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1157:, such as when performed in support of science, engineering or manufacturing objectives, dynamic range refers to the range of values that can be measured by a sensor or metrology instrument. Often this dynamic range of measurement is limited at one end of the range by saturation of a sensing signal sensor or by physical limits that exist on the motion or other response capability of a mechanical indicator. The other end of the dynamic range of measurement is often limited by one or more sources of random
1323:): The filter is positioned in front of the lens at the time the exposure is made; the top half is dark and the bottom half is clear. The dark area is placed over a scene's high-intensity region, such as the sky. The result is more even exposure in the focal plane, with increased detail in the shadows and low-light areas. Though this does not increase the fixed dynamic range available at the film or sensor, it stretches usable dynamic range in practice.
1101:
1351:(using different lengths of exposures in different areas when making a photographic print) in the chemical darkroom. The principle is also similar to gain riding or automatic level control in audio work, which serves to keep a signal audible in a noisy listening environment and to avoid peak levels that overload the reproducing equipment, or which are unnaturally or uncomfortably loud.
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With use of shaped dither, which moves quantization noise energy into frequencies where it's harder to hear, the effective dynamic range of 16 bit audio reaches 120dB in practice, more than fifteen times deeper than the 96dB claim. 120dB is greater than the difference between a mosquito somewhere in
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The peak sensitivities shown in this figure are equivalent to a sound pressure amplitude in the sound wave of 10 μPa or: about -6 dB (SPL). Note that this is for monaural listening to a sound presented at the front of the listener. For sounds presented on the listening side of the head there is
2094:
The upper limit for a tolerable intensity of sound rises substantially with increasing habituation. Moreover, a variety of subjective effects are reported, such as discomfort, tickle, pressure, and pain, each at a slightly different level. As a simple engineering estimate it can be said that naive
1165:
of the sensor or metrology device. When digital sensors or sensor signal converters are a component of the sensor or metrology device, the dynamic range of measurement will be also related to the number of binary digits (bits) used in a digital numeric representation in which the measured value is
1169:
Metrology systems and devices may use several basic methods to increase their basic dynamic range. These methods include averaging and other forms of filtering, correction of receivers characteristics, repetition of measurements, nonlinear transformations to avoid saturation, etc. In more advance
1074:
Optimization of bit width of digital data path (according to the dynamic ranges of signal) can reduce the area, cost, and power consumption of digital circuits and systems while improving their performance. Optimal bit width for a digital data path is the smallest bit width that can satisfy the
913:
Early 78 rpm phonograph discs had a dynamic range of up to 40 dB, soon reduced to 30 dB and worse due to wear from repeated play. Vinyl microgroove phonograph records typically yield 55-65 dB, though the first play of the higher-fidelity outer rings can achieve a dynamic range of
714:
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maps the image differently in shadow and highlights in order to better distribute the lighting range across the image. The same approach has been used in chemical photography to capture an extremely wide dynamic range: A three-layer film with each underlying layer at one hundredth (10) the
962:
is able to withstand high sound intensity and can have a dynamic range of up to 140 dB. Condenser microphones are also rugged but their dynamic range may be limited by the overloading of their associated electronic circuitry. Practical considerations of acceptable distortion levels in
476:
have a relatively high dynamic range. However, a human cannot perform these feats of perception at both extremes of the scale at the same time. The human eye takes time to adjust to different light levels, and its dynamic range in a given scene is actually quite limited due to optical
535:, even though on a moonless night objects receive one billionth (10) of the illumination they would on a bright sunny day; a dynamic range of 90 dB. Change of sensitivity is achieved in part through adjustments of the iris and slow chemical changes, which take some time.
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974:, that measurements of dynamic range be made with an audio signal present, which is then filtered out in the noise floor measurement used in determining dynamic range. This avoids questionable measurements based on the use of blank media, or muting circuits.
929:(compression and expansion) of four frequency bands. The peak of professional analog magnetic recording tape technology reached 90 dB dynamic range in the midband frequencies at 3% distortion, or about 80 dB in practical broadband applications. The
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Digital audio at 16-bit resolution has a theoretical dynamic range of 96 dB, but the actual dynamic range is usually lower because of overhead from filters that are built into most audio systems." ... "Audio CDs achieve about a 90-dB signal-to-noise
590:
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sometimes restrict dynamic range. The most severe dynamic-range limitation in photography may not involve encoding, but rather reproduction to, say, a paper print or computer screen. In that case, not only local tone mapping but also
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the same room and a jackhammer a foot away.... or the difference between a deserted 'soundproof' room and a sound loud enough to cause hearing damage in seconds. 16 bits is enough to store all we can hear, and will be enough forever.
95:
Electronically reproduced audio and video is often processed to fit the original material with a wide dynamic range into a narrower recorded dynamic range that can more easily be stored and reproduced; this processing is called
585:(SNR) for the case where the signal is the loudest possible for the system. For example, if the ceiling of a device is 5 V (rms) and the noise floor is 10 μV (rms) then the dynamic range is 500000:1, or 114 dB:
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linearly related to the digital number. For example, a 12-bit digital sensor or converter can provide a dynamic range in which the ratio of the maximum measured value to the minimum measured value is up to 2 = 4096.
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1178:
measurements made at different scales (different wavelengths) can be combined to retain the same low-end resolution while extending the upper end of the dynamic range of measurement by orders of magnitude.
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In 1981, researchers at Ampex determined that a dynamic range of 118 dB on a dithered digital audio stream was necessary for subjective noise-free playback of music in quiet listening environments.
