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Toe

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various parts of the toe. Even in the Dipneusta the fin is of the same construction as in the fishes; it was afterwards gradually evolved into the five-toed form, which we first encounter in the Amphibia. The reduction of the number of toes to six, and then to five, probably took place in the second half of the Devonian period - at the latest, in the subsequent Carboniferous period - in those Dipneusta which we regard as the ancestors of the Amphibia. The fact that the toes number five is of great importance, because they have clearly been transmitted from the Amphibia to all the higher Vertebrates. Man entirely resembles his amphibian ancestors in this respect, and indeed in the whole structure of the bony skeleton of his five-toed extremities. A careful comparison of the skeleton of the frog with our own is enough to show this. There is absolutely no reason why there should be five toes in the fore and hind feet in the lowest Amphibia, the reptiles, and the higher Vertebrates, unless we ascribe it to inheritance from a common stem-form. Heredity alone can explain it. It is true that we find less than five toes in many of the Amphibia and of the higher Vertebrates. But in all these cases we can prove that some of the toes atrophied, and were in time lost altogether.
242: 888: 632: 250: 787: 67: 226: 49: 597:, trigger toe, and claw toe. Hammer toe can be described as an abnormal contraction or “buckling” of a toe. This is done by a partial or complete dislocation of one of the joints, which form the toes. Since the toes are deformed further, these may press against a shoe and cause pain. Deformities of the foot can also be caused by 1414:
The thorough investigations of Gegenbaur have shown that the fish's fins are many-toed feet. The various cartilaginous or bony radii that are found in large numbers in each fin correspond to the fingers of toes of the higher Vertebrates. The several joints of each fin-radius correspond to the
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Right-sided duplication of the right little toe in an 8.5 months old male, with two toes (fifth and sixth) apparently forming joints with the fifth metatarsal bone, which is mildly broadened distally. The duplicated toes have almost normal growth. The fifth toe has mild
668:/multiple digit amputations, i.e. such as a metacarpal hand reconstruction, is to have a combined second and third toe transplantation. Third and fourth toe transplantation to the hand in replacing lost fingers is also a viable option. 1211:
Cheng, Ming-Huei; Wei, Fu-Chan; Santamaria, Eric; Cheng, Shao-Lung; Lin, Chih-Hung; Chen, Samuel H. T. (1998). "Single versus Double Arterial Anastomoses in Combined Second- and Third-Toe Transplantation".
519:. Such deviations may affect comfort and fit for various shoe types. Research conducted for the U.S. Army indicated that larger feet may still have smaller arches, toe length, and toe-breadth. 289:). For a minority of people, the little toe also is missing a middle bone. The hallux only contains two phalanx bones, the proximal and distal. The joints between each phalanx are the 564:
commonly results in pain and numbness between the third and fourth toes of the sufferer, due to it affecting the nerve between the third and fourth metatarsal bones.
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While the thumb is often mentioned as one of the signature characteristics in humans, this manual digit remains partially primitive and is actually present in all
515:. Forefoot shape, including toe shape, exhibits significant variation among people; these differences can be measured and have been statistically correlated with 1055:
Hawes, MR; Sovak, D; Miyashita, M; Kang, SJ; Yoshihuku, Y; Tanaka, S (Jan 1994). "Ethnic differences in forefoot shape and the determination of shoe comfort".
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Freedman, A., Huntington, E.C., Davis, G.C., Magee, R.B., Milstead, V.M. and Kirkpatrick, C.M.. 1946. Foot Dimensions of Soldiers (Third Partial Report),
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The human foot consists of multiple bones and soft tissues which support the weight of the upright human. Specifically, the toes assist the human while
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contribute to fine motor control of the foot. The connective tendons between the minor toes account for the inability to actuate individual toes.
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Wei, Fu-Chan; Colony, Lee H.; Chen, Hung-Chi; Chuang, Chwei-Chin; Noordhoff, Samuel M. (1989). "Combined Second and Third Toe Transfer".
1151: 405: 352: 344: 1113: 278: 1024: 544: 492: 1484: 409: 1256: 1090: 1039: 1307: 468:, the hallux is usually longer than the second toe, but in some individuals, it may not be the longest toe. There is an 1400: 1477: 1015:
Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell; illustrations by Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005).
