1273:
4106:
4936:
3963:
4946:
3973:
1259:
524:
known is PSR J1748-2446ad, rotating at a rate of 716 times per second or 43,000 revolutions per minute, giving a linear (tangential) speed at the surface on the order of 0.24c (i.e., nearly a quarter the speed of light). Star rotation interferes with convective heat loss during supernova collapse, so rotating stars are more likely to collapse directly to form a black hole
2884:
in a (H1,L1)-spectrogram up to 700 Hz with
Gaussian equivalent level of confidence greater than 3.3 σ based on causality alone following edge detection applied to (H1,L1)-spectrograms merged by frequency coincidences. Additional confidence derives from the strength of this EE. The observed
2167:
Jayasinghe, T.; Stanek, K. Z.; Thompson, Todd A.; Kochanek, C. S.; Rowan, D. M.; Vallely, P. J.; Strassmeier, K. G.; Weber, M.; Hinkle, J. T.; Hambsch, F-J; Martin, D. V.; Prieto, J. L.; Pessi, T.; Huber, D.; Auchettl, K.; Lopez, L. A.; Ilyin, I.; Badenes, C.; Howard, A. W.; Isaacson, H.; Murphy, S.
2940:
Abeysekara, A. U.; Albert, A.; Alfaro, R.; Alvarez, C.; Álvarez, J. D.; Arceo, R.; Arteaga-Velázquez, J. C.; Avila Rojas, D.; Ayala
Solares, H. A.; Belmont-Moreno, E.; Benzvi, S. Y.; Brisbois, C.; Caballero-Mora, K. S.; Capistrán, T.; Carramiñana, A.; Casanova, S.; Castillo, M.; Cotti, U.; Cotzomi,
523:
Oppenheimer and
Volkoff's calculation of the mass limit of neutron stars also neglected to consider the rotation of neutron stars, however we now know that neutron stars are capable of spinning at much faster rates than were known in Oppenheimer and Volkoff's time. The fastest-spinning neutron star
459:
In a star less massive than the limit, the gravitational compression is balanced by short-range repulsive neutron–neutron interactions mediated by the strong force and also by the quantum degeneracy pressure of neutrons, preventing collapse. If its mass is above the limit, the star will collapse to
368:) for which the fermionic particles providing the pressure are electrons. This is because the mass density is provided by the nuclei in which the neutrons are at most about as numerous as the protons. Likewise the protons, for charge neutrality, must be exactly as numerous as the electrons outside.
519:
Oppenheimer and
Volkoff discounted the influence of heat, stating in reference to work by Landau (1932), 'even 10 degrees... the pressure is determined essentially by the density only and not by the temperature' – yet it has been estimated that temperatures can reach up to approximately >10 K
925:
This list contains objects that may be neutron stars, black holes, quark stars, or other exotic objects. This list is distinct from the list of least massive black holes due to the undetermined nature of these objects, largely because of indeterminate mass, or other poor observation data.
410:
Oppenheimer and
Volkoff's paper notes that "the effect of repulsive forces, i.e., of raising the pressure for a given density above the value given by the Fermi equation of state ... could tend to prevent the collapse." And indeed, the most massive neutron star detected so far,
476:
are even more poorly known than those of neutron-degenerate matter, most astrophysicists assume, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, that a neutron star above the limit collapses directly into a black hole.
520:
during formation of a neutron star, mergers and binary accretion. Another source of heat and therefore collapse-resisting pressure in neutron stars is 'viscous friction in the presence of differential rotation.'
2595:
Orosz, Jerome A.; Jain, Raj K.; Bailyn, Charles D.; McClintock, Jeffrey E.; Remillard, Ronald A. (2002). "Orbital
Parameters for the Soft X-Ray Transient 4U 1543-47: Evidence for a Black Hole".
105:
In the case of a rigidly spinning neutron star, meaning that different levels in the interior of the star all rotate at the same rate, the mass limit is thought to increase by up to 18–20%.
1054:
First discovered microquasar system. Confirmed to have a magnetic field, which is atypical for a black hole; however, it could be the field of the accretion disk, not of the compact object.
205:
516:
black hole mergers involving black holes in the 7.5–50 solar mass range; it is possible – although unlikely – that these black holes were themselves the result of previous mergers.
347:
268:
113:
The idea that there should be an absolute upper limit for the mass of a cold (as distinct from thermal pressure supported) self-gravitating body dates back to the 1932 work of
2945:; Duvernois, M. A.; Ellsworth, R. W.; Engel, K.; Espinoza, C.; et al. (2018). "Very-high-energy particle acceleration powered by the jets of the microquasar SS 433".
4831:
1739:
2024:
Hessels, Jason W. T.; Ransom, Scott M.; Stairs, Ingrid H.; Freire, Paulo C. C.; Kaspi, Victoria M.; Camilo, Fernando (2006-03-31). "A Radio Pulsar
Spinning at 716 Hz".
2885:
frequencies below 1 kHz indicate a hypermassive magnetar rather than a black hole, spinning down by magnetic winds and interactions with dynamical mass ejecta.
3884:
307:
is the relevant mass per particle. It can be seen that the wavelength cancels out so that one obtains an approximate mass limit formula of the very simple form
2648:
Slany, P.; Stuchlik, Z. (1 October 2008). "Mass estimate of the XTE J1650-500 black hole from the
Extended Orbital Resonance Model for high-frequency QPOs".
2869:
we report on a possible detection of extended emission (EE) in gravitational radiation during GRB170817A: a descending chirp with characteristic time-scale
1118:
Microquasar system. Major differences between the spectrum of Cyg X-3 and typical accreting BH can be explained by properties of its companion star.
47:. The original calculation in 1939, which neglected complications such as nuclear forces between neutrons, placed this limit at approximately 0.7
2448:
2170:"A unicorn in monoceros: The 3 M⊙ dark companion to the bright, nearby red giant V723 Mon is a non-interacting, mass-gap black hole candidate"
4187:
3012:
2085:
129:
contribution would become negligible when compared with the relativistic kinetic contribution (RKC). RKC is determined just by the relevant
4192:
1974:
210:
At the upper mass limit, that pressure will equal the pressure needed to resist gravity. The pressure to resist gravity for a body of mass
1286:
4911:
4568:
3007:
2251:
Thompson, T. A.; Kochanek, C. S.; Stanek, K. Z.; et al. (2019). "A noninteracting low-mass black hole–giant star binary system".