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Dynamic range in analog audio is the difference between low-level thermal noise in the electronic circuitry and high-level signal saturation resulting in increased distortion and, if pushed higher,
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One of the great discoveries in PCM was that, by adding a small random noise (that we call dither) the truncation effect can disappear. Even more important was the realisation that there is a
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tape recorders in the 1950s achieved 60 dB in practical usage, In the 1960s, improvements in tape formulation processes resulted in 7 dB greater range, and Ray Dolby developed the
917:
German magnetic tape in 1941 was reported to have had a dynamic range of 60 dB, though modern day restoration experts of such tapes note 45-50 dB as the observed dynamic range.
955:
increasing it further. Specialized bias and record head improvements by
Nakamichi and Tandberg combined with Dolby C noise reduction yielded 72 dB dynamic range for the cassette.
910:. Multiple noise processes determine the noise floor of a system. Noise can be picked up from microphone self-noise, preamp noise, wiring and interconnection noise, media noise, etc.
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On the other hand, you can also see in Figure 1 that our hearing is slightly more sensitive to frequencies just above 1 kHz, where thresholds can be as low as −9 dB SPL!
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Digital audio with undithered 20-bit quantization is theoretically capable of 120 dB dynamic range, while 24-bit digital audio affords 144 dB dynamic range. Most
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The dynamic range of music as normally perceived in a concert hall does not exceed 80 dB, and human speech is normally perceived over a range of about 40 dB.
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overcomes the limited dynamic range of the sensor by selectively combining multiple exposures of the same scene in order to retain detail in light and dark areas.
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to produce the final image on the right. The better the dynamic range of the camera, the more an exposure can be pushed without significantly increasing
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709:{\displaystyle 20\times \log _{10}\left({\frac {\rm {5\,V}}{10\,\mu \mathrm {V} }}\right)=20\times \log _{10}(500000)=20\times 5.7=114\,\mathrm {dB} }
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In practice, it is difficult for humans to achieve the full dynamic experience using electronic equipment. For example, a good quality
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image sensors now have measured dynamic ranges of about 23,000:1. Paper reflectance can produce a dynamic range of about 100:1. A
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841:{\displaystyle \mathrm {DR_{ADC}} =20\times \log _{10}\left({\frac {2^{Q}}{1}}\right)=\left(6.02\cdot Q\right)\ \mathrm {dB} \,\!}
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and a factor 10,000,000,000 in power. The dynamic range of human hearing is roughly 140 dB, varying with frequency, from the
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Hjortkjær, Jens; Walther-Hansen, Mads (2014). "Perceptual
Effects of Dynamic Range Compression in Popular Music Recordings".
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that increased low- and mid-frequency dynamic range on magnetic tape by 10 dB, and high-frequency by 15 dB, using
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may be confusing in audio production because it has two conflicting definitions, particularly in the understanding of the
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3237:
Bin Wu; Jianwen Zhu; Najm, F.N. (2005). "A non-parametric approach for dynamic range estimation of nonlinear systems".
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representation which affords even higher dynamic range and so loss of dynamic range is no longer a concern in terms of
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1358:(HDR) techniques may be used in postprocessing, which generally involve combining multiple exposures using software.
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A nominal figure for the threshold of pain is 130 decibels ... Some sources quote 120 dB as the pain threshold
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microphones combined with typical practices in a recording studio result in a useful dynamic range of 125 dB.
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sort of random noise to add, and that when the right dither is used, the resolution of the digital system becomes
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a rise in peak sensitivity of about 6 dB due to the increase in pressure caused by reflection from the head.
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gave a 20 dB further increased range resulting in 110 dB in the midband frequencies at 3% distortion.
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between the largest and smallest values that a certain quantity can assume. It is often used in the context of
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can be effective in revealing detail throughout light and dark areas: The principle is the same as that of
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In audio and electronics applications, the ratio involved is often large enough that it is converted to a
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such as the Sony
Digital Betacam achieves a dynamic range of greater than 90 dB in audio recording.
17:
3050:"A method of investigation of the linear dynamic range of reception channels in a digital antenna array"
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The practical dynamic range could be said to be from the threshold of hearing to the threshold of pain
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1996 IEEE International
Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing Conference Proceedings
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Wu, Bin; Zhu, Jianwen; Najm, Farid N. (2004). "An analytical approach for dynamic range estimation".
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systems or devices, the ratio of maximum and minimum signal levels required to maintain a specified
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726:-bit uniform quantization is calculated as the ratio of the largest sine-wave rms to rms noise is:
508:(from 120–140 dB SPL). This wide dynamic range cannot be perceived all at once, however; the
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Schmidt, J.C.; Rutledge, J.C. (1996). "Multichannel dynamic range compression for music signals".
2413:
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listeners reach a limit at about 125 dB SPL and experienced listeners at 135 to 140 dB.
1111:
2709:
Emmanuel Deruty; Damien
Tardieu (January 2014). "About Dynamic Processing in Mainstream Music".
3604:"Of Phones, Pixels and Photons – why a 100 mp cell phone is not a GFX 100 - Luminous Landscape"
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sensitivity of the next higher one has, for example, been used to record nuclear-weapons tests.
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2002:
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Bin Wu; Jianwen Zhu; Najm, F.N. (2004). "Dynamic range estimation for nonlinear systems".
1203:, which allows for louder volume, but can make the recording sound less exciting or live.
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A human is capable of hearing (and usefully discerning) anything from a quiet murmur in a
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1245:. The unedited version of the digital photo is to the left, while the shadows have been
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1191:, dynamic range describes the difference between the quietest and loudest volume of an
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as the difference between the quietest and loudest volume, a matter of macro-dynamics.
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Wu, Bin (2012). "Dynamic range estimation for systems with control-flow structures".