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on their top and bottom also help to abduct and adduct the toes. The hallux and little toe have unique muscles:
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Long-term use of improperly sized shoes can cause misalignment of toes, as well as other orthopedic problems.
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supplies sensation to the top of the toes, except between the hallux and second toe, which is supplied by the
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muscles. These attach to the sides of the bones, making it impossible to move individual toes independently.
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Toes on the human left foot. The innermost toe (left in image), which is normally called the big toe, is the
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characteristically have a short hallux which appears to turn inward, or medially, in relation to the foot.
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Triepel, H. (1908). Memorial on the anatomical nomenclature of the anatomical society. In A. Rose (Ed.),
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Medical Greek. Collection of papers on medical onomatology and a grammatical guide to learn modern Greek
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Humans usually have five toes on each foot. When more than five toes are present, this is known as
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Lovejoy, C. Owen; Suwa, Gen; Simpson, Scott W.; Matternes, Jay H.; White, Tim D. (October 2009).
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the first toe, also known as the hallux ("big toe", "great toe", "thumb toe"), the innermost toe;
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Die anatomischen Namen. Ihre Ableitung und Aussprache. Mit einem Anhang: Biographische Notizen.
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presents with the more common trait: a longer hallux. People with the rare genetic disease
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feet, the hallux is opposed or directed backwards and allows for grasping and perching.
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the fifth toe, ("baby toe", "little toe", "pinky toe", "small toe"), the outermost toe.
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With the exception of the hallux, toe movement is generally governed by action of the
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Onomatologia Anatomica. Geschichte und Kritik der anatomischen Sprache der Gegenwart.
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There are normally five toes present on each human foot. Each toe consists of three
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between the foot and big toe, and may be painful. Similar deformity involving the
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The little toe has a separate set of control muscles and tendon attachments, the
201:, and other animals that walk on the soles of their feet, are described as being 172: 108: 1897: 1807: 1755: 1612: 955: 631: 512: 282: 1395:. Library of Alexandria. Vol. 1. Library of Alexandria (published 1923). 1279: 1068: 1939: 1929: 1923: 1832: 1822: 1386: 1333:
Wien: Wilhelm Braumüller. K.K. Hof- und Universitätsbuchhändler. p. 248–249.
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A Latin dictionary founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary.
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The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Vol. 72-B, No. 2. March, 1990.
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Sensation to the skin of the toes is provided by five nerves. The
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A favourable option for the reconstruction of missing adjacent
653: 613: 588: 551:. A sprain or strain where the toe joins to the foot is called 386: 348: 184: 571:, and its proximal phalanx joint is the most common locus for 1882: 1862: 1812: 1792: 1782: 1738: 1684: 1674: 1660: 1617: 1545: 1019:. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. p. 557. 853: 617: 606: 465: 293:. The proximal phalanx bone of each toe articulates with the 258: 198: 91: 66: 1887: 1877: 1867: 1797: 1650: 1632: 1550: 1535: 1530: 1426: 902: 612:
A common problem involving the big toe is the formation of
572: 532: 476: 230: 214: 176: 449:, and the outer surface of the fifth toe, supplied by the 225: 1857: 1764: 1602: 1597: 1580: 1350:(pp. 176–93). New York: Peri Hellados publication office. 1044:
Toes – relative lengths of first and second - 189200
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This article is about the body part. For other uses, see
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The toes receive blood from the digital branches of the
1210: 724: 531:, providing balance, weight-bearing, and thrust during 48: 759:), perhaps originally meaning 'fingers' as well (many 763:
use one word to mean both 'fingers' and 'toes', e.g.