4506:
4332:
513:
3509:
1146:
Microquasar system. It has a spectrum typical for black holes, however it emits HE and VHE gamma rays similar to neutron stars
95:(thought to have collapsed into a black hole within a few seconds after merging) placed the limit in the range of 2.01 to 2.17
692:
97% chance of prompt collapse into a black hole immediately after merger. Alternative study suggests collapse 2.5 hours later.
4009:
3948:
2398:"Updated parameter estimates for GW190425 using astrophysical arguments and implications for the electromagnetic counterpart"
2701:
Determination of Black Hole Masses in
Galactic Black Hole Binaries Using Scaling of Spectral and Variability Characteristics
2897:
Cherepashchuk, Anatol (2002). "Observational
Manifestations of Precession of Accretion Disk in the SS 433 Binary System".
2396:
Foley, Ryan J.; Coulter, David A.; Kilpatrick, Charles D.; Piro, Anthony L.; Ramirez-Ruiz, Enrico; Schwab, Josiah (2020).
1717:
4548:
3027:
Liu, Jifeng; et al. (27 November 2019). "A wide star–black-hole binary system from radial-velocity measurements".
500:. Observationally, because of their large mass, relative faintness, and X-ray spectra, a number of massive objects in
4637:
543:
1518:"Using Gravitational-wave Observations and Quasi-universal Relations to Constrain the Maximum Mass of Neutron Stars"
4632:
4517:
1272:
4553:
4349:
3907:
3318:
Albert, J; et al. (2006). "Variable Very-High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission from the Microquasar LS I +61 303".
2725:"Precise mass and spin measurements for a stellar-mass black hole through X-ray timing: The case of GRO J1655-40"
504:
are thought to be stellar black holes. These black hole candidates are estimated to have masses between 3 and 20
170:
4985:
4775:
4456:
4095:
3976:
4543:
4418:
3933:
3912:
444:
4949:
4461:
4364:
4152:
2703:
Shaposhnikov, Nickolai; Titarchuk, Lev; The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 699, Issue 1, pp. 453-468 (2009)
1291:
4471:
312:
223:
4765:
4730:
4720:
3902:
3745:
872:
3853:
4451:
4403:
4386:
4085:
3699:
3502:
1328:
1112:
835:
2774:
Foellmi, C.; Depagne, E.; Dall, T.H.; Mirabel, I.F (12 June 2006). "On the distance of GRO J1655-40".
2711:
2536:
Chaty, S.; Mirabel, I. F.; Goldoni, P.; Mereghetti, S.; Duc, P.-A.; Martí, J.; Mignani, R. P. (2002).
2456:
465:
4906:
4408:
4322:
4070:
4002:
3917:
1861:
118:
1658:
Romani, Roger W.; Kandel, D.; Filippenko, Alexei V.; Brink, Thomas G.; Zheng, WeiKang (2022-08-01).
4583:
3714:
3684:
3573:
3532:
1147:
2089:
125:
particles in sufficiently compressed matter would be forced into energy states so high that their
4760:
4296:
4259:
4162:
4157:
4075:
3631:
2237:
1859:
Woosley, S. E.; Heger, A.; Weaver, T. A. (2002). "The Evolution and Explosion of Massive Stars".
772:
141:
4975:
4790:
4678:
4663:
4522:
4215:
4029:
3966:
3563:
959:
579:
484:
must have mass exceeding the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit. Theory predicts that because of
155:
4970:
4668:
4481:
4225:
4080:
3609:
3495:
2313:
766:
376:
3117:
2797:
2671:
1341:
4980:
4939:
4647:
4619:
4502:
4430:
4398:
4242:
4050:
3995:
3831:
3819:
3626:
3457:
3402:
3337:
3282:
3223:
3164:
3113:
3048:
2964:
2906:
2850:
2793:
2746:
2667:
2614:
2559:
2500:
2419:
2360:
2270:
2233:
2191:
2133:
2043:
1870:
1681:
1632:
1590:
1539:
1479:
1431:
1374:
1337:
1239:
1017:
384:
8:
4770:
4745:
4715:
4673:
4627:
4264:
4130:
4125:
4055:
3804:
3782:
3664:
3558:
2941:
J.; Coutiño De León, S.; De León, C.; de la Fuente, E.; Díaz-Vélez, J. C.; Dichiara, S.;
1078:
1009:
404:
365:
92:
36:
3461:
3406:
3341:
3286:
3227:
3168:
3052:
2968:
2910:
2854:
2750:
2618:
2563:
2504:
2423:
2364:
2274:
2195:
2137:
2047:
1874:
1685:
1636:
1594:
1543:
1483:
1435:
1378:
4604:
4476:
4381:
4172:
4140:
4105:
4065:
4060:
3848:
3826:
3674:
3616:
3473:
3447:
3420:
3392:
3361:
3327:
3300:
3272:
3241:
3213:
3182:
3154:
3103:
3072:
3038:
2988:
2954:
2922:
2840:
2809:
2783:
2736:
2683:
2657:
2630:
2604:
2577:
2549:
2518:
2490:
2409:
2378:
2350:
2294:
2260:
2181:
2123:
2033:
1986:
1952:
1934:
1905:
1886:
1800:
1671:
1557:
1529:
1449:
1421:
1390:
1364:
1005:
762:
621:
Mass may be underestimated due not accurately measured distance to the companion star.
533:
481:
433:
412:
2708:
2086:"SkyandTelescope.com – News from Sky & Telescope – Spinning Pulsar Smashes Record"
1576:
4750:
4740:
4735:
4435:
4423:
4376:
4317:
4286:
4276:
4210:
3938:
3777:
3704:
3415:
3380:
3353:
3304:
3245:
3076:
3064:
2980:
2926:
2813:
2572:
2537:
2382:
2298:
2286:
2149:
2067:
2059:
2006:
1956:
1841:
1792:
1784:
1699:
1561:
1495:
1394:
831:
539:
489:
485:
473:
392:
3477:
3438:
Gelino, D. M.; Harrison, T. E. (2003). "GRO J0422+32: The Lowest Mass Black Hole?".
3365:
3186:
2992:
2700:
2634:
2581:
2522:
2111:
1890:
1804:
1764:
1453:
4901:
4861:
4609:
4558:
4413:
4327:
4120:
4090:
3750:
3652:
3465:
3424:
3410:
3345:
3290:
3231:
3172:
3121:
3056:
3029:
2972:
2914:
2858:
2801:
2754:
2704:
2687:
2675:
2622:
2567:
2508:
2427:
2368:
2278:
2199:
2141:
2051:
1996:
1944:
1878:
1831:
1776:
1689:
1640:
1598:
1547:
1487:
1439:
1382:
1296:
1264:
689:
Gravitational wave data of neutron star merger from LIGO and Virgo interferometers.