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Since the early 1990s, it has been recommended by several authorities, including the
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Tech 3342 - Loudness Range: a
Measure to Supplement EBU R 128 Loudness Normalization
481:. The instantaneous dynamic range of human audio perception is similarly subject to
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range of a scene being photographed, or the limits of luminance range that a given
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are used to decrease the dynamic range of scene luminance that can be captured on
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tape performance ranges from 50 to 56 dB depending on tape formulation, with
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the overall dynamic range of human hearing roughly encompasses a full 140 dB
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If a camera sensor is incapable of recording the full dynamic range of a scene,
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Ratio between the largest and smallest values that a certain quantity can assume
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room to the loudest heavy metal concert. Such a difference can exceed 100
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Power ratios and their equivalent decibels and stops (integer values in bold)
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IEEE Transactions on
Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems
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has a theoretical undithered dynamic range of about 96 dB; however, the
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3198:
IEEE/ACM International
Conference on Computer Aided Design, 2004. ICCAD-2004
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or piece of music. In modern recording, this range is often limited through
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There are photographic techniques that support even higher dynamic range.
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542:(LCD) has a dynamic range limited to around 1000:1, and some of the latest
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Dynamic Range
Requirement for Subjective Noise Free Reproduction of Music
2140:
Franks, John R.; Stephenson, Mark R.; Merry, Carol J., eds. (June 1996).
1917:"Occupational Noise Exposure, CDC DHHS (NIOSH) Publication Number 98-126"
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Proceedings of the 41st annual conference on Design automation - DAC '04
3272:
Thirteenth
International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design (ISQED)
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1125: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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926:
722:. The maximum achievable dynamic range for a digital audio system with
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or uncertainty in signal levels that may be described as defining the
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so that, for example, a whisper cannot be heard in loud surroundings.
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528:
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3435:"Film vs. Digital: A Comparison of the Advantages and Disadvantages"
3110:
Bin Wu; Jianwen Zhu; Najm, F.N. (2006). "Dynamic-range estimation".
1100:
3656:
3381:
2919:
Serrà, J; Corral, A; Boguñá, M; Haro, M; Arcos, JL (26 July 2012).
2467:
Audio Engineering Society. E-Library. Jerry B. Minter. April 1956.
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92:
value of the ratio between the largest and smallest signal values.
3124:
2937:
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Audio Engineering Society. E-Library. Louis D. Fielder. May 1981.
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to adjust the sensitivity of the ear to different ambient levels.
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1084:
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473:
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recording device can record signals well below the noise floor.
850:
However, the usable dynamic range may be greater, as a properly
2921:"Measuring the Evolution of Contemporary Western Popular Music"
2819:"The Loudness War: Background, Speculation and Recommendations"
2521:
1049:
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851:
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to describe the ratio of the amplitude of the loudest possible
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and both are comparable to the capabilities of the human eye.
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dynamic range of 16-bit audio can be 120 dB or more with
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1158:
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tapes giving the greatest dynamic range, and systems such as
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469:
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61:
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https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=4242527
3402:
Karol Myszkowski; Rafal Mantiuk; Grzegorz Krawczyk (2008).
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digital camera, capable of 13.9 stops of dynamic range per
891:. Dynamic range limitations typically result from improper
543:
2169:
the threshold for pain is between 120 and 140 dB SPL.
1037:, to the minimum detectable value of that parameter. (See
3583:"High Dynamic Range: The quest for greater image realism"
2491:
A Century of Recorded Music: Listening to Musical History
1764:"The data aquisition method of the Sussex MK4 EIM system"
81:
2469:
Recent Developments in Precision Master Recording Lathes
2143:
Preventing Occupational Hearing Loss - A Practical Guide
718:
In digital audio theory the dynamic range is limited by
3059:(Military Radioelectronic Technologies special issue).
2985:
1075:
required signal-to-noise ratio and also avoid overflow.
2763:"Why the Loudness War hasn't reduced 'Loudness Range'"
2372:"24/192 Music Downloads ...and why they make no sense"
1970:"24/192 Music Downloads ...and why they make no sense"
3236:
3195:
3109:
2918:
2552:
The Jack Mullin//Bill Palmer tape restoration project
2522:
Daniel, Eric D.; C. Denis Mee; Mark H. Clark (1998).
2151:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2139:
2070:
Newman, Edwin B. (1972-01-01). "Speech and Hearing".
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A scene demanding high dynamic range, taken with the
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593:
3703:
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Proceedings. 42nd Design Automation Conference, 2005
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1989:
The very quietest perceptible sound is about -8dbSPL
3633:"HDR Nits are a Lie: It's Time to Embrace the Stop"
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2704:
2702:
1604:Commercially the dynamic range is often called the
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1839:The dynamic range of human hearing is 120 dB
1013:dynamic range is used in the following contexts:
840:
708:
3095:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
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1882:Huber, David Miles; Runstein, Robert E. (2009).
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2826:AES 2010: Paper Sessions: Loudness and Dynamics
2548:
1872:
1048:, the ratio of the overload level (the maximum
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3016:"Loudness Range (LRA) – Design and Evaluation"
2288:, 3rd edition, Focal Press 2002, pp. 1107-1108
2611:
2512:
2003:"What's the quietest sound a human can hear?"
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504:(around −9 dB SPL at 3 kHz) to the
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3457:
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1170:forms of metrology, such as multiwavelength
1017:Specifies the ratio of a maximum level of a
3057:Radioelectronics and Communications Systems
2586:
2558:, Audio Engineering Society, archived from
1052:power that the system can tolerate without
68:. It is measured either as a ratio or as a
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3041:
3039:
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3515:The Militarily Critical Technologies List
3452:
3315:. Vol. 2. IEEE. pp. 1013–1016.
3154:
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2591:. Springer Science & Business Media.
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2074:. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 3–155.
1924:
1141:Learn how and when to remove this message
836:
697:
632:
623:
3610:
2988:Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
2711:Journal of the Audio Engineering Society
2678:"'Dynamic Range' & The Loudness War"
1888:(7 ed.). Focal Press. p. 513.
1290:range of images on photographic papers.
