31:
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in the 1960s and 1970s. By depriving kittens from using one eye, they showed that columns in the primary visual cortex receiving inputs from the other eye took over the areas that would normally receive input from the deprived eye. These kittens also did not develop areas receiving input from both
685:
Gerald Keusch described in an interview as "lightweights" with "no scientific credibility". When Wiesel's name was rejected, an official in
Thompson's office told Keusch that Wiesel had "signed too many full-page letters in The New York Times critical of President Bush." This incident was cited by
444:
From 2000 to 2009, Wiesel served as
Secretary-General of the Human Frontier Science Program, an organization headquartered in Strasbourg, France, which supports international and interdisciplinary collaboration between investigators in the life sciences. Wiesel also has chaired the scientific
440:
as
Vincent and Brooke Astor Professor and head of the Laboratory of Neurobiology. He was president of the university from 1991 to 1998. At Rockefeller University he remains co-director of the Shelby White and Leon Levy Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior.
1453:
681:, who at the time was Secretary of Health and Human Services, rejected Wiesel. In addition to Wiesel, Thompson's office rejected another 18 (out of 26) nominations and in return recommended other scientists that
433:. He became an instructor in pharmacology at Harvard Medical School, beginning a 24-year career with the university. He became professor in the new department of neurobiology in 1968 and its chair in 1973.
413:, where he received his medical degree in 1954. He went on to teach in the institute's department of physiology and worked in the child psychiatry unit of the Karolinska Hospital. In 1955 he moved to the
520:. Hubel and Wiesel's experiments showed that the ocular dominance develops irreversibly early in childhood development. These studies opened the door for the understanding and treatment of childhood
747:
He is a founding member of the
Israeli-Palestinian Science Organization, a nongovernmental nonprofit established in 2004 to support collaborative research between scientists in Israel and Palestine.
1249:
504:," responded best to lines of a certain angle moving in one direction. These studies showed how the visual system builds an image from simple stimuli into more complex representations.
7603:
1330:
1256:
1157:
Berlucchi, Giovanni (2006). "Revisiting the 1981 Nobel Prize to Roger Sperry, David Hubel, and
Torsten Wiesel on the occasion of the centennial of the Prize to Golgi and Cajal".
7618:
1682:
1467:
7608:
7613:
860:
7598:
717:
Wiesel is married to
Lizette Mususa Reyes (m. 2008). Wiesel was married to Teeri Stenhammar from 1956 to 1970, Ann Yee from 1973 to 1981, and author and editor
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911:
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30:
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The Hubel and Wiesel experiments greatly expanded the scientific knowledge of sensory processing. In one experiment, done in 1959, they inserted a
1404:
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in the US, as well as the
International Human Rights Network of Academies and Scholarly Societies. He was awarded the David Rall Medal from the
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446:
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in 2005, in recognition of this important work. In 2009, Wiesel was awarded the Grand Cordon Order of the Rising Sun Medal in Japan.
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3373:
469:
835:
445:
advisory board of China's
National Institute of Biological Science (NIBS) in Beijing, and co-chairs the board of governors of the
3809:
1475:
3218:
496:
fired rapidly when presented with lines at one angle, while others responded best to another angle. They called these neurons "
868:
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647:
587:
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of an anesthetized cat. They then projected patterns of light and dark on a screen in front of the cat. They found that some
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425:. Wiesel began a fellowship in ophthalmology, and in 1958 he became an assistant professor. That same year, he met
7633:
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709:). In 2007, both Wiesel and Hubel were awarded the Marshall M. Parks, MD Medal from The Children's Eye Foundation.
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337:
919:
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Wiesel has done much work as a global human rights advocate. He served for 10 years (1994–2004) as chair of the
2248:
3273:
1763:
1151:
943:"David Hunter Hubel (1926–2013) Neuroscientist who helped to reveal how the brain processes visual information"
632:
2787:
548:, and a foreign fellow of the Indian National Science Academy. He also holds the following awards and honors:
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3146:
2998:
2974:
687:
674:
1286:
7573:
6756:
2695:
625:
473:
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4214:
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1613:
303:
7663:
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4454:
2675:
2456:
615:
576:
279:
271:
7643:
5703:
5252:
4137:
3825:
3558:
3269:
2416:
2232:
1984:
1960:
698:
662:
606:
311:
3794:
1755:
7152:
6598:
5721:
5554:
3506:
3244:
2539:
1584:
465:
429:, beginning a collaboration that would last over twenty years. In 1959 Wiesel and Hubel moved to
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4302:
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3325:
2384:
2212:
560:
508:
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2651:
2040:
1047:"Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex"
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46:
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2256:
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1976:
1940:
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405:, Sweden, in 1924, the youngest of five children. In 1947, he began his scientific career in
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Shampo, M A; Kyle, R A (1994). "Torsten Wiesel--Swedish neurobiologist wins Nobel Prize".
8:
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as part of a report detailing their allegations of abuse of science under
President
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476:(2001–2006); and he was the academy's chairman and interim director in 2001–2002.
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457:, and an advisory board member of the European Brain Research Institute (EBRI).
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1104:"Roger Wolcott Sperry. 20 August 1913--17 April 1994: Elected For.Mem.R.S. 1976"
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2004:
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The
Postnatal Development of the Visual Cortex and the Influence of Environment
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2020:
2008:
1988:
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1211:. Vol. 101, no. 12 (published 15 December 1981). pp. 378–9.
1174:
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1103:
1088:
1028:
968:
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501:
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1645:
1571:
Undermining Science: Suppression and Distortion in the Bush Administration
1216:
1199:
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2196:
2113:
1743:
1735:
1719:
725:
673:
In 2001, Wiesel was nominated for a position on an advisory panel in the
497:
426:
1228:. Vol. 16, no. 1 (published 12 January 2011). pp. 88–99.
507:
Hubel and Wiesel were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1981 for their work on
7253:
6892:
6553:
6329:
6224:
6181:
5796:
5759:
4982:
4783:
4731:
4242:
2878:
2137:
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1161:. Vol. 15, no. 4 (published December 2006). pp. 369–75.
718:
525:
517:
182:
6316:
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2631:
1186:. Vol. 69, no. 11 (published November 1994). p. 1026.
485:
6124:
1546:
1521:
959:
677:
to advise on assisting research in developing countries. Republican
3828:
2874:
1393:"2009 Autumn Conferment of Decorations on Foreign Nationals," p. 1.
1250:"Acting President of Rockefeller U. to Stay at Least 3 More Years,"
521:
1290:
1144:
Brain and Visual Perception: The Story of a 25-Year Collaboration
987:"Receptive fields of single neurones in the cat's striate cortex"
721:
from 1995 to 2007. His daughter Sara Elisabeth was born in 1975.
402:
385:, for their discoveries concerning information processing in the
116:
701:. In 2006, he was awarded the Ramon Y Cajal Gold Medal from the
1634:
493:
738:
Committee of Human Rights of the National Academies of Science
1522:"Bush accused of trying to foist favourites on health agency"
1331:"New York Academy of Sciences Elects a New Chief Executive,"
472:(1998–2004). He was chair of the board of governors of the
1257:"Princeton Cancer Expert Is New Rockefeller U. President,"
393:
for his independent research on the cerebral hemispheres.
