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topical or systemic form. Topical fluoride is more highly recommended than systemic intake to protect the surface of the teeth. Topical fluoride is used in toothpaste, mouthwash and fluoride varnish. Standard fluoride toothpaste (1,000–1,500 ppm) is more effective than low fluoride toothpaste (< 600ppm) to prevent dental caries. It is recommended that all adult patients to use fluoridated toothpaste with at least 1350ppm fluoride content, brushing at least 2 times per day and brush right before bed. For children and young adults, use fluoridated toothpaste with 1350ppm to 1500ppm fluoride content, brushing 2 times per day and also brush right before bed. American Dental
Association Council suggest that for children <3 years old, caregivers should begin brushing their teeth by using fluoridated toothpaste with an amount no more than a smear. Supervised toothbrushing must also be done to children below 8 years of age to prevent swallowing of toothpaste. After brushing with fluoride toothpaste, rinsing should be avoided and the excess spat out. Many dental professionals include application of topical fluoride solutions as part of routine visits and recommend the use of xylitol and
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1989:
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1897:. Some dentists remove dental caries using a laser rather than the traditional dental drill. A Cochrane review of this technique looked at Er:YAG (erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet), Er,Cr:YSGG (erbium, chromium: yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet) and Nd:YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet) lasers and found that although people treated with lasers (compared to a conventional dental "drill") experienced less pain and had a lesser need for dental anaesthesia, that overall there was little difference in caries removal. Another alternative to drilling or lasers for small caries is the use of
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1952:
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2324:, known as the father of modern dentistry, was one of the first to reject the idea that worms caused tooth decay and noted that sugar was detrimental to the teeth and gingiva. In 1850, another sharp increase in the prevalence of caries occurred and is believed to be a result of widespread diet changes. Prior to this time, cervical caries was the most frequent type of caries, but increased availability of sugar cane, refined flour, bread, and sweetened tea corresponded with a greater number of pit and fissure caries.
494:
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1935:. Composite resin and porcelain can be made to match the color of a patient's natural teeth and are thus used more frequently when aesthetics are a concern. Composite restorations are not as strong as dental amalgam and gold; some dentists consider the latter as the only advisable restoration for posterior areas where chewing forces are great. When the decay is too extensive, there may not be enough tooth structure remaining to allow a restorative material to be placed within the tooth. Thus, a
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translucent zone is the first visible sign of caries and coincides with a one to two percent loss of minerals. A slight remineralization of enamel occurs in the dark zone, which serves as an example of how the development of dental caries is an active process with alternating changes. The area of greatest demineralization and destruction is in the body of the lesion itself. The surface zone remains relatively mineralized and is present until the loss of tooth structure results in a cavitation.
597:
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economical areas, where other forms of fluoride is not available. However, a
Cochrane systematic review found no evidence to suggest that taking fluoride systemically daily in pregnant women was effective in preventing dental decay in their offspring. While some products containing chlorhexidine have been shown to limit the progression of existing tooth decay; there is currently no evidence suggesting that chlorhexidine gels and varnishes can prevent dental caries or reduce the population of
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820:
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993:. As the gingiva loses attachment to the teeth due to gingival recession, the root surface becomes more visible in the mouth. If this occurs, root caries is a concern since the cementum covering the roots of teeth is more easily demineralized by acids than enamel. Currently, there is not enough evidence to support a causal relationship between smoking and coronal caries, but evidence does suggest a relationship between smoking and root-surface caries. Exposure of children to
811:, root caries tend to progress much more rapidly than decay on other surfaces. The progression and loss of mineralization on the root surface is 2.5 times faster than caries in enamel. In very severe cases where oral hygiene is very poor and where the diet is very rich in fermentable carbohydrates, caries may cause cavities within months of tooth eruption. This can occur, for example, when children continuously drink sugary drinks from baby bottles (see later discussion).
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404:
49:
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food, neutralise acid, or remineralise tooth enamel. (Occlusal caries accounts for between 80 and 90% of caries in children (Weintraub, 2001).) Unlike brushing, fluoride leads to proven reduction in caries incidence by approximately 25%; higher concentrations of fluoride (>1,000 ppm) in toothpaste also helps prevents tooth decay, with the effect increasing with concentration up to a plateau. A randomized clinical trial demonstrated that toothpastes that contain
1156:, which radiate outward from the pulp chamber to the exterior cementum or enamel border. The diameter of the dentinal tubules is largest near the pulp (about 2.5 μm) and smallest (about 900 nm) at the junction of dentin and enamel. The carious process continues through the dentinal tubules, which are responsible for the triangular patterns resulting from the progression of caries deep into the tooth. The tubules also allow caries to progress faster.
1400:(baby) teeth. This must include the presence of at least one carious lesion on a primary tooth in a child under the age of 6 years. The teeth most likely affected are the maxillary anterior teeth, but all teeth can be affected. The name for this type of caries comes from the fact that the decay usually is a result of allowing children to fall asleep with sweetened liquids in their bottles or feeding children sweetened liquids multiple times during the day.
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usually applied on the teeth of children, as soon as the teeth erupt but adults are receiving them if not previously performed. Sealants can wear out and fail to prevent access of food and plaque bacteria inside pits and fissures and need to be replaced so they must be checked regularly by dental professionals. Dental sealants have been shown to be more effective at preventing occlusal decay when compared to fluoride varnish applications.
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caries can be stopped by treatment. The goal of treatment is to preserve tooth structures and prevent further destruction of the tooth. Aggressive treatment, by filling, of incipient carious lesions, places where there is superficial damage to the enamel, is controversial as they may heal themselves, while once a filling is performed it will eventually have to be redone and the site serves as a vulnerable site for further decay.
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enamel, dentin and cementum – are constantly undergoing demineralization and remineralization. Dental caries result when the demineralization rate is faster than the remineralization, producing net mineral loss, which occurs when there is an ecologic shift within the dental biofilm from a balanced population of microorganisms to a population that produces acids and can survive in an acid environment.
1096:, which are the basic unit of the enamel structure, run perpendicularly from the surface of the tooth to the dentin. Since demineralization of enamel by caries follows the direction of the enamel rods, the different triangular patterns between pit and fissure and smooth-surface caries develop in the enamel because the orientation of enamel rods are different in the two areas of the tooth.
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penetration and destruction are the locations of invading bacteria and ultimately the decomposition of dentin. The zone of destruction has a more mixed bacterial population where proteolytic enzymes have destroyed the organic matrix. The innermost dentin caries has been reversibly attacked because the collagen matrix is not severely damaged, giving it potential for repair.
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have a disparity in the distribution of the disease. Among children in the United States and Europe, twenty percent of the population endures sixty to eighty percent of cases of dental caries. A similarly skewed distribution of the disease is found throughout the world with some children having none or very few caries and others having a high number.
1049:. EGF results effective in cellular proliferation, differentiation and survival. Salivary EGF, which seems also regulated by dietary inorganic iodine, plays an important physiological role in the maintenance of oral (and gastro-oesophageal) tissue integrity, and, on the other hand, iodine is effective in prevention of dental caries and oral health.
634:. However, cariogenic bacteria (the ones that can cause the disease) are present in dental plaque, but they are usually in too low concentrations to cause problems unless there is a shift in the balance. This is driven by local environmental change, such as frequent sugar intake or inadequate biofilm removal (toothbrushing). If left untreated, the
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of the pulp decreases. This type of dentin has been subdivided according to the presence or absence of the original odontoblasts. If the odontoblasts survive long enough to react to the dental caries, then the dentin produced is called "reactionary" dentin. If the odontoblasts are killed, the dentin produced is called "reparative" dentin.
549:. However, these four criteria are not always enough to cause the disease and a sheltered environment promoting development of a cariogenic biofilm is required. The caries disease process does not have an inevitable outcome, and different individuals will be susceptible to different degrees depending on the shape of their teeth,
438:. This is referred to as a white spot lesion, an incipient carious lesion, or a "micro-cavity". As the lesion continues to demineralize, it can turn brown but will eventually turn into a cavitation ("cavity"). Before the cavity forms, the process is reversible, but once a cavity forms, the lost tooth structure cannot be
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The presence of these clinical features in children may signal the need for early investigation of possible celiac disease, especially in asymptomatic cases. (...) Pediatric dentists must recognize typical oral lesions, especially those associated with nutritional deficiencies, and should suspect the
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conducted a series of studies that led him to propose an explanation for dental caries that was influential for current theories. He found that bacteria inhabited the mouth and that they produced acids that dissolved tooth structures when in the presence of fermentable carbohydrates. This explanation
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Recurrent caries, also described as secondary, are caries that appear at a location with a previous history of caries. This is frequently found on the margins of fillings and other dental restorations. On the other hand, incipient caries describes decay at a location that has not experienced previous
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material left behind disintegrates, forming a cavity or hole. The impact such sugars have on the progress of dental caries is called cariogenicity. Sucrose, although a bound glucose and fructose unit, is in fact more cariogenic than a mixture of equal parts of glucose and fructose. This is due to the
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is one of the most common methods for assessing caries prevalence as well as dental treatment needs among populations. This index is based on in-field clinical examination of individuals by using a probe, mirror and cotton rolls. Because the DMF index is done without X-ray imaging, it underestimates
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The number of cases has decreased in some developed countries, and this decline is usually attributed to increasingly better oral hygiene practices and preventive measures such as fluoride treatment. Nonetheless, countries that have experienced an overall decrease in cases of tooth decay continue to
1975:
can also serve as treatment for dental caries. The removal of the decayed tooth is performed if the tooth is too far destroyed from the decay process to effectively restore the tooth. Extractions are sometimes considered if the tooth lacks an opposing tooth or will probably cause further problems in
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is the leading cause of tooth decay. Low concentration fluoride ions act as bacteriostatic therapeutic agent and high concentration fluoride ions are bactericidal. The incorporated fluorine makes enamel more resistant to demineralization and, thus, resistant to decay. Fluoride can be found in either
1347:
Caries can be classified by location, etiology, rate of progression, and affected hard tissues. These forms of classification can be used to characterize a particular case of tooth decay to more accurately represent the condition to others and also indicate the severity of tooth destruction. In some
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cells of the pulp. Reparative dentin is produced at an average of 1.5 μm/day, but can be increased to 3.5 μm/day. The resulting dentin contains irregularly shaped dentinal tubules that may not line up with existing dentinal tubules. This diminishes the ability for dental caries to progress
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In response to dental caries, there may be production of more dentin toward the direction of the pulp. This new dentin is referred to as tertiary dentin. Tertiary dentin is produced to protect the pulp for as long as possible from the advancing bacteria. As more tertiary dentin is produced, the size
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In dentin from the deepest layer to the enamel, the distinct areas affected by caries are the advancing front, the zone of bacterial penetration, and the zone of destruction. The advancing front represents a zone of demineralized dentin due to acid and has no bacteria present. The zones of bacterial
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As the enamel loses minerals, and dental caries progresses, the enamel develops several distinct zones, visible under a light microscope. From the deepest layer of the enamel to the enamel surface, the identified areas are the: translucent zone, dark zones, body of the lesion, and surface zone. The
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For children, preformed crowns are available to place over the tooth. These are usually made of metal (usually stainless steel but increasingly there are aesthetic materials). Traditionally teeth are shaved down to make room for the crown but, more recently, stainless steel crowns have been used to
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and/or crowding to dental caries is weak; however, the anatomy of teeth may affect the likelihood of caries formation. Where the deep developmental grooves of teeth are more numerous and exaggerated, pit and fissure caries is more likely to develop (see next section). Also, caries is more likely to
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Worldwide, approximately 3.6 billion people have dental caries in their permanent teeth. In baby teeth it affects about 620 million people or 9% of the population. The disease is most common in Latin
American countries, countries in the Middle East, and South Asia, and least prevalent in
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Temporal descriptions can be applied to caries to indicate the progression rate and previous history. "Acute" signifies a quickly developing condition, whereas "chronic" describes a condition that has taken an extended time to develop, in which thousands of meals and snacks, many causing some acid
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inspection along with radiographs are employed frequently among dentists, in particular to diagnose pit and fissure caries. Early, uncavitated caries is often diagnosed by blowing air across the suspect surface, which removes moisture and changes the optical properties of the unmineralized enamel.
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The incidence of cemental caries increases in older adults as gingival recession occurs from either trauma or periodontal disease. It is a chronic condition that forms a large, shallow lesion and slowly invades first the root's cementum and then dentin to cause a chronic infection of the pulp (see
802:
and the dissolved mineral content of tooth surfaces. During every exposure to the acidic environment, portions of the inorganic mineral content at the surface of teeth dissolve and can remain dissolved for two hours. Since teeth are vulnerable during these acidic periods, the development of dental
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may be necessary for the restoration of a tooth. Endodontic therapy, also known as a "root canal", is recommended if the pulp in a tooth dies from infection by decay-causing bacteria or from trauma. In root canal therapy, the pulp of the tooth, including the nerve and vascular tissues, is removed
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Destroyed tooth structure does not fully regenerate, although remineralization of very small carious lesions may occur if dental hygiene is kept at optimal level. For the small lesions, topical fluoride is sometimes used to encourage remineralization. For larger lesions, the progression of dental
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may work better than fluoride varnish to prevent cavities. Systemic fluoride is found as lozenges, tablets, drops and water fluoridation. These are ingested orally to provide fluoride systemically. Water fluoridation has been shown to be beneficial to prevent tooth decay, especially in low social
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have greater protection against tooth cavitation than the regular fluoride toothpastes containing 1450 ppm alone. A Cochrane review has confirmed that the use of fluoride gels, normally applied by a dental professional from once to several times a year, assists in the prevention of tooth decay in
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Depending on which hard tissues are affected, it is possible to describe caries as involving enamel, dentin, or cementum. Early in its development, caries may affect only enamel. Once the extent of decay reaches the deeper layer of dentin, the term "dentinal caries" is used. Since cementum is the
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The carious process can begin within days of a tooth's erupting into the mouth if the diet is sufficiently rich in suitable carbohydrates. Evidence suggests that the introduction of fluoride treatments has slowed the process. Proximal caries take an average of four years to pass through enamel in
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Once a lesion has cavitated, especially if dentin is involved, remineralization is much more difficult and a dental restoration is usually indicated ("operative treatment"). Before a restoration can be placed, all of the decay must be removed otherwise it will continue to progress underneath the
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Most importantly, whether the carious lesion is cavitated or non-cavitated dictates the management. Clinical assessment of whether the lesion is active or arrested is also important. Noncavitated lesions can be arrested and remineralization can occur under the right conditions. However, this may
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Chewy and sticky foods (such as candy, cookies, potato chips, and crackers) tend to adhere to teeth longer. However, dried fruits such as raisins and fresh fruit such as apples and bananas disappear from the mouth quickly, and do not appear to be a risk factor. Consumers are not good at guessing
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However, oral hygiene is effective at preventing gum disease (gingivitis / periodontal disease). Food is forced inside pits and fissures under chewing pressure, leading to carbohydrate-fuelled acid demineralisation where the brush, fluoride toothpaste, and saliva have no access to remove trapped
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to fight the bacterial infection. At the same time, there is an increase of mineralization of the surrounding tubules. This results in a constriction of the tubules, which is an attempt to slow the bacterial progression. In addition, as the acid from the bacteria demineralizes the hydroxyapatite
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Tooth enamel is a highly mineralized acellular tissue, and caries act upon it through a chemical process brought on by the acidic environment produced by bacteria. As the bacteria consume the sugar and use it for their own energy, they produce lactic acid. The effects of this process include the
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formation. Pellicle is an acellular proteinaceous film which covers the teeth. Bacteria colonize on the teeth by adhering to the pellicle-coated surface. Over time, a mature biofilm is formed, creating a cariogenic environment on the tooth surface. The minerals in the hard tissues of the teeth –
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and assessing how well equipped the child's parent or carer is to help the child prevent caries. To further increase a child's cooperation in caries management, good communication by the dentist and the rest of the staff of a dental practice should be used. This communication can be improved by
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At times, pit and fissure caries may be difficult to detect. Bacteria can penetrate the enamel to reach dentin, but then the outer surface may remineralize, especially if fluoride is present. These caries, sometimes referred to as "hidden caries", will still be visible on X-ray radiographs, but
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is a means of prevention. A sealant is a thin plastic-like coating applied to the chewing surfaces of the molars to prevent food from being trapped inside pits and fissures. This deprives resident plaque bacteria of carbohydrate, preventing the formation of pit and fissure caries. Sealants are
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Some dental researchers have cautioned against the use of dental explorers to find caries, in particular sharp ended explorers. In cases where a small area of tooth has begun demineralizing but has not yet cavitated, the pressure from the dental explorer could cause a cavity. Since the carious
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The presentation of caries is highly variable. However, the risk factors and stages of development are similar. Initially, it may appear as a small chalky area (smooth surface caries), which may eventually develop into a large cavitation. Sometimes caries may be directly visible. However other
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Microbe communities attach to tooth surface and create a biofilm. As the biofilm grows an anaerobic environment forms from the oxygen being used. Microbes use sucrose and other dietary sugars as a food source. The dietary sugars go through anaerobic fermentation pathways producing lactate. The
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is known as the chemoparasitic caries theory. Miller's contribution, along with the research on plaque by G. V. Black and J. L. Williams, served as the foundation for the current explanation of the etiology of caries. Several of the specific strains of lactobacilli were identified in 1921 by
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and the
European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry recommend limiting the frequency of consumption of drinks with sugar, and not giving baby bottles to infants during sleep (see earlier discussion). Parents are also recommended to avoid sharing utensils and cups with their infants to prevent
1180:, fluids within dentinal tubules are believed to be the mechanism by which pain receptors are triggered within the pulp of the tooth. Since sclerotic dentin prevents the passage of such fluids, pain that would otherwise serve as a warning of the invading bacteria may not develop at first.