595:
3126:
3091:
2679:
4921:
4871:
4846:
4642:
4486:
4393:
4359:
4271:
3669:
3659:
3621:
3143:"Gemini/GNIRS infrared spectroscopy of the Wolf-Rayet stellar wind in Cygnus X-3"
2805:
2339:"GW190425: Observation of a Compact Binary Coalescence with Total Mass ~ 3.4 M ⊙"
1623:
1581:
1491:
1105:
840:
1740:"The Surprising Reason Why Neutron Stars Don't All Collapse To Form Black Holes"
136:, which would be of the order of the mean interparticle separation. In terms of
4836:
4821:
4588:
4527:
4371:
4045:
3689:
3679:
2723:
Motta, S. E.; Belloni, T. M.; Stella, L.; Muñoz-Darias, T.; Fender, R. (2014).
2479:"A detached stellar-mass black hole candidate in the globular cluster NGC 3201"
2373:
2338:
1973:
Kaminker, A. D.; Kaurov, A. A.; Potekhin, A. Y.; Yakovlev, D. G. (2014-08-21).
1882:
1694:
1659:
1552:
1517:
1444:
1409:
1278:
1188:
Intermediate-dispersion spectroscopy and atmosphere model fitting of companion.
501:
380:
215:
148:
3719:
3060:
2976:
2918:
1948:
1836:
1819:
1780:
415:, is estimated to be much heavier than Oppenheimer and Volkoff's TOV limit at
4964:
4896:
4816:
4344:
4339:
3879:
3874:
3843:
3604:
3589:
3090:
Irrgang, A.; Geier, S.; Kreuzer, S.; Pelisoli, I.; Heber, U. (January 2020).
2942:
2153:
2063:
2010:
1845:
1788:
1703:
1355:
Kalogera, V; Baym, G (11 August 1996). "The Maximum Mass of a Neutron Star".
1201:
1125:
1047:
815:
733:
372:
3349:
3236:
3201:
3177:
3142:
2863:
2828:
2759:
2724:
2513:
2478:
2432:
2397:
2282:
2204:
2169:
2055:
2001:
1242:
system. Only mass close to lowest possible allows it not to be a black hole.
464:, or change composition and be supported in some other way (for example, by
4851:
4725:
4693:
4301:
4220:
3755:
3729:
3599:
3594:
3518:
3379:
Casares, J; Ribo, M; Ribas, I; Paredes, J. M; Marti, J; Herrero, A (2005).
3357:
3295:
3260:
3089:
3068:
2984:
2290:
2071:
1925:
Casares, J. (2006). "Observational Evidence for Stellar-Mass Black Holes".
1796:
1644:
1602:
1499:
1369:
849:
743:
137:
77:; additional work in the same year gave a more precise range of 2.2 to 2.9
32:
4891:
4841:
4795:
4698:
4573:
4512:
4237:
4145:
3814:
3799:
3765:
3694:
3452:
3397:
3332:
2788:
2609:
2554:
2128:
2038:
1939:
1910:
1233:
1205:
1191:
1183:
493:
361:
357:
130:
40:
1470:
Cho, A. (16 February 2018). "A weight limit emerges for neutron stars".
4881:
4811:
4780:
4755:
4708:
4703:
4688:
4354:
4291:
4281:
4182:
4018:
3943:
3858:
3838:
3809:
3760:
3709:
1718:"The heaviest neutron star on record is 2.35 times the mass of the sun"
1621:
Oppenheimer, J. R.; Volkoff, G. M. (1939). "On Massive Neutron Cores".
1301:
1092:
952:
938:
719:
Spectroscopic radial velocity measurements of noninteracting companion.
652:
Spectroscopic radial velocity measurements of noninteracting companion.
572:
558:
505:
497:
469:
461:
448:
400:
114:
52:
48:
44:
1660:"PSR J0952−0607: The Fastest and Heaviest Known Galactic Neutron Star"
1085:
Initially thought to be first black hole in pair-instability mass gap.
63:
Theoretical work in 1996 placed the limit at approximately 1.5 to 3.0
4916:
4563:
4466:
4254:
4249:
3789:
3772:
1577:"Static Solutions of Einstein's Field Equations for Spheres of Fluid"
1227:
396:
126:
4826:
4785:
4683:
3794:
3553:
3469:
3277:
3159:
3108:
3043:
2959:
2845:
2626:
2495:
2414:
2355:
2265:
2186:
2145:
1904:
McClintock, J. E.; Remillard, R. A. (2003). "Black Hole Binaries".
1676:
1534:
1426:
1386:
1194:
system. Only lowest possible mass allows it not to be a black hole.
1024:
975:
885:
723:
162:
88:
3218:
2741:
2662:
1991:
399:. They thereby obtained a limiting mass of approximately 0.7
4866:
3647:
1408:
Pooley, D.; Kumar, P.; Wheeler, J. C.; Grossan, B. (2018-05-31).
1161:
1151:
1138:
1074:
1027:. Possibly collapsed into a black hole 5–10 seconds after merger.
388:
122:
3092:"A stripped helium star in the potential black hole binary LB-1"
2829:"Observational evidence for extended emission to GW 170817"
2827:
van Putten, Maurice H P M; Della Valle, Massimo (January 2019).
2166:
472:). Because the properties of hypothetical, more exotic forms of
60:). Later, more refined analyses have resulted in larger values.
28:
4886:
4876:
4856:
4578:
4177:
4167:
3537:
3487:
3199:
2449:"Strange quark star may have formed from a lucky cosmic merger"
1034:
430:
3987:
2722:
2538:"Near-infrared observations of Galactic black hole candidates"
1972:
2939:
2535:
2250:
43:
stars. Stars more massive than the TOV limit collapse into a
1763:
Burkert, V. D.; Elouadrhiri, L.; Girod, F. X. (2019-05-05).
3200:
Zdziarski, A. A.; Mikolajewska, J.; Belczynski, K. (2013).
2476:
1657:
1061:
1013:
509:
3317:
3008:"Scientists discover new nursery for superpowered photons"
2833:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters
2483:
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters
2395:
1326:
Bombaci, I. (1996). "The Maximum Mass of a Neutron Star".
443:. The uncertainty in the value reflects the fact that the
436:
repulsion predict a neutron star mass limit of 2.2 to 2.9
16:
Upper bound to the mass of cold, nonrotating neutron stars
2773:
2594:
2336:
2023:
1975:"Thermal emission of neutron stars with internal heaters"
1820:"Mechanisms, Models and Laws in Understanding Supernovae"
1407:
91:, the first gravitational wave observation attributed to
3381:"A possible black hole in the γ-ray microquasar LS 5039"
3258:
2446:
1143:
Spectroscopic radial velocity measurements of companion.