7604:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
1369:"The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences: Torsten Wiesel"
7619:
Foreign fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
1272:
1224:
Prasanna, Venkhatesh V (2011). "Do we learn to see?".
640:
Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1982
528:. They were also important in the study of cortical
1109:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
460:
Wiesel has also served as chair of the board of the
7609:
Members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
7614:Foreign members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
1501:"NEI Grantees Receive National Medals of Science,"
697:Wiesel was among the eight 2005 recipients of the
3840:
7599:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
7555:
6125:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
668:Marshall M. Parks MD Medal of Excellence in 2007
707:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas
449:(OIST). He is also member of the boards of the
3233:
1035:
975:
653:Helen Keller Prize for Vision Research in 1996
7669:Members of the American Philosophical Society
3810:
3479:
3302:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
3219:
1676:
1348:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
573:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1981
1654:including the Nobel Lecture 8 December 1981
1568:
1344:
1342:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
500:." Still other neurons, which they termed "
7674:Members of the National Academy of Medicine
3493:
1608:
1606:
1519:
1159:Journal of the History of the Neurosciences
1041:
981:
861:"Fellowship of the Royal Society 1660-2015"
777:
447:Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology
7679:Presidents of the Society for Neuroscience
7659:Physicians of Hospital for Special Surgery
3817:
3803:
3486:
3472:
3226:
3212:
1683:
1669:
1649:
1495:
1493:
1181:
830:
828:
29:
7649:Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun
7589:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
1545:
1339:
1156:
1121:
1078:
1018:
958:
875:
800:
773:
771:
470:International Brain Research Organization
5534:
1603:
1382:
1223:
4104:
3826:United States National Medal of Science
1585:"Torsten Wiesel, 100 år av höjdpunkter"
1562:
1490:
1273:"| Human Frontier Science Program"
1226:Resonance: Journal of Science Education
1206:
1101:
855:
853:
825:
7556:
1513:
768:
624:Elected a member of the United States
436:In 1983, Wiesel joined the faculty of
6654:
6653:
6123:
5533:
5047:
4103:
3839:
3798:
3467:
3207:
1696:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1664:
940:
648:Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience
588:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
566:Honorary Doctoral Degree in Science,
561:Order of the Rising Sun, Grand Cordon
383:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
296:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
7654:Presidents of Rockefeller University
7594:Foreign members of the Royal Society
1389:Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1255:21 February 1992; Sengupta, Somini.
850:
546:Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
535:
7629:National Medal of Science laureates
836:"Professor Torsten Wiesel ForMemRS"
451:Pew Center on Global Climate Change
13:
912:"Torsten N. Wiesel - Biographical"
462:Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center
14:
7690:
1627:
1573:. University of California Press.
1146:. Oxford University Press, 2004.
703:Spanish National Research Council
542:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
3548:
1633:
783:"David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel"
712:
644:W.H. Helmerich III Award in 1989
593:Dr. Jules C. Stein Award in 1971
419:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
373:(born 3 June 1924) is a Swedish
338:Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
198:
171:
146:
1577:
1460:
1446:
1432:
1418:
1397:
1361:
1323:
1306:
1279:
1265:
1242:
731:
219:
194:
167:
142:
1130:
1095:
1063:10.1113/jphysiol.1962.sp006837
1003:10.1113/jphysiol.1959.sp006308
934:
633:American Philosophical Society
464:(1995–2001), president of the
1:
5048:
3841:Behavioral and social science
1468:"David Rall Award Recipients"
1192:10.1016/s0025-6196(12)61367-6
762:
688:Union of Concerned Scientists
675:National Institutes of Health
1520:Emma Marris (14 July 2004).
802:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.07.002
626:National Academy of Sciences
474:New York Academy of Sciences
455:Hospital for Special Surgery
389:; the prize was shared with
7:
7624:Karolinska Institute alumni
2788:Christiane NĂĽsslein-Volhard
1614:"Torsten N. Wiesel - Facts"
750:
512:eyes, a feature needed for
479:
10:
7695:
6729:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
1589:Kungl. Vetenskapsakademien
781:; Wiesel, Torsten (2012).
656:Presidential Award in 1998
616:Karl Spencer Lashley Award
577:Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
540:Wiesel is a member of the
280:Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
272:Karl Spencer Lashley Award
7491:
7340:
7189:
7010:
6816:
6664:
6660:
6649:
6583:
6485:
6374:
6285:
6206:
6134:
6130:
6119:
6076:
5985:
5877:
5768:
5704:William Hayward Pickering
5649:
5544:
5540:
5529:
5455:
5347:
5201:
5077:
5058:
5054:
5043:
4954:
4763:
4577:
4395:
4251:
4114:
4110:
4099:
4056:
3997:
3909:
3869:
3850:
3846:
3835:
3767:
3702:
3665:
3619:
3557:
3546:
3505:
3391:
3372:
3341:
3310:
3292:
3285:(United Kingdom/Bulgaria)
3268:
3243:
2861:
2526:
2187:
1985:Charles Scott Sherrington
1961:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
1923:
1702:
1591:(in Swedish). 3 June 2024
1472:iom.nationalacademies.org
1234:10.1007/s12045-011-0013-4
1167:10.1080/09647040600639013
1051:The Journal of Physiology
991:The Journal of Physiology
699:National Medal of Science
663:National Medal of Science
659:David Rall Medal in 2005
612:Freidenwald Award in 1975
607:Lewis S. Rosenstiel Award
597:Ferrier Medal and Lecture
396:
364:
360:
356:
330:
323:
312:National Medal of Science
264:
254:
244:
240:
232:
123:
96:
91:
87:
75:
63:
52:
44:
40:
28:
21:
7153:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
6599:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
4230:Burrhus Frederic Skinner
2975:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
1499:National Eye Institute:
1405:"University of Cambodia"
1351:Sensation and Perception
1045:; Wiesel, T. N. (1962).
985:; Wiesel, T. N. (1959).
631:Elected a member of the
586:Elected a member of the
509:ocular dominance columns
466:Society for Neuroscience
7634:Swedish Nobel laureates
7584:History of neuroscience
7579:Swedish neuroscientists
6464:Cathleen Synge Morawetz
4382:George Ledyard Stebbins
4303:James Augustine Shannon
3326:Arthur Leonard Schawlow
1207:Korczyn, A (1981). "".
1102:Voneida, T. J. (1997).
381:, he received the 1981
6921:Joseph O. Hirschfelder
6908:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
5864:Harry George Drickamer
5810:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
5484:M. Frederick Hawthorne
5358:John D. Baldeschwieler
4598:Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
4280:Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
3704:Physiology or Medicine
3528:Hans von Euler-Chelpin
3397:Nobel Prize recipients
3343:Physiology or Medicine
3261:(Poland/United States)
1756:Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal
1349:Goldstein, B. (2001).
