1415:
various parts of the toe. Even in the
Dipneusta the fin is of the same construction as in the fishes; it was afterwards gradually evolved into the five-toed form, which we first encounter in the Amphibia. The reduction of the number of toes to six, and then to five, probably took place in the second half of the Devonian period - at the latest, in the subsequent Carboniferous period - in those Dipneusta which we regard as the ancestors of the Amphibia. The fact that the toes number five is of great importance, because they have clearly been transmitted from the Amphibia to all the higher Vertebrates. Man entirely resembles his amphibian ancestors in this respect, and indeed in the whole structure of the bony skeleton of his five-toed extremities. A careful comparison of the skeleton of the frog with our own is enough to show this. There is absolutely no reason why there should be five toes in the fore and hind feet in the lowest Amphibia, the reptiles, and the higher Vertebrates, unless we ascribe it to inheritance from a common stem-form. Heredity alone can explain it. It is true that we find less than five toes in many of the Amphibia and of the higher Vertebrates. But in all these cases we can prove that some of the toes atrophied, and were in time lost altogether.
242:
888:
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250:
787:
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597:, trigger toe, and claw toe. Hammer toe can be described as an abnormal contraction or “buckling” of a toe. This is done by a partial or complete dislocation of one of the joints, which form the toes. Since the toes are deformed further, these may press against a shoe and cause pain. Deformities of the foot can also be caused by
1414:
The thorough investigations of
Gegenbaur have shown that the fish's fins are many-toed feet. The various cartilaginous or bony radii that are found in large numbers in each fin correspond to the fingers of toes of the higher Vertebrates. The several joints of each fin-radius correspond to the
635:
Right-sided duplication of the right little toe in an 8.5 months old male, with two toes (fifth and sixth) apparently forming joints with the fifth metatarsal bone, which is mildly broadened distally. The duplicated toes have almost normal growth. The fifth toe has mild
668:/multiple digit amputations, i.e. such as a metacarpal hand reconstruction, is to have a combined second and third toe transplantation. Third and fourth toe transplantation to the hand in replacing lost fingers is also a viable option.
1211:
Cheng, Ming-Huei; Wei, Fu-Chan; Santamaria, Eric; Cheng, Shao-Lung; Lin, Chih-Hung; Chen, Samuel H. T. (1998). "Single versus Double
Arterial Anastomoses in Combined Second- and Third-Toe Transplantation".
519:. Such deviations may affect comfort and fit for various shoe types. Research conducted for the U.S. Army indicated that larger feet may still have smaller arches, toe length, and toe-breadth.
289:). For a minority of people, the little toe also is missing a middle bone. The hallux only contains two phalanx bones, the proximal and distal. The joints between each phalanx are the
564:
commonly results in pain and numbness between the third and fourth toes of the sufferer, due to it affecting the nerve between the third and fourth metatarsal bones.
916:
While the thumb is often mentioned as one of the signature characteristics in humans, this manual digit remains partially primitive and is actually present in all
515:. Forefoot shape, including toe shape, exhibits significant variation among people; these differences can be measured and have been statistically correlated with
1055:
Hawes, MR; Sovak, D; Miyashita, M; Kang, SJ; Yoshihuku, Y; Tanaka, S (Jan 1994). "Ethnic differences in forefoot shape and the determination of shoe comfort".
144:
1089:
Freedman, A., Huntington, E.C., Davis, G.C., Magee, R.B., Milstead, V.M. and
Kirkpatrick, C.M.. 1946. Foot Dimensions of Soldiers (Third Partial Report),
527:
The human foot consists of multiple bones and soft tissues which support the weight of the upright human. Specifically, the toes assist the human while
1491:
416:
contribute to fine motor control of the foot. The connective tendons between the minor toes account for the inability to actuate individual toes.
120:
1176:
Wei, Fu-Chan; Colony, Lee H.; Chen, Hung-Chi; Chuang, Chwei-Chin; Noordhoff, Samuel M. (1989). "Combined Second and Third Toe
Transfer".