805:
Spectroscopic radial velocity measurements of companion.
617:
Spectroscopic radial velocity measurements of companion.
70:, corresponding to an original stellar mass of 15 to 20
3885:
Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae
3378:
1762:
482:
black hole formed by the collapse of an individual star
2314:"Astronomers Spot A New Class Of Low-Mass Black Holes"
2826:
1516:
Rezzolla, L.; Most, E. R.; Weih, L. R. (2018-01-09).
492:, a black hole formed from an isolated star of solar
315:
226:
173:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1254:
527:
161:
all set equal to one, there will be a corresponding
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
1927:
Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union
1903:
3202:"Cyg X-3: A low-mass black hole or a neutron star"
1858:
1620:
341:
262:
199:
3385:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
3265:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
3206:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
3147:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
3140:
2729:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
2542:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
2402:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
2174:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1979:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1609:
1150:and HESS J0632+057, as well as mysterious object
496:can have a mass of no more than approximately 10
4962:
2212:
1515:
429:. More realistic models neutron stars including
2389:
2330:
2160:
3437:
3259:Massi, M; Migliari, S; Chernyakova, M (2017).
2110:Fryer, Chris L.; Heger, Alexander (Oct 2000).
1511:
1509:
920:
4003:
3503:
3141:Koljonen, K. I. I.; MacCarone, T. J. (2017).
3005:
2999:
2896:
2647:
2112:"Core-Collapse Simulations of Rotating Stars"
1765:"The pressure distribution inside the proton"
2244:
1354:
1210:
1166:
1130:
1097:
1066:
1039:
981:
890:
854:
820:
785:
751:
702:
665:
632:
600:
1506:
387:. Oppenheimer and Volkoff assumed that the
200:{\displaystyle P={\frac {1}{\lambda ^{4}}}}
4569:Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object
4010:
3996:
3510:
3496:
3431:
2109:
1811:
1115:and atmosphere model fitting of companion.
3451:
3414:
3396:
3331:
3294:
3276:
3235:
3217:
3176:
3158:
3125:
3107:
3042:
2958:
2862:
2844:
2787:
2758:
2740:
2661:
2608:
2571:
2553:
2529:
2512:
2494:
2431:
2413:
2372:
2354:
2305:
2264:
2231:
2203:
2185:
2127:
2037:
2000:
1990:
1938:
1909:
1835:
1824:Journal for General Philosophy of Science
1693:
1675:
1551:
1533:
1465:
1463:
1443:
1425:
1401:
1368:
871:Precision X-ray timing observations from
3261:"The black hole candidate LS I +61°0303"
1410:"GW170817 Most Likely Made a Black Hole"
356:can be taken to be given roughly by the
2447:Paul Sutter last updated (2022-09-16).
1924:
1325:
4963:
1817:
1574:
1460:
1319:
277:is the density. This will be given by
3991:
3491:
2311:
1968:
1966:
999:
905:
683:
4945:
3972:
1852:
342:{\displaystyle M={\frac {1}{m^{2}}}}
263:{\displaystyle P^{3}=M^{2}\rho ^{4}}
3026:
2337:Abbott, B. P.; et al. (2020).
1469:
1287:Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation
375:this limit was first worked out by
121:. Pauli's principle shows that the
13:
1963:
1737:
460:some denser form. It could form a
14:
4997:
2234:"Masses in the Stellar Graveyard"
1664:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
544:List of least massive black holes
528:List of least massive black holes
4944:
4935:
4934:
4233:Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit
4104:
3971:
3962:
3961:
3725:Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit
3517:
3416:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09617.x
2573:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05267.x
2477:Giesers, B; et al. (2018).
1271:
1257:
21:Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit
4350:Innermost stable circular orbit
4017:
3908:Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
3372:
3311:
3252:
3193:
3134:
3083:
3020:
2933:
2890:
2820:
2767:
2716:
2694:
2641:
2588:
2470:
2440:
2103:
2078:
2017:
1918:
1897:
1756:
1731:
454:
214:will be given according to the
4776:Timeline of black hole physics
1710:
1651:
1568:
1348:
1:
4544:Nonsingular black hole models
3934:X-ray pulsar-based navigation
3913:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory
1312:
841:Transient binary X-ray source
3006:Staff Writers (2018-10-04).
2776:Astronomy & Astrophysics
2650:Astronomy & Astrophysics
2088:. 2007-12-29. Archived from
1492:10.1126/science.359.6377.724
7:
4766:Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer
4731:Hypercompact stellar system
4721:Gamma-ray burst progenitors
3903:Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer
3746:Gamma-ray burst progenitors
3127:10.1051/0004-6361/201937343
2709:10.1088/0004-637X/699/1/453
2680:10.1051/0004-6361:200810334
1250:
921:List of objects in mass gap
391:in a neutron star formed a
383:in 1939, using the work of
360:. This even applies in the
27:) is an upper bound to the
10:
5002:
4452:Black hole complementarity
4419:Bousso's holographic bound
4404:Quasi-periodic oscillation
4102:
4096:Malament–Hogarth spacetime
3700:Quasi-periodic oscillation
3096:Astronomy and Astrophysics
2806:10.1051/0004-6361:20054686
1883:10.1103/RevModPhys.74.1015
1329:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1113:Near-infrared spectroscopy
964:Mass determination method
584:Mass determination method
537:
531:
403:, which was less than the
108:
4930:
4804:
4656:
4618:
4597:
4536:
4495:
4444:
4323:Gravitational singularity
4310:
4203:
4113:
4038:
4025:
3957:
3926:
3918:Chandra X-ray Observatory
3893:
3867:
3738:
3640:
3582:
3546:
3525:
3440:The Astrophysical Journal
3061:10.1038/s41586-019-1766-2
2977:10.1038/s41586-018-0565-5
2597:The Astrophysical Journal
2343:The Astrophysical Journal
2116:The Astrophysical Journal
1949:10.1017/S1743921307004590
1862:Reviews of Modern Physics
1837:10.1007/s10838-018-9435-y
1781:10.1038/s41586-018-0060-z
1414:The Astrophysical Journal
1357:The Astrophysical Journal
969:
966:
963:
957:
948:
934:
931:
589:
586:
583:
577:
568:
554:
551:
466:quark degeneracy pressure
119:Pauli exclusion principle
4907:PSO J030947.49+271757.31
4832:SDSS J150243.09+111557.3
4365:Blandford–Znajek process
3685:Neutron-star oscillation
3574:Rotating radio transient
3098:(Letter to the Editor).