1317:4 January 2010 at the
1123:10.1098/rsbm.1997.0025
568:University of Cambodia
438:Rockefeller University
343:Rockefeller University
47:Rockefeller University
16:Swedish neuroscientist
7512:Sylvester James Gates
6898:William Alfred Fowler
6880:Robert Rathbun Wilson
6693:Robert Burns Woodward
5505:Geraldine L. Richmond
5253:Howard E. Simmons Jr.
4536:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
4465:Vernon B. Mountcastle
4321:Sterling B. Hendricks
4138:Marshall W. Nirenberg
4133:Theodosius Dobzhansky
3981:William Julius Wilson
3630:Klas Pontus Arnoldson
3574:Verner von Heidenstam
2257:Dickinson W. Richards
1941:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1569:Seth Shulman (2007).
1426:"Torsten Nils Wiesel"
1142:, Torsten N. Wiesel.
941:Shatz, C. J. (2013).
742:Institute of Medicine
490:primary visual cortex
468:(1978–1979), and the
409:'s laboratory at the
45:7th President of
7639:Swedish centenarians
7483:Warren M. Washington
7447:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
7356:Jeremiah P. Ostriker
7301:Martin Schwarzschild
7082:Solomon J. Buchsbaum
7074:J. Robert Schrieffer
7044:E. Margaret Burbidge
6888:Nicolaas Bloembergen
6865:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
6744:Vladimir K. Zworykin
6496:John Griggs Thompson
6419:Martin David Kruskal
6259:Kurt Otto Friedrichs
5732:Erwin Wilhelm MĂĽller
5686:Ralph Brazelton Peck
5641:Jack St. Clair Kilby
5568:John Robinson Pierce
5535:Engineering sciences
5466:Jacqueline K. Barton
5321:George M. Whitesides
5240:Dudley R. Herschbach
5178:Richard B. Bernstein
5147:Walter H. Stockmayer
4695:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
4626:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
4516:Stanley Norman Cohen
4503:Rita Levi-Montalcini
4339:Keith Roberts Porter
4202:Alfred H. Sturtevant
4197:Michael Heidelberger
4169:Fritz Albert Lipmann
3351:Roger Wolcott Sperry
3320:Nicolaas Bloembergen
2680:Rita Levi-Montalcini
2041:Albert Szent-Györgyi
1642:at Wikimedia Commons
1454:"APS Member History"
1355:Wadsworth Publishing
846:on 11 November 2015.
621:Ledlie Prize in 1980
411:Karolinska Institute
407:Carl Gustaf Bernhard
249:Karolinska Institute
209:Lizette Mususa Reyes
197: 1995;
170: 1973;
145: 1956;
7574:People from Uppsala
7533:Shirley Ann Jackson
7452:Charles P. Slichter
7296:Marshall Rosenbluth
7288:Wallace S. Broecker
7241:Eugene M. Shoemaker
7002:Victor F. Weisskopf
6949:Herbert S. Gutowsky
6931:Edgar Bright Wilson
6772:George Kistiakowsky
6390:Stephen Cole Kleene
5901:George H. Heilmeier
5888:Mildred Dresselhaus
5779:Edward H. Heinemann
5709:Frederick E. Terman
5673:Richard T. Whitcomb
5594:Clarence L. Johnson
5555:Theodore von Kármán
5442:Stephen J. Benkovic
5421:Mostafa A. El-Sayed
5408:Marvin H. Caruthers
5363:Ralph F. Hirschmann
5303:Darleane C. Hoffman
5193:Harden M. McConnell
5134:Frank H. Westheimer
4946:Stanley B. Prusiner
4910:Robert J. Lefkowitz
4669:Howard Martin Temin
4526:Maurice R. Hilleman
4521:Joseph L. Goldstein
4460:Donald A. Henderson
4377:Earl Reece Stadtman
4362:Elizabeth C. Crosby
4326:Orville Alvin Vogel
4156:Donald D. Van Slyke
4105:Biological sciences
3747:Bengt I. Samuelsson
3580:Erik Axel Karlfeldt
3072:William C. Campbell
2983:Elizabeth Blackburn
2820:Robert F. Furchgott
2812:Stanley B. Prusiner
2804:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
2704:George H. Hitchings
2668:Joseph L. Goldstein
2628:Bengt I. Samuelsson
2457:Earl Sutherland Jr.
1538:2004Natur.430..281M
1478:on 11 November 2015
1440:"Torsten N. Wiesel"
871:on 15 October 2015.
694:'s administration.
686:the advocacy group
581:Columbia University
555:University of Pavia
401:Wiesel was born in
371:Torsten Nils Wiesel
101:Torsten Nils Wiesel
7405:G. Brent Dalrymple
7223:Arthur L. Schawlow
7130:James A. Van Allen
7021:Philip W. Anderson
6977:Richard P. Feynman
6903:Linus Carl Pauling
6538:Dennis P. Sullivan
6095:John B. Goodenough
6028:Edwin N. Lightfoot
5996:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
5977:Kenneth N. Stevens
5745:Raymond D. Mindlin
5668:Harold E. Edgerton
5513:A. Paul Alivisatos
5392:Stephen J. Lippard
5371:Ernest R. Davidson
5308:Harold S. Johnston
5142:William S. Johnson
5106:George C. Pimentel
4941:Susan L. Lindquist
4923:Francis S. Collins
4817:Victor A. McKusick
4792:Francisco J. Ayala
4774:Nancy C. Andreasen
4724:Robert A. Weinberg
4498:Har Gobind Khorana
4483:Michael E. DeBakey
4470:George Emil Palade
4442:Wendell L. Roelofs
4432:Howard L. Bachrach
4262:Barbara McClintock
4164:Edward F. Knipling
3132:William Kaelin Jr.
3128:Peter J. Ratcliffe
2871:Leland H. Hartwell
2760:Richard J. Roberts
2640:Barbara McClintock
2584:Godfrey Hounsfield
2485:Nikolaas Tinbergen
2417:Marshall Nirenberg
2385:Charles B. Huggins
2174:Tadeusz Reichstein
2162:AntĂłnio Egas Moniz
1957:Christiaan Eijkman
1648:on Nobelprize.org
1506:2009-09-24 at the
1136:Multiple sources:
431:Harvard University
348:Harvard University
7664:Vision scientists
7549:
7548:
7545:
7544:
7541:
7540:
7478:Esther M. Conwell
7418:Robert N. Clayton
7410:Riccardo Giacconi
7374:Raymond Davis Jr.
7262:Albert Overhauser
7205:Edwin M. McMillan
7166:Arnold O. Beckman
7143:Paul Ching-Wu Chu
7120:Paul C. Lauterbur
7097:Robert Hofstadter
7049:Maurice Goldhaber
7036:Charles H. Townes
6987:Edward M. Purcell
6954:Frederick Rossini
6808:Wolfgang Panofsky
6739:John H. Van Vleck
6655:Physical sciences
6645:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6607:Solomon W. Golomb
6567:Andrew J. Viterbi
6562:Leonard Kleinrock
6509:Calyampudi R. Rao
6477:Ronald R. Coifman
6385:George F. Carrier
6366:Donald C. Spencer
6361:Saunders Mac Lane
6296:Marshall H. Stone
6246:Shiing-Shen Chern
6153:Solomon Lefschetz
6115:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6052:David J. Wineland
6020:John M. Prausnitz
5961:C. Kumar N. Patel
5956:James L. Flanagan
5924:John Roy Whinnery
5911:H. Guyford Stever
5893:Nick Holonyak Jr.