989:may refer to micro-dynamics, related to
496:which represents a factor of 100,000 in
3645:
3490:The Magic of Digital Nature Photography
3355:. CD Mastering Services. Archived from
3047:
3034:
2876:
2525:Magnetic Recording: The First 100 Years
1286:range of developed film images, or the
874:the frequency response of the human ear
14:
3736:
3463:"Dynamic Range in Digital Photography"
3378:"Nikon D7000 : Tests and Reviews"
2675:
2569:
2404:
2291:
2236:"Dynamic Range in Digital Photography"
2072:American Institute of Physics handbook
2069:
1967:
1755:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1717:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1411:700:1 (500:1 – 2000:1)
3670:
3653:"Nikon D850 : Tests and Reviews"
2618:. Taylor & Francis. p. 127.
2494:. Yale University Press. p. 23.
2304:Handbook of applied superconductivity
2261:"Sony Product Detail Page MSWM2100/1"
2000:
1297:is comparable to the capabilities of
997:, in EBU3342 Loudness Range, defines
3581:Terry Relph-Knight (July 16, 2018).
3525:(1998), pages II-5-100 and II-5-107.
3408:. Morgan & Claypool Publishers.
2735:
2729:
2549:Richard L. Hess (July–August 2001),
2412:. Meridian Audio Ltd. Archived from
2106:
2035:
1963:
1961:
1123:adding citations to reliable sources
1094:
3699:Audible dynamic range (online test)
2676:Deruty, Emmanuel (September 2011).
2487:
2407:"Coding High Quality Digital Audio"
2042:College of Santa Fe Auditory Theory
2015:from the original on March 24, 2016
2001:Jones, Pete R (November 20, 2014).
923:Dolby A-Type noise reduction system
103:
24:
3433:Michael Archambault (2015-05-26).
3269:
2740:. Amsterdam: Boston. p. 109.
2332:Fries, Bruce; Marty Fries (2005).
1646:. Dynamic range is 98 dB for
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750:
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744:
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637:
624:
25:
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3678:"Red Weapon 8k Rating by DxOMark"
2817:Earl Vickers (November 4, 2010).
2589:Handbook of Recording Engineering
2352:from the original on 2017-01-09.
2307:. CRC Press. pp. 1861–1862.
1958:
1902:from the original on 2017-11-20.
1362:Dynamic ranges of common devices
1309:Graduated neutral density filters
581:. Dynamic range is therefore the
3692:
3684:from the original on 2017-06-19.
3422:from the original on 2014-01-08.
2632:from the original on 2017-11-20.
2528:. Wiley-IEEE Press. p. 64.
2508:from the original on 2017-11-20.
2321:from the original on 2017-11-20.
1933:from the original on 2017-07-13.
1608:meaning the full-on to full-off
1227:
1218:
1099:
895:, recording technique including
3721:Vaughan Wesson (October 2004).
3624:
3574:
3528:
3507:
3493:. Sterling Publishing Company.
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3469:from the original on 2016-07-08
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3395:
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3304:
3263:
3230:
3189:
3148:
3103:
3078:from the original on 2016-02-05
3023:from the original on 2014-10-25
3013:Esben Skovenborg (April 2012).
3006:
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2912:
2902:from the original on 2016-06-08
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2839:from the original on 2022-10-09
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2688:from the original on 2013-11-08
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2460:
2441:
2398:
2360:
2338:. O'Reilly Media. p. 147.
2278:
2253:
2242:from the original on 2011-07-17
2228:
2203:
2192:from the original on 2015-06-06
2174:
2160:from the original on 2009-04-23
2119:from the original on 2009-07-06
2063:
2029:
1858:from the original on 2011-06-04
1805:from the original on 2015-04-26
1776:from the original on 2016-08-27
1738:from the original on 2016-08-22
1700:from the original on 2015-04-11
1638:The 96 dB figure is for a
1632:
1615:
1598:
1595:is reduced at low light levels.
1586:
1110:needs additional citations for
931:Dolby SR noise reduction system
899:and intentional application of
3749:Audio amplifier specifications
1994:
1909:
1844:
1809:
1787:
1680:
1668:
1625:, or doublings, equivalent to
1209:
1004:
676:
670:
32:Dynamic range (disambiguation)
13:
1:
3704:Steven E. Schoenherr (2002).
3631:Brian Wagner (July 2, 2020).
2008:. University College London.
1661:
3710:Recording Technology History
3538:. SLR Lounge. Archived from
3353:"The Death Of Dynamic Range"
2286:Handbook for Sound Engineers
1552:High-dynamic-range rendering
1090:
953:Dolby noise reduction system
7:
3723:"TN200410A - Dynamic Range"
2893:European Broadcasting Union
2789:"Winning the Loudness Wars"
2761:Ian Shepherd (2011-08-18).
2615:Modern Recording Techniques
1885:Modern Recording Techniques
1574:Spurious-free dynamic range
1530:
995:European Broadcasting Union
527:A human can see objects in
10:
3775:
3321:10.1109/ICASSP.1996.543295
3280:10.1109/isqed.2012.6187520
3206:10.1109/iccad.2004.1382658
3048:Slyusar, Vadim I. (2004).
2736:Katz, Robert (2002). "9".
2405:Stuart, J. Robert (1997).
2263:. Sony Pro. Archived from
1852:"Sensitivity of Human Ear"
1818:"Aspects of Human Hearing"
1547:High-dynamic-range imaging
1327:High-dynamic-range imaging
883:process audio with 32-bit
881:Digital audio workstations
29:
3069:10.3103/S0735272704090043
2830:Audio Engineering Society
1968:Montgomery, Christopher.