717: 1175: 1106:Janey Hughes, Peter Clark, & Leslie Klenerman. 1376:(Dritte Auflage). Wiesbaden: Verlag J.F. Bergmann. 1353: 1257:"Basic Principles on Toe-to-Hand Transplantation" 1921: 389:. Additional flexion control is provided by the 747:(perhaps originally a plural), Old High German 191:that walk on their toes are described as being 1485: 1150:American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. 830:, are used to refer to the big toe. The form 567:The big toe is also the most common locus of 319:the second toe, ("index toe", "pointer toe"); 1366: 1325: 1323: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1083: 754: 1340: 1010: 1008: 1006: 1004: 837: 831: 825: 819: 813: 807: 801: 795: 778: 742: 1499: 1492: 1478: 1100: 65: 47: 32:"Baby toe" redirects here. For plant, see 1314: 325:the fourth toe, ("fore toe", "ring toe"); 1001: 886: 785: 630: 609:and pain, especially when shoe-wearing. 538: 248: 240: 224: 1385: 1255:Lutz, Barbara S.; Wei, Fu-Chan (2002). 1254: 75:are the ones in green, blue and orange) 1922: 1387:Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich Philipp August 1108:The Importance of the Toes in Walking. 656:) one or more extra toes are present. 374:The hallux is primarily flexed by the 1473: 846:of the aforementioned forms. Compare 493:fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva 281:, with the exception of the big toe ( 1359:Lewis, C.T. & Short, C. (1879). 1214:Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 659: 640:, and the sixth toe has substantial 269:) on the second toe, for her wedding 1091:Armored Medical Research Laboratory 1040:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man 13: 1178:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 716:, and derives from Proto-Germanic 14: 1951: 1226:10.1097/00006534-199812000-00021 1190:10.1097/00006534-198984040-00016 897:, an extinct digitigrade mammal. 882: 842:) currently in use is however a 605:. Deformities may predispose to 593:Deformities of the foot include 547:of the toe is commonly called a 543:A sprain or strain to the small 1420: 1379: 1296: 1248: 1220:(7): 2408–12, discussion 2413. 924:digital feature is the hallux. 436: 420: 355:surfaces of the phalanx bones. 351:that attach to the toes on the 213:animals are those that walk on 1204: 1169: 1143: 1122: 1048: 1033: 852:, the equivalent term for the 412:digiti minimi. Numerous other 322:the third toe, ("middle toe"); 253:A woman's toes decorated with 1: 1304:"Online Etymology Dictionary" 995: 507:. Other variants may include 483:" or "Greek foot") while the 479:causes a longer second toe (" 376:flexor hallucis longus muscle 859: 731: 725: 712: 710:). This is a contraction of 706: 700: 683: 676: 578: 498: 279:proximal, middle, and distal 220: 7: 1017:Gray's anatomy for students 927: 652:(which can also affect the 522: 472:trait in humans, where the 427:plantar metatarsal arteries 217:at the tips of their toes. 55: 10: 1956: 931: 767:), and thus from PIE root 671: 582: 382:of the lower leg, via the 343:Toe movement is generally 336: 332: 31: 20: 1843: 1763: 1754: 1659: 1631: 1521: 1507: 1069:10.1080/00140139408963637 777: 443:superficial fibular nerve 429:and drain blood into the 364:extensor digitorum brevis 299:metatarsophalangeal joint 150: 138: 126: 114: 102: 90: 85: 80: 64: 46: 41: 1363:Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1337:at Biodiversity Library. 