2374:10.3847/2041-8213/ab75f5
2312:Kumar, V. (2019-11-03).
1818:Illari, Phyllis (2019).
1695:10.3847/2041-8213/ac8007
1553:10.3847/2041-8213/aaa401
1445:10.3847/2041-8213/aac3d6
1307:
1292:Oppenheimer–Snyder model
763:Near-infrared photometry
4163:Active galactic nucleus
3350:10.1126/science.1128177
3118:2020A&A...633L...5I
2919:10.1023/A:1021356630889
2798:2006A&A...457..249F
2672:2008A&A...492..319S
2283:10.1126/science.aau4005
2238:Northwestern University
2232:Elavsky, F; Geller, A.
2056:10.1126/science.1123430
1342:1996A&A...305..871B
655:In Milky Way outskirts.
629:2MASS J05215658+4359220
142:reduced Planck constant
4791:Tidal disruption event
4761:Supermassive dark star
4679:Black holes in fiction
4664:Outline of black holes
4297:Supermassive dark star
4216:Gravitational collapse
3939:Tempo software program
1645:10.1103/PhysRev.55.374
1603:10.1103/PhysRev.55.364
1575:Tolman, R. C. (1939).
734:main sequence turn-off
449:extremely dense matter
352:In this relationship,
343:
264:
201:
156:gravitational constant
31:of cold, non-rotating
4986:J. Robert Oppenheimer
4669:Black Hole Initiative
4482:Holographic principle
3949:The Magnificent Seven
3237:10.1093/mnrasl/sls035
3178:10.1093/mnras/stx2106
2899:Space Science Reviews
2864:10.1093/mnrasl/sly166
2760:10.1093/mnras/stt2068
2514:10.1093/mnrasl/slx203
2433:10.1093/mnras/staa725
2205:10.1093/mnras/stab907
2002:10.1093/mnras/stu1102
1522:Astrophysical Journal
377:J. Robert Oppenheimer
344:
265:
202:
93:merging neutron stars
4472:Final parsec problem
4431:Schwarzschild radius
3854:Thorne–Żytkow object
3296:10.1093/mnras/stx778
1079:stripped helium star
722:In globular cluster
451:are not well known.
385:Richard Chace Tolman
313:
224:
171:
4771:Superluminal motion
4746:Population III star
4716:Gravitational waves
4674:Black hole starship
4457:Information paradox
3805:Neutron star merger
3665:Chandrasekhar limit
3632:Hulse–Taylor pulsar
3559:Soft gamma repeater
3462:2003ApJ...599.1254G
3407:2005MNRAS.364..899C
3342:2006Sci...312.1771A
3287:2017MNRAS.468.3689M
3228:2013MNRAS.429L.104Z
3169:2017MNRAS.472.2181K
3053:2019Natur.575..618L
2969:2018Natur.562...82A
2911:2002SSRv..102...23C
2855:2019MNRAS.482L..46V
2751:2014MNRAS.437.2554M
2619:1998ApJ...499..375O
2564:2002MNRAS.331.1065C
2505:2018MNRAS.475L..15G
2424:2020MNRAS.494..190F
2365:2020ApJ...892L...3A
2275:2019Sci...366..637T
2196:2021MNRAS.504.2577J
2138:2000ApJ...541.1033F
2048:2006Sci...311.1901H
2032:(5769): 1901–1904.
1875:2002RvMP...74.1015W
1686:2022ApJ...934L..17R
1637:1939PhRv...55..374O
1595:1939PhRv...55..364T
1544:2018ApJ...852L..25R
1484:2018Sci...359..724C
1436:2018ApJ...859L..23P
1379:1996ApJ...470L..61K
1010:neutron star merger
407:for white dwarfs.
405:Chandrasekhar limit
366:Chandrasekhar limit
37:Chandrasekhar limit
35:, analogous to the
4605:Optical black hole
4518:Reissner–Nordström
4477:Firewall (physics)
4382:Gravitational lens
3849:Pulsar wind nebula
3827:Stellar black hole
1370:astro-ph/9608059v1
1006:Gravitational wave
726:. Companion is 0.8
662:GW190425's remnant
534:Stellar black hole
445:equations of state
364:case (that of the
339:
260:
197:
131:quantum wavelength
4958:
4957:
4751:Supermassive star
4741:Naked singularity
4736:Membrane paradigm
4462:Cosmic censorship
4436:Spaghettification
4424:Immirzi parameter
4377:Hawking radiation
4318:Astrophysical jet
4287:Supermassive star
4277:Binary black hole
4211:Stellar evolution
4153:Intermediate-mass
3985:
3984:
3778:Supernova remnant
3568:Ultra-long period
3037:(7784): 618–621.
2259:(6465): 637–640.
1775:(7705): 396–399.
1478:(6377): 724–725.
1248:
1247:
1002:
918:
917:
908:
832:Orbital resonance
765:of companion and
686:
490:stellar evolution
474:degenerate matter
337:
195:
165:given roughly by
4993:
4948:
4947:
4938:
4937:
4610:Sonic black hole
4559:Dark-energy star
4414:Bekenstein bound
4399:M–sigma relation
4328:Ring singularity
4108:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3989:
3988:
3975:
3974:
3965:
3964:
3751:Asteroseismology
3653:Fast radio burst
3512:
3505:
3498:
3489:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3455:
3453:astro-ph/0308490
3446:(2): 1254–1259.
3435:
3429:
3428:
3418:
3400:
3398:astro-ph/0507549
3376:
3370:
3369:
3335:
3333:astro-ph/0605549
3326:(5781): 1771–3.
3315:
3309:
3308:
3298:
3280:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3239:
3221:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3180:
3162:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3111:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3046:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2962:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2881:
2866:
2848:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2791:
2789:astro-ph/0606269
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2744:
2720:
2714:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2665:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2612:
2610:astro-ph/9712018
2592:
2586:
2585:
2575:
2557:
2555:astro-ph/0112329
2548:(4): 1065–1071.
2533:
2527:
2526:
2516:
2498:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2455:. Archived from
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2417:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2376:
2358:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2268:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2229:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2189:
2180:(2): 2577–2602.
2164:
2158:
2157:
2131:
2129:astro-ph/9907433
2122:(2): 1033–1050.
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2041:
2039:astro-ph/0601337
2021:
2015:
2014:
2004:
1994:
1985:(4): 3484–3494.