1507:
1486:
1459:
1441:
1426:
1416:Typical cellphone camera
1415:
1404:
1379:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1201:dynamic range compression
1039:Audio system measurements
972:Audio Engineering Society
901:dynamic range compression
548:professional video camera
522:dynamic range compressors
129:
116:
113:
98:dynamic range compression
3405:High Dynamic Range Video
3134:10.1109/tcad.2005.859507
3019:. AES 132nd Convention.
2612:Huber; Runstein (2010).
2335:Digital Audio Essentials
2211:"DXOmark Sensor Ranking"
2038:"Lecture 007 Hearing II"
1652:Quantization noise model
1579:
1557:High-dynamic-range video
1472:9500:1 –
1448:1000:1 –
1380:Glossy photograph paper
1345:dynamic range adjustment
1182:
889:digital audio processing
553:
3536:"RAW vs. JPEG Overview"
3247:10.1109/dac.2005.193932
3071:(inactive 2024-09-12).
3000:10.17743/jaes.2014.0003
2723:10.17743/jaes.2014.0001
1508:Digital cinema camera (
2787:Jason Victor Serinus.
2447:Huber, Runstein 2009,
2107:Nave, Carl R. (2006).
1946:Cite journal requires
1926:10.26616/NIOSHPUB98126
1593:Colour differentiation
1487:High-end DSLR camera (
1056:of the signal) to the
872:, taking advantage of
842:
710:
540:liquid-crystal display
520:all act as mechanical
3487:Rob Sheppard (2006).
3165:10.1145/996566.996699
2859:"Dynamic Range Meter"
2488:Day, Timothy (2002).
2301:Bernd Seeber (1998).
1293:The dynamic range of
843:
711:
583:signal-to-noise ratio
3754:Electronics concepts
3274:. pp. 370–377.
3241:. pp. 841–844.
3200:. pp. 660–667.
2587:John Eargle (2005).
2186:www.soundonsound.com
1282:can capture, or the
1119:improve this article
732:
591:
502:threshold of hearing
468:The human senses of
30:For other uses, see
2947:2012NatSR...2E.521S
2182:"How The Ear Works"
2109:"Threshold of Pain"
2036:Feilding, Charles.
1569:Range fractionation
1363:
1349:dodging and burning
1295:digital photography
1046:transmission system
110:
3759:Engineering ratios
3521:2010-06-15 at the
2925:Scientific Reports
2651:2008-12-11 at the
2475:2008-12-11 at the
2454:2017-11-20 at the
2370:(March 25, 2012).
1564:Highlight headroom
1542:High dynamic range
1361:
1356:high-dynamic-range
1340:image file formats
1172:digital holography
960:dynamic microphone
838:
720:quantization error
706:
108:
3744:Signal processing
3500:978-1-57990-773-0
3415:978-1-59829-214-5
3330:978-0-7803-3192-1
3289:978-1-4673-1036-9
2955:10.1038/srep00521
2828:. San Francisco:
2747:978-0-240-80545-0
2535:978-0-7803-4709-0
2501:978-0-300-09401-5
2368:Montgomery, Chris
2345:978-0-596-00856-7
2314:978-0-7503-0377-4
1895:978-0-240-81069-0
1769:. 24 April 2014.
1621:Reported as 14.5
1528:
1527:
1313:photographic film
1299:photographic film
1151:
1150:
1143:
1083:and specified in
827:
797:
642:
506:threshold of pain
466:
465:
16:(Redirected from
3766:
3730:
3725:. Archived from
3717:
3712:. Archived from
3686:
3685:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3628:
3622:
3621:
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3607:
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3594:
3593:
3591:
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3572:
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3567:
3557:
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3548:
3547:
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3505:
3504:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3459:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3437:. Archived from
3430:
3424:
3423:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
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3260:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3127:
3118:(9): 1618–1636.
3107:
3101:
3100:
3094:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3077:
3054:
3045:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
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2916:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2901:
2890:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2861:. Archived from
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2838:
2823:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2795:. Archived from
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2765:. Archived from
2758:
2752:
2751:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2706:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2673:
2664:
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2655:
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2603:
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2479:
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2458:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2425:
2424:
2418:
2411:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2378:. Archived from
2364:
2358:
2357:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2298:
2289:
2284:Ballou Glen M.,
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2213:. Archived from
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2159:
2148:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2044:. Archived from
2033:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2007:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1976:. Archived from
1965:
1956:
1955:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1934:
1928:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1829:
1823:. Archived from
1822:
1816:D. R. Campbell.
1813:
1807:
1806:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1775:
1768:
1760:
1754:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1737:
1730:
1722:
1716:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1699:
1692:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1655:
1636:
1630:
1619:
1613:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1523:
1522:
1502:
1501:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1454:
1453:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1364:
1360:
1270:to describe the
1231:
1222:
1146:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1126:
1103:
1095:
937:Compact Cassette
847:
845:
844:
839:
835:
825:
824:
820:
802:
798:
793:
792:
783:
774:
773:
755:
754:
753:
715:
713:
712:
707:
705:
666:
665:
647:
643:
641:
640:
627:
618:
609:
608:
518:outer hair cells
514:stapedius muscle
139:
126:
111:
107:
104:Human perception
21:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3734:
3733:
3706:"Dynamic Range"
3695:
3690:
3689:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3661:
3659:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3637:
3635:
3629:
3625:
3618:"Dynamic Range"
3616:
3615:
3611:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3588:
3586:
3579:
3575:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3545:
3543:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3523:Wayback Machine
3512:
3508:
3501:
3485:
3481:
3472:
3470:
3461:
3460:
3453:
3444:
3442:
3431:
3427:
3416:
3400:
3396:
3386:
3384:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3362:
3360:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3331:
3309:
3305:
3290:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3235:
3231:
3216:
3194:
3190:
3175:
3159:. p. 472.