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are designed to avoid exposure of the dental pulp and overall reduction of the amount of tooth substance which requires removal before the final filling is placed. Often enamel which overlies decayed dentin must also be removed as it is unsupported and susceptible to fracture. The modern
1407:, poor oral hygiene, stimulant use (due to drug-induced dry mouth), and/or large sugar intake. If rampant caries is a result of previous radiation to the head and neck, it may be described as radiation-induced caries. Problems can also be caused by the self-destruction of roots and whole
889:, which occurs in between 1 in 718 and 1 in 14,000 individuals, is a disease in which the enamel does not fully form or forms in insufficient amounts and can fall off a tooth. In both cases, teeth may be left more vulnerable to decay because the enamel is not able to protect the tooth.
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get more cavities, with cavities increasing exponentially with increasing sugar intake. Populations with less sugar intake have fewer cavities. In one population, in
Nigeria, where sugar consumption was about 2g/day, only two percent of the population, of any age, had had a cavity.
390:
it affects about 620 million people or 9% of the population. They have become more common in both children and adults in recent years. The disease is most common in the developed world due to greater simple sugar consumption, but less common in the developing world. Caries is
966:, also causes a nearly complete occlusion of salivation, known in colloquial terms as "cotton mouth". Moreover, 63% of the most commonly prescribed medications in the United States list dry mouth as a known side-effect. Radiation therapy of the head and neck may also damage the
1705:
An oral health assessment carried out before a child reaches the age of one may help with management of caries. The oral health assessment should include checking the child's history, a clinical examination, checking the risk of caries in the child including the state of their
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filling. Sometimes a small amount of decay can be left if it is entombed and there is a seal which isolates the bacteria from their substrate. This can be likened to placing a glass container over a candle, which burns itself out once the oxygen is used up. Techniques such as
830:
Molar incisor hypo-mineralization seems to be increasingly common. While the cause is unknown it is thought to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Possible contributing factors that have been investigated include systemic factors such as high levels of
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hard tissue that covers the roots of teeth, it is not often affected by decay unless the roots of teeth are exposed to the mouth. Although the term "cementum caries" may be used to describe the decay on roots of teeth, very rarely does caries affect the cementum alone.
4206:." Presentation to the National Institute of Health Consensus Development Conference on Diagnosis and Management of Dental Caries Throughout Life, in pdf format, hosted on the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, p. 19. Page accessed August 15, 2006.
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A toothbrush can be used to remove plaque on accessible surfaces, but not between teeth or inside pits and fissures on chewing surfaces. When used correctly, dental floss removes plaque from areas that could otherwise develop proximal caries but only if the depth of
917:
Reduced salivary flow rate is associated with increased caries since the buffering capability of saliva is not present to counterbalance the acidic environment created by certain foods. As a result, medical conditions that reduce the amount of saliva produced by
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children and adolescents, reiterating the importance of fluoride as the principal means of caries prevention. Another review concluded that the supervised regular use of a fluoride mouthwash greatly reduced the onset of decay in the permanent teeth of children.
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because they have lower mineral content. Thus, when root surfaces of teeth are exposed from gingival recession or periodontal disease, caries can develop more readily. Even in a healthy oral environment, however, the tooth is susceptible to dental caries.
587:
Caries occur more often in people from the lower end of the socio-economic scale than people from the upper end of the socio-economic scale, due to lack of education about dental care, and lack of access to professional dental care which may be expensive.
457:, which have passages to the nerve of the tooth, become exposed, resulting in pain that can be transient, temporarily worsening with exposure to heat, cold, or sweet foods and drinks. A tooth weakened by extensive internal decay can sometimes suddenly
1612:
Annual caries incidence increases exponentially with annual per capita sugar consumption. Data based on 10,553 Japanese children whose individual lower first molar teeth were monitored yearly from the age of 6 to 11 years of age. Caries plotted on a
973:
Susceptibility to caries can be related to altered metabolism in the tooth, in particular to fluid flow in the dentin. Experiments on rats have shown that a high-sucrose, cariogenic diet "significantly suppresses the rate of fluid motion" in dentin.
3742:
Tooth defects that result from celiac disease may resemble those caused by too much fluoride or a maternal or early childhood illness. Dentists mostly say it's from fluoride, that the mother took tetracycline, or that there was an illness early
1947:
and works by depriving the bacteria in the decay of nutrients and making their environment less favorable for them. It is a minimally invasive method of managing decay in children and does not require local anesthetic injections in the mouth.
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made certain items, such as refined sugar and flour, readily available. The diet of the "newly industrialized
English working class" then became centered on bread, jam, and sweetened tea, greatly increasing both sugar consumption and caries.
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are released, allowing for the precipitation of more crystals which fall deeper into the dentinal tubule. These crystals form a barrier and slow the advancement of caries. After these protective responses, the dentin is considered sclerotic.
1865:. Such management of a carious lesion is termed "non-operative" since no drilling is carried out on the tooth. Non-operative treatment requires excellent understanding and motivation from the individual, otherwise the decay will continue.
1853:
require extensive changes to the diet (reduction in frequency of refined sugars), improved oral hygiene (toothbrushing twice per day with fluoride toothpaste and daily flossing), and regular application of topical fluoride. More recently,
2346:. Although Clarke proposed that this organism was the cause of caries, the discovery was not followed up. Later, in 1954 in the US, Frank Orland working with hamsters showed that caries was transmissible and caused by acid-producing
1265:
are used for less visible areas of teeth and to judge the extent of destruction. Lasers for detecting caries allow detection without ionizing radiation and are now used for detection of interproximal decay (between the teeth).
1289:) may show dental caries before it is otherwise visible, in particular caries between the teeth. Large areas of dental caries are often apparent to the naked eye, but smaller lesions can be difficult to identify. Visual and
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Caries
Through Time: An Anthropological Overview; Luis Pezo Lanfranco and Sabine Eggers; Laboratório de Antropologia Biológica, Depto. de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo,
786:"Stephan curve", showing sudden decrease in plaque pH following glucose rinse, which returns to normal after 30–60 min. Net demineralization of dental hard tissues occurs below the critical pH (5.5), shown in yellow.
8325:
Kleinberg I (1 March 2002). "A mixed-bacteria ecological approach to understanding the role of the oral bacteria in dental caries causation: an alternative to
Streptococcus mutans and the specific-plaque hypothesis".
1038:(CAMBRA). It is still unknown if the identification of high-risk individuals can lead to more effective long-term patient management that prevents caries initiation and arrests or reverses the progression of lesions.
6617:
Mejare I, Lingstrom P, Petersson LG, Holm AK, Twetman S, Kallestal C, Nordenram G, Lagerlof F, Soder B, Norlund A, Axelsson S, Dahlgren H (2003). "Caries-preventive effect of fissure sealants: a systematic review".
1128:, which reside at the border between the pulp and dentin. Since odontoblasts are present, a stimulus, such as caries, can trigger a biologic response. These defense mechanisms include the formation of sclerotic and
2302:. Learning their training from apprenticeships, these health providers were quite successful in ending tooth pain and likely prevented systemic spread of infections in many cases. Among Roman Catholics, prayers to
8775:
8760:
7276:
Summit, James B., J. William
Robbins, and Richard S. Schwartz. "Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry: A Contemporary Approach." 2nd edition. Carol Stream, Illinois, Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc, 2001, p. 128.
5369:
Summit, James B., J. William
Robbins, and Richard S. Schwartz. "Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry: A Contemporary Approach." 2nd edition. Carol Stream, Illinois, Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc, 2001, p. 14.
442:. A lesion that appears dark brown and shiny suggests dental caries were once present, but the demineralization process has stopped, leaving a stain. Active decay is lighter in color and dull in appearance.
465:
can result, and the pain will become more constant. Death of the pulp tissue and infection are common consequences. The tooth will no longer be sensitive to hot or cold but can be very tender to pressure.
1414:
Children at 6–12 months are at increased risk of developing dental caries. For other children aged 12–18 months, dental caries develop on primary teeth and approximately twice yearly for permanent teeth.
1224:
further discussion under classification by affected hard tissue). Because dental pain is a late finding, many lesions are not detected early, resulting in restorative challenges and increased tooth loss.
3343:
1893:("drill") is used to remove large portions of decayed material from a tooth. A spoon, a dental instrument used to carefully remove decay, is sometimes employed when the decay in dentin reaches near the
5453:. Maintained by the University of Michigan Dentistry Library, along with the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. 2000. Page accessed August 13, 2006.
1939:
may be needed. This restoration appears similar to a cap and is fitted over the remainder of the natural crown of the tooth. Crowns are often made of gold, porcelain, or porcelain fused to metal.
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or dental biofilm, although studies have shown this effect on caries is limited. While there is no evidence that flossing prevents tooth decay, the practice is still generally recommended.
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process called fermentation. If left in contact with the tooth, these acids may cause demineralization, which is the dissolution of its mineral content. The process is dynamic, however, as
1964:
along with decayed portions of the tooth. The canals are instrumented with endodontic files to clean and shape them, and they are then usually filled with a rubber-like material called
6970:
5926:
Sambunjak D, Nickerson JW, Poklepovic T, Johnson TM, Imai P, Tugwell P, Worthington HV (2011-12-07). "Flossing for the management of periodontal diseases and dental caries in adults".
892:
In most people, disorders or diseases affecting teeth are not the primary cause of dental caries. Approximately 96% of tooth enamel is composed of minerals. These minerals, especially
3000:
2200:
ages. The increase of caries during the Neolithic period may be attributed to the increased consumption of plant foods containing carbohydrates. The beginning of rice cultivation in
5400:
Deana AM, Jesus SH, Koshoji NH, Bussadori SK, Oliveira MT (2013). "Detection of early carious lesions using contrast enhancement with coherent light scattering (speckle imaging)".
8723:
5754:
Seppa L, Hausen H, Pollanen L, Helasharju K, Karkkainen S (1989). "Past caries recordings made in Public Dental Clinics as predictors of caries prevalence in early adolescence".
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de Oliveira K, Nemezio MA, Romualdo PC, da Silva R, de Paula E Silva F, Küchler EC (2017). "Dental Flossing and Proximal Caries in the Primary Dentition: A Systematic Review".
4801:
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is a naturally occurring sugar alcohol that is used in different products as an alternative to sucrose (table sugar). As of 2015 the evidence concerning the use of xylitol in
1031:
Poverty is also a significant social determinant for oral health. Dental caries have been linked with lower socio-economic status and can be considered a disease of poverty.
6732:"Effect of Fluoride Varnish on Streptococcus mutans Count in Saliva of Caries Free Children Using Dentocult SM Strip Mutans Test: A Randomized Controlled Triple Blind Study"
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Professional hygiene care consists of regular dental examinations and professional prophylaxis (cleaning). Sometimes, complete plaque removal is difficult, and a dentist or
4199:
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are destroyed, the cavity becomes more noticeable. The affected areas of the tooth change color and become soft to the touch. Once the decay passes through the enamel, the
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4105:
7101:
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1889:("laughing gas"), or other prescription medications may be required in some cases to relieve pain during or following treatment or to relieve anxiety during treatment. A
1403:
Another pattern of decay is "rampant caries", which signifies advanced or severe decay on multiple surfaces of many teeth. Rampant caries may be seen in individuals with
6339:
Kashket S, Van Houte J, Lopez LR, Stocks S (1991-10-01). "Lack of correlation between food retention on the human dentition and consumer perception of food stickiness".
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Brudevold F, Aasenden R, Srinivasian BN, Bakhos Y (1977). "Lead in enamel and saliva, dental caries and the use of enamel biopsies for measuring past exposure to lead".
5684:. Dundee Dental Education Centre, Frankland Building, Small's Wynd, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland: Scottish Dental Clinical Effectiveness Programme. April 2010. p. 11.
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al-Khateeb TL, O'Mullane DM, Whelton H, Sulaiman MI (2003). "Periodontal treatment needs among Saudi Arabian adults and their relationship to the use of the Miswak".
1585:
may be needed. Along with oral hygiene, radiographs may be taken at dental visits to detect possible dental caries development in high-risk areas of the mouth (e.g. "
6870:
Santos AP, Oliveira BH, Nadanovsky P (2013-01-01). "Effects of low and standard fluoride toothpastes on caries and fluorosis: systematic review and meta-analysis".
2796:
Schwendicke F, Dörfer CE, Schlattmann P, Page LF, Thomson WM, Paris S (January 2015). "Socioeconomic Inequality and Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".
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Huang CT, Kim J, Arce C, Lawson NC (2019). "Intraoral Air Abrasion: A Review of Devices, Materials, Evidence, and Clinical Applications in Restorative Dentistry".
4076:
2208:
from sites in Thailand, such as Khok Phanom Di, that shows a decrease in overall percentage of dental caries with the increase in dependence on rice agriculture.
2118:(where children receive dental care paid for by the government) have a low incidence of cases of dental caries among children, whereas cases are more numerous in
351:
among other sources. Treating a mother's dental caries may decrease the risk in her children by decreasing the number of certain bacteria she may spread to them.
7532:
4814:
Tellez, M., Gomez, J., Pretty, I., Ellwood, R., Ismail, A. (2013). "Evidence on existing caries risk assessment systems: are they predictive of future caries?".
3064:
3013:
An incipient carious lesion is the initial stage of structural damage to the enamel, usually caused by a bacterial infection that produces tooth-dissolving acid.
896:, will become soluble when exposed to acidic environments. Enamel begins to demineralize at a pH of 5.5. Dentin and cementum are more susceptible to caries than
557:
of their saliva. Dental caries can occur on any surface of a tooth that is exposed to the oral cavity, but not the structures that are retained within the bone.
3340:
2895:"Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"
761:. Fluoride toothpaste or dental varnish may aid remineralization. If demineralization continues over time, enough mineral content may be lost so that the soft
1062:
lactate is excreted from the cell onto the tooth enamel then ionizes. The lactate ions demineralize the hydroxyapatite crystals causing the tooth to degrade.
5289:
Dababneh RH, Khouri AT, Addy M (December 1999). "Dentine hypersensitivity – an enigma? A review of terminology, mechanisms, aetiology and management".
1569:. The use of rotational electric toothbrushes might reduce the risk of plaque and gingivitis, though it is unclear whether they are of clinical importance.
10023:
10008:
9712:
9700:
6540:
5072:
Kidd EA, Fejerskov O (2004). "What constitutes dental caries? Histopathology of carious enamel and dentin related to the action of cariogenic biofilms".
7554:
The World Oral Health Report 2003: Continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century – the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme
10205:
985:
contain high sugar content, increasing susceptibility to caries. Tobacco use is a significant risk factor for periodontal disease, which can cause the
6440:
2350:
thus ending the debate whether dental caries were resultant from bacteria. It was not until the late 1960s that it became generally accepted that the
1968:. The tooth is filled and a crown can be placed. Upon completion of root canal therapy, the tooth is non-vital, as it is devoid of any living tissue.
6390:
5204:
3361:
1600:
in some Middle Eastern and African cultures. There is some limited evidence demonstrating the efficacy of these alternative methods of oral hygiene.
241:. The cavities may be a number of different colors, from yellow to black. Symptoms may include pain and difficulty eating. Complications may include
6081:"Two-Year Caries Clinical Study of the Efficacy of Novel Dentifrices Containing 1.5% Arginine, an Insoluble Calcium Compound and 1,450 ppm Fluoride"
6603:
4849:
461:
under normal chewing forces. When the decay has progressed enough to allow the bacteria to overwhelm the pulp tissue in the center of the tooth, a
7682:
3625:
Silva MJ, Scurrah KJ, Craig JM, Manton DJ, Kilpatrick N (August 2016). "Etiology of molar incisor hypomineralization — A systematic review".
2102:
Treating dental cavities costs 5–10% of health-care budgets in industrialized countries, and can easily exceed budgets in lower-income countries.
9252:
9066:
5446:
5034:
668:
are gram-positive bacteria which constitute biofilms on the surface of teeth. These organisms can produce high levels of lactic acid following
564:(dental plaque) lying on the teeth and maturing to become cariogenic (causing decay). Certain bacteria in the biofilm produce acids, primarily
8120:
5848:
5645:
4218:
3560:
2309:
There is also evidence of caries increase when Indigenous people in North America changed from a strictly hunter-gatherer diet to a diet with
1324:
The early carious lesion is characterized by demineralization of the tooth surface, altering the tooth's optical properties. Technology using
10210:
8308:
7634:
7431:
3458:
790:
The frequency with which teeth are exposed to cariogenic (acidic) environments affects the likelihood of caries development. After meals or
706:. Some sites collect plaque more commonly than others, for example, sites with a low rate of salivary flow (molar fissures). Grooves on the
10272:
7746:
7579:
5488:
3755:
Ferraz EG, Campos Ede J, Sarmento VA, Silva LR (2012). "The oral manifestations of celiac disease: information for the pediatric dentist".
3083:
2992:
7880:
7469:
2775:
1489:
decay. Arrested caries describes a lesion on a tooth that was previously demineralized but was remineralized before causing a cavitation.