1970:
1961:
1960:
1942:
1940:astro-ph/0612312
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:astro-ph/0306213
1901:
1895:
1894:
1869:(4): 1015–1071.
1856:
1850:
1849:
1839:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1697:
1679:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1618:
1607:
1606:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1555:
1537:
1513:
1504:
1503:
1467:
1458:
1457:
1447:
1429:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1372:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1323:
1297:Bekenstein bound
1281:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1265:Astronomy portal
1262:
1261:
1260:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1132:
1108:
1099:
1068:
1041:
1020:interferometers.
1001:
998:
992:
991:
990:
989:
929:
928:
907:
904:
898:
897:
895:
862:
861:
859:
822:
796:
795:
794:
793:
753:
710:
709:
707:
685:
682:
676:
675:
674:
673:
649:K-type (?) giant
643:
642:
641:
640:
622:
608:
607:
605:
596:V723 Monocerotis
549:
548:
538:Content here is
468:if it becomes a
422:
420:
355:
348:
346:
345:
340:
338:
336:
335:
323:
306:
302:
301:
299:
298:
293:
290:
276:
269:
267:
266:
261:
259:
258:
249:
248:
236:
235:
213:
206:
204:
203:
198:
196:
194:
193:
181:
160:
153:
146:
135:
5001:
5000:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4926:
4902:ULAS J1342+0928
4862:SDSS J0849+1114
4847:Phoenix Cluster
4800:
4652:
4614:
4593:
4532:
4491:
4487:No-hair theorem
4440:
4394:Bondi accretion
4360:Penrose process
4306:
4272:Gamma-ray burst
4199:
4109:
4100:
4086:Direct collapse
4034:
4021:
4016:
3986:
3981:
3953:
3922:
3895:
3889:
3863:
3734:
3670:Gamma-ray burst
3660:Bondi accretion
3636:
3578:
3564:Anomalous X-ray
3542:
3521:
3516:
3486:
3485:
3436:
3432:
3377:
3373:
3316:
3312:
3257:
3253:
3198:
3194:
3139:
3135:
3088:
3084:
3025:
3021:
3004:
3000:
2953:(7725): 82–85.
2938:
2934:
2895:
2891:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2825:
2821:
2772:
2768:
2721:
2717:
2699:
2695:
2646:
2642:
2593:
2589:
2534:
2530:
2475:
2471:
2462:
2460:
2445:
2441:
2394:
2390:
2335:
2331:
2322:
2320:
2310:
2306:
2249:
2245:
2230:
2213:
2165:
2161:
2108:
2104:
2095:
2093:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2022:
2018:
1971:
1964:
1923:
1919:
1902:
1898:
1857:
1853:
1816:
1812:
1761:
1757:
1748:
1746:
1738:Siegel, Ethan.
1736:
1732:
1723:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1656:
1652:
1624:Physical Review
1619:
1610:
1582:Physical Review
1573:
1569:
1514:
1507:
1468:
1461:
1406:
1402:
1353:
1349:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1106:
987:
985:
984:
982:
950:
944:
941:
936:
923:
893:
891:
857:
855:
791:
789:
788:
786:
747:
732:
729:
705:
703:
671:
669:
668:
666:
638:
636:
635:
633:
620:
603:
601:
570:
564:
561:
556:
547:
536:
530:
457:
442:
439:
428:
418:
416:
371:In the case of
353:
350:
331:
327:
322:
314:
311:
310:
304:
294:
291:
286:
285:
283:
278:
274:
271:
254:
250:
244:
240:
231:
227:
225:
222:
221:
211:
208:
189:
185:
180:
172:
169:
168:
158:
151:
144:
133:
117:, based on the
111:
101:
98:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
58:
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4999:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4942:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4922:Swift J1644+57
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4872:MS 0735.6+7421
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4837:Sagittarius A*
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4624:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4601:
4599:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4416:
4411:
4409:Thermodynamics
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4379:
4374:
4372:Accretion disk
4369:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4320:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4235:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4218:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4155:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4128:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4046:BTZ black hole
4042:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4015:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3992:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3969:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3899:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3753:
3748:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3680:Neutron matter
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3592:
3586:
3584:
3583:Binary pulsars
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3561:
3550:
3548:
3547:Single pulsars
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3515:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3492:
3484:
3483:
3470:10.1086/379311
3430:
3391:(3): 899–908.
3371:
3310:
3251:
3192:
3133:
3082:
3019:
2998:
2932:
2889:
2872:
2839:(1): L46–L49.
2819:
2782:(1): 249–255.
2766:
2715:
2693:
2656:(2): 319–322.
2640:
2627:10.1086/305620
2603:(1): 375–384.
2587:
2528:
2489:(1): L15–L19.
2469:
2439:
2408:(1): 190–198.
2388:
2329:
2304:
2243:
2211:
2159:
2146:10.1086/309446
2102:
2077:
2016:
1962:
1917:
1896:
1851:
1810:
1755:
1730:
1709:
1650:
1631:(4): 374–381.
1608:
1589:(4): 364–373.
1567:
1505:
1459:
1400:
1387:10.1086/310296
1347:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1279:Physics portal
1268:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1237:
1230:
1225:
1222:
1208:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1103:
1102:24,100 ± 3,600
1100:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1021:
1003:
996:
993:
979:
972:
971:
968:
965:
962:
956:
947:
942:
939:
933:
922:
919:
916:
915:
913:
911:
909:
902:
899:
888:
882:
881:
879:
876:
869:
866:
863:
852:
846:
845:
843:
838:
834:modeling from
829:
826:
823:
818:
812:
811:
809:
806:
803:
800:
799:30,000 ± 3,500
797:
783:
779:
778:
776:
770:
767:Eddington flux
760:
757:
754:
749:
740:
739:
737:
730:
727:
720:
717:
714:
711:
700:
696:
695:
693:
690:
687:
680:
677:
663:
659:
658:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
630:
626:
625:
623:
618:
615:
612:
609:
598:
592:
591:
588:
585:
582:
576:
567:
562:
559:
553:
529:
526:
502:X-ray binaries
456:
453:
440:
437:
426:
413:PSR J0952–0607
381:George Volkoff
334:
330:
326:
321:
318:
309:
257:
253:
247:
243:
239:
234:
230:
220:
216:virial theorem
192:
188:
184:
179:
176:
167:
149:speed of light
110:
107:
99:
96:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
56:
53:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4998:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4976:Neutron stars
4974:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4951:
4943:
4941:
4933:
4932:
4929:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4897:Markarian 501
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4822:XTE J1118+480
4820:
4818:
4817:XTE J1650-500
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4596:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4503:Schwarzschild
4501:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4345:Photon sphere
4343:
4341:
4340:Event horizon
4338:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4265:Related links
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4243:Related links
4241:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4227:
4226:Related links
4224:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4051:Schwarzschild
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4013:
4008:
4006:
4001:
3999:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3978:
3970:
3968:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:investigation
3892:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3880:Centaurus X-3
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3844:Pulsar planet
3842:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3832:Related links
3830:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3820:Related links
3818:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3783:Related links
3781:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3605:X-ray burster
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3508:
3506:
3501:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3434:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3375:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3212:: L104–L108.