5856:George W. Housner
5851:Willis M. Hawkins
5846:Daniel C. Drucker
5828:Robert Byron Bird
5820:Bernard M. Oliver
5727:Peter C. Goldmark
5714:Wernher von Braun
5660:George E. Mueller
5633:Nathan M. Newmark
5628:J. Presper Eckert
5607:Claude E. Shannon
5576:Charles S. Draper
5525:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5492:Judith P. Klinman
5376:Gábor A. Somorjai
5287:Isabella L. Karle
5274:George S. Hammond
5235:Gertrude B. Elion
5188:Rudolph A. Marcus
5039:
5038:
5035:
5034:
4965:Ralph L. Brinster
4884:Torsten N. Wiesel
4861:Norman E. Borlaug
4848:Solomon H. Snyder
4843:J. Michael Bishop
4802:Mario R. Capecchi
4682:Salome G. Waelsch
4613:E. Donnall Thomas
4488:Theodor O. Diener
4387:Paul Alfred Weiss
4215:Bernard B. Brodie
4151:George G. Simpson
4095:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4040:Michael I. Posner
3941:Eleanor J. Gibson
3893:George J. Stigler
3861:Neal Elgar Miller
3792:
3791:
3769:Economic Sciences
3713:Allvar Gullstrand
3652:
3611:Tomas Tranströmer
3584:
3461:
3460:
3374:Economic Sciences
3201:
3200:
3166:Ardem Patapoutian
3015:Ralph M. Steinman
3011:Jules A. Hoffmann
2999:Robert G. Edwards
2967:Harald zur Hausen
2891:H. Robert Horvitz
2792:Eric F. Wieschaus
2728:E. Donnall Thomas
2712:J. Michael Bishop
2700:Gertrude B. Elion
2572:Hamilton O. Smith
2497:Christian de Duve
2233:Frederick Robbins
2110:Alexander Fleming
2049:Corneille Heymans
1895:Frederick Banting
1800:Allvar Gullstrand
1638:Media related to
1336:19 November 2002.
1329:Overbye, Dennis.
1293:on 8 October 2009
1248:Angier, Natalie.
553:Honorary degree,
536:Awards and honors
375:neurophysiologist
368:
367:
325:Scientific career
316:
284:
7686:
7644:Men centenarians
7361:Gilbert F. White
7306:George Wetherill
7200:Allan M. Cormack
7158:Jack Steinberger
7138:D. Allan Bromley
7087:H. Richard Crane
7064:Frederick Reines
7054:Helmut Landsberg
6969:George Uhlenbeck
6870:Vladimir Haensel
6832:Allan R. Sandage
6803:Herbert C. Brown
6785:Herbert Friedman
6711:Leon M. Lederman
6683:Julian Schwinger
6662:
6661:
6651:
6650:
6620:Alexandre Chorin
6594:Richard A. Tapia
6575:David B. Mumford
6403:Alberto CalderĂłn
6348:Joseph B. Keller
6335:Michael Freedman
6304:Herman Goldstine
6158:H. Marston Morse
6132:
6131:
6121:
6120:
6060:Rudolf E. Kálmán
6044:Robert S. Langer
6036:Jan D. Achenbach
5869:Herbert E. Grier
5620:Igor I. Sikorsky
5581:Othmar H. Ammann
5542:
5541:
5531:
5530:
5497:Jerrold Meinwald
5266:Norman Hackerman
5245:Glenn T. Seaborg
5160:William O. Baker
5088:F. Albert Cotton
5056:
5055:
5045:
5044:
5022:Mary-Claire King
4915:Bert W. O'Malley
4871:Thomas E. Starzl
4866:Phillip A. Sharp
4853:Charles Yanofsky
4835:Evelyn M. Witkin
4830:James E. Darnell
4656:Paul C. Zamecnik
4621:Mary Ellen Avery
4593:Herbert W. Boyer
4588:Baruj Benacerraf
4559:Joshua Lederberg
4549:Viktor Hamburger
4511:Michael S. Brown
4357:Robert H. Burris
4112:
4111:
4101:
4100:
4048:Mortimer Mishkin
3973:William K. Estes
3957:Roger N. Shepard
3949:Robert K. Merton
3933:George A. Miller
3880:Herbert A. Simon
3848:
3847:
3837:
3836:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3796:
3795:
3650:
3648:Dag Hammarskjöld
3642:Nathan Söderblom
3636:Hjalmar Branting
3582:
3552:
3551:
3522:Theodor Svedberg
3516:Svante Arrhenius
3488:
3481:
3474:
3465:
3464:
3399:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3205:
3204:
3194:
3179:
3168:
3153:
3147:Michael Houghton
3134:
3124:Gregg L. Semenza
3118:
3112:James P. Allison
3106:
3104:Michael W. Young
3090:
3088:Yoshinori Ohsumi
3082:
3066:
3050:
3048:Thomas C. SĂĽdhof
3034:
3022:
3001:
2993:
2987:Carol W. Greider
2977:
2961:
2945:
2933:
2921:
2909:
2897:
2881:
2854:
2838:
2830:
2814:
2806:
2800:Peter C. Doherty
2794:
2778:
2772:Alfred G. Gilman
2766:
2754:
2742:
2730:
2718:
2716:Harold E. Varmus
2706:
2690:
2682:
2670:
2658:
2642:
2634:
2618:
2602:
2592:Baruj Benacerraf
2586:
2574:
2558:
2542:
2519:
2503:
2487:
2471:
2459:
2451:
2435:
2419:
2409:Robert W. Holley
2403:
2387:
2375:
2359:
2347:
2331:
2315:
2313:Georg von Békésy
2307:
2295:
2283:
2281:Joshua Lederberg
2267:
2259:
2253:Werner Forssmann
2243:
2235:
2219:
2207:
2199:
2180:
2164:
2152:
2144:
2142:Bernardo Houssay
2128:
2120:
2104:
2092:
2080:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2059:
2051:
2043:
2035:
2023:
2015:
1999:
1991:
1979:
1971:
1969:Karl Landsteiner
1963:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1933:Johannes Fibiger
1916:
1915:
1909:
1907:Willem Einthoven
1901:
1889:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1862:
1854:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1818:
1810:
1802:
1794:
1786:
1778:
1772:Élie Metchnikoff
1766:
1764:Alphonse Laveran
1758:
1746:
1738:
1730:
1722:
1714:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1662:
1661:
1653:
1637:
1622:
1621:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1549:
1517:
1511:
1497:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1474:. Archived from
1464:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1401:
1395:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1353:(6th ed.).
1346:
1337:
1327:
1321:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1289:. Archived from
1287:"Nibs 北京生命科ĺ¦ç ”究所"
1283:
1277:
1276:
1269:
1263:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1220:
1203:
1178:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1082:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1022:
979:
973:
972:
962:
938:
932:
931:
929:
927:
918:. Archived from
908:
873:
872:
867:. Archived from
857:
848:
847:
842:. Archived from
832:
823:
822:
804:
775:
728:on 3 June 2024.