798:
sugar, resulting in an acidic by-product that decreases pH. As time progresses, the pH returns to normal due to the buffering capacity of
745:
Bacteria in a person's mouth convert glucose, fructose, and most commonly sucrose (table sugar) into acids, mainly lactic acid, through a
7556:
7212:
2971:
2586:
718:
teeth provide microscopic retention sites for plaque bacteria, as do the interproximal sites. Plaque may also collect above or below the
8572:
497:
Diagrammatic representation of acidogenic theory of causation of dental caries. Four factors, namely, a suitable carbohydrate substrate
6290:"A new understanding of the relationship between sugars, dental caries and fluoride use: implications for limits on sugars consumption"
2416:
It is estimated that untreated dental caries results in worldwide productivity losses in the size of about US$ 27 billion yearly.
6421:
5600:
2099:. It is the primary pathological cause of tooth loss in children. Between 29% and 59% of adults over the age of 50 experience caries.
3726:
8362:
5664:
1256:
Tooth samples imaged with a non-coherent continuous light source (row 1), LSI (row 2) and pseudo-color visualization of LSI (row 3).
8864:
7659:
7507:
6663:"Pit and fissure sealants versus fluoride varnishes for preventing dental decay in the permanent teeth of children and adolescents"
4536:
Gemmel A, Tavares M, Alperin S, Soncini J, Daniel D, Dunn J, Crawford S, Braveman N, Clarkson TW, McKinlay S, Bellinger DC (2002).
4129:
Ralph R. Steinman & John Leonora (1971) "Relationship of fluid transport through dentation to the incidence of dental caries",
2290:
became more accessible to the Western world. Treatment consisted mainly of herbal remedies and charms, but sometimes also included
1070:
The progression of pit and fissure caries resembles two triangles with their bases meeting along the junction of enamel and dentin.
10837:
10035:
9986:
7260:
4196:
3923:
3028:
2537:
1980:. Extractions may also be preferred by people unable or unwilling to undergo the expense or difficulties in restoring the tooth.
676:
of root surfaces is more easily demineralized than enamel surfaces, a wider variety of bacteria can cause root caries, including
6849:
4109:
3972:
Borzabadi-Farahani, A, Eslamipour, F, Asgari, I (2011). "Association between orthodontic treatment need and caries experience".
2942:
Bagramian RA, Garcia-Godoy F, Volpe AR (February 2009). "The global increase in dental caries. A pending public health crisis".
1352:
Class I: occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth, buccal or lingual pits on molars, lingual pit near cingulum of maxillary incisors
1302:
and remineralize the tooth surface. When a cavity is present, a restoration will be needed to replace the lost tooth structure.
7177:"Anti–cell-associated glucosyltransferase immunoglobulin Y suppression of salivary mutans streptococci in healthy young adults"
7090:
6994:
6977:
3702:
3608:
7514:, a packet in pdf format hosted by the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Page accessed August 16, 2006.
4225:
of U.S. Surgeon General's report titled, "The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General," hosted on the
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Helfenstein U, Steiner M, Marthaler TM (1991). "Caries prediction on the basis of past caries including precavity lesions".
1418:
A range of studies have reported that there is a correlation between caries in primary teeth and caries in permanent teeth.
9848:
8636:
8245:
7450:
5327:
Smith AJ, Murray PE, Sloan AJ, Matthews JB, Zhao S (August 2001). "Trans-dentinal stimulation of tertiary dentinogenesis".
1092:
demineralization of crystals in the enamel, caused by acids, over time until the bacteria physically penetrate the dentin.
672:
of dietary sugars and are resistant to the adverse effects of low pH, properties essential for cariogenic bacteria. As the
3475:
Douglass JM, Li Y, Tinanoff N (Sep–Oct 2008), "Association of mutans streptococci between caregivers and their children",
2339:
In 1924 in London, Killian Clarke described a spherical bacterium in chains isolated from carious lesions which he called
1874:
decision-making process with regards the activity of the lesion, and whether it is cavitated, is summarized in the table.
1348:
instances, caries is described in other ways that might indicate the cause. The G. V. Black classification is as follows:
10520:
10363:
8072:
Tayles N., Domett K., Nelsen K. (2000). "Agriculture and dental caries? The case of rice in prehistoric Southeast Asia".
4073:
4015:
Hafez HS, Shaarawy SM, Al-Sakiti AA, Mostafa YA (2012). "Dental crowding as a caries risk factor: A systematic review".
261:
field of study that aims to find methods to reverse the effects of decay; current methods are based on easing symptoms.
9637:
9121:
7524:
4168:
3821:
Giuca MR, Cei G, Gigli F, Gandini P (2010). "Oral signs in the diagnosis of celiac disease: review of the literature".
3120:
950:. Medications, such as antihistamines and antidepressants, can also impair salivary flow. Stimulants, most notoriously
827:
There are certain diseases and disorders affecting teeth that may leave an individual at a greater risk for cavities.
807:
permanent teeth. Because the cementum enveloping the root surface is not nearly as durable as the enamel encasing the
529:
Four things are required for caries to form: a tooth surface (enamel or dentin), caries-causing bacteria, fermentable
10872:
10764:
9397:
8547:
7282:
7175:
Chiba I, Isogai H, Kobayashi-Sakamoto M, Mizugai H, Hirose K, Isogai E, Nakano T, Icatlo FC, Nguyen SV (2011-08-01).
6795:
5471:
5375:
5276:
5240:
4153:
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3568:
2369:
millions of years ago, to modern humans. The prevalence of caries increased dramatically in the 19th century, as the
1471:
832:
3397:
1680:
Calcium, as found in food such as milk and green vegetables, is often recommended to protect against dental caries.
1034:
Forms are available for risk assessment for caries when treating dental cases; this system using the evidence-based
10739:
10676:
10671:
10553:
9981:
9961:
8873:
8519:
8148:
Coppa A, Bondioli L, Cucina A, et al. (April 2006). "Palaeontology: early Neolithic tradition of dentistry".
6843:
Limited evidence suggests fluoride varnish applied twice yearly is effective for caries prevention in children at
10585:
10222:
9676:
7609:
3543:
1711:
calling the child by their name, using eye contact and including them in any conversation about their treatment.
1177:
6817:"Fluoride supplementation in pregnant women for preventing dental caries in the primary teeth of their children"
6520:
3550:, hosted on the University of California Los Angeles School of Dentistry website. Page accessed August 14, 2006.
2333:
10570:
10405:
5056:
2137:
Bacteria typically associated with dental caries have been isolated from vaginal samples from females who have
1608:
1453:
8051:
2320:, the belief that a "tooth worm" caused caries was also no longer accepted in the European medical community.
2313:. Rates also increased after contact with colonizing Europeans, implying an even greater dependence on maize.
2259:
during 668 to 626 BC, writings from the king's physician specify the need to extract a tooth due to spreading
327:
Prevention of dental caries includes regular cleaning of the teeth, a diet low in sugar, and small amounts of
10410:
8728:
6976:. Department of Health / British Association for the Study of Community Dentistry. April 2009. Archived from
4179:
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Laudenbach JM, Simon Z (November 2014). "Common Dental and Periodontal Diseases: Evaluation and Management".
1992:
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in food are these bacteria's primary energy source and thus a diet high in simple sugar is a risk factor. If
8363:"Potential of diagnostic microbiology for treatment and prognosis of dental caries and periodontal diseases"
7590:
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5154:
Robinson C, Shore RC, Brookes SJ, Strafford S, Wood SR, Kirkham J (2000). "The chemistry of enamel caries".
3807:
10273:
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9247:
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5705:
5047:
Fejerskov O, Nyvad B, Kidd EA (2008) "Pathology of dental caries", pp 20–48 in Fejerskov O, Kidd EAM (eds)
2177:
had cavities. The largest increases in the prevalence of caries have been associated with dietary changes.
1449:
1198:
In the case of reparative dentin, other cells are needed to assume the role of the destroyed odontoblasts.
355:
can result in earlier detection. Depending on the extent of destruction, various treatments can be used to
8593:
Listl S, Galloway J, Mossey PA, Marcenes W (28 August 2015). "Global Economic Impact of Dental Diseases".
6398:
5201:
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Kraivaphan P, Amornchat C, Triratana T, Mateo L, Ellwood R, Cummins D, Devizio W, Zhang YP (2013-08-28).
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7679:
2204:
is also believed to have caused an increase in caries especially for women, although there is also some
1120:
is complete and thus cannot later regenerate enamel after its destruction. On the other hand, dentin is
10472:
10420:
10227:
10160:
9929:
9429:
9424:
9375:
4987:
4131:
3068:
2130:
1143:
The faster spread of caries through dentin creates this triangular appearance in smooth surface caries.
754:
618:
The most common bacteria associated with dental cavities are the mutans streptococci, most prominently
478:
473:
and foul tastes. In highly progressed cases, an infection can spread from the tooth to the surrounding
8737:
8305:
5622:
770:
adheres to the biofilm on the tooth by converting sucrose into an extremely adhesive substance called
10477:
10195:
10099:
9570:
9034:
8703:
8696:
7564:
2425:
2286:. Periodic increases in caries prevalence had been small in comparison to the 1000 AD increase, when
750:
678:
383:
378:
Worldwide, approximately 3.6 billion people (48% of the population) have dental caries in their
289:
5443:
4215:
4087:
10784:
10563:
10548:
10244:
10200:
10145:
10018:
9976:
9744:
9590:
8790:
8117:
7631:
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5845:
5642:
4954:. Fejerskov, Ole., Kidd, Edwina A. M. (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Munksgaard. 2008. pp.
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Table 38.1. Mean DMFT and SiC Index of 12-Year-Olds for Some Countries, by Ascending Order of DMFT
6451:
3586:"Understanding MIH: definition, epidemiology, differential diagnosis and new treatment guidelines"
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Marsh P (1994). "Microbial ecology of dental plaque and its significance in health and disease".
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A person experiencing caries may not be aware of the disease. The earliest sign of a new carious
332:
123:
5791:"Micro-invasive interventions for managing proximal dental decay in primary and permanent teeth"
5511:
3080:
843:
and oxygen deprivation at birth, and certain disorders during the child's first 3 years such as
10827:
10794:
10467:
10457:
10452:
10394:
10321:
10277:
10173:
10168:
9954:
9784:
9779:
9754:
9600:
9531:
9358:
9267:
9185:
8912:
7877:
7553:
7466:
5856:
4955:
3455:
2771:
1389:
1310:
626:
439:
364:
9175:
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6470:"The evidence base for professional and self-care prevention--caries, erosion and sensitivity"
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2370:
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In general, early treatment is quicker and less expensive than treatment of extensive decay.
1707:
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large amounts of tooth. The availability of treatment is often poor in the developing world.
8668:
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6521:"Evidence of Effectiveness of Current Therapies to Prevent and Treat Early Childhood Caries"
4947:
766:
bacteria using the energy in the saccharide bond between the glucose and fructose subunits.
434:
is the appearance of a chalky white spot on the surface of the tooth, indicating an area of
284:
is produced by the bacteria when they break down food debris or sugar on the tooth surface.
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10734:
10635:
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2271:, in addition to the Egyptian civilization, had treatments for pain resulting from caries.
1988:
1924:
1901:, in which small abrasive particles are blasted at decay using pressurized air (similar to
1298:
process is reversible before a cavity is present, it may be possible to arrest caries with
959:
620:
414:
The radiograph reveals an extensive region of demineralization within the dentin (arrows).
352:
7967:"A brief review of the archaeological evidence for Palaeolithic and Neolithic subsistence"
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935:
301:
170:
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10254:
10215:
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9828:
9759:
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9019:
9009:
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7996:
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7321:
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5974:
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5767:
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5425:
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5136:
5093:
5028:
4981:
4929:
4784:
4736:
4712:"Trends in Oral Health by Poverty Status as Measured by Healthy People 2010 Objectives"
4711:
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4513:
4500:
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4415:
4402:
4382:
4363:
4320:
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4247:
3997:
3950:
3438:
3381:
3248:
2919:
2894:
2867:
2840:
2821:
2748:
2652:
2541:
2239:, teeth dating from around 5500 BC to 7000 BC show nearly perfect holes from primitive
2092:
1960:
1906:
1726:
1504:
or resin infiltration) have been shown to slow down the progression of proximal decay.
1396:
tooth decay" or "bottle rot," is a pattern of decay found in young children with their
943:
860:
554:
482:
423:
356:
340:
254:
113:
8784:
8457:
7257:
4772:
3903:
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Otsu K, Kumakami-Sakano M, Fujiwara N, Kikuchi K, Keller L, Lesot H, Harada H (2014).
2267:, wider consumption of cooked foods led to a small increase in caries prevalence. The
1306:
visual examination of the tooth would show the enamel intact or minimally perforated.
698:. Bacteria collect around the teeth and gums in a sticky, creamy-coloured mass called
296:, caries results. Risk factors include conditions that result in less saliva, such as
10530:
10119:
10084:
10058:
9917:
9813:
9671:
9595:
9302:
9242:
9205:
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8801:
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8424:
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8279:
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8016:"Sex Differences in Dental Caries Rates With the Origin of Agriculture in South Asia"
7988:
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7410:
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6907:
6895:
6887:
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6700:
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6635:
6585:
6532:
6501:
6364:
6356:
6321:
6270:
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6235:
6217:
6178:
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6102:
6080:
6061:
6043:
6004:
5947:
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5810:
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5671:. Hosted on the American Dental Association website. Page accessed February 14, 2007.
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5429:
5371:
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5128:
5085:
5052:
5016:
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4741:
4692:
4643:
4602:
4567:
4518:
4461:
4420:
4355:
4312:
4277:
4149:
4057:
4032:
3989:
3954:
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3873:
3852:
3830:
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3764:
3694:
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3652:
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3564:
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2951:
2924:
2872:
2813:
2740:
2690:
2644:
2576:
2506:
2212:
2180:
Archaeological evidence shows that tooth decay is an ancient disease dating far into
1936:
1558:
1317:
and developmental defects of the tooth including hypomineralization of the tooth and
1270:
1153:
1009:
951:
939:
872:
360:
297:
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166:
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1684:
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1592:
Alternative methods of oral hygiene also exist around the world, such as the use of
1376:
1358:
Class III: interproximal surfaces of anterior teeth without incisal edge involvement
10500:
10135:
10125:
10089:
9998:
9749:
9688:
9622:
9612:
9560:
9458:
9353:
9190:
8842:
8602:
8453:
8377:
8335:
8291:
8271:
8208:
8185:
8165:
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4594:
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4549:
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4492:
4451:
4410:
4394:
4347:
4324:
4304:
4267:
4259:
4024:
3981:
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3642:
3634:
3422:
3373:
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3175:
2914:
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2752:
2732:
2682:
2634:
2498:
2395:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
1928:
1917:
1882:
1854:
1730:
1582:
1490:
1314:
1299:
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A dental infection resulting in an abscess and inflammation of the maxillary sinus
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A hole is discovered on the side of the tooth at the beginning of decay removal.
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estimates that nearly all adults have dental caries at some point in time. In
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10602:
10430:
10249:
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involves inspection of all visible tooth surfaces using a good light source,
1199:
1164:
1108:
Unlike enamel, the dentin reacts to the progression of dental caries. After
1066:
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852:
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The primary approach to dental hygiene care consists of tooth-brushing and
1485:
demineralization that is not remineralized, eventually result in cavities.
1274:
1117:
1013:
905:
897:
864:
669:
650:
613:
550:
530:
446:
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between the teeth once a day is recommended. Fluoride may be acquired from
317:
285:
269:
182:
10711:
8543:
8389:
8275:
7941:
6939:
6922:
6368:
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The structure of dentin is an arrangement of microscopic channels, called
819:
722:, where it is referred to as supra- or sub-gingival plaque, respectively.
596:
304:
and some medications. Medications that decrease saliva production include
10769:
10759:
10749:
10666:
10661:
10592:
9666:
9627:
9446:
9322:
9282:
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2219:" as the cause of caries. Evidence of this belief has also been found in
2193:
2185:
1645:
1393:
1282:
1262:
1125:
954:, also occlude the flow of saliva to an extreme degree. This is known as
947:
684:
565:
474:
368:
265:
202:
160:
48:
8515:
7125:
6141:"Fluoride gels for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents"
3647:
3394:
1943:
seal decay into the tooth and stop it progressing. This is known as the
1656:
883:, which usually presents with mild or absent gastrointestinal symptoms.
10729:
10515:
10341:
10109:
9939:
9880:
9818:
9808:
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2287:
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was insufficient to determine if it is effective at preventing caries.
1622:
1562:
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1404:
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1207:
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2235:. Unearthed ancient skulls show evidence of primitive dental work. In
1909:
of some sort to return the tooth to function and aesthetic condition.
10597:
10580:
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There is a long history of dental caries. Over a million years ago,
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1431:
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Teeth are bathed in saliva and have a coating of bacteria on them (
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Tooth decay has been present throughout human history, from early
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1078:) that continually forms. The development of biofilm begins with
1075:
1021:
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Class VI: incisal or occlusal edge is worn away due to attrition
981:
may also increase the risk for caries formation. Some brands of
782:
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10435:
9907:
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7378:
7294:
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can help recalcification of tooth enamel as well as the use of
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A tooth with extensive caries eventually requiring extraction.