3211:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2943:Dingus, B. L.
2936:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2875:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2823:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2770:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2459:on 2023-03-23
2458:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2092:on 2007-12-29
2091:
2087:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1967:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1912:
1907:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1719:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1510:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1464:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1255:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1071:approx. 7,000
1070:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1004:
997:
994:
980:
977:
974:
973:
961:
954:
945:
930:
927:
914:
912:
910:
903:
900:
889:
887:
884:
883:
880:
877:
874:
870:
867:
864:
853:
851:
848:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
833:
830:
827:
825:8,500 ± 2,300
824:
819:
817:
816:XTE J1650-500
814:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
784:
781:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
764:
761:
758:
755:
750:
745:
742:
741:
738:
735:
725:
721:
718:
715:
712:
701:
698:
697:
694:
691:
688:
681:
678:
664:
661:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
631:
628:
627:
624:
619:
616:
613:
610:
599:
597:
594:
593:
581:
574:
565:
550:
545:
541:
535:
525:
521:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
478:
475:
471:
467:
463:
452:
450:
446:
435:
432:
425:
414:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
373:neutron stars
369:
367:
363:
359:
332:
328:
324:
319:
316:
308:
297:
289:
281:
255:
251:
245:
241:
237:
232:
228:
219:
217:
190:
186:
182:
177:
174:
166:
164:
157:
150:
143:
139:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
106:
103:
94:
90:
85:
61:
59:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
33:neutron stars
30:
26:
22:
4971:Astrophysics
4852:PKS 1302-102
4726:Gravity well
4694:Compact star
4648:Microquasars
4633:Most massive
4537:Alternatives
4302:X-ray binary
4232:
4221:Neutron star
4158:Supermassive
4135:Hawking star
4076:Supermassive
3756:Compact star
3730:Urca process
3724:
3720:Timing noise
3705:Relativistic
3600:X-ray binary
3595:X-ray pulsar
3519:Neutron star
3443:
3439:
3433:
3388:
3384:
3374:
3323:
3319:
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2905:(1): 23–35.
2902:
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2472:
2461:. Retrieved
2457:the original
2452:
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2332:
2321:. Retrieved
2317:
2307:
2256:
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2177:
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2105:
2094:. Retrieved
2090:the original
2080:
2029:
2025:
2019:
1982:
1978:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1899:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1830:(1): 63–84.
1827:
1823:
1813:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1747:. Retrieved
1743:
1733:
1722:. Retrieved
1720:. 2022-07-22
1712:
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1327:
1321:
1232:Photometric
1202:GRO J0422+32
1126:LS I +61 303
1044:18,000 ± 700
924:
878:LMXB system.
850:GRO J1655-40
748:GRS 1716−249
744:GRO J1719-24
522:
518:
506:solar masses
498:solar masses
479:
458:
455:Applications
434:strong force
423:
409:
401:solar masses
370:
351:
295:
287:
279:
272:
209:
138:Planck units
112:
104:
86:
62:
49:solar masses
24:
20:
18:
4981:Black holes
4842:Centaurus A
4796:Planet Nine
4699:Exotic star
4628:Black holes
4574:Planck star
4523:Kerr–Newman
4238:White dwarf
4188:Radio-Quiet
4146:Microquasar
4019:Black holes
3815:White dwarf
3800:Microquasar
3766:Exotic star
3695:Pulsar kick
3617:Millisecond
3533:Radio-quiet
3271:(3): 3689.
3153:(2): 2181.
3013:Space Daily
2735:(3): 2554.
2168:J. (2021).
1363:: L61–L64.
1336:: 871–877.
1234:light curve
1206:V518 Persei
1192:Microquasar
1180:8,200 ± 300
995:144,000,000
808:SXT system.
716:(see Notes)
679:518,600,000
540:transcluded
494:metallicity
362:white dwarf
358:proton mass
218:roughly by
140:, with the
41:white dwarf
4965:Categories
4892:Q0906+6930
4882:Hercules A
4812:Cygnus X-1
4781:White hole
4756:Quasi-star
4709:Preon star
4704:Quark star
4689:Big Bounce
4549:Black star
4507:Derivation
4355:Ergosphere
4311:Properties
4292:Quasi-star
4282:Quark star
4193:Radio-Loud
4081:Primordial
4071:Kugelblitz
3944:Astropulse
3859:QCD matter
3839:Radio star
3810:Quark-nova
3761:Quark star
3710:Rp-process
3641:Properties
3278:1704.01335
3160:1708.04050
3109:1912.08338
3044:1911.11989
2960:1810.01892
2882:0.2 s
2846:1806.02165
2496:1801.05642
2463:2023-03-30
2415:2002.00956
2356:2001.01761
2323:2019-11-05
2266:1806.02751
2187:2101.02212
2096:2024-01-05
1749:2024-01-04
1724:2024-01-04
1677:2207.05124
1670:(2): L17.
1535:1711.00314
1528:(2): L25.
1427:1712.03240
1420:(2): L23.
1313:References
1302:Quark star
1236:modelling.
1093:Cygnus X-3
978:'s remnant
958:Companion
782:4U 1543-47
699:NGC 3201-1
578:Companion
532:See also:
470:quark star
462:black hole
393:degenerate
154:, and the
115:Lev Landau
87:Data from
45:black hole
4917:AT2018hyz
4564:Gravastar
4554:Dark star
4387:Microlens
4260:Hypernova
4255:Micronova
4250:Supernova
4204:Formation
3894:Satellite
3868:Discovery
3790:Hypernova
3773:Supernova
3715:Starquake
3305:118894005
3246:119185839
3219:1208.5455
3077:208310287
2927:115604949
2814:119395985
2742:1309.3652
2663:0810.0237
2453:Space.com
2383:210023687
2349:(1): L3.