514:binocular vision
314:
308:
300:
292:
282:
276:
223:
221:
202:
200:
196:
175:
173:
169:
150:
148:
144:
132:Teeri Stenhammar
114:
110:
108:
92:Personal details
82:Arnold J. Levine
78:
66:
57:
33:
19:
18:
7694:
7693:
7689:
7688:
7687:
7685:
7684:
7683:
7554:
7553:
7550:
7537:
7525:Sean C. Solomon
7487:
7439:Daniel Kleppner
7431:Lonnie Thompson
7426:Ralph A. Alpher
7392:W. Jason Morgan
7379:Charles Keeling
7369:Marvin L. Cohen
7336:
7319:John N. Bahcall
7314:Don L. Anderson
7280:Peter Goldreich
7233:Steven Weinberg
7185:
7115:Walter Elsasser
7092:Herman Feshbach
7006:
6944:Samuel Goudsmit
6936:Chien-Shiung Wu
6875:Frederick Seitz
6842:John A. Wheeler
6827:Robert H. Dicke
6812:
6675:Luis W. Alvarez
6656:
6637:
6625:David Blackwell
6579:
6530:Carl R. de Boor
6501:Karen Uhlenbeck
6481:
6435:Louis Nirenberg
6370:
6343:Ralph E. Gomory
6281:
6277:Donald E. Knuth
6264:Hassler Whitney
6202:
6126:
6107:
6072:
6004:Andreas Acrivos
5981:
5969:Eli Ruckenstein
5948:Hermann A. Haus
5919:Calvin F. Quate
5906:Luna B. Leopold
5873:
5764:
5750:Robert N. Noyce
5740:Emmett N. Leith
5699:Manson Benedict
5681:Rudolf Kompfner
5645:
5599:Warren K. Lewis
5536:
5517:
5451:
5413:Peter B. Dervan
5384:John I. Brauman
5343:
5295:Norman Davidson
5222:John D. Roberts
5197:
5165:Konrad E. Bloch
5111:Richard N. Zare
5073:
5050:
5031:
4988:Sallie Chisholm
4970:Rudolf Jaenisch
4950:
4933:J. Craig Venter
4892:Rita R. Colwell
4759:
4745:David Baltimore
4636:Robert W. Kates
4608:David G. Nathan
4603:Edward B. Lewis
4573:
4569:Harland G. Wood
4564:Roger W. Sperry
4419:Glenn W. Burton
4391:
4367:Arthur Kornberg
4334:Roger Guillemin
4311:Hallowell Davis
4275:Daniel I. Arnon
4267:Albert B. Sabin
4247:
4220:Detlev W. Bronk
4192:Harry F. Harlow
4187:Kenneth S. Cole
4174:William C. Rose
4146:Francis P. Rous
4106:
4087:
4052:
4032:Gordon H. Bower
3993:
3989:Robert M. Solow
3905:
3901:Milton Friedman
3865:
3842:
3831:
3823:
3793:
3788:
3763:
3698:
3661:
3615:
3605:Harry Martinson
3553:
3549:
3544:
3501:
3492:
3462:
3457:
3395:
3387:
3384:(United States)
3368:
3359:(United States)
3353:(United States)
3337:
3328:(United States)
3322:(United States)
3306:
3288:
3264:
3239:
3232:
3202:
3197:
3182:
3171:
3156:
3151:Charles M. Rice
3143:Harvey J. Alter
3137:
3121:
3109:
3100:Michael Rosbash
3096:Jeffrey C. Hall
3093:
3085:
3069:
3060:May-Britt Moser
3053:
3037:
3032:Shinya Yamanaka
3025:
3004:
2996:
2991:Jack W. Szostak
2980:
2964:
2959:Oliver Smithies
2948:
2936:
2924:
2912:
2907:Peter Mansfield
2900:
2895:John E. Sulston
2884:
2868:
2857:
2841:
2833:
2817:
2809:
2797:
2784:Edward B. Lewis
2781:
2769:
2757:
2745:
2733:
2721:
2709:
2693:
2688:Susumu Tonegawa
2685:
2673:
2661:
2645:
2637:
2621:
2605:
2589:
2577:
2561:
2548:Roger Guillemin
2545:
2540:Daniel Gajdusek
2536:Baruch Blumberg
2533:
2522:
2513:Renato Dulbecco
2509:David Baltimore
2506:
2490:
2477:Karl von Frisch
2474:
2462:
2454:
2438:
2422:
2406:
2397:Haldan Hartline
2390:
2378:
2362:
2350:
2334:
2329:Maurice Wilkins
2318:
2310:
2298:
2293:Arthur Kornberg
2286:
2270:
2262:
2246:
2238:
2222:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2183:
2167:
2155:
2147:
2131:
2123:
2107:
2098:Joseph Erlanger
2095:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2054:
2046:
2038:
2026:
2018:
2002:
1994:
1982:
1974:
1966:
1954:
1949:Charles Nicolle
1946:
1938:
1930:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1904:
1892:
1880:
1874:
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1857:
1851:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1792:Albrecht Kossel
1789:
1781:
1769:
1761:
1749:
1741:
1733:
1725:
1717:
1709:
1698:
1689:
1630:
1625:
1612:
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1604:
1594:
1592:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1567:
1563:
1547:10.1038/430281a
1518:
1514:
1508:Wayback Machine
1498:
1491:
1481:
1479:
1466:
1465:
1461:
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1402:
1398:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1347:
1340:
1334:New York Times.
1328:
1324:
1319:Wayback Machine
1311:
1307:
1296:
1294:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1260:New York Times.
1253:New York Times.
1247:
1243:
1184:Mayo Clin. Proc
1135:
1131:
1100:
1096:
1040:
1036:
980:
976:
960:10.1038/502625a
939:
935:
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909:
876:
859:
858:
851:
834:
833:
826:
776:
769:
765:
753:
734:
715:
671:
563:, 2009 (Japan).