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International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics
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Social inequalities in oral health: from evidence to action
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2159:(14th century) depicting a dentist extracting a tooth with
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The cause of cavities is acid from bacteria dissolving the
5788:
5399:
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Oral Complications of Chemotherapy and Head/Neck Radiation
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that means 'rottenness', that is, 'decay'. The word is an
2251:
text from 1550 BC, mentions diseases of teeth. During the
1844:
8886:
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Oral Health Topics: Anesthesia Frequently Asked Questions
6729:
5972:
5598:
ADA Early Childhood Tooth Decay (Baby Bottle Tooth Decay)
5489:"Hidden Occlusal Caries – Challenge for the Dentist"
4052:
Neville, B. W., Douglas Damm, Carl Allen, Jerry Bouquot.
3579:
3577:
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caries relies heavily on the frequency of acid exposure.
410:
A small spot of decay visible on the surface of a tooth.
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for dental caries per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.
1589:" X-rays which visualize the crowns of the back teeth).
1028:
and therefore exposure to them may promote tooth decay.
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ADA Caries Risk Assessment Form Completion Instructions
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Prevention and Management of Dental Caries in Children
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Dental Caries: The Disease and its Clinical Management
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Dental caries: The disease and its clinical management
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SECTION ON ORAL H, SECTION ON ORAL H (December 2014).
2192:
period show signs of caries, including those from the
513:; must be present together for dental caries to occur
16:
Deformation of teeth due to acids produced by bacteria
8128:
7909:
7907:
7905:
7903:
7901:
7899:
7897:
7895:
7893:
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An amalgam used as a restorative material in a tooth.
934:
and thus to widespread tooth decay. Examples include
85:
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8742:
8639:. American Veterinary Dental Society. Archived from
8531:...Head of Cariesology and Endodontics Department...
5868:
4865:"Review of epidermal growth factor receptor biology"
4440:"Association of dental caries and blood lead levels"
3820:
2430:
Dental caries are uncommon among companion animals.
8147:
7916:"Historical perspectives of oral biology: a series"
7873:
7871:
7869:
4437:
3677:
3238:
1411:when new teeth erupt or later from unknown causes.
73:
56:
Destruction of a tooth by dental caries and disease
10286:Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities
8667:
8443:
7890:
7652:"Guideline: sugars intake for adults and children"
7343:
6810:
6808:
6806:
6804:
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1668:Fluoride is sold in tablets for cavity prevention.
1557:has not been compromised. Additional aids include
9149:
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5559:
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729:, can be inherited by a child from a caretaker's
324:resulting in exposure of the roots of the teeth.
10854:
9486:
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7697:
7695:
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3304:
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1004:exposure promote tooth decay. Besides lead, all
774:polysaccharide by the enzyme dextran sucranase.
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10641:Teeth, jaws, tongue and associated soft tissues
8370:Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine
8328:Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine
7920:Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine
7824:"Oral Microbiome and Dental Caries Development"
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7346:Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry
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5156:Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine
3359:
3300:
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2993:"A Closer Look at Teeth May Mean More Fillings"
2488:
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9253:Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis
8420:Textbook of Preventive and Community Dentistry
8113:
8111:
7381:"The application of air abrasion in dentistry"
7181:The Journal of the American Dental Association
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10211:Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis
8858:
7913:
7815:
7692:
5317:
5071:
4622:"Structure and substitutions in fluorapatite"
4166:Tobacco Use Increases the Risk of Gum Disease
4048:
4046:
3270:
3268:
3136:
2883:
2354:isolated from hamster caries was the same as
1388:Early childhood caries (ECC), also known as "
292:is greater than buildup from sources such as
8659:
6923:"Fluoride toothpaste use for young children"
6602:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6287:
5395:
5393:
4848:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3295:
3234:
3232:
3141:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
2766:
2764:
2762:
2616:
2298:of the time provided services that included
2274:The rate of caries remained low through the
2188:dating from a million years ago through the
2134:real caries prevalence and treatment needs.
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8324:
8108:
7964:
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7080:
6667:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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6028:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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2608:
2606:
2604:
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2596:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
1116:, which produce enamel, are destroyed once
545:creation by the bacteria that makes up the
243:inflammation of the tissue around the tooth
8865:
8851:
8738:Centers for Disease Control: Dental Caries
8261:
8198:
7822:Zhang JS, Chu CH, Yu OY (September 2022).
7821:
7708:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
7525:"WHO Disease and injury country estimates"
7448:Oral Health Topics: Dental Filling Options
7270:
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5251:
5249:
5110:
5033:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4138:
4043:
3908:Journal of the Canadian Dental Association
3792:Journal of the Canadian Dental Association
3720:"Dental Enamel Defects and Celiac Disease"
3265:
3043:
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2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
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8674:(8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
7982:
7931:
7849:
7839:
7798:
7780:
7719:
7396:
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6694:
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5886:
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5756:Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology
5390:
4880:
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4816:Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology
4735:
4686:
4637:
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1371:
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8722:) is being considered for deletion. See
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1520:
1375:
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1243:
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1065:
1056:
962:(THC), the active chemical substance in
818:
781:
595:
492:
402:
155:Bacteria producing acid from food debris
10838:Oral manifestations of systemic disease
9987:Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
8243:Medieval teeth 'better than Baldrick's'
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7597:website. Page accessed August 13, 2006.
7301:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
7036:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6821:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6560:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
6467:
6449:American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry
6202:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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5979:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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2701:
2382:Naturalized from Latin into English (a
1630:which foods stick around in the mouth.
1603:
1507:
10855:
10024:As a manifestation of systemic disease
8013:
7971:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
6391:"Nutrition and tooth decay in infancy"
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2986:
2984:
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2663:
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1500:Micro-invasive interventions (such as
1421:
725:These bacterial strains, most notably
10811:
10710:
10634:
10392:
10271:
10057:
9847:
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9088:
8976:
8884:
8846:
8118:History of Dentistry: Ancient Origins
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5643:Radiographic Classification of Caries
5619:"Statement on Early Childhood Caries"
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2969:Health Promotion Board: Dental Caries
2572:Taber's cyclopedic medical dictionary
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1912:Restorative materials include dental
649:The mouth contains a wide variety of
398:
359:the tooth to proper function, or the
9870:Gums and tooth-supporting structures
8486:
6846:"ADA — EBD::Systematic Reviews"
6438:Guideline on Infant Oral Health Care
6288:Sheiham A, James WP (October 2014).
5662:ADA Methamphetamine Use (METH MOUTH)
5062:
4106:"ADA — EBD::Systematic Reviews"
2991:Richie S. King (November 28, 2011).
2722:
2491:The Medical Clinics of North America
2390:in its English form originated as a
1997:
1861:has been used to suppress growth of
1454:adding citations to reliable sources
1425:
1240:, which is used for caries diagnosis
1036:Caries Management by Risk Assessment
10521:Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum
10393:
10364:Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
7763:Africa C, Nel J, Stemmet M (2014).
7385:Srpski Arhiv Za Celokupno Lekarstvo
7233:Ole Fejerskov, Edwina Kidd (2004).
7107:from the original on 5 October 2016
7011:from the original on 5 October 2016
3870:Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology.
3849:Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology.
2981:
2892:
2282:, but sharply increased during the
1976:the future, as may be the case for
1147:
501:, micro-organisms in dental plaque
118:Pain, tooth loss, difficulty eating
13:
9638:Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis
9122:Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia
6397:. Kyriaki Tsinidou. Archived from
5768:10.1111/j.1600-0528.1989.tb00635.x
5477:
4383:"Transplacental transport of lead"
4177:American Academy of Periodontology
4146:Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology
4054:Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology
3951:10.1111/j.1741-2358.1986.tb00380.x
3249:10.1016/b978-0-12-818619-0.00036-8
3069:New York University Medical Center
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14:
10884:
8726:to help reach a consensus. ›
8689:
8241:Elliott, Jane (October 8, 2004).
5496:The New York State Dental Journal
4667:Environmental Health Perspectives
4542:Environmental Health Perspectives
4485:Environmental Health Perspectives
4387:Environmental Health Perspectives
2462:, and is not a plural of 'carie'.
1838:Repair or replacement of filling
1809:Repair or replacement of filling
1651:
1528:are commonly used to clean teeth.
1331:
740:
10740:Cutaneous sinus of dental origin
10677:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
10672:Central hypoventilation syndrome
10554:Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
9982:Necrotizing periodontal diseases
9962:Hereditary gingival fibromatosis
8874:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
8695:
8629:
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3708:from the original on 2016-03-06.
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2589:from the original on 2015-07-13.
2419:
2131:DMF (decay/missing/filled) index
1430:
1124:continuously throughout life by
997:is associated with tooth decay.
912:
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47:
10586:Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis
10223:Osteoporotic bone marrow defect
9677:Keratocystic odontogenic tumour
8575:from the original on 2019-09-26
8550:from the original on 2019-09-26
8522:from the original on 2019-10-26
8497:from the original on 2014-01-11
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2408:is the study of dental caries.
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1983:
1532:
1441:needs additional citations for
879:, or undiagnosed and untreated
422:All decay removed; ready for a
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10571:Sclerosing polycystic adenosis
10406:Benign lymphoepithelial lesion
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3974:Acta Odontologica Scandinavica
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3241:Molecular Medical Microbiology
3026:Biology of the Human Dentition
2789:
2538:"Oral health Fact sheet N°318"
1343:Classification of Restorations
753:can also occur if the acid is
505:, a susceptible tooth surface
363:. There is no known method to
1:
10765:Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome
10714:Soft tissues around the mouth
10411:Ectopic salivary gland tissue
8711:
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7965:Richards MP (December 2002).
5846:Introduction to Dental Plaque
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2944:American Journal of Dentistry
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2774:. World Health Organization.
2445:
1993:Disability-adjusted life year
1516:
1261:methods of detection such as
1215:within the dentinal tubules.
469:Dental caries can also cause
129:Inflammation around the tooth
9935:Gingival cyst of the newborn
9544:Failure of eruption of teeth
9248:Hand, foot and mouth disease
9233:Focal epithelial hyperplasia
9171:Angina bullosa haemorrhagica
9117:Palatal cysts of the newborn
9040:Transient lingual papillitis
8382:10.1177/10454411960070030401
8264:Clinical Oral Investigations
7933:10.1177/10454411900010020301
7100:. April 2010. pp. 6–7.
7004:. April 2010. pp. 6–7.
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4626:European Cells and Materials
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4197:The Diagnosis of Root Caries
3986:10.3109/00016357.2010.516732
3427:10.1177/08959374940080022001
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3283:(4): 199–200, 202–4, 206–8.
2334:Fernando E. Rodríguez Vargas
1720:
1717:are also under development.
1227:
839:(PCB) in the mother's milk,
794:, the bacteria in the mouth
7:
10463:Salivary gland diverticulum
10426:Necrotizing sialometaplasia
9437:Smokeless tobacco keratosis
9349:Basaloid squamous carcinoma
8306:Pierre Fauchard (1678–1761)
8129:American Dental Association
6788:Histology: A Text and Atlas
5329:Advances in Dental Research
4148:2nd edition, 2002, p. 347.
4056:2nd edition, 2002, p. 398.
4029:10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.04.018
3415:Advances in Dental Research
3366:Journal of Oral Biosciences
3118:Ludwig's Angina in Children
2433:
1691:amorphous calcium phosphate
1635:American Dental Association
1495:amorphous calcium phosphate
1313:for dental caries includes
1218:
777:
591:
537:), and time. This involves
165:Diet high in simple sugar,
10:
10889:
10473:Salivary gland hyperplasia
10421:HIV salivary gland disease
9930:Gingival cyst of the adult
9376:Oral florid papillomatosis
9089:
8977:
8665:
8595:Journal of Dental Research
8340:10.1177/154411130201300202
7704:"Sugars and dental caries"
7607:Frequently Asked Questions
6717:
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6487:10.1186/1472-6831-15-S1-S4
6341:Journal of Dental Research
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5188:
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4340:Journal of Dental Research
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4132:Journal of Dental Research
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3081:Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
2798:Journal of Dental Research
2503:10.1016/j.mcna.2014.08.002
2423:
2144:
1806:Fracture or food impaction
1724:
1187:
1000:Intrauterine and neonatal
611:
479:cavernous sinus thrombosis
436:demineralization of enamel
18:
10818:
10812:
10807:
10720:
10712:Orofacial soft tissues –
10706:
10647:
10630:
10478:Salivary gland hypoplasia
10401:
10388:
10292:
10267:
10206:Bisphosphonate-associated
10100:Idiopathic osteosclerosis
10075:
10053:
9876:
9843:
9571:Dentinogenesis imperfecta
9507:
9481:
9161:
9144:
9097:
9084:
9035:Median rhomboid glossitis
8985:
8972:
8893:
8880:
8816:
8746:
8670:Ten Cate's Oral Histology
8660:General and cited sources
8571:. thefreedictionary.com.
7680:World Health Organization
7586:. Html version hosted on
7565:World Health Organization
7529:World Health Organization
6830:10.1002/14651858.cd011850
6632:10.1080/00016350310007581
6307:10.1017/S136898001400113X
4085:National Cancer Institute
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3529:Biology of Microorganisms
3378:10.1016/j.job.2015.08.002
3164:"Raisins and oral health"
2737:10.1016/j.pop.2013.10.011
2426:Dental caries (non-human)
1823:
1794:
1781:
1762:
1749:
1380:Rampant caries caused by
1103:
1086:
904:The evidence for linking
679:Lactobacillus acidophilus
560:Tooth decay is caused by
541:of food to the teeth and
485:can be life-threatening.
384:World Health Organization
237:due to acids produced by
212:
196:
177:
159:
151:
143:
122:
112:
100:
60:
55:
46:
38:
33:
10873:Acquired tooth disorders
10785:Orofacial granulomatosis
10564:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
10549:Adenoid cystic carcinoma
10483:Salivary gland neoplasms
10274:Temporomandibular joints
10245:Periapical periodontitis
9977:Linear gingival erythema
9745:Regional odontodysplasia
9591:Enamel hypocalcification
8885:
8724:templates for discussion
8607:10.1177/0022034515602879
8014:Lukacs JR (1996-02-01).
5704:: CS1 maint: location (
4620:Leroy N, Bres E (2001).
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4457:10.1001/jama.281.24.2294
3101:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
3049:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
2858:10.3389/fphys.2014.00036
2810:10.1177/0022034514557546
2269:Greco-Roman civilization
1830:Non-operative treatment
1769:Non-operative treatment
995:secondhand tobacco smoke
930:, are likely to lead to
837:polychlorinated biphenyl
814:
488:
477:. Complications such as
19:For caries of bone, see
10682:Obstructive sleep apnea
10448:Salivary duct stricture
10228:Paget's disease of bone
9725:Pulp canal obliteration
9566:Dentin hypersensitivity
9512:Amelogenesis imperfecta
9364:Squamous cell carcinoma
9344:Adenosquamous carcinoma
9331:Squamous cell papilloma
9308:Melanocytic oral lesion
8086:10.1080/004382400409899
7984:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601646
7782:10.3390/ijerph110706979
6790:. 4th edition, p. 453.
6294:Public Health Nutrition
6255:Community Dental Health
5442:Rosenstiel, Stephen F.
5303:10.1038/sj.bdj.4800345a
5076:. 83 Spec No C: C35–8.
3181:10.1111/1750-3841.12152
3168:Journal of Food Science
2845:Frontiers in Physiology
2458:The word 'caries' is a
1871:stepwise caries removal
1695:Silver diamine fluoride
887:Amelogenesis imperfecta
375:may be taken for pain.
216:3.6 billion (2016)
10828:Hemifacial hypertrophy
10795:Pyostomatitis vegetans
10468:Salivary gland fistula
10458:Salivary gland atresia
10453:Salivary gland aplasia
10307:Mandibular dislocation
10278:muscles of mastication
10156:Calcifying odontogenic
9785:Vertical root fracture
9780:Cracked tooth syndrome
9755:Shovel-shaped incisors
9650:Wisdom tooth impaction
9532:Early childhood caries
9398:Benign mucous membrane
9359:Spindle cell carcinoma
9268:Intraoral dental sinus
9186:Burning mouth syndrome
8213:10.1038/sj.bdj.4811723
8201:British Dental Journal
7721:10.1093/ajcn/78.4.881S
5857:Leeds Dental Institute
5291:British Dental Journal
4986:: CS1 maint: others (
3872:" 2nd edition, p. 94.
3851:" 2nd edition, p. 89.
2893:Vos T (Dec 15, 2012).
2640:10.1542/peds.2014-2984
2164:
2087:
1956:
1849:
1669:
1661:
1618:
1617:, so line is straight.
1529:
1385:
1372:Early childhood caries
1344:
1311:differential diagnosis
1257:
1249:
1241:
1168:crystals, calcium and
1144:
1071:
1063:
824:
787:
627:Streptococcus sobrinus
609:
572:carbohydrates such as
526:
525:are modifying factors.
427:
233:, is the breakdown of
185:diet, tooth brushing,
10637:Stomatognathic system
10539:Acinic cell carcinoma
10161:Glandular odontogenic
9313:Molluscum contagiosum
8704:Medical Knowledge app
8304:McCauley, H. Berton.
8276:10.1007/s007840050070
7467:What is a Root Canal?
6940:10.14219/jada.2013.47
5235:4th edition, p. 450.
4716:Public Health Reports
4554:10.1289/ehp.021100625
3823:Minerva Stomatologica
3116:Hartmann, Richard W.