2299:207815062
2154:0004-637X
2064:0036-8075
2011:1365-2966
1992:1406.0723
1957:119474341
1846:0925-4560
1789:1476-4687
1704:2041-8205
1562:119359694
1395:119085893
1184:O(f)N6.5V
865:<5,500
486:mass loss
397:Fermi gas
252:ρ
187:λ
127:rest mass
123:fermionic
25:TOV limit
4940:Category
4827:A0620-00
4786:Wormhole
4684:Big Bang
4584:Fuzzball
4467:ER = EPR
4333:Theorems
4131:Electron
4126:Extremal
4056:Rotating
3967:Category
3795:Kilonova
3622:Be/X-ray
3554:Magnetar
3478:17785067
3366:20981239
3358:16709745
3187:54028568
3069:31776491
2993:52918329
2985:30283106
2635:16991861
2582:15529877
2523:35600251
2291:31672898
2072:16410486
1891:55932331
1805:21724781
1797:29769668
1500:29449468
1454:53379493
1251:See also
1067:2.0–70.0
1040:3.0–30.0
1025:NGC 4993
1008:data of
976:GW170817
949:Distance
943:☉
886:GX 339-4
873:RossiXTE
731:☉
724:NGC 3201
569:Distance
563:☉
514:detected
389:neutrons
303:, where
163:pressure
100:☉
89:GW170817
82:☉
75:☉
68:☉
57:☉
4950:Commons
4912:P172+18
4867:TON 618
4805:Notable
4657:Related
4643:Quasars
4638:Nearest
4598:Analogs
4528:Hayward
4496:Metrics
4141:Stellar
4066:Virtual
4061:Charged
4030:Outline
3977:Commons
3739:Related
3690:Optical
3648:Blitzar
3627:Spin-up
3458:Bibcode
3425:8393701
3403:Bibcode
3338:Bibcode
3320:Science
3283:Bibcode
3224:Bibcode
3165:Bibcode
3114:Bibcode
3049:Bibcode
2965:Bibcode
2907:Bibcode
2851:Bibcode
2794:Bibcode
2747:Bibcode
2688:5526948
2668:Bibcode
2615:Bibcode
2560:Bibcode
2501:Bibcode
2420:Bibcode
2361:Bibcode
2318:RankRed
2271:Bibcode
2253:Science
2192:Bibcode
2134:Bibcode
2044:Bibcode
2026:Science
1871:Bibcode
1682:Bibcode
1633:Bibcode
1591:Bibcode
1540:Bibcode
1480:Bibcode
1472:Science
1432:Bibcode
1375:Bibcode
1338:Bibcode
1162:LS 5039
1152:LS 5039
1148:LS_2883
1131:1.0–4.0
1098:2.0–5.0
1075:Be star
802:A2 (V)?
775:system.
488:during
300:
284:
109:History
4887:3C 273
4877:NeVe 1
4857:OJ 287
4579:Q star
4445:Issues
4178:Blazar
4168:Quasar
3675:Glitch
3590:Binary
3538:Pulsar
3476:
3423:
3364:
3356:
3303:
3244:
3185:
3102:: L5.
3075:
3067:
3030:Nature
2991:
2983:
2947:Nature
2925:
2871:τ
2812:
2686:
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2580:
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2070:
2062:
2009:
1955:
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1803:
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1787:
1769:Nature
1744:Forbes
1702:
1560:
1498:
1452:
1393:
1035:SS 433
970:Refs.
967:Notes
901:26,000
759:K0-5 V
713:15,600
646:10,000
590:Refs.
587:Notes
431:baryon
273:where
147:, the
4620:Lists
4121:Micro
4091:Rogue
4039:Types
3927:Other
3875:LGM-1
3526:Types
3474:S2CID
3448:arXiv
3421:S2CID
3393:arXiv
3362:S2CID
3328:arXiv
3301:S2CID
3273:arXiv
3242:S2CID
3214:arXiv
3183:S2CID
3155:arXiv
3104:arXiv
3073:S2CID
3039:arXiv
2989:S2CID
2955:arXiv
2923:S2CID
2841:arXiv
2810:S2CID
2784:arXiv
2737:arXiv
2684:S2CID
2658:arXiv
2631:S2CID
2605:arXiv
2578:S2CID
2550:arXiv
2519:S2CID
2491:arXiv
2410:arXiv
2379:S2CID
2351:arXiv
2295:S2CID
2261:arXiv
2182:arXiv
2124:arXiv
2034:arXiv
1987:arXiv
1953:S2CID
1935:arXiv
1933:: 3.
1906:arXiv
1887:S2CID
1801:S2CID
1672:arXiv
1558:S2CID
1530:arXiv
1450:S2CID
1422:arXiv
1391:S2CID
1365:arXiv
1308:Notes
1228:M4.5V
1224:8,500
1217:−1.87
1215:+0.95
1135:7,000
1107:WN4-6
1018:Virgo
1012:from
988:−0.01
986:+0.04
960:class
932:Name
756:8,500
614:K0III
611:1,500
580:class
552:Name
542:from
395:cold
4589:Geon
4513:Kerr
4114:Size
3610:List
3354:PMID
3065:PMID
2981:PMID
2878:3.01
2287:PMID
2150:ISSN
2068:PMID
2060:ISSN
2007:ISSN
1842:ISSN
1793:PMID
1785:ISSN
1700:ISSN
1496:PMID
1212:3.97
1173:−1.0
1171:+1.3
1139:B0Ve
1062:LB-1
1048:A7Ib
1016:and
1014:LIGO
983:2.74
935:Mass
868:F6IV
860:0.07
856:5.31
836:QPOs
821:≥5.1
792:−2.3
790:+2.5
773:LMXB
752:≥4.9
708:0.41
704:4.36
672:−0.1
670:+0.3
639:−0.7
637:+2.8
606:0.06
602:3.04
555:Mass
512:has
510:LIGO
447:for
421:0.17
417:2.35
379:and
39:for
29:mass
23:(or
19:The
4183:OVV
4173:LQG
3466:doi
3444:599
3411:doi
3389:364
3346:doi
3324:312
3291:doi
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3232:doi
3210:429
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3122:doi
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3057:doi
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2859:doi
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2802:doi
2780:457
2755:doi
2733:437
2712:Pdf
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2568:doi
2546:331
2509:doi
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2200:doi
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2142:doi
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1997:doi
1983:442
1945:doi
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1832:doi
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1690:doi
1668:934
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1526:852
1488:doi
1476:359
1440:doi
1418:859
1383:doi
1361:470
1334:305
1240:SXT
1168:3.7
1023:In
1000:N/A
906:N/A
896:3.6
892:5.9
828:K4V
787:5.0
684:N/A
667:3.4
634:3.3
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