538:
482:
423:Stephen Kuffler
399:
391:Roger W. Sperry
352:
319:
306:
298:
290:
274:
245:Alma mater
228:
225:
222: 2008)
217:
213:
210:
204:
201: 2007)
192:
188:
185:
177:
174: 1981)
165:
161:
158:
152:
149: 1970)
140:
136:
133:
115:
112:
106:
104:
103:
102:
76:
70:David Baltimore
64:
58:
53:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7692:
7682:
7681:
7676:
7671:
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7636:
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7601:
7596:
7591:
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7566:
7547:
7546:
7543:
7542:
7539:
7538:
7536:
7535:
7530:
7527:
7522:
7520:Burton Richter
7517:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7495:
7493:
7489:
7488:
7486:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7473:Yakir Aharonov
7470:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7441:
7436:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7420:
7415:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7387:Richard Garwin
7384:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7351:Willis E. Lamb
7348:
7344:
7342:
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7316:
7311:
7308:
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7145:
7140:
7135:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7110:Philip Abelson
7107:
7104:
7102:Chen-Ning Yang
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7076:
7071:
7069:Bruno B. Rossi
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7026:Yoichiro Nambu
7023:
7018:
7014:
7012:
7008:
7007:
7005:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
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6890:
6885:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6837:John C. Slater
6834:
6829:
6824:
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6818:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6797:
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6777:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6724:Jacob Bjerknes
6721:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
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6685:
6680:
6677:
6672:
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6540:
6535:
6532:
6527:
6524:
6522:James G. Glimm
6519:
6516:
6514:Elias M. Stein
6511:
6506:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6489:
6487:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6466:
6461:
6458:
6456:Shing-Tung Yau
6453:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6437:
6432:
6429:
6424:
6421:
6416:
6413:
6408:
6405:
6400:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6378:
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6369:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6324:
6322:Antoni Zygmund
6319:
6314:
6311:
6309:Isadore Singer
6306:
6301:
6298:
6293:
6289:
6287:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6279:
6274:
6272:Joseph L. Doob
6269:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6253:
6251:George Dantzig
6248:
6243:
6241:John W. Backus
6238:
6235:
6230:
6227:
6222:
6219:
6217:Richard Brauer
6214:
6210:
6208:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6200:
6198:William Feller
6195:
6192:
6187:
6184:
6179:
6176:
6171:
6168:
6163:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6147:
6145:Norbert Wiener
6142:
6138:
6136:
6128:
6127:
6117:
6116:
6113:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6103:Thomas Kailath
6100:
6097:
6092:
6089:
6084:
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6078:
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6065:
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5974:
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5953:
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5942:
5937:
5934:
5929:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5881:
5879:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5840:
5835:
5833:H. Bolton Seed
5830:
5825:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5786:
5784:Donald L. Katz
5781:
5776:
5772:
5770:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5755:Earl R. Parker
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5662:
5657:
5653:
5651:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5609:
5604:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5589:Hugh L. Dryden
5586:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5557:
5552:
5548:
5546:
5538:
5537:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5522:
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5518:
5516:
5515:
5510:
5507:
5502:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5473:
5471:Peter J. Stang
5468:
5463:
5459:
5457:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5447:Marye Anne Fox
5444:
5439:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5423:
5418:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5402:
5400:Tobin J. Marks
5397:
5394:
5389:
5386:
5381:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5351:
5349:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5329:Stuart A. Rice
5326:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5297:
5292:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5276:
5271:
5268:
5263:
5261:Donald J. Cram
5258:
5255:
5250:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5230:Ronald Breslow
5227:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5172:
5170:Elias J. Corey
5167:
5162:
5157:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5136:
5131:
5129:Carl S. Marvel
5126:
5121:
5116:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5101:Roald Hoffmann
5098:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5062:
5060:
5052:
5051:
5041:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5017:Stanley Falkow
5014:
5011:
5009:Rakesh K. Jain
5006:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4958:
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4907:
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4894:
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4876:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4812:Gene E. Likens
4809:
4804:
4799:
4797:George F. Bass
4794:
4789:
4786:
4781:
4779:Peter H. Raven
4776:
4771:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4713:
4708:
4705:
4703:Alexander Rich
4700:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4684:
4679:
4677:Daniel Nathans
4674:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4658:
4653:
4651:Folke K. Skoog
4648:
4643:
4641:Salvador Luria
4638:
4633:
4631:Elvin A. Kabat
4628:
4623:
4618:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4544:Katherine Esau
4541:
4538:
4533:
4531:Eric R. Kandel
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4477:
4475:Joan A. Steitz
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4449:
4447:Berta Scharrer
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4414:Seymour Benzer
4411:
4408:
4406:Philip Handler
4403:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4293:Erwin Chargaff
4290:
4288:Britton Chance
4285:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4238:Robert Huebner
4235:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
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4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4127:
4125:C. B. van Niel
4122:
4118:
4116:
4108:
4107:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4083:Albert Bandura
4080:
4077:
4075:Robert Axelrod
4072:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4042:
4037:
4034:
4029:
4026:
4021:
4018:
4016:R. Duncan Luce
4013:
4010:
4005:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3983:
3978:
3975:
3970:
3967:
3965:Paul Samuelson
3962:
3959:
3954:
3951:
3946:
3943:
3938:
3935:
3930:
3927:
3925:Patrick Suppes
3922:
3920:Leonid Hurwicz
3917:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3898:
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3807:
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3786:
3780:
3773:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3755:
3753:Arvid Carlsson
3749:
3743:Sune Bergström
3739:
3737:Torsten Wiesel
3733:
3727:
3721:
3715:
3708:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3682:Manne Siegbahn
3678:
3671:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3653:
3651:(posthumously)
3644:
3638:
3632:
3625:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3607:
3601:Eyvind Johnson
3597:
3591:
3589:Pär Lagerkvist
3585:
3583:(posthumously)
3576:
3570:
3568:Selma Lagerlöf
3563:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3511:
3509:
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3491:
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3476:
3468:
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3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3378:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3363:Torsten Wiesel
3360:
3357:David H. Hubel
3354:
3347:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3316:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3279:
3277:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3259:Roald Hoffmann
3256:
3249:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3231:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3208:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3188:Katalin KarikĂł
3180:
3169:
3154:
3135:
3119:
3107:
3091:
3083:
3067:
3051:
3044:Randy Schekman
3035:
3023:
3002:
2994:
2978:
2971:Luc Montagnier
2962:
2951:Mario Capecchi
2946:
2934:
2927:Barry Marshall
2922:
2910:
2903:Paul Lauterbur
2898:
2887:Sydney Brenner
2882:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2848:Paul Greengard
2844:Arvid Carlsson
2839:
2831:
2815:
2807:
2795:
2779:
2776:Martin Rodbell
2767:
2755:
2752:Edwin G. Krebs
2748:Edmond Fischer
2743:
2731:
2719:
2707:
2696:James W. Black
2691:
2683:
2671:
2659:
2656:CĂ©sar Milstein
2652:Georges Köhler
2643:
2635:
2624:Sune Bergström
2619:
2616:Torsten Wiesel
2612:David H. Hubel
2603:
2587:
2575:
2568:Daniel Nathans
2559:
2552:Andrew Schally
2543:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2504:
2488:
2472:
2465:Gerald Edelman
2460:
2452:
2449:Julius Axelrod
2436:
2433:Salvador Luria
2429:Alfred Hershey
2420:
2404:
2388:
2376:
2365:François Jacob
2360:
2348:
2332:
2316:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2268:
2260:
2249:André Cournand
2244:
2236:
2220:
2208:
2205:Selman Waksman
2200:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2170:Edward Kendall
2165:
2153:
2145:
2129:
2126:Hermann Muller
2121:
2105:
2102:Herbert Gasser
2093:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2057:Gerhard Domagk
2052:
2044:
2036:
2024:
2016:
2013:William Murphy
2005:George Whipple
2000:
1992:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1902:
1890:
1883:Archibald Hill
1878:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1819:
1816:Charles Richet
1811:
1803:
1795:
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1767:
1759:
1747:
1739:
1731:
1723:
1715:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1646:Torsten Wiesel
1643:
1640:Torsten Wiesel
1629:
1628:External links
1626:
1624:
1623:
1618:nobelprize.org
1602:
1576:
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1238:
1221:
1204:
1179:
1154:
1140:David H. Hubel
1129:
1094:
1057:(1): 106–154.