2687:10.3290/j.ohpd.a38780
2371:Industrial Revolution
2152:
1991:
1954:
1847:
1667:
1659:
1611:
1524:
1379:
1339:
1255:
1247:
1235:
1142:
1069:
1060:
1041:Saliva also contains
822:
785:
599:
568:, in the presence of
496:
406:
318:cleaning of the mouth
10780:Oral Crohn's disease
10735:Basal cell carcinoma
10374:Condylar hyperplasia
10359:Maxillary hypoplasia
9925:Gingival enlargement
9858:periodontal ligament
9464:Verruciform xanthoma
9196:Condyloma acuminatum
8417:Hiremath SS (2011).
8020:Current Anthropology
7577:Healthy People: 2010
7398:10.2298/sarh1402099m
4906:Nutrition and Health
4639:10.22203/eCM.v002a05
3456:Cavities/tooth decay
3307:Journal of Dentistry
2318:Age of Enlightenment
2316:During the European
1925:glass ionomer cement
1859:Streptococcus mutans
1827:Non-cavitated lesion
1777:Operative treatment
1766:Non-cavitated lesion
1700:Streptococcus mutans
1686:Streptococcus mutans
1621:People who eat more
1604:Dietary modification
1594:teeth cleaning twigs
1508:Affected hard tissue
1450:improve this article
1024:, mimic the calcium
1016:similar to bivalent
960:Tetrahydrocannabinol
922:, in particular the
877:respiratory diseases
702:, which serves as a
696:Streptococcus mutans
666:Streptococcus mutans
655:Streptococcus mutans
621:Streptococcus mutans
606:Streptococcus mutans
361:tooth may be removed
10790:Perioral dermatitis
10526:Pleomorphic adenoma
10506:Monomorphic adenoma
10496:Canalicular adenoma
10369:Condylar hypoplasia
10302:Condylar resorption
10146:Lateral periodontal
10105:Mandibular fracture
10004:Periodontal abscess
9601:Turner's hypoplasia
9369:Verrucous carcinoma
9318:Morsicatio buccarum
9298:Lupus erythematosus
9211:Erythema multiforme
9127:Stomatitis nicotina
8569:""Cariology" entry"
8162:2006Natur.440..755C
6525:Pediatric Dentistry
5414:2013LaPhy..23g5607D
3757:Pediatric Dentistry
3687:Pediatric Dentistry
3477:Pediatric Dentistry
3174:(Suppl 1): A26–29.
2412:Society and culture
2378:Etymology and usage
2139:bacterial vaginosis
1559:interdental brushes
1422:Rate of progression
1326:laser speckle image
1178:hydrodynamic theory
924:submandibular gland
733:or through feeding
371:(acetaminophen) or
10833:Facial hemiatrophy
10687:Periodic breathing
10618:Sjögren's syndrome
10491:Basal cell adenoma
10255:Torus mandibularis
10233:Periapical abscess
10216:Osteoradionecrosis
10141:Buccal bifurcation
10120:Intraosseous cysts
10009:Periodontal trauma
9913:Pyogenic granuloma
9760:Supernumerary root
9713:Pulp calcification
9701:Premature eruption
9672:Odontogenic tumors
9469:White sponge nevus
9442:Submucous fibrosis
9386:Smoker's melanosis
9273:Irritation fibroma
9112:High-arched palate
9020:Foliate papillitis
9010:Cunnilingus tongue
8995:Black hairy tongue
8925:Congenital lip pit
8817:External resources
8666:Nanci, A. (2013).
8643:on 13 October 2006
8311:2007-04-04 at the
8248:2007-01-11 at the
8134:2005-01-03 at the
8123:2007-07-05 at the
7883:2006-11-29 at the
7841:10.3390/dj10100184
7749:2008-12-07 at the
7685:2006-03-26 at the
7637:2008-12-07 at the
7612:2006-08-16 at the
7593:2017-03-10 at the
7588:Healthy People.gov
7582:2006-08-13 at the
7563:, released by the
7559:2006-09-27 at the
7510:2006-08-23 at the
7491:2006-08-13 at the
7472:2006-08-06 at the
7453:2009-08-30 at the
7434:2008-12-07 at the
7263:2006-07-16 at the
6468:Twetman S (2015).
6454:2007-01-12 at the
6443:2006-12-06 at the
6424:2006-08-13 at the
5851:2006-06-23 at the
5667:2008-06-01 at the
5648:2006-08-23 at the
5603:2006-08-13 at the
5449:2006-08-09 at the
5218:2005-12-07 at the
5207:2007-05-06 at the
4863:Herbst RS (2004).
4828:10.1111/cdoe.12003
4232:2012-03-20 at the
4221:2007-02-16 at the
4202:2006-09-30 at the
4182:2005-12-14 at the
4171:2007-01-09 at the
4090:2015-03-12 at the
4079:2008-12-06 at the
3639:10.1111/cdoe.12229
3546:2006-06-30 at the
3461:2008-03-15 at the
3400:2021-05-08 at the
3392:on 29 August 2021.
3346:2015-06-19 at the
3123:2008-07-09 at the
3086:2008-05-27 at the
3031:2015-10-30 at the
3024:Johnson, Clarke. "
2997:The New York Times
2974:2010-09-01 at the
2544:on 8 December 2014
2165:
2088:
1961:endodontic therapy
1959:In certain cases,
1957:
1907:dental restoration
1850:
1798:Ditching, overhang
1727:Dental restoration
1670:
1662:
1633:For children, the
1619:
1530:
1491:Fluoride treatment
1390:baby bottle caries
1386:
1345:
1258:
1250:
1242:
1145:
1072:
1064:
944:diabetes insipidus
873:hypo-vitaminosis D
861:hypoparathyroidism
825:
788:
638:can lead to pain,
610:
555:buffering capacity
527:
428:
399:Signs and symptoms
395:for "rottenness".
255:Tooth regeneration
10850:
10849:
10846:
10845:
10803:
10802:
10702:
10701:
10626:
10625:
10531:Sebaceous adenoma
10384:
10383:
10263:
10262:
10174:Median mandibular
10169:Nasopalatine duct
10085:Alveolar osteitis
10049:
10048:
10036:Perio-endo lesion
9918:Congenital epulis
9839:
9838:
9596:Enamel hypoplasia
9477:
9476:
9452:Riga–Fede disease
9303:Melanocytic nevus
9243:Hairy leukoplakia
9206:Epulis fissuratum
9140:
9139:
9080:
9079:
9030:Geographic tongue
8968:
8967:
8840:
8839:
8681:978-0-323-07846-7
8601:(10): 1355–1361.
8430:978-81-312-2530-1
8074:World Archaeology
7977:(12): 1270–1278.
7244:978-1-4051-0718-1
7145:10.1159/000077759
6884:10.1159/000348492
6347:(10): 1314–1319.
6098:10.1159/000353183
5888:10.1111/ger.12331
5733:10.1159/000261394
5691:978-1-905829-08-8
5575:978-1-56053-573-7
5546:978-1-118-93582-8
5211:," hosted on the
5119:(1 Pt2): 488–96.
5012:978-0-19-100304-2
4965:978-1-4051-3889-5
4875:(2 Suppl): 21–6.
4679:10.1289/ehp.10947
4548:(10): A625–A630.
4491:(11): 1099–1102.
4381:Goyer RA (1990).
4346:(10): 1165–1171.
4216:Executive Summary
4135:50(6): 1536 to 43
3258:978-0-12-818619-0
3222:978-0-19-261808-5
3148:978-0-19-262214-3
2905:(9859): 2163–96.
2582:978-0-8036-3909-6
2300:tooth extractions
2085:
2084:
1883:Local anesthetics
1842:
1841:
1795:Defective filling
1738:No carious lesion
1615:logarithmic scale
1541:. The purpose of
1482:
1481:
1474:
1010:electrical charge
983:smokeless tobacco
952:methylamphetamine
940:diabetes mellitus
298:diabetes mellitus
290:mineral breakdown
249:and infection or
220:
219:
205:(acetaminophen),
167:diabetes mellitus
28:Medical condition
10880:
10809:
10808:
10708:
10707:
10632:
10631:
10501:Ductal papilloma
10390:
10389:
10269:
10268:
10166:Non-odontogenic:
10151:Globulomaxillary
10090:Buccal exostosis
10055:
10054:
9999:Peri-implantitis
9845:
9844:
9561:Dentin dysplasia
9483:
9482:
9459:Verruca vulgaris
9354:Mucosal melanoma
9201:Darier's disease
9176:Behçet's disease
9146:
9145:
9102:Bednar's aphthae
9086:
9085:
8974:
8973:
8960:Trumpeter's wart
8882:
8881:
8867:
8860:
8853:
8844:
8843:
8744:
8743:
8699:
8685:
8673:
8653:
8652:
8650:
8648:
8633:
8627:
8626:
8590:
8584:
8583:
8581:
8580:
8565:
8559:
8558:
8556:
8555:
8540:
8534:
8533:
8528:
8527:
8512:
8506:
8505:
8503:
8502:
8484:
8478:
8477:
8441:
8435:
8434:
8414:
8408:
8407:
8405:
8404:
8398:
8392:. Archived from
8367:
8358:
8352:
8351:
8322:
8316:
8302:
8296:
8295:
8259:
8253:
8239:
8233:
8232:
8196:
8190:
8189:
8145:
8139:
8127:, hosted on the
8115:
8106:
8105:
8069:
8063:
8062:
8060:
8059:
8011:
8005:
8004:
7986:
7962:
7956:
7952:
7946:
7945:
7935:
7911:
7888:
7875:
7864:
7863:
7853:
7843:
7819:
7813:
7812:
7802:
7784:
7775:(7): 6979–7000.
7760:
7754:
7740:
7734:
7733:
7723:
7714:(4): 881S–892S.
7699:
7690:
7677:
7671:
7670:
7668:
7667:
7648:
7642:
7628:
7617:
7604:
7598:
7574:
7568:
7551:
7545:
7544:
7542:
7540:
7521:
7515:
7502:
7496:
7483:
7477:
7464:
7458:
7445:
7439:
7425:
7419:
7418:
7400:
7376:
7370:
7369:
7341:
7335:
7334:
7324:
7292:
7286:
7274:
7268:
7255:
7249:
7248:
7230:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7220:
7172:
7166:
7165:
7147:
7123:
7117:
7116:
7114:
7112:
7106:
7095:
7087:
7078:
7077:
7067:
7027:
7021:
7020:
7018:
7016:
7010:
6999:
6991:
6985:
6984:
6982:
6975:
6967:
6961:
6960:
6942:
6918:
6912:
6911:
6867:
6861:
6860:
6858:
6857:
6848:. Archived from
6841:
6835:
6834:
6832:
6812:
6799:
6784:
6778:
6777:
6767:
6727:
6721:
6715:
6709:
6708:
6698:
6658:
6652:
6651:
6614:
6608:
6607:
6601:
6593:
6583:
6551:
6545:
6544:
6516:
6510:
6509:
6499:
6489:
6465:
6459:
6447:, hosted on the
6435:
6429:
6416:
6410:
6409:
6407:
6406:
6387:
6381:
6380:
6336:
6330:
6329:
6319:
6309:
6285:
6279:
6278:
6250:
6244:
6243:
6233:
6193:
6187:
6186:
6176:
6136:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6100:
6076:
6070:
6069:
6059:
6019:
6013:
6012:
6002:
5985:(12): CD004971.
5970:
5964:
5963:
5930:(12): CD008829.
5923:
5917:
5916:
5890:
5866:
5860:
5855:. Hosted on the
5843:
5837:
5836:
5826:
5801:(11): CD010431.
5786:
5780:
5779:
5751:
5745:
5744:
5716:
5710:
5709:
5703:
5695:
5678:
5672:
5659:
5653:
5640:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5614:
5608:
5595:
5589:
5586:
5580:
5579:
5567:
5557:
5551:
5550:
5532:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5516:
5510:. Archived from
5493:
5484:
5475:
5460:
5454:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5397:
5388:
5385:
5379:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5324:
5315:
5314:
5286:
5280:
5265:
5259:
5253:
5244:
5229:
5223:
5198:
5192:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5108:
5102:
5101:
5069:
5060:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5032:
5024:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4985:
4977:
4953:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4884:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4847:
4839:
4811:
4805:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4739:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4690:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4641:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4593:(4): 1120–1127.
4582:
4576:
4575:
4565:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4516:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4459:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4418:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4275:
4243:
4237:
4213:
4207:
4195:Banting, D. W. "
4193:
4187:
4175:, hosted on the
4163:
4157:
4142:
4136:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4108:. Archived from
4101:
4095:
4083:, hosted on the
4071:
4065:
4050:
4041:
4040:
4012:
4006:
4005:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3899:
3893:
3887:
3881:
3866:
3860:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3739:
3737:
3731:
3724:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3684:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3650:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3590:
3581:
3572:
3557:
3551:
3538:
3532:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3472:
3466:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3410:
3404:
3393:
3388:. Archived from
3357:
3351:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3302:
3293:
3292:
3272:
3263:
3262:
3236:
3227:
3226:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3183:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3134:
3128:
3114:
3108:
3097:
3091:
3078:
3072:
3067:, hosted on the
3062:
3056:
3045:
3036:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3008:
2988:
2979:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2922:
2890:
2881:
2880:
2870:
2860:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2768:
2757:
2756:
2720:
2699:
2698:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2642:
2618:
2591:
2590:
2567:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2534:
2515:
2514:
2497:(6): 1239–1260.
2486:
2465:
2456:
2396:uncountable noun
2253:Sargonid dynasty
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1891:dental handpiece
1855:Immunoglobulin Y
1835:Cavitated lesion
1782:Existing filling
1774:Cavitated lesion
1735:
1734:
1731:Tooth extraction
1583:dental hygienist
1477:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1434:
1426:
1409:tooth resorption
1315:dental fluorosis
1154:dentinal tubules
1148:Sclerotic dentin
1118:enamel formation
936:Sjögren syndrome
751:remineralization
685:Actinomyces spp.
553:habits, and the
455:dentinal tubules
382:as of 2016. The
302:Sjögren syndrome
225:, also known as
171:Sjögren syndrome
92:
91:
88:
87:
84:
81:
78:
75:
51:
31:
30:
10888:
10887:
10883:
10882:
10881:
10879:
10878:
10877:
10853:
10852:
10851:
10842:
10814:
10799:
10755:Ludwig's angina
10716:
10698:
10657:Mouth breathing
10643:
10622:
10443:Pneumoparotitis
10416:Frey's syndrome
10397:
10395:Salivary glands
10380:
10288:
10259:
10238:Phoenix abscess
10071:
10067:hard tissues –
10045:
9967:Hypercementosis
9886:Cementoblastoma
9872:
9835:
9549:Dens evaginatus
9503:
9473:
9425:Denture-related
9410:Plasmoacanthoma
9336:Keratoacanthoma
9157:
9155:Lining of mouth
9136:
9132:Torus palatinus
9093:
9076:
9057:Lingual thyroid
9015:Fissured tongue
9005:Crenated tongue
8981:
8964:
8950:Nasolabial cyst
8935:Herpes labialis
8889:
8876:
8871:
8841:
8836:
8835:
8812:
8811:
8755:
8727:
8708:
8700:
8692:
8682:
8662:
8657:
8656:
8646:
8644:
8635:
8634:
8630:
8591:
8587:
8578:
8576:
8567:
8566:
8562:
8553:
8551:
8542:
8541:
8537:
8525:
8523:
8514:
8513:
8509:
8500:
8498:
8485:
8481:
8442:
8438:
8431:
8415:
8411:
8402:
8400:
8396:
8365:
8359:
8355:
8323:
8319:
8313:Wayback Machine
8303:
8299:
8260:
8256:
8250:Wayback Machine
8240:
8236:
8197:
8193:
8170:10.1038/440755a
8156:(7085): 755–6.
8146:
8142:
8136:Wayback Machine
8125:Wayback Machine
8116:
8109:
8070:
8066:
8057:
8055:
8012:
8008:
7963:
7959:
7953:
7949:
7912:
7891:
7885:Wayback Machine
7876:
7867:
7820:
7816:
7761:
7757:
7751:Wayback Machine
7741:
7737:
7700:
7693:
7687:Wayback Machine
7678:
7674:
7665:
7663:
7650:
7649:
7645:
7639:Wayback Machine
7629:
7620:
7614:Wayback Machine
7605:
7601:
7595:Wayback Machine
7584:Wayback Machine
7575:
7571:
7561:Wayback Machine
7552:
7548:
7538:
7536:
7523:
7522:
7518:
7512:Wayback Machine
7503:
7499:
7493:Wayback Machine
7484:
7480:
7474:Wayback Machine
7465:
7461:
7455:Wayback Machine
7446:
7442:
7436:Wayback Machine
7426:
7422:
7377:
7373:
7342:
7338:
7307:(9): CD010229.
7293:
7289:
7275:
7271:
7265:Wayback Machine
7256:
7252:
7245:
7231:
7227:
7218:
7216:
7173:
7169:
7132:Caries Research
7124:
7120:
7110:
7108:
7104:
7093:
7089:
7088:
7081:
7042:(4): CD008457.
7028:
7024:
7014:
7012:
7008:
6997:
6993:
6992:
6988:
6980:
6973:
6969:
6968:
6964:
6919:
6915:
6872:Caries Research
6868:
6864:
6855:
6853:
6844:
6842:
6838:
6823:(8): CD011850.