3153:
3149:
3108:
3104:
3088:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3052:
3046:
3035:
3026:
3024:
3011:
3007:
2984:
2980:
2917:
2913:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2868:
2866:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2821:
2815:
2811:
2802:
2800:
2785:
2781:
2772:
2770:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2738:Mastering Audio
2734:
2730:
2707:
2700:
2691:
2689:
2674:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2653:Wayback Machine
2641:
2637:
2626:
2610:
2606:
2599:
2585:
2570:
2562:
2555:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2520:
2513:
2502:
2486:
2482:
2477:Wayback Machine
2465:
2461:
2456:Wayback Machine
2446:
2442:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2403:
2399:
2385:
2383:
2365:
2361:
2346:
2330:
2326:
2315:
2299:
2292:
2283:
2279:
2270:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2245:
2243:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2220:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2195:
2193:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2122:
2120:
2105:
2101:
2082:
2068:
2064:
2051:
2049:
2034:
2030:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1983:
1981:
1966:
1959:
1947:
1945:
1936:
1935:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1896:
1880:
1873:
1861:
1859:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1814:
1810:
1795:"Dynamic range"
1793:
1792:
1788:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1762:
1748:
1747:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1726:"Archived copy"
1724:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1688:"Archived copy"
1686:
1685:
1681:
1674:ISSCC Glossary
1673:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1637:
1633:
1620:
1616:
1603:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1533:
1520:
1518:
1515:> 16.5
1499:
1497:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1451:
1449:
1427:Negative film (
1393:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1338:Consumer-grade
1261:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1224:
1223:
1212:
1185:
1147:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1116:
1104:
1093:
1069:bit error ratio
1007:
828:
810:
806:
788:
784:
782:
778:
769:
765:
743:
739:
735:
733:
730:
729:
698:
661:
657:
636:
628:
619:
617:
613:
604:
600:
592:
589:
588:
559:Audio engineers
556:
137:
133:
131:
124:
120:
118:
114:Factor (power)
106:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3772:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3732:
3731:
3729:on 2004-12-21.
3718:
3716:on 2006-09-05.
3701:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3680:. 2017-01-10.
3669:
3644:
3623:
3609:
3595:
3573:
3561:"Paper grades"
3552:
3527:
3506:
3499:
3479:
3451:
3425:
3414:
3394:
3369:
3344:
3329:
3303:
3288:
3262:
3255:
3229:
3214:
3188:
3173:
3147:
3102:
3033:
3005:
2978:
2911:
2875:
2850:
2809:
2779:
2753:
2746:
2728:
2717:(1/2): 42–55.
2698:
2682:Sound on Sound
2665:
2656:
2635:
2624:
2604:
2597:
2568:
2541:
2534:
2511:
2500:
2480:
2459:
2440:
2397:
2382:on 7 July 2013
2359:
2344:
2324:
2313:
2290:
2277:
2252:
2227:
2202:
2173:
2153:. p. 88.
2132:
2099:
2081:978-0070014855
2080:
2062:
2028:
1993:
1957:
1948:|journal=
1908:
1894:
1871:
1843:
1808:
1786:
1679:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1631:
1614:
1606:contrast ratio
1597:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1539:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1516:
1513:
1505:
1504:
1495:
1492:
1484:
1483:
1470:
1467:
1457:
1456:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1374:Contrast ratio
1371:
1368:
1336:
1335:
1324:
1321:digital camera
1276:digital camera
1236:
1235:
1226:
1225:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1184:
1181:
1176:interferometry
1149:
1148:
1107:
1105:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1061:
1060:of the system.
1042:
1006:
1003:
993:, whereas the
885:floating-point
834:
831:
823:
819:
816:
813:
809:
805:
801:
796:
791:
787:
781:
777:
772:
768:
764:
761:
758:
752:
749:
746:
742:
738:
704:
701:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
664:
660:
656:
653:
650:
646:
639:
635:
631:
626:
622:
616:
612:
607:
603:
599:
596:
569:signal to the
555:
552:
510:tensor tympani
464:
463:
460:
455:
453:10,000,000,000
449:
448:
443:
440:
434:
433:
430:
425:
419:
418:
413:
410:
404:
403:
400:
395:
389:
388:
385:
380:
374:
373:
370:
365:
359:
358:
353:
350:
344:
343:
340:
335:
329:
328:
325:
320:
314:
313:
310:
307:
301:
300:
295:
292:
286:
285:
282:
277:
273:
272:
269:
266:
260:
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245:
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236:
230:
229:
224:
221:
215:
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211:
208:
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196:
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178:
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168:
165:
159:
158:
153:
148:
142:
141:
135:
128:
122:
115:
105:
102:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3771:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3693:External list
3683:
3679:
3673:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3634:
3627:
3619:
3613:
3606:. 2021-04-27.
3605:
3599:
3584:
3577:
3562:
3556:
3542:on 2016-08-17
3541:
3537:
3531:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3510:
3502:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3483:
3468:
3465:. PetaPixel.