1034:
997:(3): 574–591.
974:
933:
922:on 9 July 2015
916:Nobelprize.org
874:
849:
824:
795:(2): 182–184.
766:
764:
761:
760:
759:
752:
749:
733:
730:
714:
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692:George W. Bush
679:Tommy Thompson
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486:microelectrode
481:
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379:David H. Hubel
366:
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113:(age 100)
100:
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72:
67:
61:
60:
50:
49:
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41:
38:
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35:Wiesel in 2011
34:
26:
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23:Torsten Wiesel
22:
15:
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4:
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2:
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7397:Edward Witten
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7215:Roger Revelle
7213:
7211:
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7198:
7195:
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7192:
7188:
7182:
7181:Henry Stommel
7179:
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7171:Eugene Parker
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7057:
7055:
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7047:
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7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7031:Edward Teller
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7016:
7015:
7013:
7009:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6997:Lyman Spitzer
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
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6914:
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6886:
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6860:Maurice Ewing
6858:
6856:
6855:Carl Djerassi
6853:
6850:
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6847:Saul Winstein
6845:
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6825:
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6795:Eugene Wigner
6793:
6791:
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6786:
6783:
6781:
6780:Paul Bartlett
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6767:Louis Hammett
6765:
6763:
6762:Gregory Breit
6760:
6758:
6757:Francis Birch
6755:
6753:
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6716:William Rubey
6714:
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6633:Michael Artin
6631:
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6472:Felix Browder
6470:
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6448:Stephen Smale
6446:
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6398:
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6395:John McCarthy
6393:
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6388:
6386:
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6380:
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6377:
6373:
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6362:
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6356:Samuel Karlin
6354:
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6169:
6167:
6166:Oscar Zariski
6164:
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5954:
5951:
5949:
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5940:Ray W. Clough
5938:
5935:
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5932:Alfred Y. Cho
5930:
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5909:
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5829:
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5818:
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5813:
5811:
5808:
5805:
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5802:John G. Trump
5800:
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5618:
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5615:Edwin H. Land
5613:
5610:
5608:
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5597:
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5590:
5587:
5584:
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5563:Vannevar Bush
5561:
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5479:Allen J. Bard
5477:
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5461:
5460:
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5454:
5448:
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5437:
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5434:JoAnne Stubbe
5432:
5430:
5429:Joanna Fowler
5427:
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5409:
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5339:Susan Solomon
5337:
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5183:Melvin Calvin
5181:
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5130:
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5124:Yuan Tseh Lee
5122:
5120:
5119:Harry B. Gray
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
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5093:Gilbert Stork
5091:
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5018:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5002:
5001:Bruce Alberts
4999:
4997:
4996:May Berenbaum
4994:
4991:
4989:
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4902:Lubert Stryer
4900:
4898:
4897:Nina Fedoroff
4895:
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4885:
4882:
4880:
4879:Anthony Fauci
4877:
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4820:
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4755:Lynn Margulis
4753:
4751:
4750:Jared Diamond
4748:
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4706:
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4690:Thomas Eisner
4688:
4685:
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4678:
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4672:
4670:
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4665:
4664:Maxine Singer
4662:
4659:
4657:
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4646:Paul A. Marks
4644:
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4455:Stanley Cohen
4453:
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4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4344:Efraim Racker
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4298:James V. Neel
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4210:Horace Barker
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4179:Sewall Wright
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4102:
4098:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4067:Anne Treisman
4065:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4024:Kenneth Arrow
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3888:Anne Anastasi
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3820:
3815:
3813:
3808:
3806:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3785:
3781:
3779:
3778:Gunnar Myrdal
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3732:
3731:Ulf von Euler
3728:
3726:
3725:Ragnar Granit
3722:
3720:
3719:Hugo Theorell
3716:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3691:
3689:
3688:Hannes Alfvén
3685:
3683:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3541:
3540:Tomas Lindahl
3537:
3535:
3534:Arne Tiselius
3531:
3529:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3489:
3484:
3482:
3477:
3475:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3283:Elias Canetti
3281:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3253:Kenichi Fukui
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3229:
3224:
3222:
3217:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3193:
3192:Drew Weissman
3189:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3089:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3076:Satoshi ĹŚmura
3073:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3040:James Rothman
3036:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3007:Bruce Beutler
3003:
3000:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2920:
2919:Linda B. Buck
2916:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2837:
2836:GĂĽnter Blobel
2832:
2829:
2825:
2824:Louis Ignarro
2821:
2816:
2813:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2765:
2764:Phillip Sharp
2761:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2724:Joseph Murray
2720:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2676:Stanley Cohen
2672:
2669:
2665:
2664:Michael Brown
2660:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2641:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2580:Allan Cormack
2576:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2557:
2556:Rosalyn Yalow
2553:
2549:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2502:
2501:George Palade
2498:
2494:
2493:Albert Claude
2489:
2486:
2482:
2481:Konrad Lorenz
2478:
2473:
2470:
2469:Rodney Porter
2466:
2461:
2458:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2445:Ulf von Euler
2442:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2393:Ragnar Granit
2389:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2374:
2373:Jacques Monod
2370:
2366:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2345:Andrew Huxley
2342:
2338:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2321:Francis Crick
2317:
2314:
2309:
2306:
2305:Peter Medawar
2302:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2273:George Beadle
2269:
2266:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2242:
2241:Hugo Theorell
2237:
2234:
2230:
2229:Thomas Weller
2226:
2221:
2218:
2217:Fritz Lipmann
2214:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2119:
2118:Howard Florey
2115:
2111:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1998:
1997:Thomas Morgan
1993:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1887:Otto Meyerhof
1884:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1861:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1825:
1824:Róbert Bárány
1820:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1808:Alexis Carrel
1804:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1752:Camillo Golgi
1748:
1745:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1713:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1607:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1572:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1455:
1449:
1441:
1435:
1427:
1421:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1370:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1343:
1335:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1274:
1268:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
978:
970:
966:
961:
956:
953:(7473): 625.
952:
948:
944:
937:
921:
917:
913:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
870:
866:
865:Royal Society
862:
856:
854:
845:
841:
840:Royal Society
837:
831:
829:
820:
816:
812:
808:
803:
798:
794:
790:
789:
784:
780:
774:
772:
767:
758:
755:
754:
748:
745:
743:
739:
729:
727:
722:
720:
713:Personal life
710:
708:
704:
700:
695:
693:
689:
684:
683:whistleblower
680:
676:
667:
665:in 2005 (US).