6813:
6802:
6785:
6781:
6728:
6724:
6716:
6712:
6673:(1): CD003067.
6659:
6655:
6615:
6611:
6595:
6594:
6566:(3): CD010743.
6552:
6548:
6517:
6513:
6480:(Suppl 1): S4.
6474:BMC Oral Health
6466:
6462:
6456:Wayback Machine
6445:Wayback Machine
6436:
6432:
6426:Wayback Machine
6417:
6413:
6404:
6402:
6389:
6388:
6384:
6337:
6333:
6300:(10): 2176–84.
6286:
6282:
6251:
6247:
6208:(2): CD002284.
6194:
6190:
6151:(6): CD002280.
6137:
6133:
6124:
6122:
6085:Caries Research
6077:
6073:
6034:(3): CD007868.
6020:
6016:
5971:
5967:
5924:
5920:
5867:
5863:
5853:Wayback Machine
5844:
5840:
5787:
5783:
5752:
5748:
5721:Caries Research
5717:
5713:
5697:
5696:
5692:
5680:
5679:
5675:
5669:Wayback Machine
5660:
5656:
5650:Wayback Machine
5641:
5637:
5628:
5626:
5617:
5615:
5611:
5605:Wayback Machine
5596:
5592:
5587:
5583:
5576:
5558:
5554:
5547:
5533:
5529:
5520:
5518:
5514:
5491:
5485:
5478:
5461:
5457:
5451:Wayback Machine
5441:
5437:
5398:
5391:
5386:
5382:
5368:
5364:
5325:
5318:
5287:
5283:
5266:
5262:
5254:
5247:
5230:
5226:
5220:Wayback Machine
5209:Wayback Machine
5199:
5195:
5187:
5183:
5152:
5148:
5109:
5105:
5070:
5063:
5046:
5042:
5026:
5025:
5013:
4999:
4995:
4979:
4978:
4966:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4902:
4898:
4861:
4857:
4841:
4840:
4812:
4808:
4800:
4796:
4767:(9555): 51–59.
4757:
4753:
4708:
4704:
4659:
4655:
4618:
4614:
4583:
4579:
4534:
4530:
4497:10.2307/3434965
4477:
4473:
4436:
4432:
4399:10.2307/3430905
4379:
4375:
4336:
4332:
4293:
4289:
4244:
4240:
4234:Wayback Machine
4223:Wayback Machine
4214:
4210:
4204:Wayback Machine
4194:
4190:
4184:Wayback Machine
4173:Wayback Machine
4164:
4160:
4143:
4139:
4128:
4124:
4115:
4113:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4092:Wayback Machine
4081:Wayback Machine
4072:
4068:
4051:
4044:
4013:
4009:
3970:
3966:
3935:
3931:
3900:
3896:
3888:
3884:
3867:
3863:
3846:
3842:
3819:
3815:
3784:
3780:
3753:
3749:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3722:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3705:
3682:
3676:
3672:
3623:
3619:
3611:
3588:
3582:
3575:
3558:
3554:
3548:Wayback Machine
3539:
3535:
3526:
3522:
3499:
3495:
3473:
3469:
3463:Wayback Machine
3454:
3450:
3411:
3407:
3402:Wayback Machine
3358:
3354:
3348:Wayback Machine
3338:
3334:
3303:
3296:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3209:
3205:
3160:
3156:
3149:
3135:
3131:
3125:Wayback Machine
3115:
3111:
3106:Ludwig's Anigna
3098:
3094:
3088:Wayback Machine
3079:
3075:
3063:
3059:
3054:Dental Cavities
3046:
3039:
3033:Wayback Machine
3023:
3019:
3006:
3004:
2989:
2982:
2976:Wayback Machine
2967:
2963:
2940:
2936:
2891:
2884:
2837:
2833:
2794:
2790:
2781:
2779:
2770:
2769:
2760:
2721:
2702:
2671:
2664:
2619:
2594:
2583:
2569:
2568:
2557:
2547:
2545:
2536:
2535:
2518:
2487:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2436:
2428:
2422:
2414:
2380:
2322:Pierre Fauchard
2304:Saint Apollonia
2296:barber surgeons
2147:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1986:
1814:Inactive lesion
1801:No replacement
1790:No replacement
1753:Inactive lesion
1733:
1723:
1674:dental sealants
1654:
1606:
1535:
1519:
1510:
1478:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1447:
1435:
1424:
1382:methamphetamine
1374:
1334:
1238:dental explorer
1230:
1221:
1192:
1190:Tertiary dentin
1186:
1184:Tertiary dentin
1161:immunoglobulins
1150:
1130:tertiary dentin
1110:tooth formation
1106:
1089:
1055:
1053:Pathophysiology
920:salivary glands
915:
881:coeliac disease
841:premature birth
817:
780:
743:
616:
594:
491:
401:
380:permanent teeth
320:, and receding
310:antidepressants
259:stem cell–based
135:, infection or
96:
72:
68:
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10886:
10876:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10848:
10847:
10844:
10843:
10841:
10840:
10835:
10830:
10825:
10823:Eagle syndrome
10819:
10816:
10815:
10805:
10804:
10801:
10800:
10798:
10797:
10792:
10787:
10782:
10777:
10772:
10767:
10762:
10757:
10752:
10747:
10745:Cystic hygroma
10742:
10737:
10732:
10727:
10721:
10718:
10717:
10704:
10703:
10700:
10699:
10697:
10696:
10691:
10690:
10689:
10684:
10679:
10674:
10669:
10659:
10654:
10648:
10645:
10644:
10628:
10627:
10624:
10623:
10621:
10620:
10615:
10613:Sialolithiasis
10610:
10605:
10600:
10595:
10590:
10589:
10588:
10583:
10573:
10568:
10567:
10566:
10561:
10556:
10551:
10546:
10544:Adenocarcinoma
10541:
10533:
10528:
10523:
10518:
10513:
10511:Myoepithelioma
10508:
10503:
10498:
10493:
10480:
10475:
10470:
10465:
10460:
10455:
10450:
10445:
10440:
10439:
10438:
10428:
10423:
10418:
10413:
10408:
10402:
10399:
10398:
10386:
10385:
10382:
10381:
10379:
10378:
10377:
10376:
10371:
10361:
10356:
10355:
10354:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10334:
10329:
10324:
10319:
10309:
10304:
10299:
10293:
10290:
10289:
10265:
10264:
10261:
10260:
10258:
10257:
10252:
10247:
10242:
10241:
10240:
10230:
10225:
10220:
10219:
10218:
10213:
10208:
10198:
10193:
10188:
10187:
10186:
10184:Traumatic bone
10181:
10179:Median palatal
10176:
10171:
10163:
10158:
10153:
10148:
10143:
10138:
10133:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10097:
10092:
10087:
10082:
10076:
10073:
10072:
10051:
10050:
10047:
10046:
10044:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10032:
10031:
10026:
10021:
10011:
10006:
10001:
9996:
9991:
9990:
9989:
9979:
9974:
9972:Hypocementosis
9969:
9964:
9959:
9958:
9957:
9952:
9947:
9937:
9932:
9927:
9922:
9921:
9920:
9915:
9905:
9900:
9895:
9894:
9893:
9883:
9877:
9874:
9873:
9841:
9840:
9837:
9836:
9834:
9833:
9832:
9831:
9826:
9821:
9816:
9806:
9805:
9804:
9794:
9793:
9792:
9787:
9782:
9777:
9767:
9762:
9757:
9752:
9747:
9742:
9737:
9732:
9727:
9722:
9721:
9720:
9710:
9709:
9708:
9706:Neonatal teeth
9698:
9693:
9692:
9691:
9681:
9680:
9679:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9653:
9652:
9642:
9641:
9640:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9604:
9603:
9593:
9588:
9586:Ectopic enamel
9583:
9578:
9573:
9568:
9563:
9558:
9557:
9556:
9546:
9541:
9536:
9535:
9534:
9524:
9519:
9514:
9508:
9505:
9504:
9479:
9478:
9475:
9474:
9472:
9471:
9466:
9461:
9456:
9455:
9454:
9444:
9439:
9434:
9433:
9432:
9427:
9422:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9401:
9400:
9390:
9389:
9388:
9381:Oral melanosis
9378:
9373:
9372:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9338:
9333:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9280:
9275:
9270:
9265:
9260:
9255:
9250:
9245:
9240:
9235:
9230:
9229:
9228:
9218:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9181:Bohn's nodules
9178:
9173:
9168:
9166:Amalgam tattoo
9162:
9159:
9158:
9142:
9141:
9138:
9137:
9135:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9114:
9109:
9104:
9098:
9095:
9094:
9082:
9081:
9078:
9077:
9075:
9074:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9043:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9022:
9017:
9012:
9007:
9002:
8997:
8992:
8986:
8983:
8982:
8970:
8969:
8966:
8965:
8963:
8962:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8916:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8894:
8891:
8890:
8878:
8877:
8870:
8869:
8862:
8855:
8847:
8838:
8837:
8834:
8833:
8821:
8820:
8818:
8814:
8813:
8810:
8809:
8798:
8787:
8772:
8756:
8751:
8750:
8748:
8747:Classification
8741:
8740:
8735:
8694:
8693:
8691:
8690:External links
8688:
8687:
8686:
8680:
8661:
8658:
8655:
8654:
8628:
8585:
8560:
8535:
8507:
8479:
8452:(9555): 51–9.
8436:
8429:
8409:
8353:
8317:
8297:
8254:
8234:
8191:
8140:
8107:
8064:
8032:10.1086/204481
8026:(1): 147–153.
8006:
7957:
7947:
7889:
7865:
7814:
7755:
7735:
7691:
7672:
7643:
7618:
7599:
7569:
7546:
7516:
7497:
7478:
7459:
7440:
7420:
7371:
7352:(8): 508–514.
7336:
7287:
7269:
7250:
7243:
7225:
7187:(8): 943–949.
7167:
7118:
7079:
7022:
6986:
6983:on 2010-08-10.
6962:
6933:(2): 190–191.
6913:
6878:(5): 382–390.
6862:
6836:
6800:
6779:
6722:
6710:
6653:
6626:(6): 321–330.
6609:
6546:
6511:
6460:
6430:
6411:
6382:
6331:
6280:
6261:(4): 323–328.
6245:
6188:
6131:
6091:(6): 582–590.
6071:
6014:
5965:
5918:
5881:(4): 282–289.
5861:
5838:
5781:
5762:(6): 277–281.
5746:
5711:
5690:
5673:
5654:
5635:
5609:
5590:
5581:
5574:
5564:Dental Secrets
5552:
5545:
5527:
5476:
5455:
5435:
5389:
5380:
5362:
5316:
5281:
5260:
5245:
5224:
5193:
5181:
5146:
5103:
5061:
5040:
5011:
4993:
4964:
4939:
4912:(2): 119–134.
4896:
4855:
4806:
4794:
4751:
4710:Dye B (2010).
4702:
4673:(6): 821–825.
4653:
4612:
4577:
4528:
4471:
4450:(24): 2294–8.
4430:
4373:
4330:
4303:(3): 430–437.
4287:
4238:
4208:
4188:
4158:
4137:
4122:
4096:
4066:
4042:
4007:
3964:
3929:
3894:
3882:
3861:
3840:
3829:(1–2): 33–43.
3813:
3778:
3747:
3711:
3670:
3633:(4): 342–353.
3617:
3573:
3552:
3533:
3520:
3493:
3467:
3448:
3405:
3372:(4): 185–191.
3352:
3332:
3313:(3): 189–213.
3294:
3264:
3257:
3228:
3221:
3203:
3154:
3147:
3139:Oral pathology
3129:
3109:
3092:
3073:
3057:
3037:
3017:
2980:
2961:
2934:
2882:
2831:
2788:
2758:
2700:
2681:(5): 427–434.
2662:
2592:
2581:
2555:
2516:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2432:
2424:Main article:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2410:
2379:
2376:
2327:In the 1890s,
2153:An image from
2146:
2143:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1996:
1985:
1982:
1945:Hall Technique
1840:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:Carious lesion
1747:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1722:
1719:
1702:in the mouth.
1653:
1652:Other measures
1650:
1605:
1602:
1534:
1531:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1502:dental sealant
1480:
1479:
1438:
1436:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1333:
1332:Classification
1330:
1321:of the tooth.
1229:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1200:Growth factors
1185:
1182:
1149:
1146:
1105:
1102:
1088:
1085:
1054:
1051:
914:
911:
894:hydroxyapatite
816:
813:
779:
776:
742:
741:Dietary sugars
739:
735:pre-masticated
593:
590:
490:
487:
400:
397:
306:antihistamines
268:of the teeth (
257:is an ongoing
218:
217:
214:
210:
209:
200:
194:
193:
179:
175:
174:
163:
157:
156:
153:
149:
148:
145:
141:
140:
126:
120:
119:
116:
110:
109:
104:
98:
97:
95:
94:
64:
62:
58:
57:
53:
52:
44:
43:
40:
36:
35:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10885:
10874:
10871:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10860:
10858:
10839:
10836:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10820:
10817:
10810:
10806:
10796:
10793:
10791:
10788:
10786:
10783:
10781:
10778:
10776:
10773:
10771:
10768:
10766:
10763:
10761:
10758:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10748:
10746:
10743:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10725:Actinomycosis
10723:
10722:
10719:
10715:
10709:
10705:
10695:
10692:
10688:
10685:
10683:
10680:
10678:
10675:
10673:
10670:
10668:
10665:
10664:
10663:
10660:
10658:
10655:
10653:
10650:
10649:
10646:
10642:
10638:
10633:
10629:
10619:
10616:
10614:
10611:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10603:Sialodochitis
10601:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10578:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10565:
10562:
10560:
10557:
10555:
10552:
10550:
10547:
10545:
10542:
10540:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10524:
10522:
10519:
10517:
10514:
10512:
10509:
10507:
10504:
10502:
10499:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10486:
10485:
10484:
10481:
10479:
10476:
10474:
10471:
10469:
10466:
10464:
10461:
10459:
10456:
10454:
10451:
10449:
10446:
10444:
10441:
10437:
10434:
10433:
10432:
10429:
10427:
10424:
10422:
10419:
10417:
10414:
10412:
10409:
10407:
10404:
10403:
10400:
10396:
10391:
10387:
10375:
10372:
10370:
10367:
10366:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10315:
10314:
10313:
10310:
10308:
10305:
10303:
10300:
10298:
10295:
10294:
10291:
10287:
10283:
10282:malocclusions
10279:
10275:
10270:
10266:
10256:
10253:
10251:
10250:Stafne defect
10248:
10246:
10243:
10239:
10236:
10235:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10217:
10214:
10212:
10209:
10207:
10204:
10203:
10202:
10201:Osteonecrosis
10199:
10197:
10196:Osteomyelitis
10194:
10192:
10189:
10185:
10182:
10180:
10177:
10175:
10172:
10170:
10167:
10164:
10162:
10159:
10157:
10154:
10152:
10149:
10147:
10144:
10142:
10139:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10123:
10122:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10098:
10096:
10093:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10083:
10081:
10078:
10077:
10074:
10070:
10069:Bones of jaws
10066:
10062:
10056:
10052:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10016:
10015:
10014:Periodontitis
10012:
10010:
10007:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9995:
9994:Pericoronitis
9992:
9988:
9985:
9984:
9983:
9980:
9978:
9975:
9973:
9970:
9968:
9965:
9963:
9960:
9956:
9953:
9951:
9950:Granulomatous
9948:
9946:
9943:
9942:
9941:
9938:
9936:
9933:
9931:
9928:
9926:
9923:
9919:
9916:
9914:
9911:
9910:
9909:
9906:
9904:
9903:Eruption cyst
9901:
9899:
9896:
9892:
9889:
9888:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9878:
9875:
9871:
9867:
9863:
9859:
9855:
9851:
9846:
9842:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9822:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9811:
9810:
9807:
9803:
9800:
9799:
9798:
9795:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9773:
9772:
9771:
9768:
9766:
9763:
9761:
9758:
9756:
9753:
9751:
9748:
9746:
9743:
9741:
9738:
9736:
9733:
9731:
9730:Pulp necrosis
9728:
9726:
9723:
9719:
9716:
9715:
9714:
9711:
9707:
9704:
9703:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9690:
9689:Dens in dente
9687:
9686:
9685:
9682:
9678:
9675:
9674:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9651:
9648:
9647:
9646:
9643:
9639:
9636:
9635:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9602:
9599:
9598:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9581:Discoloration
9579:
9577:
9574:
9572:
9569:
9567:
9564:
9562:
9559:
9555:
9552:
9551:
9550:
9547:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9537:
9533:
9530:
9529:
9528:
9525:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9509:
9506:
9501:
9497:
9493:
9489:
9484:
9480:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9460:
9457:
9453:
9450:
9449:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9418:
9417:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9399:
9396:
9395:
9394:
9391:
9387:
9384:
9383:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9326:
9325:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9288:Lichen planus
9286:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9276:
9274:
9271:
9269:
9266:
9264:
9263:Herpes zoster
9261:
9259:
9256:
9254:
9251:
9249:
9246:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9238:Fordyce spots
9236:
9234:
9231:
9227:
9224:
9223:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9216:Erythroplakia
9214:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9163:
9160:
9156:
9152:
9147:
9143:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9099:
9096:
9092:
9087:
9083:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9027:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
9001:
9000:Caviar tongue
8998:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8990:Ankyloglossia
8988:
8987:
8984:
8980:
8975:
8971:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8955:Sun poisoning
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8900:
8899:
8896:
8895:
8892:
8888:
8883:
8879:
8875:
8868:
8863:
8861:
8856:
8854:
8849:
8848:
8845:
8832:
8828:
8827:
8823:
8822:
8819:
8815:
8808:
8804:
8803:
8799:
8797:
8793:
8792:
8788:
8786:
8782:
8781:
8777:
8773:
8771:
8767:
8766:
8762:
8758:
8757:
8754:
8749:
8745:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8730:
8725:
8721:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8709:
8706:
8705:
8698:
8683:
8677:
8672:
8671:
8664:
8663:
8642:
8638:
8632:
8624:
8620:
8616:
8612:
8608:
8604:
8600:
8596:
8589:
8574:
8570:
8564:
8549:
8545:
8539:
8532:
8521:
8517:
8511:
8496:
8492:
8491:
8483:
8475:
8471:
8467:
8463:
8459:
8455:
8451:
8447:
8440:
8432:
8426:
8422:
8421:
8413:
8399:on 2017-09-22
8395:
8391:
8387:
8383:
8379:
8376:(3): 259–77.