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352:
344:
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468:, the hallux is usually longer than the second toe, but in some individuals, it may not be the longest toe. There is an
1400:
1477:
1015:
Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell; illustrations by
Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005).
370:
on their top and bottom also help to abduct and adduct the toes. The hallux and little toe have unique muscles:
1429:"The Great Divides: Ardipithecus ramidus Reveals the Postcrania of Our Last Common Ancestors with African Apes"
290:
558:
Long-term use of improperly sized shoes can cause misalignment of toes, as well as other orthopedic problems.
445:
supplies sensation to the top of the toes, except between the hallux and second toe, which is supplied by the
375:
367:
366:
muscles. These attach to the sides of the bones, making it impossible to move individual toes independently.
139:
53:
Toes on the human left foot. The innermost toe (left in image), which is normally called the big toe, is the
495:
characteristically have a short hallux which appears to turn inward, or medially, in relation to the foot.
1346:
Triepel, H. (1908). Memorial on the anatomical nomenclature of the anatomical society. In A. Rose (Ed.),
1348:
Medical Greek. Collection of papers on medical onomatology and a grammatical guide to learn modern Greek
298:
442:
426:
363:
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1334:
503:
Humans usually have five toes on each foot. When more than five toes are present, this is known as
398:
394:
103:
1427:
Lovejoy, C. Owen; Suwa, Gen; Simpson, Scott W.; Matternes, Jay H.; White, Tim D. (October 2009).
359:
316:
the first toe, also known as the hallux ("big toe", "great toe", "thumb toe"), the innermost toe;
1374:
Die anatomischen Namen. Ihre
Ableitung und Aussprache. Mit einem Anhang: Biographische Notizen.
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presents with the more common trait: a longer hallux. People with the rare genetic disease
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22:
1428:
1155:
461:, which supplies sensation to the little toe and half of the sensation of the fourth toe.
8:
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feet, the hallux is opposed or directed backwards and allows for grasping and perching.
1500:
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the fifth toe, ("baby toe", "little toe", "pinky toe", "small toe"), the outermost toe.
358:
With the exception of the hallux, toe movement is generally governed by action of the
1934:
1448:
1396:
1331:
Onomatologia
Anatomica. Geschichte und Kritik der anatomischen Sprache der Gegenwart.
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457:, which supplies sensation to the great toe and inner three-and-a-half toes, and the
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There are normally five toes present on each human foot. Each toe consists of three
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between the foot and big toe, and may be painful. Similar deformity involving the
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The little toe has a separate set of control muscles and tendon attachments, the
201:, and other animals that walk on the soles of their feet, are described as being
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108:
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1395:. Library of Alexandria. Vol. 1. Library of Alexandria (published 1923).
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1939:
1929:
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1832:
1822:
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Wien: Wilhelm Braumüller. K.K. Hof- und
Universitätsbuchhändler. p. 248–249.
864:
1444:
1361:
A Latin dictionary founded on
Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary.
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347:(movement toward the sole or the back of the foot, resp.) via muscular
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The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Vol. 72-B, No. 2. March, 1990.
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301:. Each toe is surrounded by skin, and present on all five toes is a
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Sensation to the skin of the toes is provided by five nerves. The
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A favourable option for the reconstruction of missing adjacent
653:
613:
588:
551:. A sprain or strain where the toe joins to the foot is called
386:
348:
184:
571:, and its proximal phalanx joint is the most common locus for
1882:
1862:
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1792:
1782:
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1019:. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. p. 557.
853:
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293:. The proximal phalanx bone of each toe articulates with the
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A common problem involving the big toe is the formation of
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449:, and the outer surface of the fifth toe, supplied by the
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1350:(pp. 176–93). New York: Peri Hellados publication office.