3464:
3458:
3456:
3441:on 2016-06-17
3440:
3436:
3429:
3421:
3417:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3398:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3359:on 2008-06-22
3358:
3354:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3258:
3256:1-59593-058-2
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3215:0-7803-8702-3
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3098:
3092:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3022:
3017:
3009:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2886:
2879:
2865:on 2014-10-27
2864:
2860:
2854:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2799:on 2014-02-09
2798:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2769:on 2014-02-09
2768:
2764:
2757:
2749:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2703:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2670:
2660:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2625:9780240810690
2621:
2617:
2616:
2608:
2600:
2598:9780387284705
2594:
2590:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2565:on 2008-12-01
2561:
2554:
2553:
2545:
2537:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2518:
2516:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2484:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2463:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2444:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2419:on 2016-04-07
2415:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2297:
2295:
2287:
2281:
2267:on 2012-02-29
2266:
2262:
2256:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2217:on 2010-05-05
2216:
2212:
2206:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2170:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2144:
2136:
2129:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2048:on 2016-05-07
2047:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1980:on 2020-04-26
1979:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1962:
1953:
1940:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1878:
1876:
1868:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1840:
1830:on 2011-08-21
1826:
1819:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1752:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1714:
1696:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1667:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1628:
1627:binary digits
1624:
1618:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
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1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1510:Red Weapon 8k
1506:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1447:
1444:
1440:
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1433:
1430:
1429:Kodak VISION3
1425:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1407:
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1306:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:dynamic range
1265:
1264:Photographers
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1221:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1145:
1142:
1134:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1108:This section
1106:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1002:
1000:
999:dynamic range
996:
992:
988:
987:Dynamic range
984:
980:
979:dynamic range
975:
973:
968:
964:
961:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
915:
911:
909:
904:
902:
898:
897:ambient noise
894:
890:
886:
882:
877:
875:
871:
868:
864:
860:
855:
853:
848:
821:
817:
814:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
789:
785:
779:
775:
770:
766:
762:
759:
756:
727:
725:
721:
716:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
673:
667:
662:
658:
654:
651:
648:
644:
633:
629:
620:
614:
610:
605:
601:
597:
594:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
563:dynamic range
560:
551:
549:
545:
541:
536:
534:
531:or in bright
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
484:
480:
475:
471:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
450:
447:
444:
441:
439:
438:1,073,741,824
436:
435:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
420:
417:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
375:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
357:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
330:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
315:
311:
308:
306:
303:
302:
299:
296:
293:
291:
288:
287:
283:
281:
278:
275:
274:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
258:
255:
252:
250:
247:
246:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
231:
228:
225:
222:
220:
217:
216:
212:
209:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
192:
189:
188:
184:
182:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
143:
112:
101:
99:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
40:(abbreviated
39:
38:Dynamic range
33:
19:
3727:the original
3714:the original
3709:
3672:
3662:December 30,
3660:. Retrieved
3647:
3636:. Retrieved
3626:
3612:
3598:
3587:. Retrieved
3576:
3564:. Retrieved
3555:
3544:. Retrieved
3540:the original
3530:
3514:
3509:
3489:
3482:
3471:. Retrieved
3443:. Retrieved
3439:the original
3428:
3404:
3397:
3387:December 30,
3385:. Retrieved
3372:
3361:. Retrieved
3357:the original
3347:
3312:
3306:
3271:
3265:
3238:
3232:
3197:
3191:
3156:
3150:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3091:cite journal
3080:. Retrieved
3063:(9): 20–25.
3060:
3056:
3025:. Retrieved
3008:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2928:
2924:
2914:
2904:, retrieved
2884:
2878:
2867:. Retrieved
2863:the original
2853:
2841:. Retrieved
2825:
2812:
2801:. Retrieved
2797:the original
2792:
2782:
2771:. Retrieved
2767:the original
2756:
2737:
2731:
2714:
2710:
2690:. Retrieved
2681:
2663:AES-6id-2000
2659:
2644:
2638:
2614:
2607:
2588:
2560:the original
2551:
2544:
2524:
2490:
2483:
2468:
2462:
2449:pp. 416, 487
2443:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2421:. Retrieved
2414:the original
2400:
2391:
2384:. Retrieved
2380:the original
2375:
2362:
2353:
2334:
2327:
2303:
2285:
2280:
2269:. Retrieved
2265:the original
2255:
2244:. Retrieved
2230:
2219:. Retrieved
2215:the original
2205:
2194:. Retrieved
2185:
2176:
2168:
2162:. Retrieved
2142:
2135:
2127:
2121:. Retrieved
2115:. SciLinks.
2113:HyperPhysics
2112:
2102:
2093:
2071:
2065:
2056:
2050:. Retrieved
2046:the original
2041:
2031:
2023:
2017:. Retrieved
1996:
1988:
1982:. Retrieved
1978:the original
1973:
1939:cite journal
1911:
1903:
1884:
1866:
1860:. Retrieved
1846:
1838:
1832:. Retrieved
1825:the original
1811:
1799:Electropedia
1798:
1789:
1778:. Retrieved
1740:. Retrieved
1702:. Retrieved
1682:
1670:
1634:
1617:
1600:
1588:
1537:Loudness war
1353:
1344:
1337:
1331:Tone mapping
1317:image sensor
1303:
1292:
1267:
1262:
1205:
1186:
1168:
1152:
1137:
1128:
1117:Please help
1112:verification
1109:
1078:
1008:
998:
991:crest factor
986:
985:phenomenon.
983:loudness war
978:
976:
969:
965:
957:
941:type IV tape
935:
916:
914:70 dB.
912:
905:
893:gain staging
878:
867:noise-shaped
862:
859:compact disc
856:
849:
728:
723:
717:
587:
562:
557:
537:
526:
490:soundproofed
487:
467:
457:
452:
445:
437:
427:
422:
415:
407:
397:
392:
382:
377:
367:
362:
355:
347:
337:
332:
322:
317:
304:
297:
289:
279:
263:
256:
248:
238:
233:
226:
218:
205:
198:
190:
180:
170:
162:
155:
150:
145:
94:
80:(doublings,
49:
45:
41:
37:
36:
3566:November 9,
2793:Stereophile
1465:quantum dot
1408:9.5 (9-11)
1315:(or on the
1288:reflectance
1249:heavily in
1239:Nikon D7000
1210:Photography
1163:sensitivity
1058:noise level
1011:electronics
1005:Electronics
857:The 16-bit
579:loudspeaker
573:, say of a
571:noise floor
567:undistorted
423:100,000,000
90:logarithmic
18:Tonal range
3738:Categories
3638:2022-12-25
3589:2022-12-25
3546:2016-07-14
3473:2016-07-14
3445:2016-07-14
3363:2008-07-17
3174:1581138288
3082:2022-05-01
3027:2014-10-25
2906:2016-07-30
2869:2018-11-27
2803:2014-02-06
2773:2014-02-06
2692:2013-10-24
2423:2016-02-25
2271:2011-12-30
2246:2011-07-11
2221:2015-06-12
2196:2016-03-18
2164:2009-07-15
2123:2009-06-16
2052:2016-03-17
2019:2016-03-16
1984:2022-05-10
1862:2011-04-21
1834:2011-04-21
1780:2016-08-11
1742:2016-08-11
1704:2016-08-11
1662:References
1489:Nikon D850
1469:13.2-20.9
1442:Human eye
1193:instrument
1054:distortion
1021:, such as
927:companding
575:microphone
3125:0802.3458
2994:: 37–41.