8375:
8371:
8364:
8357:
8349:
8345:
8341:
8337:
8334:(2): 108–25.
8333:
8329:
8321:
8314:
8310:
8307:
8301:
8293:
8289:
8285:
8281:
8277:
8273:
8269:
8265:
8258:
8251:
8247:
8244:
8238:
8230:
8226:
8222:
8218:
8214:
8210:
8207:(7): 419–25.
8206:
8202:
8195:
8187:
8183:
8179:
8175:
8171:
8167:
8163:
8159:
8155:
8151:
8144:
8137:
8133:
8130:
8126:
8122:
8119:
8114:
8112:
8103:
8099:
8095:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8079:
8075:
8068:
8053:
8049:
8045:
8041:
8037:
8033:
8029:
8025:
8021:
8017:
8010:
8002:
7998:
7994:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7976:
7972:
7968:
7961:
7951:
7943:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7926:(2): 135–51.
7925:
7921:
7917:
7910:
7908:
7906:
7904:
7902:
7900:
7898:
7896:
7894:
7886:
7882:
7879:
7874:
7872:
7870:
7861:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7833:
7829:
7825:
7818:
7810:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7792:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7766:
7759:
7752:
7748:
7745:
7739:
7731:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7713:
7709:
7705:
7698:
7696:
7688:
7684:
7681:
7676:
7661:
7657:
7653:
7647:
7640:
7636:
7633:
7632:Dental caries
7627:
7625:
7623:
7615:
7611:
7608:
7603:
7596:
7592:
7589:
7585:
7581:
7578:
7573:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7555:
7550:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7520:
7513:
7509:
7506:
7501:
7494:
7490:
7487:
7482:
7475:
7471:
7468:
7463:
7456:
7452:
7449:
7444:
7437:
7433:
7430:
7424:
7416:
7412:
7408:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7375:
7367:
7363:
7359:
7355:
7351:
7347:
7340:
7332:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7302:
7298:
7291:
7284:
7283:0-86715-382-2
7280:
7273:
7266:
7262:
7259:
7254:
7246:
7240:
7236:
7229:
7214:
7210:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7186:
7182:
7178:
7171:
7163:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7122:
7103:
7099:
7092:
7086:
7084:
7075:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7049:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7026:
7007:
7003:
6996:
6990:
6979:
6972:
6966:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6924:
6917:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6866:
6852:on 2013-12-03
6851:
6847:
6840:
6831:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6811:
6809:
6807:
6805:
6797:
6796:0-683-30242-6
6793:
6789:
6783:
6775:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6726:
6719:
6714:
6706:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6657:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6613:
6605:
6599:
6591:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6550:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6531:(3): 246–53.
6530:
6526:
6522:
6515:
6507:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6464:
6457:
6453:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6439:
6434:
6427:
6423:
6420:
6415:
6401:on 2019-04-06
6400:
6396:
6392:
6386:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6335:
6327:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6284:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6249:
6241:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6192:
6184:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6135:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6075:
6067:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6018:
6010:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5969:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5922:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5875:Gerodontology
5872:
5865:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5847:
5842:
5834:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5785:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5750:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5715:
5707:
5701:
5693:
5687:
5683:
5677:
5670:
5666:
5663:
5658:
5651:
5647:
5644:
5639:
5624:
5620:
5613:
5606:
5602:
5599:
5594:
5585:
5577:
5571:
5566:
5565:
5556:
5548:
5542:
5538:
5531:
5517:on 2011-07-22
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5490:
5483:
5481:
5473:
5472:0-86715-382-2
5469:
5465:
5459:
5452:
5448:
5445:
5439:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5408:(7): 075607.
5407:
5403:
5402:Laser Physics
5396:
5394:
5384:
5377:
5376:0-86715-382-2
5373:
5366:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5323:
5321:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5285:
5278:
5277:0-86715-382-2
5274:
5270:
5264:
5257:
5252:
5250:
5242:
5241:0-683-30242-6
5238:
5234:
5228:
5221:
5217:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5203:
5197:
5190:
5185:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5162:(4): 481–95.
5161:
5157:
5150:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5107:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5068:
5066:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5044:
5036:
5030:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5008:
5004:
4997:
4989:
4983:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4961:
4957:
4952:
4951:
4943:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4900:
4892:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4859:
4851:
4845:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4810:
4803:
4798:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4755:
4747:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4722:(6): 817–30.
4721:
4717:
4713:
4706:
4698:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4657:
4649:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4616:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4581:
4573:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4532:
4524:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4475:
4467:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4434:
4426:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4377:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4334:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4291:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4258:(8): 219–41.
4257:
4253:
4249:
4242:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4212:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4192:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4162:
4155:
4154:0-7216-9003-3
4151:
4147:
4141:
4134:
4133:
4126:
4112:on 2013-12-02
4111:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4070:
4063:
4062:0-7216-9003-3
4059:
4055:
4049:
4047:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4023:(4): 443–50.
4022:
4018:
4011:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3968:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3939:Gerodontology
3933:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3914:(11): 722–4.
3913:
3909:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3886:
3879:
3878:0-7216-9003-3
3875:
3871:
3865:
3858:
3857:0-7216-9003-3
3854:
3850:
3844:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3817:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3728:
3721:
3715:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3693:(3): 224–32.
3692:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3621:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3578:
3570:
3569:0-86715-382-2
3566:
3562:
3556:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3541:Dental Caries
3537:
3530:
3524:
3516:
3512:
3509:(4): 261–73.
3508:
3504:
3503:Dental Update
3497:
3490:
3486:
3483:(5): 375–87,
3482:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3452:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3421:(2): 263–71.
3420:
3416:
3409:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3336:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3301:
3299:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3277:Dental Update
3271:
3269:
3260:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3233:
3224:
3218:
3214:
3207:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3150:
3144:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3096:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3077:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3021:
3014:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2985:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2887:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2777:
2773:
2772:"Oral health"
2767:
2765:
2763:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2667:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2633:(6): 1224–9.
2632:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2464:
2461:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2427:
2420:Other animals
2417:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2352:Streptococcus
2349:
2348:Streptococcus
2345:
2342:
2341:Streptococcus
2337:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2245:Ebers Papyrus
2242:
2241:dental drills
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2151:
2142:
2140:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2079: >142
2073: 140–142
2067: 138–140
2061: 130–138
2055: 115–130
2049: 100–115
2044:
2005: no data
2000:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1962:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1903:sand blasting
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1887:nitrous oxide
1884:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1824:Active lesion
1822:
1819:No treatment
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1763:Active lesion
1761:
1758:No treatment
1757:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1745:No treatment
1744:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1703:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1666:
1658:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1616:
1610:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1527:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1476:
1473:
1465:
1462:November 2016
1455:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1439:This section
1437:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1378:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1338:
1329:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1275:dental mirror
1272:
1267:
1264:
1254:
1246:
1239:
1236:The tip of a
1234:
1225:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1202:, especially
1201:
1196:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1176:According to
1174:
1171:
1166:
1165:immune system
1162:
1157:
1155:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1068:
1059:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
975:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
928:parotid gland
925:
921:
913:Other factors
910:
907:
902:
899:
895:
890:
888:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
869:malabsorption
866:
862:
858:
854:
853:scarlet fever
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
828:
821:
812:
810:
804:
801:
797:
793:
784:
775:
773:
769:
764:
760:
757:by saliva or
756:
752:
748:
738:
736:
732:
728:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
692:
691:Nocardia spp.
687:
686:
681:
680:
675:
671:
667:
663:
660:
659:Lactobacillus
656:
652:
651:oral bacteria
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
628:
623:
622:
615:
607:
603:
598:
589:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
547:dental plaque
544:
540:
536:
532:
531:carbohydrates
524:
521:and fluoride
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
495:
486:
484:
483:Ludwig angina
480:
476:
472:
467:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
441:
437:
433:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
396:
394:
389:
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:Simple sugars
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
215:
211:
208:
204:
201:
199:
195:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
127:
125:
124:Complications
121:
117:
115:
111:
108:
105:
103:
99:
90:
66:
65:
63:
61:Pronunciation
59:
54:
50:
45:
41:
37:
32:
26:
22:
10713:
10640:
10576:Sialadenitis
10535:
10487:
10352:Scissor bite
10347:Retrognathia
10332:Overeruption
10312:Malocclusion
10285:
10165:
10124:
10115:Micrognathia
10068:
10059:Periapical,
9945:Desquamative
9869:
9850:Periodontium
9824:Acid erosion
9765:Taurodontism
9696:Open contact
9608:Enamel pearl
9576:Dilaceration
9539:Concrescence
9340:
9327:
9154:
9107:Cleft palate
9067:Microglossia
9062:Macroglossia
9047:Glossoptosis
8945:Microcheilia
8940:Macrocheilia
8824:
8800:
8789:
8774:
8759:
8717:
8702:
8669:
8645:. Retrieved
8641:the original
8631:
8598:
8594:
8588:
8577:. Retrieved
8563:
8552:. Retrieved
8538:
8530:
8524:. Retrieved
8510:
8499:, retrieved
8489:
8482:
8449:
8445:
8439:
8419:
8412:
8401:. Retrieved
8394:the original
8373:
8369:
8356:
8331:
8327:
8320:
8300:
8267:
8263:
8257:
8237:
8204:
8200:
8194:
8153:
8149:
8143:
8080:(1): 68–83.
8077:
8073:
8067:
8056:. Retrieved
8023:
8019:
8009:
7974:
7970:
7960:
7950:
7923:
7919:
7831:
7827:
7817:
7772:
7768:
7758:
7738:
7711:
7707:
7675:
7664:. Retrieved
7655:
7646:
7602:
7572:
7549:
7537:. Retrieved
7528:
7519:
7505:Wisdom Teeth
7500:
7481:
7462:
7443:
7423:
7388:
7384:
7374:
7349:
7345:
7339:
7304:
7300:
7290:
7272:
7253:
7234:
7228:
7217:. Retrieved
7184:
7180:
7170:
7138:(3): 230–5.
7135:
7131:
7121:
7109:. Retrieved
7097:
7039:
7035:
7025:
7013:. Retrieved
7001:
6989:
6978:the original
6965:
6930:
6926:
6916:
6875:
6871:
6865:
6854:. Retrieved
6850:the original
6839:
6820:
6787:
6782:
6739:
6735:
6725:
6713:
6670:
6666:
6656:
6623:
6619:
6612:
6598:cite journal
6563:
6559:
6549:
6528:
6524:
6514:
6477:
6473:
6463:
6433:
6414:
6403:. Retrieved
6399:the original
6394:
6385:
6344:
6340:
6334:
6297:
6293:
6283:
6258:
6254:
6248:
6205:
6201:
6191:
6148:
6144:
6134:
6123:. Retrieved
6088:
6084:
6074:
6031:
6027:
6017:
5982:
5978:
5968:
5927:
5921:
5878:
5874:
5864:
5841:
5798:
5794:
5784:
5759:
5755:
5749:
5727:(5): 372–6.
5724:
5720:
5714:
5681:
5676:
5657:
5638:
5627:. Retrieved
5612:
5593:
5584:
5563:
5555:
5536:
5530:
5519:. Retrieved
5512:the original
5502:(4): 46–50.
5499:
5495:
5463:
5458:
5438:
5405:
5401:
5383:
5365:
5332:
5328:
5294:
5290:
5284:
5268:
5263:
5232:
5227:
5196:
5184:
5159:
5155:
5149:
5116:
5112:
5106:
5073:
5048:
5043:
5002:
4996:
4949:
4942:
4909:
4905:
4899:
4872:
4868:
4858:
4844:cite journal
4822:(1): 67–78.
4819:
4815:
4809:
4797:
4764:
4760:
4754:
4719:
4715:
4705:
4670:
4666:
4656:
4629:
4625:
4615:
4590:
4586:
4580:
4545:
4541:
4531:
4488:
4484:
4474:
4447:
4443:
4433:
4390:
4386:
4376:
4343:
4339:
4333:
4300:
4296:
4290:
4255:
4251:
4241:
4211:
4191:
4161:
4145:
4140:
4130:
4125:
4114:. Retrieved
4110:the original
4099:
4069:
4053:
4020:
4016:
4010:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3945:(1): 25–31.
3942:
3938:
3932:
3911:
3907:
3897:
3885:
3869:
3864:
3848:
3843:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3795:
3791:
3781:
3772:
3763:(7): 485–8.
3760:
3756:
3750:
3741:
3734:. Retrieved
3714:
3690:
3686:
3673:
3648:11343/291225
3630:
3626:
3620:
3599:(3): 204–8.
3596:
3592:
3555:
3536:
3528:
3523:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3451:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3390:the original
3369:
3365:
3355:
3335:
3310:
3306:
3280:
3276:
3240:
3212:
3206:
3171:
3167:
3157:
3138:
3132:
3112:
3099:
3095:
3076:
3060:
3047:
3020:
3012:
3007:November 30,
3005:. Retrieved
2996:
2964:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2902:
2898:
2848:
2844:
2834:
2804:(1): 10–18.
2801:
2797:
2791:
2780:. Retrieved
2731:(1): 75–90.
2728:
2724:
2678:
2674:
2630:
2626:
2571:
2546:. Retrieved
2542:the original
2494:
2490:
2463:
2454:
2429:
2415:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2387:
2381:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2329:W. D. Miller
2326:
2315:
2308:
2292:bloodletting
2273:
2265:Roman Empire
2261:inflammation
2210:
2179:
2174:Paranthropus
2172:
2166:
2154:
2136:
2129:The classic
2128:
2104:
2101:
2089:
2041: 90–100
2011: <50
1984:Epidemiology
1978:wisdom teeth
1970:
1966:gutta percha
1958:
1941:
1911:
1899:air abrasion
1880:
1876:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1857:specific to
1851:
1713:
1704:
1699:
1685:
1679:
1671:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1591:
1580:
1571:
1551:
1543:oral hygiene
1536:
1533:Oral hygiene
1526:Toothbrushes
1511:
1499:
1487:
1483:
1468:
1459:
1448:Please help
1443:verification
1440:
1417:
1413:
1402:
1387:
1346:
1323:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1268:
1259:
1222:
1197:
1193:
1175:
1158:
1151:
1134:
1126:odontoblasts
1107:
1098:
1090:
1073:
1040:
1033:
1030:
1014:ionic radius
999:
976:
972:
916:
906:malocclusion
903:
891:
885:
865:malnutrition
829:
826:
805:
789:
767:
744:
726:
724:
710:surfaces of
695:
689:
683:
677:
670:fermentation
665:
664:among them.
658:
654:
648:
632:lactobacilli
625:
619:
617:
614:Oral ecology
605:
586:
559:
551:oral hygiene
528:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
475:soft tissues
468:
444:
429:
419:
415:
411:
407:
377:
326:
266:hard tissues
263:
230:
226:
222:
221:
161:Risk factors
25:
10863:Tooth decay
10770:Microstomia
10760:Macrostomia
10750:Gnathophyma
10667:Catathrenia
10662:Sleep apnea
10593:Sialectasis
10136:Dentigerous
10126:Odontogenic
9955:Plasma cell
9891:Gigantiform
9667:Microdontia
9657:Macrodontia
9628:Hyperdontia
9323:Oral cancer
9283:Leukoplakia
9191:Candidiasis
9151:Oral mucosa
9072:Rhabdomyoma
9052:Hypoglossia
8913:Plasma cell
8826:MedlinePlus
8729:Tooth decay
8712:‹ The
8647:10 November
8252:, BBC news.
7834:(10): 184.
7656:www.who.int
7098:sdcep.co.uk
7002:sdcep.co.uk
4393:: 101–105.
3980:(1): 2–11.
3065:Tooth Decay
2548:10 December
2402:Cariesology
2284:Middle Ages
2194:Paleolithic
2035: 80–90
2029: 70–80
2023: 60–70
2017: 50–60
1672:The use of
1646:chewing gum
1623:free sugars
1567:mouthwashes
1563:water picks
1394:baby bottle
1341:G. V. Black
1283:radiographs
1212:mesenchymal
1208:fibroblasts
1114:ameloblasts
1094:Enamel rods
977:The use of
948:sarcoidosis
823:Tooth decay
755:neutralized
570:fermentable
566:lactic acid
440:regenerated
369:Paracetamol
253:formation.