1044:
Toes – relative lengths of first and second - 189200
768:
730:
453:. Sensation to the bottom of the toes is supplied by the
188:
21:
This article is about the body part. For other uses, see
1303:
616:. These are structural deformities of the bones and the
425:
The toes receive blood from the digital branches of the
1210:
724:
531:, providing balance, weight-bearing, and thrust during
48:
759:), perhaps originally meaning 'fingers' as well (many
763:
use one word to mean both 'fingers' and 'toes', e.g.
717:
1175:
1106:Janey Hughes, Peter Clark, & Leslie Klenerman.
1376:(Dritte Auflage). Wiesbaden: Verlag J.F. Bergmann.
1353:
1257:"Basic Principles on Toe-to-Hand Transplantation"
1921:
389:. Additional flexion control is provided by the
747:(perhaps originally a plural), Old High German
191:that walk on their toes are described as being
1485:
1150:American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons.
830:, are used to refer to the big toe. The form
567:The big toe is also the most common locus of
319:the second toe, ("index toe", "pointer toe");
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32:"Baby toe" redirects here. For plant, see
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325:the fourth toe, ("fore toe", "ring toe");
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609:and pain, especially when shoe-wearing.
538:
248:
240:
224:
1385:
1255:Lutz, Barbara S.; Wei, Fu-Chan (2002).
1254:
75:are the ones in green, blue and orange)
1922:
1387:Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich Philipp August
1108:The Importance of the Toes in Walking.
656:) one or more extra toes are present.
374:The hallux is primarily flexed by the
1473:
846:of the aforementioned forms. Compare
493:fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
281:, with the exception of the big toe (
1359:Lewis, C.T. & Short, C. (1879).
1214:Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery
659:
640:, and the sixth toe has substantial
269:) on the second toe, for her wedding
1091:Armored Medical Research Laboratory
1040:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
13:
1178:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
716:, and derives from Proto-Germanic
14:
1951:
1226:10.1097/00006534-199812000-00021
1190:10.1097/00006534-198984040-00016
897:, an extinct digitigrade mammal.
882:
842:) currently in use is however a
605:. Deformities may predispose to
593:Deformities of the foot include
547:of the toe is commonly called a
543:A sprain or strain to the small
1420:
1379:
1296:
1248:
1220:(7): 2408–12, discussion 2413.
924:digital feature is the hallux.
436:
420:
355:surfaces of the phalanx bones.
351:that attach to the toes on the
213:animals are those that walk on
1204:
1169:
1143:
1122:
1048:
1033:
852:, the equivalent term for the
412:digiti minimi. Numerous other
322:the third toe, ("middle toe");
253:A woman's toes decorated with
1:
1304:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
995:
507:. Other variants may include
483:" or "Greek foot") while the
479:causes a longer second toe ("
376:flexor hallucis longus muscle
859:
731:
725:
712:
710:). This is a contraction of
706:
700:
683:
676:
578:
498:
279:proximal, middle, and distal
220:
7:
1017:Gray's anatomy for students
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652:(which can also affect the
522:
472:trait in humans, where the
427:plantar metatarsal arteries
217:at the tips of their toes.
55:
10:
1956:
931:
767:), and thus from PIE root
671:
582:
382:of the lower leg, via the
343:Toe movement is generally
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31:
20:
1843:
1763:
1754:
1659:
1631:
1521:
1507:
1069:10.1080/00140139408963637
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443:superficial fibular nerve
429:and drain blood into the
364:extensor digitorum brevis
299:metatarsophalangeal joint
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41:
1363:Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1337:at Biodiversity Library.
399:adductor hallucis muscle
395:abductor hallucis muscle
393:. It is extended by the
368:Muscles between the toes
297:bone of the foot at the
1445:10.1126/science.1175833
770:
761:Indo-European languages
749:
737:
719:
360:flexor digitorum brevis
71:Bones of the foot (the
1501:Human regional anatomy
934:anatomical terminology
920:. In humans, the most
898:
871:five-toed schema from
838:
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796:
791:
790:The big toe of a human
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743:
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545:interphalangeal joints
391:flexor hallucis brevis
384:flexor hallucis longus
378:, located in the deep
291:interphalangeal joints
286:
270:
246:
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152:Anatomical terminology
890:
789:
723:(cognates: Old Norse
681:
634:
539:Clinical significance
459:lateral plantar nerve
353:anterior and superior
345:flexion and extension
252:
244:
228:
27:Toes (disambiguation)
1392:The Evolution of Man
1372:Triepel, H. (1910).
