen 1997 2480:Costen 1997 2331:Lemkin 2012 2247:mass murder 2135:Bernard Gui 2047:Inquisition 2041:Inquisition 1846:Montferrand 1717:Carcassonne 1662:Montpellier 1658:Carcassonne 1405:Peter Waldo 1401:Tiber River 1369:Waldensians 1112:Eucharistic 745:Reconquista 694:Despenser's 669:Albigensian 497:Alexandrian 6246:Categories 6188:. London: 6146:. Oxford: 6128:See also: 6032:1905043090 5814:. Oxford: 5702:. Oxford: 5590:. Oxford: 5542:087220619X 5346:(2): 292. 5299:0859674037 4863:Steel 2014 4274:Meyer 1879 3284:Power 2009 3091:Moore 2012 2809:Moore 2012 2515:Albigenses 2290:References 2171:troubadour 1875:Quia maior 1721:Aude river 1671:Casseneuil 1576:Cistercian 1420:Manichaean 1416:sacraments 1349:Arnoldists 1333:Paulicians 1278:Historian 1196:Background 1116:confession 1054:Gnosticism 747:(722–1492) 724:Children's 644:Lithuanian 6277:Catharism 5790:(1973) . 5464:159618901 5367:Routledge 5042:Routledge 5034:(2014) . 5001:193213329 4900:Pegg 2008 4219:Lock 2006 3269:Lock 2006 2719:Falk 2010 2388:Lock 2006 2346:Pegg 2008 2278:textbook 2265:Holocaust 2146:Influence 2105:seneschal 2101:Montségur 1933:Beaucaire 1741:dysentery 1719:with the 1572:interdict 1553:Holy Land 1490:of 1179. 1365:Henricans 1302:Languedoc 1300:A map of 1207:Languedoc 1154:perfectus 1124:Purgatory 1074:Rex Mundi 1070:Rex Mundi 1062:dualistic 1050:katharos, 949:Languedoc 945:Catharism 931:(French: 916:Montségur 911:Avignonet 864:Beaucaire 679:Stedinger 527:Nicopolis 492:Smyrniote 487:Aragonese 392:Norwegian 298:himself, 65:Languedoc 6257:Crusades 5934:(2006). 5893:ABC-CLIO 5861:(1978). 5837:(1971). 5724:(1961). 5584:(2008). 5489:(2012). 5415:(2008). 5387:(2005). 5205:(1911). 5062:(1931). 4979:: 1–53. 4755:Gui 2006 4743:Gui 2006 4731:Gui 2006 4462:Kay 2002 2585:Gui 2006 2573:Gui 2006 2456:Gui 2006 2231:genocide 2207:Genocide 2007:Labécède 1995:Louis IX 1912:Montfort 1900:Marmande 1852:Toulouse 1811:besieged 1791:Lastours 1771:Montréal 1759:Fanjeaux 1702:Narbonne 1508:Toulouse 1455:Flanders 1440:Lombardy 1373:Piedmont 1343:and the 1341:Bulgaria 1337:Bogomils 1253:Toulouse 1244:and the 1066:demiurge 1032:genocide 1026:and the 1016:heretics 879:Marmande 869:Salvetat 689:Bohemian 674:Drenther 639:Prussian 634:Livonian 613:Swedish 596:Northern 506:Barbary 502:Savoyard 397:Venetian 340:Crusades 296:genocide 288:genocide 60:Location 31:Crusades 5215:(ed.). 4885:30 July 2192: 2080:of the 2060:Muslims 1991:Avignon 1986:Bourges 1945:Lourdes 1941:Bigorre 1827:Montgey 1807:Minerve 1767:Lombers 1755:Castres 1654:Béziers 1631:Austria 1516:Viviers 1512:Béziers 1451:Cologne 1371:of the 1345:Balkans 1315:Gospels 1273:Muslims 1264:castrum 1232:to the 1222:Catalan 1218:Occitan 1058:Cathars 1012:crusade 977:dualist 973:Gnostic 968:Balkans 964:Bogomil 901:Avignon 884:Baziège 837:Montgey 822:Minerve 805:Béziers 711:Popular 699:Hussite 684:Bosnian 649:Russian 609:Wendish 452:Catalan 442:Seventh 437:Barons' 292:Cathars 279:Cathars 259:† 228: ( 189:† 129:Cathars 98:Crusade 6196: 6173: 6154: 6111: 6083: 6057: 6029: 6000: 5973: 5948: 5920: 5899: 5871: 5847: 5776: 5738: 5710: 5649: 5626: 5598: 5570: 5539: 5503: 5462: 5429: 5401: 5373: 5324: 5296: 5261: 5240: 5191: 5170: 5145: 5120: 5095: 5070: 5048: 5020: 4999: 4993:853799 4991: 2141:Legacy 2078:Friars 1916:Beynac 1842:Cassès 1819:Termes 1763:Limoux 1592:squire 1555:. The 1514:, and 1224:. The 1182:Heaven 1167:endura 832:Lavaur 827:Termes 604:Kalmar 457:Eighth 422:Fourth 407:Second 281:killed 255: 216: 185: 76:Result 69:France 5477:[ 5460:S2CID 5211:. In 4997:S2CID 4989:JSTOR 3040:[ 2156:laity 2028:Meaux 1962:Louis 1954:siege 1908:Domme 1862:Moors 1669:took 1604:Sixth 1600:Fifth 1469:This 1339:from 1319:dogma 1089:Satan 1081:Jesus 996:Tours 852:Muret 654:Tatar 532:Varna 432:Sixth 427:Fifth 412:Third 382:First 6194:ISBN 6171:ISBN 6152:ISBN 6132:and 6109:ISBN 6081:ISBN 6055:ISBN 6027:ISBN 5998:ISBN 5971:ISBN 5946:ISBN 5918:ISBN 5897:ISBN 5869:ISBN 5845:ISBN 5774:ISBN 5736:ISBN 5708:ISBN 5689:2017 5647:ISBN 5624:ISBN 5596:ISBN 5568:ISBN 5537:ISBN 5501:ISBN 5427:ISBN 5399:ISBN 5371:ISBN 5322:ISBN 5294:ISBN 5259:ISBN 5238:ISBN 5189:ISBN 5168:ISBN 5143:ISBN 5118:ISBN 5093:ISBN 5068:ISBN 5046:ISBN 5018:ISBN 4887:2017 4718:2017 2189:lit. 2016:Joan 1910:and 1809:was 1800:Bram 1769:and 1656:and 1626:Lyon 1602:and 1484:Albi 1230:fief 1060:was 989:Albi 983:and 927:The 627:1293 622:1249 617:1150 587:1717 582:1684 577:1594 572:1571 567:1538 562:1535 557:1526 552:1511 547:1495 542:1332 520:1399 515:1398 510:1390 447:1267 417:1197 402:1129 387:1101 52:Date 5820:doi 5676:doi 5672:128 5560:doi 5452:doi 5348:doi 4981:doi 2241:". 2237:in 2026:at 1449:In 1359:in 1351:in 947:in 231:POW 6248:: 6192:. 6150:. 6107:. 6079:. 6053:. 5996:. 5988:. 5969:. 5944:. 5895:. 5891:. 5818:. 5807:. 5734:. 5706:. 5670:. 5664:. 5622:. 5594:. 5566:. 5558:. 5535:. 5499:. 5458:. 5448:95 5446:. 5425:. 5397:. 5369:. 5344:16 5342:. 5320:. 5236:. 5166:. 5141:. 5116:. 5091:. 5044:. 5016:. 4995:. 4987:. 4977:16 4975:. 4878:. 4702:. 4676:^ 4601:^ 4562:^ 4499:^ 4484:^ 4469:^ 4368:^ 4353:^ 4326:^ 4262:^ 4207:^ 4192:^ 4177:^ 4030:^ 3987:^ 3816:^ 3777:^ 3726:^ 3579:^ 3528:^ 3489:^ 3354:^ 3291:^ 3276:^ 3177:^ 3122:^ 2741:^ 2726:^ 2709:^ 2670:^ 2655:^ 2616:^ 2529:^ 2499:^ 2422:^ 2407:^ 2380:^ 2365:^ 2338:^ 2321:^ 2286:. 2267:. 2166:. 2005:. 1765:, 1761:, 1757:, 1753:, 1510:, 1383:; 1363:, 1355:, 1347:, 1169:. 1126:. 1034:. 67:, 6202:. 6179:. 6160:. 6117:. 6089:. 6063:. 6035:. 6006:. 5979:. 5954:. 5926:. 5905:. 5877:. 5853:. 5826:. 5822:: 5782:. 5744:. 5716:. 5691:. 5678:: 5655:. 5632:. 5604:. 5576:. 5562:: 5545:. 5509:. 5466:. 5454:: 5435:. 5407:. 5379:. 5354:. 5350:: 5330:. 5302:. 5280:. 5267:. 5246:. 5197:. 5176:. 5151:. 5126:. 5101:. 5076:. 5054:. 5026:. 5003:. 4983:: 4889:. 4720:. 4464:. 2201:' 2195:' 2187:( 1877:, 779:e 772:t 765:v 331:e 324:t 317:v 302:. 234:) 218:# 100::

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