223:Tooth decay
203:Paracetamol
39:Other names
34:Tooth decay
10868:Acute pain
10857:Categories
10730:Angioedema
10536:Malignant:
10516:Oncocytoma
10342:Prognathia
10131:periapical
10110:Microgenia
10061:mandibular
10019:Aggressive
9940:Gingivitis
9881:Cementicle
9819:Abfraction
9809:Tooth wear
9802:Edentulism
9797:Tooth loss
9750:Resorption
9735:Pulp polyp
9718:Pulp stone
9662:Meth mouth
9633:Hypodontia
9623:Gemination
9554:Talon cusp
9447:Ulceration
9415:Stomatitis
9393:Pemphigoid
9341:Malignant:
9293:Linea alba
9278:Leukoedema
9258:Herpangina
9226:Giant-cell
8802:DiseasesDB
8579:2019-09-26
8554:2019-09-26
8526:2019-09-26
8501:2015-01-01
8487:Elsevier,
8446:The Lancet
8403:2019-01-13
8270:(1): 1–6.
8058:2017-09-24
7666:2024-07-14
7219:2019-01-11
6856:2013-07-30
6742:(1): 1–9.
6405:2019-04-06
6125:2018-05-26
5629:2013-07-30
5521:2008-08-08
5057:1444309285
4761:The Lancet
4587:Pediatrics
4116:2013-07-30
3825:(Review).
3794:(Review).
3759:(Review).
3689:(Review).
3595:(Review).
2950:(1): 3–8.
2899:The Lancet
2782:2019-09-14
2627:Pediatrics
2446:References
2288:sugar cane
2276:Bronze Age
2217:tooth worm
2202:South Asia
2198:Mesolithic
2182:prehistory
2156:Omne Bonum
2120:Costa Rica
1973:extraction
1725:See also:
1693:products.
1517:Prevention
1405:xerostomia
1319:hypoplasia
1188:See also:
1170:phosphorus
1020:, such as
956:meth mouth
875:, chronic
849:diphtheria
796:metabolize
747:glycolytic
640:tooth loss
612:See also:
602:Gram stain
471:bad breath
388:baby teeth
349:toothpaste
247:tooth loss
198:Medication
178:Prevention
133:tooth loss
21:Osteolysis
10598:Sialocele
10581:Parotitis
10322:Open bite
10317:Crossbite
10095:Cherubism
10065:maxillary
9898:Cementoma
9829:Attrition
9645:Impaction
9613:Fluorosis
9522:Anodontia
9517:Ankylosis
9405:Pemphigus
9025:Glossitis
8920:Cleft lip
8898:Cheilitis
8474:204616785
8048:143956987
8040:0011-3204
7791:1660-4601
7407:0370-8179
7358:1548-8578
7201:0002-8177
7056:1465-1858
6949:0002-8177
6908:207625475
6892:1421-976X
6756:0974-7052
6687:1469-493X
6361:0022-0345
6267:0265-539X
6222:1469-493X
6165:1469-493X
6048:1469-493X
5944:1465-1858
5897:1741-2358
5815:1465-1858
5700:cite book
5430:121571950
5029:cite book
5021:867050322
4982:cite book
4974:136316302
4789:204616785
4632:: 36–48.
3657:1600-0528
3190:1750-3841
2460:mass noun
2440:Cariogram
2406:cariology
2392:mass noun
2263:. In the
2190:Neolithic
2108:Australia
1929:porcelain
1918:composite
1863:S. mutans
1785:No defect
1721:Treatment
1708:occlusion
1398:deciduous
1281:. Dental
1271:diagnosis
1228:Diagnosis
1163:from the
932:dry mouth
759:mouthwash
727:S. mutans
644:infection
604:image of
539:adherence
533:(such as
517:. Saliva
509:and time
463:toothache
373:ibuprofen
365:grow back
353:Screening
213:Frequency
207:ibuprofen
147:Long term
139:formation
107:Dentistry
102:Specialty
10608:Sialosis
10559:Lymphoma
10431:Mucocele
10327:Overbite
10080:Agnathia
10041:Teething
9866:alveolus
9862:cementum
9814:Abrasion
9790:Occlusal
9775:Avulsion
9740:Pulpitis
9684:Odontoma
9430:Herpetic
9420:Aphthous
8930:Eclabium
8714:template
8623:39147394
8615:26318590
8573:Archived
8548:Archived
8520:Archived
8495:archived
8466:17208642
8348:12097354
8309:Archived
8284:10522185
8246:Archived
8229:25691109
8221:15475905
8178:16598247
8132:Archived
8121:Archived
8102:43087099
8094:16475298
8052:Archived
8001:17082871
7993:12494313
7881:Archived
7860:36285994
7809:25014248
7747:Archived
7730:14522753
7683:Archived
7660:Archived
7635:Archived
7610:Archived
7591:Archived
7580:Archived
7557:Archived
7533:Archived
7531:. 2009.
7508:Archived
7489:Archived
7470:Archived
7451:Archived
7432:Archived
7415:24684041
7366:31478697
7331:27666123
7261:Archived
7213:Archived
7209:21804061
7154:15153693
7102:Archived
7074:25867816
7065:10726983
7006:Archived
6957:24487611
6900:23572031
6774:25206081
6705:26780162
6648:57252105
6640:14960003
6590:25809586
6541:Archived
6537:26063553
6506:26392204
6452:Archived
6441:Archived
6422:Archived
6377:24467161
6326:24892213
6317:10282617
6240:27472005
6183:26075879
6119:Archived
6115:17683424
6107:23988908
6066:30829399
6009:21154357
5960:70702223
5952:22161438
5913:21697327
5905:29766564
5849:Archived
5833:26545080
5665:Archived
5646:Archived
5623:Archived
5601:Archived
5508:18788181
5447:Archived
5349:12640740
5335:: 51–4.
5311:16163281
5258:, p. 166
5216:Archived
5205:Archived
5191:, p. 121
5176:11132767
5141:71450112
5133:14041429
5098:12240610
5090:15286119
4934:25710052
4926:19835108
4891:15142631
4836:22978796
4781:17208642
4746:21121227
4697:18560540
4648:14562256
4607:15060208
4572:12361944
4523:11102303
4466:10386553
4368:37185511
4317:13332147
4282:25106748
4230:Archived
4219:Archived
4200:Archived
4180:Archived
4169:Archived
4088:Archived
4077:Archived
4037:22999666
4002:25095059
3994:20923258
3924:Archived
3920:14653937
3892:, p. 122
3835:20212408
3808:Archived
3804:21507289
3769:23265166
3727:Archived
3703:Archived
3699:16805354
3665:27121068
3609:Archived
3605:24295005
3544:Archived
3489:18942596
3459:Archived
3443:32327358
3398:Archived
3386:86407760
3344:Archived
3198:23789933
3121:Archived
3084:Archived
3029:Archived
3001:Archived
2972:Archived
2956:19281105
2929:23245607
2877:24550845
2826:24227334
2818:25394849
2776:Archived
2745:24439882
2695:28785751
2657:32580232
2649:25422016
2587:Archived
2511:25443675
2434:See also
2384:loanword
2367:hominids
2280:Iron Age
2249:Egyptian
2237:Pakistan
2213:Sumerian
2206:evidence
2171:such as
2169:hominins
2124:Slovakia
1715:Vaccines
1682:Fluoride
1596:such as
1587:bitewing
1575:arginine
1539:flossing
1300:fluoride
1279:explorer
1269:Primary
1219:Cementum
1122:produced
1080:pellicle
964:cannabis
778:Exposure
768:S.mutans
716:premolar
708:occlusal
674:cementum
592:Bacteria
578:fructose
459:fracture
337:flossing
333:Brushing
329:fluoride
278:cementum
239:bacteria
227:cavities
191:flossing
187:fluoride
144:Duration
114:Symptoms
10694:Snoring
10652:Bruxism
10488:Benign:
10337:Overjet
10297:Bruxism
10191:Osteoma
10029:Chronic
9854:gingiva
9328:Benign:
9221:Fibroma
8908:Angular
8903:Actinic
8796:D003731
8716:below (
8390:8909881
8292:6077189
8186:6787162
8158:Bibcode
7942:2129621
7851:9601200
7800:4113856
7539:Nov 11,
7322:6457657
7162:5238758
7111:7 March
7015:7 March
6765:4086538
6696:7177291
6581:9345289
6497:4580782
6369:1939824
6275:1790476
6231:6457869
6174:7138249
6057:6398117
6000:8406707
5824:8504982
5776:2686924
5741:1747888
5410:Bibcode
5357:7319363
4737:2966663
4688:2430240
4563:1241049
4514:1240169
4505:3434965
4425:2088735
4416:1567784
4407:3430905
4325:5453470
4273:6876620
3959:3549537
3798:: b39.
3515:6578983
3435:7865085
3395:Alt URL
3327:6358295
3289:6959931
2920:6350784
2868:3912331
2753:9127595
2257:Assyria
2161:forceps
2145:History
2093:chronic
1914:amalgam
1642:Xylitol
1598:miswaks
1291:tactile
1076:biofilm
1022:cadmium
1018:calcium
987:gingiva
979:tobacco
857:measles
833:dioxins
772:dextran
763:organic
720:gingiva
704:biofilm
662:species
636:disease
582:glucose
574:sucrose
562:biofilm
535:sucrose
445:As the
424:filling
357:restore
316:, poor
314:poverty
280:). The
251:abscess
137:abscess
67:Caries
10436:Ranula
9908:Epulis
9770:Trauma
9618:Fusion
9527:Caries
9500:enamel
9496:dentin
9091:Palate
8979:Tongue
8831:001055
8733:Curlie
8719:Curlie
8678:
8621:
8613:
8472:
8464:
8427:
8388:
8346:
8290:
8282:
8227:
8219:
8184:
8176:
8150:Nature
8100:
8092:
8046:
8038:
7999:
7991:
7955:Brazil
7940:
7858:
7848:
7828:Dent J
7807:
7797:
7789:
7728:
7413:
7405:
7364:
7356:
7329:
7319:
7281:
7241:
7207:
7199:
7160:
7152:
7072:
7062:
7054:
6955:
6947:
6906:
6898:
6890:
6794:
6772:
6762:
6754:
6720:, p. 7
6703:
6693:
6685:
6646:
6638:
6588:
6578:
6535:
6504:
6494:
6375:
6367:
6359:
6324:
6314:
6273:
6265:
6238:
6228:
6220:
6181:
6171:
6163:
6113:
6105:
6064:
6054:
6046:
6007:
5997:
5958:
5950:
5942:
5911:
5903:
5895:
5831:
5821:
5813:
5774:
5739:
5688:
5572:
5543:
5506:
5470:
5428:
5374:
5355:
5347:
5309:
5275:
5239:
5174:
5139:
5131:
5096:
5088:
5055:
5019:
5009:
4972:
4962:
4958:–169.
4932:
4924:
4889:
4834:
4787:
4779:
4744:
4734:
4695:
4685:
4646:
4605:
4570:
4560:
4521:
4511:
4503:
4464:
4423:
4413:
4405:
4366:
4360:272374
4358:
4323:
4315:
4280:
4270:
4152:
4060:
4035:
4000:
3992:
3957:
3918:
3876:
3855:
3833:
3802:
3767:
3736:Mar 7,
3697:
3663:
3655:
3603:
3567:
3513:
3487:
3441:
3433:
3384:
3325:
3287:
3255:
3219:
3196:
3188:
3145:
2954:
2927:
2917:
2875:
2865:
2851:: 36.
2824:
2816:
2751:
2743:
2693:
2655:
2647:
2579:
2509:
2388:caries
2360:mutans
2344:mutans
2294:. The
2243:. The
2231:, and
2186:Skulls
2116:Sweden
2114:, and
2097:asthma
2081:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1931:, and
1565:, and
1555:sulcus
1547:plaque
1384:abuse.
1287:X-rays
1263:X-rays
1112:, the
1104:Dentin
1087:Enamel
1043:iodine
991:recede
946:, and
898:enamel
800:saliva
792:snacks
737:food.
700:plaque
694:, and
630:, and
580:, and
451:dentin
447:enamel
432:lesion
294:saliva
274:dentin
270:enamel
231:caries
152:Causes
93:
10813:Other
9488:Teeth
8807:29357
8785:521.0
8619:S2CID
8470:S2CID
8397:(PDF)
8366:(PDF)
8288:S2CID
8225:S2CID
8182:S2CID
8098:S2CID
8044:S2CID
7997:S2CID
7158:S2CID
7105:(PDF)
7094:(PDF)
7009:(PDF)
6998:(PDF)
6981:(PDF)
6974:(PDF)
6904:S2CID
6718:Nanci
6644:S2CID
6373:S2CID
6111:S2CID
5956:S2CID
5909:S2CID
5515:(PDF)
5492:(PDF)
5426:S2CID
5353:S2CID
5256:Nanci
5189:Nanci
5137:S2CID
5094:S2CID
4930:S2CID
4785:S2CID
4501:JSTOR
4403:JSTOR
4364:S2CID
4321:S2CID
3998:S2CID
3890:Nanci
3730:(PDF)
3723:(PDF)
3706:(PDF)
3683:(PDF)
3612:(PDF)
3589:(PDF)
3439:S2CID
3382:S2CID
2822:S2CID
2749:S2CID
2653:S2CID
2311:maize
2247:, an
2233:China
2229:Japan
2225:Egypt
2221:India
2112:Nepal
1937:crown
1921:resin
1204:TGF-β
1008:with
1006:atoms
968:cells
845:mumps
815:Teeth
809:crown
712:molar
489:Cause
393:Latin
341:water
235:teeth
183:sugar
10775:Noma
10280:and
10063:and
9868:) –
9492:pulp
8887:Lips
8791:MeSH
8780:9-CM
8676:ISBN
8649:2013
8611:PMID
8462:PMID
8425:ISBN
8386:PMID
8344:PMID
8280:PMID
8217:PMID
8174:PMID
8090:PMID
8036:ISSN
7989:PMID
7938:PMID
7856:PMID
7805:PMID
7787:ISSN
7726:PMID
7541:2009
7411:PMID
7403:ISSN
7362:PMID
7354:ISSN
7327:PMID
7305:2016
7279:ISBN
7239:ISBN
7205:PMID
7197:ISSN
7150:PMID
7113:2016
7070:PMID
7052:ISSN
7040:2015
7017:2016
6953:PMID
6945:ISSN
6896:PMID
6888:ISSN
6792:ISBN
6770:PMID
6752:ISSN
6701:PMID
6683:ISSN
6671:2016
6636:PMID
6604:link
6586:PMID
6564:2015
6533:PMID
6502:PMID
6365:PMID
6357:ISSN
6322:PMID
6271:PMID
6263:ISSN
6236:PMID
6218:ISSN
6179:PMID
6161:ISSN
6149:2021
6103:PMID
6062:PMID
6044:ISSN
6005:PMID
5983:2020
5948:PMID
5940:ISSN
5901:PMID
5893:ISSN
5829:PMID
5811:ISSN
5799:2015
5772:PMID
5737:PMID
5706:link
5686:ISBN
5570:ISBN
5541:ISBN
5504:PMID
5468:ISBN
5372:ISBN
5345:PMID
5307:PMID
5273:ISBN
5237:ISBN
5172:PMID
5129:PMID
5086:PMID
5053:ISBN
5035:link
5017:OCLC
5007:ISBN
4988:link
4970:OCLC
4960:ISBN
4922:PMID
4887:PMID
4850:link
4832:PMID
4777:PMID
4742:PMID
4693:PMID
4644:PMID
4603:PMID
4568:PMID
4519:PMID
4462:PMID
4444:JAMA
4421:PMID
4356:PMID
4313:PMID
4278:PMID
4150:ISBN
4058:ISBN
4033:PMID
3990:PMID
3955:PMID
3916:PMID
3874:ISBN
3853:ISBN
3831:PMID
3800:PMID
3765:PMID
3738:2016
3695:PMID
3661:PMID
3653:ISSN
3601:PMID
3565:ISBN
3511:PMID
3485:PMID
3431:PMID
3323:PMID
3285:PMID
3253:ISBN
3217:ISBN
3194:PMID
3186:ISSN
3143:ISBN
3009:2011
2952:PMID
2925:PMID
2873:PMID
2814:PMID
2741:PMID
2691:PMID
2645:PMID
2577:ISBN
2550:2014
2507:PMID
2278:and
2196:and
2122:and
1933:gold
1895:pulp
1729:and
1392:," "
1309:The
1277:and
1210:and
1045:and
1012:and
1002:lead
926:and
731:kiss
714:and
657:and
642:and
624:and
543:acid
481:and
449:and
345:salt
322:gums
308:and
282:acid
276:and
181:Low-
8776:ICD
8770:K02
8761:ICD
8731:at
8603:doi
8454:doi
8450:369
8378:doi
8336:doi
8272:doi
8209:doi
8205:197
8166:doi
8154:440
8082:doi
8028:doi
7979:doi
7928:doi
7846:PMC
7836:doi
7795:PMC
7777:doi
7716:doi
7393:doi
7389:142
7317:PMC
7309:doi
7189:doi
7185:142
7140:doi
7060:PMC
7044:doi
6935:doi
6931:145
6880:doi
6825:doi
6760:PMC
6744:doi
6691:PMC
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