399:adductor hallucis muscle 395:abductor hallucis muscle 393:. It is extended by the 368:Muscles between the toes 297:bone of the foot at the 1445:10.1126/science.1175833 770: 761:Indo-European languages 749: 737: 719: 360:flexor digitorum brevis 71:Bones of the foot (the 1501:Human regional anatomy 934:anatomical terminology 920:. In humans, the most 898: 871:five-toed schema from 838: 832: 826: 820: 814: 808: 802: 796: 791: 790:The big toe of a human 779: 755: 743: 645: 545:interphalangeal joints 391:flexor hallucis brevis 384:flexor hallucis longus 378:, located in the deep 291:interphalangeal joints 286: 270: 246: 238: 152:Anatomical terminology 890: 789: 723:(cognates: Old Norse 681: 634: 539:Clinical significance 459:lateral plantar nerve 353:anterior and superior 345:flexion and extension 252: 244: 228: 27:Toes (disambiguation) 1392:The Evolution of Man 1372:Triepel, H. (1910). 1264:Gung Medical Journal 867:traces the standard 794:In classical Latin, 599:rheumatoid arthritis 455:medial plantar nerve 23:Toe (disambiguation) 774:— 'to show'. 339:Foot § Muscles 308:The toes are, from 229:Bones of the right 1329:Hyrtl, J. (1880). 1130:"Morton's Neuroma" 1116:2008-12-17 at the 932:This article uses 899: 792: 646: 447:deep fibular nerve 431:dorsal venous arch 271: 247: 239: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1026:978-0-8089-2306-0 660:In reconstruction 642:valgus angulation 603:diabetes mellitus 310:medial to lateral 166: 165: 161: 1947: 1761: 1760: 1692:Vertebral column 1494: 1487: 1480: 1471: 1470: 1465: 1464: 1424: 1418: 1417: 1411: 1409: 1383: 1377: 1370: 1364: 1357: 1351: 1344: 1338: 1327: 1312: 1311: 1300: 1294: 1293: 1291: 1290: 1284: 1278:. Archived from 1261: 1252: 1246: 1245: 1208: 1202: 1201: 1173: 1167: 1166: 1164: 1163: 1154:. Archived from 1147: 1141: 1140: 1138: 1136: 1126: 1120: 1104: 1098: 1087: 1081: 1080: 1052: 1046: 1037: 1031: 1030: 1012: 891:The skeleton of 841: 835: 829: 823: 818:, with genitive 817: 811: 805: 799: 782: 773: 758: 752: 746: 740: 734: 728: 722: 715: 709: 703: 686: 638:varus angulation 624:is described as 562:Morton's neuroma 261:, and wearing a 187:species such as 158:edit on Wikidata 155: 69: 51: 39: 38: 1955: 1954: 1950: 1949: 1948: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1909: 1839: 1750: 1655: 1627: 1517: 1503: 1498: 1468: 1439:(5949): 100–6. 1425: 1421: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1384: 1380: 1371: 1367: 1358: 1354: 1345: 1341: 1328: 1315: 1302: 1301: 1297: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1259: 1253: 1249: 1209: 1205: 1174: 1170: 1161: 1159: 1148: 1144: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1123: 1118:Wayback Machine 1105: 1101: 1088: 1084: 1053: 1049: 1038: 1034: 1027: 1013: 1002: 998: 937: 930: 885: 862: 784: 735:, Middle Dutch 688: 679: 674: 662: 628:or bunionette. 626:tailor's bunion 591: 583:Main articles: 581: 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Retrieved 1124: 1107: 1102: 1085: 1060: 1056: 1050: 1035: 1016: 975:Toe cleavage 970:Runner's toe 951:Morton's toe 915: 911:heterodactyl 900: 892: 863: 848: 793: 764: 695: 689: 663: 647: 611: 592: 566: 560: 557: 548: 542: 526: 502: 481:Morton's toe 463: 440: 437:Nerve supply 424: 421:Blood supply 414:foot muscles 357: 342: 307: 272: 262: 208: 202: 192: 168: 167: 121:A01.1.00.046 97:digiti pedis 96: 54: 15: 1097:, Kentucky. 990:Webbed toes 961:Polydactyly 907:anisodactyl 879:ancestors. 