1264:Gung Medical Journal
867:traces the standard
794:In classical Latin,
599:rheumatoid arthritis
455:medial plantar nerve
23:Toe (disambiguation)
774:— 'to show'.
339:Foot § Muscles
308:The toes are, from
229:Bones of the right
1329:Hyrtl, J. (1880).
1130:"Morton's Neuroma"
1116:2008-12-17 at the
932:This article uses
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447:deep fibular nerve
431:dorsal venous arch
271:
247:
239:
1917:
1916:
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1026:978-0-8089-2306-0
660:In reconstruction
642:valgus angulation
603:diabetes mellitus
310:medial to lateral
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562:Morton's neuroma
261:, and wearing a
187:species such as
158:edit on Wikidata
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1404:
1402:9781465548931
1398:
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1349:
1343:
1336:
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1322:
1320:
1318:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1285:on 2014-01-04
1281:
1277:
1273:
1270:(9): 568–76.
1269:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1184:(4): 651–61.
1183:
1179:
1172:
1158:on 2011-12-08
1157:
1153:
1146:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1115:
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1109:
1103:
1096:
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1074:
1070:
1066:
1063:(1): 187–96.
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883:Other animals
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623:
619:
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570:
569:ingrown nails
565:
563:
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452:
448:
444:
434:
433:of the foot.
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296:
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288:
284:
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276:
275:phalanx bones
268:
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206:
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74:
68:
63:
58:
57:
50:
45:
40:
35:
28:
24:
16:
1892:
1641:Adam's apple
1436:
1432:
1422:
1413:
1406:. Retrieved
1391:
1381:
1373:
1368:
1360:
1355:
1347:
1342:
1330:
1298:
1287:. Retrieved
1280:the original
1267:
1263:
1250:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1160:. Retrieved
1156:the original
1145:
1133:. Retrieved
1124:
1107:
1102:
1085:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1035:
1016:
975:Toe cleavage
970:Runner's toe
951:Morton's toe
915:
911:heterodactyl
900:
892:
863:
848:
793:
764:
695:
689:
663:
647:
611:
592:
566:
560:
557:
548:
542:
526:
502:
481:Morton's toe
463:
440:
437:Nerve supply
424:
421:Blood supply
414:foot muscles
357:
342:
307:
272:
262:
208:
202:
192:
168:
167:
121:A01.1.00.046
97:digiti pedis
96:
54:
15:
1097:, Kentucky.
990:Webbed toes
961:Polydactyly
907:anisodactyl
879:ancestors.
836:(genitive,
692:Old English
650:polydactyly
549:stubbed toe
505:polydactyly
451:sural nerve
255:nail polish
210:unguligrade
204:plantigrade
194:digitigrade
86:Identifiers
34:Fenestraria
1924:Categories
1808:Fingernail
1289:2014-01-04
1162:2008-03-05
1135:August 21,
1057:Ergonomics
996:References
965:syndactyly
869:vertebrate
844:blend word
821:(h)allicis
595:hammer toe
585:Hammer toe
509:syndactyly
487:recessive
485:homozygous
337:See also:
295:metatarsal
245:Human toes
1724:Genitalia
1408:31 August
1152:"Bunions"
1095:Fort Knox
894:Pakicetus
877:amphibian
873:fish fins
860:Evolution
753:, German
694:term for
677:Etymology
622:fifth toe
579:Deformity
575:attacks.
517:ethnicity
499:Variation
470:inherited
380:posterior
221:Structure
73:toe bones
1935:Podiatry
1853:Buttocks
1773:Shoulder
1608:Mandible
1541:Forehead
1461:19629241
1453:19810199
1389:(1874).