2938:1205.5651
1648:sine wave
1644:sine wave
1610:luminance
1272:luminance
1251:Photoshop
1155:metrology
1131:June 2009
1091:Metrology
1081:logarithm
1035:frequency
1019:parameter
977:The term
863:perceived
815:⋅
776:
763:×
686:×
668:
655:×
634:μ
611:
598:×
529:starlight
498:amplitude
408:1,048,576
393:1,000,000
52:) is the
3682:Archived
3657:DxO Labs
3585:. ZD Net
3519:Archived
3467:Archived
3420:Archived
3382:DxO Labs
3224:12949210
3142:11725031
3073:Archived
3021:Archived
2973:22837813
2897:archived
2843:July 14,
2834:Archived
2686:Archived
2649:Archived
2630:Archived
2506:Archived
2473:Archived
2452:Archived
2434:infinite
2376:xiph.org
2350:Archived
2319:Archived
2240:Archived
2190:Archived
2155:Archived
2117:Archived
2010:Archived
1974:xiph.org
1931:Archived
1919:. 1998.
1900:Archived
1856:Archived
1803:archived
1771:Archived
1751:cite web
1733:Archived
1713:cite web
1695:Archived
1640:triangle
1531:See also
1085:decibels
908:clipping
852:dithered
533:sunlight
117:Decibels
3339:5688882
3298:1045127
3183:8509478
2964:3405292
2943:Bibcode
2931:: 521.
1801:, IEC,
1437:8000:1
1422:varies
1392:⁄
1367:Device
1284:opacity
1243:DxOMark
1065:digital
1031:voltage
1027:current
483:masking
474:hearing
378:100,000
74:decibel
70:base-10
60:, like
58:signals
3497:
3412:
3337:
3327:
3296:
3286:
3253:
3222:
3212:
3181:
3171:
3140:
2971:
2961:
2744:
2622:
2595:
2532:
2498:
2386:26 May
2355:ratio.
2342:
2311:
2090:484327
2088:
2078:
1892:
1612:ratio.
1445:10–14
1400:128:1
1370:Stops
1247:pushed
1050:signal
870:dither
826:
674:500000
516:, and
363:10,000
121:10×log
78:base-2
3335:S2CID
3294:S2CID
3220:S2CID
3179:S2CID
3138:S2CID
3120:arXiv
3076:(PDF)
3053:(PDF)
2933:arXiv
2900:(PDF)
2889:(PDF)
2837:(PDF)
2822:(PDF)
2563:(PDF)
2556:(PDF)
2430:right
2417:(PDF)
2410:(PDF)
2158:(PDF)
2147:(PDF)
2013:(PDF)
2006:(PDF)
1828:(PDF)
1821:(PDF)
1774:(PDF)
1767:(PDF)
1736:(PDF)
1729:(PDF)
1698:(PDF)
1691:(PDF)
1650:(see
1623:stops
1580:Notes
1494:14.8
1383:7 (7–
1319:of a
1255:noise
1189:music
1183:Music
1159:noise
1044:In a
1023:power
919:Ampex
554:Audio
479:glare
470:sight
462:33.2
432:26.6
402:19.9
387:16.6
372:13.3
348:1,024
342:9.97
333:1,000
327:6.64
312:5.64
284:4.98
271:4.32
243:3.32
213:2.32
185:1.66
138:power
130:Stops
125:power
86:stops
76:) or
66:light
62:sound
54:ratio
48:, or
3664:2017
3568:2019
3495:ISBN
3410:ISBN
3389:2017
3325:ISBN
3284:ISBN
3251:ISBN
3210:ISBN
3169:ISBN
3097:link
2969:PMID
2845:2011
2742:ISBN
2620:ISBN
2593:ISBN
2530:ISBN
2496:ISBN
2388:2013
2340:ISBN
2309:ISBN
2086:OCLC
2076:ISBN
1952:help
1890:ISBN
1757:link
1719:link
1461:OLED
1419:~10
1405:LCD
1280:film
1266:use
1197:part
951:and
812:6.02
561:use
544:CMOS
472:and
442:90.3
412:60.2
352:30.1
309:17.0
294:15.1
276:31.6
268:13.0
253:12.0
223:9.03
210:6.99
195:6.02
177:3.16
167:3.01
82:bits
64:and
3317:doi
3276:doi
3243:doi
3202:doi
3161:doi
3130:doi
3065:doi
2996:doi
2959:PMC
2951:doi
2719:doi
1921:doi
1642:or
1524::1
1521:000
1503::1
1500:500
1482::1
1479:000
1476:000
1463:or
1455::1
1452:000
1434:13
1278:or
1187:In
1153:In
1121:by
1063:In
1033:or
1009:In
949:dbx
945:XDR
767:log
695:114
689:5.7
659:log
602:log
577:or
458:100
318:100
134:log
84:or
50:DYR
46:DNR
3740::
3708:.
3655:.
3454:^
3418:.
3380:.
3333:.
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760:20
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494:dB
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