836:(genitive, 692:Old English 650:polydactyly 549:stubbed toe 505:polydactyly 451:sural nerve 255:nail polish 210:unguligrade 204:plantigrade 194:digitigrade 86:Identifiers 34:Fenestraria 1924:Categories 1808:Fingernail 1289:2014-01-04 1162:2008-03-05 1135:August 21, 1057:Ergonomics 996:References 965:syndactyly 869:vertebrate 844:blend word 821:(h)allicis 595:hammer toe 585:Hammer toe 509:syndactyly 487:recessive 485:homozygous 337:See also: 295:metatarsal 245:Human toes 1724:Genitalia 1408:31 August 1152:"Bunions" 1095:Fort Knox 894:Pakicetus 877:amphibian 873:fish fins 860:Evolution 753:, German 694:term for 677:Etymology 622:fifth toe 579:Deformity 575:attacks. 517:ethnicity 499:Variation 470:inherited 380:posterior 221:Structure 73:toe bones 1935:Podiatry 1853:Buttocks 1773:Shoulder 1608:Mandible 1541:Forehead 1461:19629241 1453:19810199 1389:(1874). 1276:12479617 1242:12036342 1114:Archived 1042:(OMIM): 985:Toecuffs 928:See also 918:primates 839:hallucis 741:, Dutch 704:(plural 553:turf toe 523:Function 489:genotype 474:dominant 410:abductor 397:and the 267:toe ring 237:surface. 181:tetrapod 171:are the 1898:Toenail 1788:Forearm 1734:Scrotum 1680:Midriff 1670:Abdomen 1663:(Trunk) 1613:Occiput 1556:Eyebrow 1433:Science 1234:9858177 1198:2780906 1077:8112275 980:Toe tag 922:derived 865:Haeckel 827:(h)alli 672:History 666:fingers 654:fingers 614:bunions 529:walking 349:tendons 333:Muscles 303:toenail 235:Plantar 175:of the 109:D014034 81:Details 1833:Little 1823:Middle 1803:Finger 1778:Axilla 1719:Pelvis 1712:Nipple 1707:Breast 1702:Thorax 1646:Throat 1623:Temple 1586:Tongue 1566:Eyelid 1459:  1451:  1399:  1335:online 1274:  1240:  1232:  1196:  1075:  1023:  946:Finger 941:Ainhum 849:pollex 833:hallux 809:hallus 797:hallex 780:Hallux 720:taihwǭ 607:ulcers 589:Bunion 466:humans 406:flexor 387:tendon 287:hallux 277:, the 215:hooves 199:Humans 185:Animal 173:digits 56:hallux 1883:Ankle 1863:Thigh 1818:Index 1813:Thumb 1793:Wrist 1783:Elbow 1756:Limbs 1739:Vulva 1729:Penis 1685:Navel 1675:Waist 1661:Torso 1618:Scalp 1591:Tooth 1576:Mouth 1546:Cheek 1457:S2CID 1283:(PDF) 1260:(PDF) 1238:S2CID 905:with 903:birds 854:thumb 815:allus 803:allex 771:deyḱ- 769:* 765:digit 718:* 618:joint 283:Latin 263:metti 259:henna 179:of a 156:[ 145:25046 92:Latin 1940:Toes 1930:Foot 1903:Sole 1888:Heel 1878:Foot 1873:Calf 1868:Knee 1828:Ring 1798:Hand 1746:Anus 1697:Back 1651:Nape 1633:Neck 1571:Nose 1551:Chin 1536:Face 1531:Hair 1523:Head 1515:Skin 1509:Body 1449:PMID 1410:2019 1397:ISBN 1272:PMID 1230:PMID 1194:PMID 1137:2012 1073:PMID 1021:ISBN 963:and 875:via 824:and 812:and 756:Zehe 750:zēha 744:teen 732:tāne 713:tāhe 690:The 601:and 587:and 573:gout 533:gait 477:gene 408:and 362:and 257:and 231:foot 189:cats 177:foot 169:Toes 116:TA98 104:MeSH 42:Toes 25:and 1893:Toe 1858:Hip 1845:Leg 1765:Arm 1603:Jaw 1598:Ear 1581:Lip 1561:Eye 1441:doi 1437:326 1308:Toe 1222:doi 1218:102 1186:doi 1065:doi 909:or 901:In 738:tee 707:tān 698:is 696:toe 648:In 511:or 464:In 312:: 140:FMA 133:170 128:TA2 1926:: 1455:. 1447:. 1435:. 1431:. 1412:. 1316:^ 1306:. 1268:25 1266:. 1262:. 1236:. 1228:. 1216:. 1192:. 1182:84 1180:. 1093:, 1071:. 1061:37 1059:. 1003:^ 856:. 806:, 800:, 726:tá 701:tā 684:Tā 555:. 535:. 305:. 285:: 233:. 207:; 197:. 183:. 1493:e 1486:t 1479:v 1463:. 1443:: 1310:. 1292:. 1244:. 1224:: 1200:. 1188:: 1165:. 1139:. 1079:. 1067:: 1029:. 936:. 644:. 401:. 265:( 160:] 59:. 36:. 29:.

Index

Toe (disambiguation)
Toes (disambiguation)
Fenestraria

hallux

toe bones
Latin
MeSH
D014034
TA98
A01.1.00.046
TA2
170
FMA
25046
Anatomical terminology
edit on Wikidata
digits
foot
tetrapod
Animal
cats
digitigrade
Humans
plantigrade
unguligrade
hooves

foot

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