1276:12479617
1242:12036342
1114:Archived
1042:(OMIM):
985:Toecuffs
928:See also
918:primates
839:hallucis
741:, Dutch
704:(plural
553:turf toe
523:Function
489:genotype
474:dominant
410:abductor
397:and the
267:toe ring
237:surface.
181:tetrapod
171:are the
1898:Toenail
1788:Forearm
1734:Scrotum
1680:Midriff
1670:Abdomen
1663:(Trunk)
1613:Occiput
1556:Eyebrow
1433:Science
1234:9858177
1198:2780906
1077:8112275
980:Toe tag
922:derived
865:Haeckel
827:(h)alli
672:History
666:fingers
654:fingers
614:bunions
529:walking
349:tendons
333:Muscles
303:toenail
235:Plantar
175:of the
109:D014034
81:Details
1833:Little
1823:Middle
1803:Finger
1778:Axilla
1719:Pelvis
1712:Nipple
1707:Breast
1702:Thorax
1646:Throat
1623:Temple
1586:Tongue
1566:Eyelid
1459:
1451:
1399:
1335:online
1274:
1240:
1232:
1196:
1075:
1023:
946:Finger
941:Ainhum
849:pollex
833:hallux
809:hallus
797:hallex
780:Hallux
720:taihwǭ
607:ulcers
589:Bunion
466:humans
406:flexor
387:tendon
287:hallux
277:, the
215:hooves
199:Humans
185:Animal
173:digits
56:hallux
1883:Ankle
1863:Thigh
1818:Index
1813:Thumb
1793:Wrist
1783:Elbow
1756:Limbs
1739:Vulva
1729:Penis
1685:Navel
1675:Waist
1661:Torso
1618:Scalp
1591:Tooth
1576:Mouth
1546:Cheek
1457:S2CID
1283:(PDF)
1260:(PDF)
1238:S2CID
905:with
903:birds
854:thumb
815:allus
803:allex
771:deyḱ-
769:*
765:digit
718:*
618:joint
283:Latin
263:metti
259:henna
179:of a
156:[
145:25046
92:Latin
1940:Toes
1930:Foot
1903:Sole
1888:Heel
1878:Foot
1873:Calf
1868:Knee
1828:Ring
1798:Hand
1746:Anus
1697:Back
1651:Nape
1633:Neck
1571:Nose
1551:Chin
1536:Face
1531:Hair
1523:Head
1515:Skin
1509:Body
1449:PMID
1410:2019
1397:ISBN
1272:PMID
1230:PMID
1194:PMID
1137:2012
1073:PMID
1021:ISBN
963:and
875:via
824:and
812:and
756:Zehe
750:zēha
744:teen
732:tāne
713:tāhe
690:The
601:and
587:and
573:gout
533:gait
477:gene
408:and
362:and
257:and
231:foot
189:cats
177:foot
169:Toes
116:TA98
104:MeSH
42:Toes
25:and
1893:Toe
1858:Hip
1845:Leg
1765:Arm
1603:Jaw
1598:Ear
1581:Lip
1561:Eye
1441:doi
1437:326
1308:Toe
1222:doi
1218:102
1186:doi
1065:doi
909:or
901:In
738:tee
707:tān
698:is
696:toe
648:In
511:or
464:In
312::
140:FMA
133:170
128:TA2
1926::
1455:.
1447:.
1435:.
1431:.
1412:.
1316:^
1306:.
1268:25
1266:.
1262:.
1236:.
1228:.
1216:.
1192:.
1182:84
1180:.
1093:,
1071:.
1061:37
1059:.
1003:^
856:.
806:,
800:,
726:tá
701:tā
684:Tā
555:.
535:.
305:.
285::
233:.
207:;
197:.
183:.
1493:e
1486:t
1479:v
1463:.
1443::
1310:.
1292:.
1244:.
1224::
1200:.
1188::
1165:.
1139:.
1079:.
1067::
1029:.
936:.
644:.
401:.
265:(
160:]
59:.
36:.
29:.
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