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
641:
637:
634:
630:
627:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
601:Royal Society
598:
595:
592:
589:
585:
582:
578:
575:
572:
569:
565:
562:
559:
556:
552:
551:
549:
547:
543:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
510:
505:
503:
502:complex cells
499:
495:
491:
487:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
448:
442:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
415:United States
412:
408:
404:
394:
392:
388:
387:visual system
384:
380:
376:
372:
363:
359:
355:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
333:
329:
326:
322:
313:
310:
305:
302:
297:
294:
289:
288:Dickson Prize
286:
281:
278:
273:
270:
269:
267:
263:
260:
259:Visual system
257:
253:
250:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
206:
184:
179:
154:
129:
128:
126:
122:
118:
99:
95:
90:
86:
83:
80:
74:
71:
68:
62:
56:
51:
48:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
7551:
7507:Sandra Faber
7502:Sidney Drell
7332:Leo Kadanoff
7327:James Cronin
7275:Hans Dehmelt
7210:Robert Pound
7176:Robert Sharp
6992:John Sinfelt
6959:Verner Suomi
6926:Lewis Sarett
6790:Lars Onsager
6734:Henry Eyring
6701:John Bardeen
6443:Richard Karp
6411:Allen Newell
6190:Jerzy Neyman
5815:Tung-Yen Lin
5792:Bill Hewlett
5722:Morris Cohen
5316:John W. Cahn
5217:Karl Folkers
4978:Lucy Shapiro
4928:Elaine Fuchs
4807:Ann Graybiel
4737:Janet Rowley
4719:James Watson
4711:Ruth Patrick
4554:Philip Leder
4424:Mildred Cohn
4372:Severo Ochoa
4349:E. O. Wilson
3784:Bertil Ohlin
3759:Svante Pääbo
3736:
3694:Kai Siegbahn
3676:Gustaf Dalén
3427:
3362:
3332:Kai Siegbahn
3177:Svante Pääbo
3162:David Julius
3116:Tasuku Honjo
3064:Edvard Moser
3056:John O'Keefe
3019:posthumously
3018:
2955:Martin Evans
2931:Robin Warren
2915:Richard Axel
2862:2001–present
2740:Bert Sakmann
2615:
2608:Roger Sperry
2600:George Snell
2596:Jean Dausset
2564:Werner Arber
2517:Howard Temin
2441:Bernard Katz
2425:Max DelbrĂĽck
2381:Francis Rous
2357:Feodor Lynen
2353:Konrad Bloch
2341:Alan Hodgkin
2325:James Watson
2301:Frank Burnet
2289:Severo Ochoa
2277:Edward Tatum
2265:Daniel Bovet
2178:Philip Hench
2090:Edward Doisy
2021:Hans Spemann
2009:George Minot
1989:Edgar Adrian
1977:Otto Warburg
1899:John Macleod
1868:August Krogh
1860:Jules Bordet
1776:Paul Ehrlich
1728:Niels Finsen
1712:Emil Behring
1655:
1617:
1593:. Retrieved
1588:
1579:
1570:
1564:
1532:(281): 281.
1529:
1525:
1515:
1480:. Retrieved
1476:the original
1471:
1462:
1448:
1434:
1420:
1408:. Retrieved
1399:
1384:
1372:. Retrieved
1363:
1350:
1333:
1325:
1308:
1295:. Retrieved
1291:the original
1281:
1267:
1262:1 July 1998.
1259:
1252:
1244:
1225:
1208:
1183:
1158:
1143:
1132:
1113:
1107:
1097:
1054:
1050:
1043:Hubel, D. H.
1037:
994:
990:
983:Hubel, D. H.
977:
950:
946:
936:
924:. Retrieved
920:the original
915:
869:the original
844:the original
792:
786:
779:Hubel, David
757:Neocognitron
746:
735:
732:Human rights
723:
716:
706:
696:
672:
539:
506:
498:simple cells
483:
459:
443:
435:
400:
370:
369:
331:Institutions
324:
77:Succeeded by
54:
7564:1924 births
7460:Berni Alder
7267:Frank Press
7148:Walter Kohn
7125:George Pake
7059:Walter Munk
6982:Herman Mark
6964:Henry Taube
6752:Jesse Beams
6706:Peter Debye
6688:Harold Urey
6612:Barry Mazur
6174:John Milnor
6068:Amnon Yariv
6012:Leo Beranek
5838:Ernst Weber
5691:Abel Wolman
5282:Thomas Cech
5212:Elkan Blout
5152:Max Tishler
5069:Roger Adams
5027:Simon Levin
4493:Harry Eagle
4316:Paul Gyorgy
4008:Gary Becker
3657:Alva Myrdal
3595:Nelly Sachs
3382:James Tobin
3236:Nobel Prize
3028:John Gurdon
2943:Craig Mello
2939:Andrew Fire
2852:Eric Kandel
2828:Ferid Murad
2736:Erwin Neher
2648:Niels Jerne
2413:Har Khorana
2401:George Wald
2369:André Lwoff
2337:John Eccles
2225:John Enders
2197:Max Theiler
2158:Walter Hess
2150:Paul MĂĽller
2114:Ernst Chain
1784:Emil Kocher
1744:Robert Koch
1736:Ivan Pavlov
1720:Ronald Ross
1116:: 463–470.
926:6 September
427:David Hubel
417:to work at
111:3 June 1924
65:Preceded by
7558:Categories
7254:Vera Rubin
6893:Paul Flory
6554:Hyman Bass
6427:John Cocke
6330:Raoul Bott
6233:Kurt Gödel
6225:John Tukey
6182:Paul Cohen
5797:George Low
5760:Simon Ramo
4983:Leroy Hood
4784:Carl Woese
4732:Bruce Ames
4243:Ernst Mayr
3559:Literature
3270:Literature
2879:Paul Nurse
2213:Hans Krebs
2138:Gerty Cori
2086:Henrik Dam
2033:Otto Loewi
2029:Henry Dale
1482:21 October
1297:8 November
1152:0195176189
863:. London:
838:. London:
763:References
726:turned 100
719:Jean Stein
638:Elected a
583:, in 1978
530:plasticity
526:strabismus
518:stereopsis
183:Jean Stein
107:1924-06-03
7249:Val Fitch
6317:Peter Lax
6087:Shu Chien
5334:John Ross
5049:Chemistry
4437:Paul Berg
3829:laureates
3507:Chemistry
3499:laureates
3245:Chemistry
3238:laureates
3080:Tu Youyou
2632:John Vane
2527:1976–2000
2188:1951–1975
2134:Carl Cori
1924:1926–1950
1703:1901–1925
1692:Laureates
1071:0022-3751
1011:0022-3751
811:0896-6273
599:from the
522:cataracts
488:into the
59:1991–1998
55:In office
7228:Ed Stone
4225:Jay Lush
3494:Swedish
3365:(Sweden)
3334:(Sweden)
2875:Tim Hunt
1556:15254502
1504:Archived
1315:Archived
1209:Harefuah
1175:16997764
1089:14449617
1029:14403679
969:24172972
819:22841302
751:See also
705:(CSIC -
557:in 2006.
480:Research
304:ForMemRS
233:Children
119:, Sweden
3667:Physics
3312:Physics
3255:(Japan)
1694:of the
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397:Career
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1412:2018
1376:2009
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1299:2009
1213:PMID
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1148:ISBN
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1025:PMID
1007:ISSN
965:PMID
928:2015
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